To address problems existing in parts of the course Soil Resource Survey and Cartography, such as the untimely update of teaching content and the need for optimization of practical teaching, this paper took the course as the research object, constructed an online-offline blended teaching mode, and proposed targeted teaching reform strategies from the aspects of updating course content, strengthening practical teaching, and establishing a three-dimensional evaluation system of “Cognition-Ability-Affection”. The study optimized and restructured the teaching content by constructing a course knowledge graph, adding theoretical review sessions, and integrating geographic information system and remote sensing technologies. It adopted a teaching mode of “brief theoretical instruction plus practice-oriented learning”, highlighted the dominant position of students, and designed exploratory practical tasks. A diversified comprehensive evaluation mechanism was established, which combined teacher evaluation, team mutual evaluation and self-evaluation. The practical results showed that the highest comprehensive score of the course reached 99 in the 2022-2023 academic year, and the average score was 91 in the 2023-2024 academic year. A complete online teaching resource system had been built for the course, and students’ classroom participation and independent learning ability had been significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

This paper systematically analyzed the basic conditions and utilization characteristics of agricultural land resources in Wuhu City, Anhui Province, and put forward countermeasures for improving agricultural land quality. The agricultural land in this region mainly includes paddy soil, yellow-brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil, purple soil and part of sandy soil, with obvious differences between the north and the south. The overall distribution of agricultural land resources is characterized by “more in the north and less in the south, concentrated in plains and scattered in hills”. Through a series of measures such as promoting the integrated development of agricultural mechanization and modern agricultural technology, developing leisure agriculture and protected agriculture, adjusting the cropping system and optimizing the rotation layout, the study area has improved the utilization efficiency of agricultural land resources, diversified the planting structure, raised the multiple cropping index, and enhanced the comprehensive output value and additional benefits of agricultural land. However, the regulation of quality differences, the evolution of soil physical and chemical properties, the improvement of protection mechanisms, and the training of professional talents still need to be further strengthened. On this basis, this paper proposed a series of countermeasures for agricultural land quality improvement, including: strengthening the classification and dynamic monitoring of agricultural land quality by improving the evaluation index system and accelerating the construction of an integrated mechanism of “field investigation - system calculation - dynamic evaluation”; promoting agricultural land fertility improvement and green restoration by popularizing green agricultural technologies and implementing the agricultural land rotation and fallow system; innovating the agricultural land protection mechanism by establishing a long-term mechanism and strengthening land use control and dynamic monitoring; and guiding scientific and technological support and talent participation by strengthening agricultural scientific and technological innovation and introducing & cultivating agricultural talents. This paper provides a reference for improving agricultural land quality and realizing the sustainable development of agriculture.

A survey of wild woody plant resources in the Taihang Mountain area of Western Xingtai was conducted using line transect and quadrat methods. A systematic analysis was conducted on the basic composition of families and genera of wild woody plants, the floristic geographical components and the types of resource utilization. The results showed that there were 193 species of wild woody plants in 97 genera and 50 families in this area. Among them, there were 11 species of gymnosperms in 3 families, 7 genera, and 182 species of angiosperms in 47 families, 90 genera, with angiosperms being the dominant group. From the species composition perspective, at the family level, medium and small families as well as single-species families occupy the dominant position in the regional flora, accounting for 73.19% of the total number of families and 58.55% of the total number of species. They have a significant quantitative advantage. At the genus level, small genera and single-species genera constitute the main body of the woody plant flora in the study area, accounting for 94.85% of the total number of families and 78.75% of the total number of species, playing a leading role in the construction of the regional flora. From the wild woody plant flora in the area, there are 9 distribution types at the family level, with temperate components (19 families) and tropical components (15 families) accounting for 38% and 30% respectively; at the genus level, there are 13 distribution types, with tropical components (25 genera) and temperate components (62 genera) accounting for 25.77% and 63.92% of the distribution types, respectively. It showed obvious temperate properties, mainly composed of northern temperate components, but also with the presence of pantropical components. The geographical composition of the flora was complex. Based on the use of plant resources, the wild woody resource plants in the research area were divided into 6 types: medicinal, timber, chemical, edible, feed, and ornamental plants. Among them, ornamental plants (124 species from 72 genera in 41 families) and medicinal plants (114 species from 78 genera in 40 families) were the most important components of resource plants in the region, with high development potential. Wild woody plant resources should be appropriately developed and utilized on the basis of protection. This paper provides a reference for the protection and sustainable utilization of wild woody plant resources in this area.

This article took the Anhui Yingzhou West Lake Provincial Nature Reserve as the research object, analyzing the aspects that need improvement in the resource protection and management of this area, and proposing specific countermeasures. The study area has a profound cultural heritage, a rich variety of flora and fauna, and outstanding scientific research and protection value. In the practice of resource protection and management, it still faces many challenges in three aspects: human activities interference, biological resource utilization, and the guarantee of management strength. Based on this, the research proposed measures such as optimizing functional zoning, adhering to the principle of mainly relying on natural restoration while combining with artificial restoration, strengthening wetland protection and restoration; implementing an ecological compensation mechanism to guide farmers to develop main agricultural models such as intercropping of forests, grains, fruits, and medicines; selecting plant resources with value for development and utilization, and supporting environmentally friendly business activities; scientifically designing tourism routes, and constructing ecological tourism methods; strengthening cooperation in management, optimizing management models, and exploring diversified financing channels, etc. The aim is to provide a reference for the sustainable development of relevant protected areas.

