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2022年夏季陕西关中持续高温干旱天气成因及对农作物的影响
Analysis of Persistent High Temperature and Drought in Summer of 2022 and Its Impacts on Crops in Guanzhong of Shaanxi Province
2022年夏季陕西关中出现持续高温干旱天气，对玉米、苹果和猕猴桃等农作物生长发育造成严重影响。为研究此次高温干旱发生机制，利用关中地区46个自动气象站观测数据、欧洲中心ERA-5逐小时和月平均再分析资料等，研究主要高温时段大气环流特征和成因。结果表明：（1）主要高温时段为6月中下旬和8月上中旬，关中大部分地区出现中到重旱；（2）2个高温阶段均表现出下沉气流强盛的特征，但成因不同。6月高空异常的脊前负涡度平流输送在关中地区造成强烈的下沉运动，8月副高和南亚高压叠置，气候态正异常在陕西上空表现为异常强的下沉运动；（3）6月强盛的西北气流和8月副高异常偏西偏强使低层偏南气流减弱，阻断了水汽来源，均表现出水汽通量散度正异常，不利于出现有效降水；（4）高温干旱对粮食和经济作物产量和品质有一定影响，建议高温前采取有效措施，及时灌溉，降低田间温度，补充植株水分，增强植株蒸腾作用，降低农作物高温胁迫程度。
Persistent high temperature and drought occurred in Guanzhong of Shaanxi Province in summer of 2022, causing serious impacts on the growth and development of crops such as maize, apple and kiwifruit. To study the mechanisms of the occurrence of heat and drought, observations from 46 automatic meteorological stations in Guanzhong area, and ERA-5 hourly and monthly mean reanalysis data were used to study the characteristics and causes of atmospheric circulation during the main high temperature periods. The results showed that (1) the main high temperature periods were mid-late June and early-mid August, with moderate to severe drought in most parts of Guanzhong. (2) Both high-temperature periods were characterised by strong sinking currents, but the causes were different. In June, strong sinking movements were maintained by anomalous pre-ridge negative vorticity advective, while in August, the superposition of the subtropical high and South Asian high caused the positive climate state anomalies and strong sinking movements over Shaanxi. (3) The strong northwesterly airflow in June and the abnormally westerly and strong subtropical high in August weakened the southerly airflow and blocked the source of water vapour, both showing positive anomalies of water vapour flux dispersion, which were not conducive to the occurrence of precipitation. (4) High temperatures and drought had an impact on the yield and quality of food and cash crops. It was recommended that effective measures should be taken before high temperatures to lower field temperatures, replenish plant water, enhance plant transpiration and reduce the degree of crop heat stress.
高温 / 干旱 / 农作物 / 关中地区 {{custom_keyword}} /
high temperature / drought / crops / Guanzhong {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 猕猴桃成熟熵回归分析 |
| 可溶性固形物含量 检测日期 | 末花期 | 可溶性固形物含量G 检测值/% | 末花期次日至 检测前一日ΣT | 末花期次日至 检测前一日ΣS | 成熟熵(H) | 回归计算 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 金玉 2017年 | 8月30日 | 4月17日 | 5.49 | 3456.1 | 834.4 | 1568.5 | b1=0.0060 b0=-3.9875 r=0.8718 R=0.7593 T检验： T=7.4747 t查表值(α=0.001)：3.9920 |
| 9月6日 | 5.78 | 3620.7 | 835.7 | 1615.5 | |||
| 9月13日 | 6.14 | 3795.5 | 875.7 | 1693.2 | |||
| 9月20日 | 6.91 | 3965.8 | 928.5 | 1778.9 | |||
| 9月27日 | 6.46 | 4135.4 | 943.7 | 1837.4 | |||
| 10月4日 | 6.94 | 4291.3 | 953.3 | 1887.9 | |||
| 10月11日 | 7.6 | 4435.6 | 974.9 | 1943.9 | |||
| 10月18日 | 8.74 | 4546.3 | 974.9 | 1974.9 | |||
| 金玉 2018年 | 8月16日 | 4月14日 | 5.42 | 3231.5 | 759.8 | 1451.9 | |
| 9月4日 | 6.4 | 3767.6 | 896.3 | 1700.3 | |||
| 9月11日 | 5.77 | 3947.2 | 941.6 | 1783.2 | |||
| 9月24日 | 6.9 | 4285.3 | 1011.0 | 1927.8 | |||
| 9月27日 | 7.22 | 4374.4 | 1027.4 | 1964.6 | |||
| 10月1日 | 7.08 | 4441.3 | 1044.0 | 1995.2 | |||
| 10月8日 | 9.57 | 4587.6 | 1131.1 | 2098.9 | |||
| 2019年 金桃 | 9月3日 | 4月23日 | 5.4 | 3481.9 | 842.7 | 1581.7 | |
| 9月10日 | 5.4 | 3673.8 | 911.1 | 1684.7 | |||