The study scientifically evaluates the quality of rural human settlement in Hunan Province and provides countermeasures and scientific basis for its improvement. This paper constructs an evaluation index system for the quality of rural human settlement in Hunan Province, consisting of four subsystems: economic environment, infrastructure, public services, and ecological environment. By employing methods such as the entropy method and geographic visualization, it explores the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of rural human settlement quality in Hunan Province from 2015 to 2024. Over the past decade, the overall quality of rural human settlement in Hunan Province and the quality of each subsystem have significant improvements. There are significant spatial differences in human settlement quality, with the eastern region, represented by the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan area, leading in terms of scores, while the western region scores relatively lower. In the governance of rural human settlement in Hunan Province, it is necessary to narrow regional spatial differences and continuously improve the quality of rural human settlement environment in various regions of Hunan Province from the four aspects of economic environment, infrastructure, public services, and ecological environment, based on actual conditions and tailored to local circumstances.

The reclamation of cultivated land reserve resources is an important source for supplementing cultivated land, and it is also a significant measure for ensuring food security and promoting the sustainable utilization of land resources. The rational development and utilization of these resources are of great significance for promoting economic development and implementing the policy of balancing the occupation and supplementation of cultivated land. Taking the reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation in Fujian Province as the research object, this study selected 12 influencing factors from four dimensions: terrain, soil, location and plot, to analyze their quantity and quality from the perspectives of mountainous and coastal areas. And a hot spot analysis was conducted to explore the coordination of their quality and quantity in spatial distribution. The research results showed that the quantity of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation in Fujian Province varied greatly in spatial distribution, presenting a spatial distribution characteristic of “more in the east and less in the west”, and mainly concentrated in coastal areas, mainly consisting of orchards and tea gardens. The quality of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation in Fujian Province was generally high, and except for the soil dimension, the quality in coastal areas was better than that in mountainous areas. This was mainly due to the advantages of flat terrain, convenient transportation, and regular plots in coastal areas. Among various types of land, the quality and quantity of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation in orchards, tea gardens, and pond surfaces had a significant positive correlation in space. Specifically, the quality and quantity of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation in coastal areas were high, while they were low in mountainous areas. In addition, the distribution of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation with high quality but low quantity, and low quality but high quantity was relatively small. This indicated that the quality and quantity of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation in Fujian Province are relatively coordinated, and high-quality resources tend to be concentrated together. There were significant differences in the quality and quantity of reserve resources of cultivated land created through reclamation between mountainous and coastal areas in Fujian Province. Exploring the characteristics of their quantity, quality, and coordination were of great significance for the rational development and utilization of reserve resources of cultivated land, optimizing resource allocation, promoting coordinated regional development, and protecting cultivated land.

To address the shortage of forage barley varieties and the scarcity of high-quality germplasm resources in the cold and arid areas of Gansu Province, this study aims to identify excellent forage barley germplasm suitable for planting in local region. We analyzed agronomic traits (plant height, tiller number, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area) and nutritional value (crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) related indices at the jointing stage in 19 Chinese and international barley germplasm resources that planted at the Huangyang Town Experimental Station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. The results showed that (1) there were significant differences in agronomic traits and nutritional value among the barley germplasm resources (P<0.05). The coefficients of variation for fresh weight and dry weight exceeded 40%, indicating a rich genetic diversity. (2) The plant height of ‘Kuanying barley’ (57.3 cm) and ‘Zhongnuo 8’ (55.8 cm) was significantly higher than that of other germplasm resources, while ‘Gansimai 1’ had the strongest tillering ability (5 tillers per plant). (3) ‘Zangqing 18’ performed prominently in nutritional value, characterized by low crude fiber content (19.71%), low acid-detergent fiber content, high phosphorus content, and high feeding value (170.42). (4) Through comprehensive evaluation at the jointing stage, the germplasm resources ‘Zangqing 18’, ‘Erleng barley’, ‘Longsimai 7’, ‘Huangzhong Changmang’, and ‘Kuanying barley’ showed good overall performance under cold and arid conditions in Gansu Province. These germplasm resources are suitable for large-scale promotion and planting as forage barley in the region and can also serve as parent materials for breeding high-yielding and stable forage barley varieties. Future studies may involve multi-location and multi-year field trials to further validate the application value of the superior germplasm materials by integrating yield, stress resistance, and feeding effects, thereby providing more comprehensive support for the development of the forage industry in cold and arid regions.

As an important medicinal and edible plant in China, Platostoma palustre possesses multifaceted value in the fields of medicine, food, and chemical industry, yet issues such as limited germplasm diversity, lagging elite cultivar improvement and extensive cultivation practices have hindered the further development of its industry. This review synthesizes global research progress on germplasm resource distribution, varietal breeding, and cultivation techniques of Platostoma palustre, while systematically analyzing the bottleneck problems such as lack of germplasm resources, bottleneck of breeding technology and non-standard cultivation management in the development and utilization of germplasm resources and large-scale planting in China. Based on the current research trends and industrial development needs, this paper proposes that the protection and utilization of the germplasm resources should be strengthened. It suggests innovating germplasm resources through techniques such as chemical mutagenesis and distant hybridization, establishing a germplasm resource evaluation system based on molecular markers, and conducting systematic phenomics analysis. Additionally, it advocates adopting multi-channel breeding strategies including traditional breeding and modern molecular breeding technologies, while formulating standard cultivation technical regulations. The study provides references for the innovation of germplasm resources, efficient breeding, and improvement of standardized cultivation techniques for Platostoma palustre in China.

To investigate the status of aquatic plant resources in the Suzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this study adopted field investigation methods. 6 sampling sites were randomly selected in the water area and wetland areas within 500 meters of the bank in the Suzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and investigations and analyses were conducted on the floristic composition, species diversity, phenological cycle and distribution of invasive alien plants of aquatic plants. The survey results showed that a total of 47 species of aquatic plants were recorded in this reach, belonging to 41 genera and 30 families, covering 5 life forms including submerged, free-floating, emergent, hygrophytic and floating-leaved plants. Among them, hygrophytic plants (19 species) were the most, while floating-leaved plants (5 species) were the fewest. The floristic components were complex and diverse, dominated by cosmopolitan elements (51.2% of genera and 53.2% of species), and temperate and tropical elements complemented each other synergistically to jointly maintain the diversity of aquatic plants in the region. The phenological cycle had distinct characteristics with obvious seasonal variations, endowing the aquatic plants with high ornamental value. 5 species of invasive alien plants were found, which had not broken out on a large scale yet but posed certain potential ecological risks. The results showed that this reach had a richer diversity of aquatic plant species. Hydrocotyle verticillata and Cabomba caroliniana had established stable populations in study area through natural and anthropogenic dispersal. Based on the research results, strategies for landscape improvement of this reach were put forward from 5 dimensions: community structure optimization, invasive plant prevention and control, water quality improvement, integration of ecology and human culture, and long-term scientific research and management. This study provided a reference for the protection of aquatic plant resources in similar regions.

To improve the teaching quality of the Field Practice of Biology, this study combined the resource endowments of the Yellow River Delta region, and aimed at the aspects to be enhanced in the current teaching of this course, such as the arrangement of practice duration, the investment in practical teaching funds, the scale of the professional instructor team, and the adaptability of practice content to the local natural environment. It constructed targeted optimization strategies from 5 dimensions, namely selection of practice bases and routes, practice preparation, practice form, practice process and content, and practice assessment methods. Specifically, the research established a preparation system combining virtual simulation and pre-practice, built 5 school-enterprise cooperative practice bases covering three major ecosystems: mountainous areas, wetlands, and oceans, standardized the group-based practice form, designed 5-day targeted practice content consistent with regional characteristics, and set up a diversified comprehensive assessment method. These measures effectively optimized the practice teaching model. Teaching reform practices showed that the number of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs, discipline competitions and laboratory open projects applied for by students and the frequency of awards winning increased year by year, and professional teachers and industrial instructors jointly compiled and published a number of monographs related to field practice. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant field practice courses.

To address the insufficient comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality in mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm and the lack of criteria for selecting superior accessions, 42 mulberry accessions conserved at the Mulberry Germplasm Repository of the Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Wanzhou, Chongqing) were evaluated. Eighteen qualitative phenotypic traits, nine quantitative phenotypic traits, and six leaf nutritional quality traits were measured, and genetic diversity analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation analysis were conducted. The results showed that: (1) among phenotypic traits, qualitative traits such as leaf surface, leaf base, and winter bud color exhibited high diversity, while quantitative traits including leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, and mesophyll thickness showed significant variation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.68% to 37.61%; (2) leaf nutritional quality differed markedly among accessions, with the highest crude protein content reaching 256.91 mg/g and crude fiber content reaching 14.81%; (3) cluster analysis classified the 42 mulberry accessions into seven clusters, with clusters B, C, and E containing the largest numbers of accessions; (4) PCA extracted six principal components, of which the first five had eigenvalues greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 81.96%, with leaf length, leaf size, crude protein, and crude fat identified as the main contributing traits; (5) significant correlations were observed among phenotypic traits, whereas correlations between phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality traits were relatively weak. Overall, the mulberry germplasm exhibits abundant variation in phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality, providing a scientific basis for germplasm evaluation, breeding, and utilization.

Bryophytes have great application potential in urban greening due to their unique water absorption capacity, stress resistance and low maintenance requirements. To explore the species and cultivation conditions of bryophytes suitable for urban greening in North China, the mosses Brachythecium buchananii, Leptobryum pyriforme and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which are widely distributed in North China, were selected as experimental materials. The effects of cultivation conditions such as transplanting methods, substrate thickness and covered culture conditions on their coverage were studied. Compared to patch transplantation, the growth rate and magnitude of the coverage of the three bryophytes propagated by fragments were significantly higher. After the same period of cultivation, the coverage of the bryophytes in the substrate with a thickness of 3.0 cm was significantly higher than that in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm. Moreover, only the B. buchananii survived in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm, while the other two bryophytes died after 72 days of culturing. All three bryophytes showed a significantly higher increase in coverage under closed culture than that under open culture. Using deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation resulted in significantly better growth status of the three bryophytes than using standing tap water. Therefore, for urban greening, it is recommended to use fragments for propagation, ensure appropriate substrate thickness, use deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation, and implement closed culture to improve growth rate and coverage of bryophytes. For species selection, priority should be given to B. buchananii for greening in arid areas or environments with thin soil layers, while M. polymorpha is preferred in moisture-sufficient environments. In the future, it can be combined with matrix formula optimization and outdoor open field test to deepen the research of physiological mechanism of moss stress resistance and provide technical support for large-scale urban greening applications.

Ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin has become a national strategy. For the typical agricultural counties in the Yellow River Basin, where agricultural production is the main focus, the contradiction between production, life and ecological land is more prominent, and the coordinated development of “production-living-ecological space” is more important. Studying the ecological and environmental effects of land use evolution can provide scientific basis and reference for the national strategy. This paper used area-weighted method to accurately measure the difference of ecological environment quality of different secondary land use spaces in different years, and quantitatively analyzed the ecological environment effect of land use evolution by combining land use transfer matrix and ecological contribution rate. The results showed that from 2009 to 2020, land use transformation in Qihe County was mainly between forest ecology and agricultural production space, and between agricultural production and water ecological space. The comprehensive quality index of ecological environment increased from 0.397 to 0.398 from 2009 to 2015, and from 0.398 to 0.405 from 2015 to 2020. In general, the comprehensive index of ecological environment quality of Qihe County continued to rise slightly from 2009 to 2020 and was generally improved. The results were in line with the development reality of Qihe County as the main grain-producing county. For the typical agricultural production county in the Yellow River Basin, the transition from agricultural production and industrial-mineral production space into woodland ecological and water ecological space was the main factor that promoted the improvement of eco-environmental quality, and the transitions including from woodland ecology and water ecology into agriculture and industrial-mineral production, and from agricultural production into industrial-mineral production space led to the deterioration of eco-environmental quality.