| 9月17日 | 6.3 | 3876.5 | 967.4 | 1781.9 | |||
| 9月24日 | 7.1 | 4040.9 | 1022.0 | 1867.3 | |||
| 9月30日 | 8.3 | 4193.7 | 1068.6 | 1943.6 | |||
表2 猕猴桃可溶性固形物含量计算及检验 |
| 检测日期 | 可溶性固形物含量 检测值(G)/% | 成熟熵(H) | 可溶性固形物 含量计算值Gi/% | 残差(δ) | 方差(δ*) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017年 金玉 | 8月30日 | 5.49 | 1568.5 | 5.42 | -0.07 | 0.00 |
| 9月6日 | 5.78 | 1615.5 | 5.71 | -0.07 | 0.01 | |
| 9月13日 | 6.14 | 1693.2 | 6.17 | 0.03 | 0.00 | |
| 9月20日 | 6.91 | 1778.9 | 6.69 | -0.22 | 0.05 | |
| 9月27日 | 6.46 | 1837.4 | 7.04 | 0.58 | 0.33 | |
| 10月4日 | 6.94 | 1887.9 | 7.34 | 0.40 | 0.16 | |
| 10月11日 | 7.6 | 1943.9 | 7.68 | 0.08 | 0.01 | |
| 10月18日 | 8.74 | 1974.9 | 7.86 | -0.88 | 0.77 | |
| 2018年 金玉 | 8月16日 | 5.42 | 1451.9 | 4.72 | -0.70 | 0.48 |
| 9月4日 | 6.4 | 1700.3 | 6.21 | -0.19 | 0.03 | |
| 9月11日 | 5.77 | 1783.2 | 6.71 | 0.94 | 0.89 | |
| 9月24日 | 6.9 | 1927.8 | 7.50 | 0.60 | 0.36 | |
| 9月27日 | 7.22 | 1964.6 | 7.73 | 0.51 | 0.26 | |
| 10月1日 | 7.08 | 1995.2 | 7.98 | 0.90 | 0.82 | |
| 10月8日 | 9.57 | 2098.9 | 8.61 | -0.96 | 0.93 | |
| 2019年 金桃 | 9月3日 | 5.4 | 1581.7 | 5.50 | 0.10 | 0.01 |
| 9月10日 | 5.4 | 1684.7 | 6.12 | 0.72 | 0.52 | |
| 9月17日 | 6.3 | 1781.9 | 6.70 | 0.40 | 0.16 | |
| 9月24日 | 7.1 | 1867.3 | 7.22 | 0.12 | 0.01 | |
| 9月30日 | 8.3 | 1943.6 | 7.67 | -0.63 | 0.39 | |
| 平均 | 0.083 | 0.31 | ||||
表3 猕猴桃成熟期预报计算及检验 |
| 检测日期 | 末花期次日至 统计日(ΣT) | 末花期次日至 统计日(ΣS) | 成熟熵 (H) | 可溶性固形物含量G 计算值 | 检测 成熟期 | 预报成熟期 (G≥8.0日期) | 误差/d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017年 ‘金玉’ | 10月9日 | 4413.6 | 974.9 | 1937.74 | 7.83 | |||
| 10月10日 | 4435.6 | 974.9 | 1943.9 | 7.87 | ||||
| 10月11日 | 4451.7 | 974.9 | 1948.40 | 7.90 | ||||
| 10月12日 | 4466.6 | 974.9 | 1952.6 | 7.92 | ||||
| 10月13日 | 4482.5 | 974.9 | 1957.0 | 7.95 | ||||
| 10月14日 | 4499.1 | 974.9 | 1961.7 | 7.98 | 10月14日 | |||
| 10月5日 | 4515.8 | 974.9 | 1966.35 | 8.01 | 10月15日 | 1 | ||
| 2018年 ‘金玉’ | 9月23日 | 4285.3 | 1011.0 | 1927.8 | 7.77 | |||
| 9月24日 | 4309.7 | 1019.4 | 1940.7 | 7.85 | ||||
| 9月25日 | 4333.3 | 1027.4 | 1953.1 | 7.93 | ||||
| 9月26日 | 4374.4 | 1027.4 | 1964.6 | 7.96 | ||||
| 9月27日 | 4374.4 | 1027.4 | 1964.6 | 8.00 | 9月27日 | -1 | ||
| 9月28日 | 4397.2 | 1028.9 | 1972.0 | 8.04 | 9月28日 | |||
| 2019年 ‘金桃’ | 9月25日 | 4096.1 | 1031.7 | 1889.7 | 7.54 | |||
| 9月26日 | 4119.9 | 1036.2 | 1899.6 | 7.60 | ||||
| 9月27日 | 4143.5 | 1047.1 | 1914.1 | 7.69 | ||||
| 9月28日 | 4168.0 | 1057.9 | 1928.7 | 7.78 | ||||
| 9月29日 | 4193.7 | 1068.6 | 1943.6 | 7.87 | 9月29日 | |||
| 9月30日 | 4220.4 | 1079.3 | 1958.8 | 7.96 | ||||
| 10月1日 | 4246.3 | 1090.0 | 1973.76 | 8.05 | 10月1日 | 2 | ||
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Increased climatic variability and more frequent episodes of extreme conditions may result in crops being exposed to more than one extreme temperature event in a single growing season and could decrease crop yields to the same extent as changes in mean temperature. The developmental stage of the crop exposed to increased temperatures will determine the severity of possible damage experienced by the plant. It is not known whether or not the damaging effects of heat episodes occurring at different phenological stages are additive. In the present study, the interaction of high‐temperature events applied at the stages of double ridges and anthesis in Triticum aestivum (L.) cv. Chablis was investigated. Biomass accumulation of control plants and that of plants experiencing high temperatures during the double‐ridge stage were similar