Based on a case of power outage failure in the environmental control system at a large‑scale broiler farm in Shangnan County, Shaanxi Province, on March 5, 2025, methods such as on-site investigation, personnel interviews and laboratory tests were adopted. It analyzed the incidence of diseased chickens, epidemiological history, pathological characteristics, infection status of viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza, as well as changes in environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity inside the chicken house, thus revealing the impact of the system failure on the chicken house environment and broiler health. The results showed that a total of 10 800 broilers died in this case, with a mortality rate of 72%. The mortality rates of chickens in the bottom, middle and upper layers of cages were 9.5%, 100% and 100% respectively. The power outage lasted for 123 minutes. This flock of broilers had no history of highly pathogenic avian influenza, newcastle disease or other related diseases, and the feeding and management procedures, as well as the sources of feed and drinking water, were all normal. Anatomical findings indicated that the skin, combs and wattles of the affected chickens appeared cyanotic; the tracheas were congested, hemorrhagic and filled with mucus; the lungs and livers suffered from severe congestion and edema; the intestinal mucosa was congested and the intestinal walls became thin. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR test results showed that the nucleic acid detection results of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus were both negative. Data from the environmental controller demonstrated that after the power outage, the temperature and humidity inside the house increased significantly, the oxygen concentration decreased continuously, and the ammonia concentration accumulated rapidly at the same time. Comprehensive analysis showed that the influence of infectious diseases and poisoning factors could be ruled out for this case. The power outage failure of the environmental control system and the consequent chain physiological and environmental stress were the main causes of the case. Based on the research results, multi-level risk prevention and control strategies can be put forward from the dimensions of technical protection and personnel management, including installing backup power supply systems, adding independent alarm devices, and establishing on-duty or remote monitoring systems. These measures are expected to construct a comprehensive risk management system and provide a reference for improving the safe production level of large-scale broiler farming.

This article analyzed the current situation of resource utilization of landscaping waste in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, as well as the aspects that need improvement in the processing of landscaping waste, and proposed targeted strategies. The landscaping waste disposal in the study area mainly adopts 2 treatment methods: crushing and fermentation, which have derived 3 application directions: fuel, organic substrate, and organic covering material. The treatment of landscaping waste faces certain challenges in terms of safeguard measures, the capacity for absorbing derivative products. Based on this, it was proposed to actively promote technologies such as the production of biochar, increase investment in the power stations, and implement incentive measures such as price subsidies; leveraging the technical research advantages of universities and research institutions to strengthen technological innovation, and establishing a comprehensive platform and information management platform integrating technology transfer and technological research; strengthening publicity and guidance to enhance public environmental awareness. This article provides a reference for promoting the resource utilization and sustainable development of landscaping waste in the study area.

【Objective】Soil salinization severely constrains the sustainable development of rice production. The specific goals are to: comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of rice core germplasm accessions at the seedling stage, investigate the morphological and physiological characteristics of different rice subspecies under salt stress, clarify the associated variations in their responses, and summarize their adaptive strategies, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for screening and breeding salt-tolerant rice varieties.【Method】The salt tolerance score (STS), plant height, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and SPAD were measured for 276 rice core germplasm accessions after treatment using 125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 6 days. The relative values of each trait, except for STS and shoot fresh weight were calculated, along with the shoot water content (SWC). T-tests, significance analysis and correlation analysis were used to explore the morphological and physiological differences for salt stress responses among different rice subspecies. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear regression were applied to screen key indicators for salt tolerance. The D-value was calculated to identify typical salt-tolerant accessions and salt-sensitive accessions, which were used to elucidate the regulatory patterns and response strategies of salt stress in different subspecies of rice.【Result】Salt stress affected the growth of seedlings of the three subspecies of rice. Compared with japonica rice, indica rice and AUS exhibited milder inhibitory effects from salt stress, and AUS demonstrated greater phenotypic variation. The STS, relative seedling height (RSH), relative root length (RRL), relative root dry weight (RRDW), relative SPAD (RSPAD) and SWC among the three subspecies of rice accessions were not significantly different. However, the relative shoot dry weight (RSDW) of indica rice was significantly higher than that of japonica rice and AUS, and the salt tolerance of temperate japonica rice seedlings was significantly higher than that of tropical japonica rice and admixed japonica rice. Correlation patterns of the seven salt-tolerance-related traits varied between the three subspecies. Three principal components were extracted from japonica rice, indica rice and AUS, with cumulative contribution rates of 82.587%, 80.117%, and 88.700%, respectively. Based on this, the D-values for the comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance were calculated for each accession, and key parameters for salt tolerance were screened. It was found that RSDW is a common key indicator affecting the salt tolerance of rice seedlings, while RSH and RRDW are shared by japonica rice and AUS, and STS is the common key parameter for indica rice and AUS. In the three subspecies, high-D-value accessions and low-D-value accessions were selected to analyze root characteristics, ion balance, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and osmotic regulation substance content under salt stress. The root total number (RTN), root tip number (RN), total root length (TRL), and root surface area (RSA) of high-D-value accessions in the three subspecies were significantly higher than those of the three categories of low-D-value accessions. Among the three types of high-D-value accessions, the RTN and RN of indica rice were significantly higher than those of japonica rice and AUS. The root average diameter (RAD) of indica rice and AUS was significantly higher than that of japonica rice. AUS had significantly higher surface area and volume of roots in the 0.5-1 mm diameter range than japonica rice and indica rice, while japonica rice had significantly higher root volume in the 0-0.5 mm diameter range than indica rice and AUS. In terms of ion balance, the shoot Na⁺ content (SNC) of the three types of high-D-value accessions was significantly lower than that of the three types of low-D-value accessions. Among the three types of high-D-value groups, AUS had significantly lower SNC and shoot Na⁺/K⁺ (SNK) than that of japonica rice, japonica rice had significantly lower root Na⁺ content (RNC) than AUS, indica rice had significantly higher root K⁺ content (RKC) than AUS, and japonica rice and indica rice had significantly lower root Na⁺/K⁺ (RNK) than AUS. In terms of reactive oxygen species content, among the three categories of high-D-value accessions, the hydrogen peroxide content of japonica rice was significantly lower than that of indica rice and AUS. In terms of osmoregulatory substance content, among the three types of high-D-value accessions, the soluble sugar content of indica rice and AUS was significantly higher than that of japonica rice, and the proline content of indica rice was significantly higher than that of japonica rice.【Conclusion】Significant differences were observed in the morphological and physiological characteristics of rice germplasm accessions from different subspecies under salt stress. RSDW is a common key indicator affecting salt tolerance of rice seedlings. In response to salt stress, typical salt-tolerant germplasm from japonica, indica, and AUS developed distinct combinatorial profiles of regulatory modes, which varied in their emphasis on four key aspects: root morphological characteristics, ion homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmotic adjustment.

Based on the daily precipitation data from 3 national meteorological stations in Suining City, Sichuan Province during 1961-2022, this study employed climatic trend analysis and cumulative anomaly method to investigate the variation characteristics of precipitation indicators during the major spring crop growing season (March–October) in the region, including total precipitation, rainy days, rainy days with different precipitation intensities, and daily maximum precipitation. The results showed that，（1）during 1961-2022, the coefficient of variation of total precipitation in the major spring crop growing season of the study area was 21.4%, with a climatic tendency rate of 15 mm/10 a; particularly, precipitation changes were more drastic in 1991-2022, showing a climatic tendency rate of 76 mm/10 a. The coefficient of variation of monthly precipitation was above 40% across all months, and the monthly precipitation distribution presented a unimodal pattern with the maximum precipitation occurring in July and the minimum in March; monthly precipitation in June showed an increasing trend with a climatic tendency rate of 10.8 mm/10 a, while no significant variation trends were observed for other months. （2）In terms of precipitation grades, there were 37 years with normal precipitation, 8 years with above-normal precipitation, 8 years with below-normal precipitation, 5 years with excessive precipitation, and 4 years with scarce precipitation. （3）Rainfall with intensity above heavy rain contributes the most to total precipitation, with a contribution rate of 27.3%; its rainfall volume showed an increasing trend, and the climatic tendency rate was 23.3 mm/10 a. （4）The total number of rainy days exhibited a decreasing trend, with a climatic tendency rate of -1.8 days/10 a, and the coefficient of variation of monthly rainy days ranged from 24.7% to 30.5%. （5）The number of days with heavy rain and above was the smallest, accounting for 2.9% of the whole year, and it showed an increasing trend with a climatic tendency rate of 0.2 d/10 a. （6） The intensity of daily maximum precipitation presented an increasing trend, with a climatic tendency rate of 12.1 mm/10 a. Overall, the total precipitation resources during the major spring crop growing season are relatively sufficient but with large interannual variations. This study provides a scientific reference for improving the refinement level of meteorological services for grain production, enhancing agricultural resource utilization, and strengthening disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.

The irrigation districts of Northern China face issues such as water scarcity, inability to effectively utilize flood resources, and groundwater overexploitation. In view of these challenges, this study proposes a new concept of deep storage irrigation through flood resources utilization. However, whether deep storage irrigation can recharge deep soil moisture and sustain crop production still requires further study. A two-year field experiment was conducted on summer maize in the Guanzhong Plain with five soil wetting layer depths (T1: 60 cm; T2: 90 cm; T3: 120 cm; T4: 150 cm; T5: 180 cm) and soil saturation moisture content as the irrigation upper limit. The results presented that the ranges of deep soil moisture recharge in the 100–200 cm soil profile (SMS_100–200) was 73.34–267.42 and 0–150.03 mm in 2021 (wet season) and 2022 (normal season). When the effective precipitation and irrigation exceeded 390 mm, the SMS_100–200 began to linearly increase. The highest grain yield (GY) were observed at T2 and T3 treatments in 2021 (11.44 t ha⁻¹) and 2022 (11.25 t ha⁻¹), respectively. The maize GY of T4 in 2021 and T5 in 2022 were only 3.9 and 5.7% lower than the maximize GY, respectively. However, the SMS_100–200 for T4 and T5 were 2.4 and 5.0 times that of T2 and T3 treatments in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Overall, the further increase in irrigation amounts induced only a slight decrease in grain yield, but it significantly increased deep soil moisture recharge. Therefore, the deep storage irrigation breaks through the traditional idea of water-saving irrigation with limited water resources, which can be utilized as an effective alternative to address the issues of water scarcity, low flood resources utilization, and groundwater level declines in the irrigation districts of northern China.

As a versatile material, biochar exhibits extensive application potential in environmental remediation due to its adsorption capabilities. Modification methods were summarized from 3 aspects: pore structure, surface functional groups, and loaded metal active components. In terms of pore structure regulation, activating agents such as ZnCl₂ and KOH can be used to tailor the pore structure of biochar, increasing its specific surface area and the number of active sites, thereby enhancing its adsorption capacity for gases (CO₂) and organic pollutants. Regarding the modulation of surface functional groups, methods including oxidation (introducing acidic oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups using strong acids and strong bases), amination (introducing amino groups using urea or ammonia), and sulfonation (incorporating sulfonic groups with concentrated H₂SO₄) enable the directed introduction of oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing functional groups. These modifications improve biochar’s ability to adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants. In the case of loading metal active components, employing metal salts (such as MgCl₂, FeCl₃, and ZnCl₂) facilitates comprehensive enhancement of biochar’s properties, including specific surface area, pore structure, pore size distribution, and surface functional groups. This review provides a valuable reference for the directed modification and improvement of biochar.