and were reduced by 40 % when plants were subjected to a heat event at anthesis. Grain number on the main and side tillers declined by 41 %, and individual grain weight declined by 45 % with heat stress applied at the double‐ridge stage and anthesis or at anthesis alone. The harvest index was reduced from 0.53 to 0.33. Nitrogen contents in leaves were reduced by 10 % at the double‐ridge stage and by 25 % at anthesis. The maximum rates of CO2 assimilation increased with heat stress at the double‐ridge stage and higher rates were maintained throughout the growing season. The results clearly indicate that an extreme heat event at the double‐ridge stage does not affect subsequent growth or the response of wheat to heat stress at anthesis.
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\n The yield and quality of food crops is central to the well being of humans and is directly affected by climate and weather. Initial studies of climate change on crops focussed on effects of increased carbon dioxide (CO\n 2\n ) level and/or global mean temperature and/or rainfall and nutrition on crop production. However, crops can respond nonlinearly to changes in their growing conditions, exhibit threshold responses and are subject to combinations of stress factors that affect their growth, development and yield. Thus, climate variability and changes in the frequency of extreme events are important for yield, its stability and quality. In this context, threshold temperatures for crop processes are found not to differ greatly for different crops and are important to define for the major food crops, to assist climate modellers predict the occurrence of crop critical temperatures and their temporal resolution.\n
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In a 2-yr study, plants of an adapted, short-season single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid were grown outdoors until 18 days post-silking. At that stage, the plants were transferred to controlled-environment growth cabinets where temperature effects on leaf senescence, grain and whole plant dry matter (DM) production and DM distribution were studied. The day/night temperature regimes were 25/15 °C, 25/25 °C, 35/15 °C and 35/25 °C. Higher temperatures reduced whole plant DM accumulation during grain filling. The reduction in DM accumulation was primarily related to a reduction in the period of time from 18 days post-silking until 100% leaf senescence and, to a limited extent, to a lower rate of whole plant DM production. Grain yield per plant was also lower under higher temperatures. The decreases in grain yield were almost entirely determined by a shorter duration of grain filling, while no temperature effect was observed on kernel growth rates or on kernel number per ear. During rapid grain filling, the increase in kernel DM results from utilization of a combination of assimilates temporarily stored in the vegetative plant parts and assimilates produced through current photosynthesis. Under the highest temperature regime, assimilates remobilized from other plant parts accounted for a greater proportion of kernel weight gain. In addition, there was an indication that higher night temperatures resulted in an increased proportion of gain in kernel weight resulting from remobilization of stored DM.Key words: Corn, temperature, grain-filling period, grain growth, yield components, leaf senescence
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