This research aimed to analyze the variations of agricultural climate resources during the key growth periods of grapes in Raoyang County and the influence of future climate change on the facility grape industry of Raoyang County. Based on the daily meteorological data from 1957 to 2023 of the Raoyang National Climate Observatory, methods such as interpolation and linear trend analysis were adopted to study the changes of agricultural climate resources during the grape growth periods in Raoyang County, to judge and predict the future development trend. The results showed that the heat resources in Raoyang County were stable, the average temperature in each growth period of grape was suitable, and the duration days and effective accumulated temperature of average temperature passing through 10℃ showed a continuous upward trend. The precipitation resources were unstable, and the precipitation in grape germination stage was less. However, the precipitation in fruit production stage was more, and the future change trend was not significant. The light resources satisfied the growth demands of grapes, while the average daily sunshine duration and the percentage of sunshine presented a remarkable downward trend. The air humidity fluctuated and the changing trend was not significant, the grape coloring and maturation period’s air humidity was relatively high. The wind force in April and May was relatively strong, and the 2-minute average wind speed showed a significant downward trend overall. In summary, climate change exerts a dual impact of “beneficial guidance + stress” on the grape industry in Raoyang County by altering the structure of agricultural climatic resources. The improvement of heat conditions is conducive to the cultivation of late-maturing varieties, and the instability of precipitation resources has higher requirements for the irrigation and water control systems in the vineyards, which is recommended to enhance the meteorological monitoring capabilities in the planting area and regulate soil moisture scientifically.

In order to explore the high-quality development path of agriculture adapting to climate change in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, this paper analyzed the characteristics of resource endowment utilization based on methods such as literature analysis, mathematical statistics, and multi-scenario emission simulation, in Ningxia. The results showed that the air temperature presented a significant rising trend, the total precipitation presented a decreasing trend, the drought trend was obvious, and the light resources generally presented a decreasing trend from north to south, in Ningxia. Over the past 20 years, the sown area of grain crops in Ningxia had shown a highly significant decreasing trend. The sown area of maize had increased by 57.0%, with an average increase of 101000 hectares every 10 years. In the next 30 years, the number of days from sowing to ripening would gradually increase from north to south, and the interdecadal trend would be decreasing. Under the influence of climate change, agricultural production will face the declining coupling degree of arable land with climate and water resources, and the pressure of grain production will be increasing in the future, in Ningxia. On this basis, this study puts forward suggestions on how to adapt to climate change and promote high-quality development of agriculture, based on the characteristics of resource endowment. It proposed to adjust the crop planting industrial layout in Ningxia to promote the planting structure in response to climate change in a coordinated manner. And it is also proposed facilitating the establishment of an overall efficiency improvement system for agricultural scientific and technological innovation in-depth exploration of the impact laws and adaptation mechanisms of climate change, aiming to provide decision-making references for the high-quality development of agriculture in Ningxia and offer suggestions for building a strong agricultural country.

To investigate the variations in summer heat resources across Heilongjiang Province under the new climate state (1991-2020) and their impacts on the growth period and yield of cold-region rice, this study utilized 30-year datasets encompassing climatic observation records, rice phenological monitoring data, and yield statistics from 10 agro-meteorological experimental stations. Employing the linear trend rate method, linear regression analysis, and the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter, we analyzed the change characteristics of key thermal factors in summer, including ≥10℃ active accumulated temperature, mean temperature, and maximum/minimum temperatures, and their associations with rice phenological progression and yield components. The results showed that the summer heat resources in Heilongjiang Province from 1991 to 2020 had shown a significant upward trend. The tendency rate of active accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ was 36.89℃/10 a, and the increase in the minimum temperature was the largest, at 0.30℃/10 a. The increases in average temperature and maximum temperature were 0.15℃/10 a and 0.14℃/10 a respectively. From the perspective of the growing season dates, the heading date of rice showed a highly significant trend of advancing (with a tendency rate of -4.8 days per 10 years, P<0.01), while the milk-ripe stage and the maturity stage fluctuated relatively less. In terms of the length of the growing season, the heading stage, the milk stage and the reproductive growth period all showed a highly significant trend of extension (P<0.01). Over the past 30 years, the actual yield, trend yield, and meteorological yield of rice in Heilongjiang Province all exhibited a consistent increasing trend, with linear tendency rates of 804 kg per decade, 775 kg per decade, and 29 kg per decade, respectively. Among the thermal factors, mean temperature showed a highly significant correlation with the heading stage (P<0.01), while minimum temperature was highly significantly correlated with both the heading stage and milk-ripe stage (P<0.01). For every 1℃ increase in the mean temperature anomaly, the meteorological yield of rice increased by 110.87 kg per hectare. This study demonstrates that the enhancement of summer thermal resources under the new climate state (1991-2020) serves as the core climatic driver for the prolonged growth period and increased yield of cold-region rice. These findings provide a scientific basis for the efficient utilization of climatic resources and the optimization of variety distribution for cold-region rice cultivation.

The large-scale generation of high-fiber agricultural waste poses significant environmental and resource challenges, necessitating breakthroughs in efficient resource utilization. This paper systematically reviews the sources and properties of agricultural high-fiber waste, as well as recent advances in its biological and abiotic degradation technologies, with a focus on analyzing the strengths and limitations of resource utilization strategies and exploring future directions within a multidisciplinary context. Through extensive retrieval and analysis of relevant domestic and international literature, the mechanisms of action, application outcomes, and existing bottlenecks of biological degradation (particularly microbial degradation) and abiotic degradation technologies are summarized, emphasizing both progress and shortcomings in current research. Analysis indicates that biological degradation is widely regarded as the most promising approach due to its environmental friendliness and economic potential. The integration of molecular biology and synthetic biology, such as gene editing and engineered strain construction, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of degradative enzymes and product conversion rates. However, challenges remain in the application of new technologies, including high pretreatment costs, inconsistent enzymatic efficiency, and potential safety risks associated with the large-scale use of engineered strains. Future research should focus on developing low-energy consumption pretreatment combined technologies, strengthening multi-disciplinary integration and innovation, and establishing a comprehensive biosafety evaluation system for genetically engineered strains, so as to promote the efficient, safe, and sustainable utilization of agricultural high-fiber waste.

To scientifically assess whether the environmental conditions of organic wolfberry production areas meet the organic production standards, this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of soil environmental pollutants, farmland irrigation water pollutants, ambient air pollutants, and the rationality of buffer zone settings in the organic wolfberry production area of Guazhou County, Gansu Province, based on monitoring data and in accordance with national standards such as GB/T 19630-2019. The results showed that the contents of Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the soil of the study area were all lower than the risk screening values, while total DDT, benzo[α]pyrene, and total HCH were not detected. 16 basic control items for farmland irrigation water quality (including pH and water temperature) and 37 supplementary test items for production water (including Escherichia coli and As) all passed the detection. The concentrations of 6 ambient air pollutants (including PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) in the study area in 2022 and 2023 were all below the specified limits. The buffer zones in the study area were set at 30–50 m, no chemical agents or chemical fertilizer inputs from surrounding crops were detected, and only trace amounts of As, Hg, and Cr were found. Overall, the indicators such as the site selection of the organic wolfberry experimental and demonstration garden, soil pollutant levels, basic control items for farmland irrigation water quality, ambient air quality, and buffer zone settings are generally favorable, providing a reliable environmental guarantee for the production area to carry out organic wolfberry cultivation.

To explore the flowering plant resources and landscape effects of Longhua Martyrs Cemetery in Shanghai, this article adopted the method of field investigation to conduct a survey and analysis of the types, flowering periods, colors, flower shapes and landscape creation of the flowering plants in this garden, and proposes suggestions for the creation of flowering plant landscapes. The results showed that the flowering plant resources in the study area were relatively rich, with a total of 84 species, belonging to 66 genera and 38 families. Among them, there were 33 herbaceous species, 30 tree species, 20 shrub species and 1 vine species. Among the tree species, the Lamiaceae, Compositae, Iridaceae and Amaryllidaceae were the main dominant families. These plants had the characteristic of continuous flowering throughout the year and rich and diverse flower colors. There were 46 kinds of flowering plants in spring, 27 kinds in summer, 17 kinds in autumn and 8 kinds in winter. There were 36 types of white flowers, 33 types of red flowers, 18 types of yellow flowers, and 13 types of blue-purple flowers. The types of flower phases were diverse, including dense flower phases, linear flower phases, clustered flower phases, covering flower phases, scattered flower phases, and dry flower phases, totaling 6 categories. The plant landscape creation methods in the study area were diverse. The configuration of flowering plants mainly adopted forms such as tree-shrub and tree-shrub grass. For linear landscape creation, trees like Osmanthus fragrans and Yulania denudata were mostly used, while for surface landscape creation, the same type of flowering plants were commonly planted in large areas. On this basis, development suggestions such as increasing the application of native flowering plants, adding more types of climbing and aquatic flowering plants, and strengthening the creation of winter flowering plant landscapes were put forward, providing references for the construction and renovation of plant landscapes in the garden.

This paper systematically elaborated on the core characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles (including their definition, classification, and payload capacity) and geographic information system (GIS) technology (taking ArcGIS as an example, such as its definition and data acquisition functions). Meanwhile, it conducted research from the perspectives of application scenarios, collaborative practices, existing problems, and optimization strategies. UAVs exert advantages in efficient operations in 4 major fields of forestry, namely forest survey and monitoring, pest and disease control, fire prevention and extinguishing, and afforestation and renewal. ArcGIS software, on the other hand, provides spatial data processing and decision support in forestry information management, resource protection, and forestry planning and management. The collaborative application of the 2 technologies in scenarios such as forest land area measurement and afforestation plot verification has significantly improved the efficiency of forestry work and data accuracy. The study finds that the current application of technology needs further optimization in aspects such as the performance of hardware facilities, data collection, and the development of grassroots professional teams. Accordingly, optimization suggestions are put forward, such as upgrading hardware configurations, constructing a UAV data sharing platform, and strengthening the introduction, cultivation of grassroots talents and skills training. The research shows that the integrated application of UAV and ArcGIS technologies provides scientific and technological support for the sustainable utilization of forest resources, and also offers a reference for the promotion and application of new technologies in the field of forestry.

【Objective】 To analyze the genetic diversity relationship of phenotypic traits in forage oat germplasm resources worldwide, conduct Cluster analysis and Comprehensive evaluation, explore excellent materials, and provide Material basis and Technical support for Germplasm creation and Breeding utilization of forage oats. 【Method】 Using 244 collected domestic and foreign forage oat germplasm as experimental materials, they were planted in Guyuan City, Ningxia from 2023 to 2024, and 11 Phenotypic traits including plant height, stem diameter, tiller number, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, ear length, whorled layers number, number of spikelets, fresh weight, and hay weight were systematically measured. Multiple evaluation methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function, and hierarchical cluster analysis were comprehensively used for multi-dimensional evaluation. 【Result】 Phenotypic variant analysis showed that the coefficient of variation of the 11 traits ranged from 12.11% to 42.69%, among which tiller number, leaf length, and number of spikelets had higher coefficient of variation, which were 42.69%, 32.90%, and 32.77% respectively; The genetic diversity index ranged from 1.408 to 2.077, among which number of spikelets, stem diameter, and hay weight had higher genetic diversity index, which were 2.077, 2.075, and 2.074 respectively; Correlation analysis revealed that there were 41 pairs of significant or extremely significant relationships among the 11 traits, and the indicators with higher correlation with hay weight of forage oats were fresh weight, leaf number, leaf width, whorled layers number, plant height, and number of spikelets in sequence; The principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of six principal components were extracted, which were 28.980%, 14.833%, 12.494%, 9.556%, 7.495%, and 6.850% in sequence, with the Cumulative contribution rate reaching 80.209%; Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the 244 germplasm resources into 5 Groups. Among them, the germplasm resources in Group Ⅱ had thick stem diameter, long ear length, and many whorled layers number, belonging to lodging-resistant or high yield materials; The germplasm in Group Ⅲ and Ⅳ had high plant height, long leaf length, and many tiller number, belonging to high yield forage materials; The germplasm in Group Ⅴ had multiple leaves, wide Leaf width, many number of spikelets, and high fresh and hay weight, belonging to high-quality forage type and high grain yield materials. The Comprehensive phenotypic evaluation value (F value) of germplasm resources was obtained through analytical methods such as membership function, and 20 accessions of Core germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive traits were screened out. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the 244 forage oat germplasm resources possess rich phenotypic genetic variation and diversity; Cluster analysis divided the 244 germplasm resources into 5 different groups, which can be selected and utilized according to the excellent characteristics of different germplasm resources and breeding objectives; 20 accessions of forage oat germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive traits, such as As166, As129, As163, As131 and As80 were screened out using F value.

Coordinating light and nitrogen (N) distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.  However, limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate, and their relationships with grain yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and N use efficiency for grain production (NUEg) in rice.  A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels, 0 kg ha^–1 (N1), 90 kg ha^–1 (N2) and 180 kg ha^–1 (N3), and two planting densities, 22.2 hills m^–2 (D1) and 33.3 hills m^–2 (D2).  Results showed 3.4% higher yield and 4.4% higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.  The extinction coefficient for N (K_N) and light (K_L) and their ratio (K_N/K_L) at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate, planting density, and their interaction.  K_N decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.  Compared to N1, K_N decreased by 43.5 and 58.8% under N2 and N3, respectively, while K_N under D2 decreased by 16.0% compared to D1.  Higher K_L and K_N/K_L values occurred under low N rates, with opposite trends under high N rates.  Increased planting density led to decreased K_L and K_N/K_L values.  N2D2 demonstrated higher K_L and K_N, and thus comparable K_N/K_L, compared to N3D1.  Correlation analysis revealed K_L negatively correlated with RUE, while K_N and K_N/K_L positively correlated with NUEg.  These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.

To explore the efficiency of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers in rice, this experiment set up four treatments of fertilization: conventional fertilization, Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer, Sirte slow-release fertilizer, and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer. The rice yield and soil chemical properties were measured in each plot, and the effects of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers on reduction and efficiency of rice fertilizer, soil fertility and determination of soil chemical properties were evaluated using combination of the analysis of soil enzyme activity and microorganism indicators. The results showed that when fertilizer nutrients quantity decreased by 13%, the theoretical yield of rice was consistent with the actual yield, with Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment>Sirte slow-release fertilizer treatment>conventional fertilization treatment>Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer treatment; under the application of slow (controlled) release fertilizer in rice, the cost-saving and fertilizer reduction effect of Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were the better; the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium content of rice grains and straw treated with Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were relatively higher. Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment had the best effect on improving various chemical and biological characteristics of soil. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the application of Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer had the best effect.

To investigate the effects of bacterial fertilizer and amino water-soluble fertilizer combined application on rhizosphere soil and growth of tobacco plants under the condition of chemical fertilizer control, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer on tobacco plant growth, rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, bacterial community structure and diversity under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, with conventional fertilization as control (A0B1). The results showed that compared with A0B1, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer showed various effects. (1) The contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available P and the activity of catalase and urease in rhizosphere soil increased, and the activity of nitrate reductase decreased. (2) The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were increased, the relative abundance of specific bacteria, fungi and dominant bacteria (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes) increased, and the relative abundance of dominant bacteria (Actinobacteria and Entorrhizomycota) decreased. (3) Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH was the key environmental factor positively correlated with the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities, and available P was negatively which correlated with the relative abundance of bacterial communities. (4) This combined application method promoted the growth and development of tobacco and leaf opening. In general, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, the application of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino soluble fertilizer can improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient level, improve the rhizosphere micro-ecological environment, and promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, the overall effect of bacterial fertilizer+75.0 g/hm² amino water-soluble fertilizer treatment(A1B3) is better.

To screen germplasm resources of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus with high environmental adaptability to Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, seeds from six geographical sources, Yinchuan (Ningxia), Hohhot (Inner Mongolia), Qiqihar (Heilongjiang), Baoding (Hebei), Shuyang (Jiangsu), and Taiyuan (Shanxi)—were sown in 2020 at the experimental base in Daqing. The site features a temperate continental monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 4.2℃, annual precipitation of 427.5 mm, and chernozem soil. After four years of cultivation, functional leaves from mature plants were collected. Using paraffin sectioning, 14 leaf anatomical traits were measured, including midvein diameter, midvein vessel diameter, leaf thickness, epidermal thickness, cuticle thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, stomatal length, and stomatal width. Derived indices such as palisade-to-spongy ratio (P/S), cell tension ratio (CTR), and sponge ratio (SR) were also calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering were employed to elucidate anatomical differentiation among seed sources and their environmental adaptation under uniform growing conditions. Key findings include: (1) significant genetic divergence in leaf anatomy was observed among seed sources. Core adaptive traits included P/S ratio, CTR, palisade tissue thickness, midvein diameter, and leaf thickness. The Qiqihar (Heilongjiang) source exhibited superior performance, with palisade tissue thickness of (96.03±3.73) μm, P/S ratio of (3.84±1.14), and CTR of (63±0.4)%, all significantly higher than other sources. In contrast, the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) source showed the lowest values for these traits (palisade tissue thickness: 72.25±7.43 μm; P/S ratio: 1.52±0.55; CTR: 37±0.4%). (2) PCA extracted four principal components, collectively accounting for 85.12% of the total variance. PC1 (44.34% variance) was heavily loaded with P/S ratio (0.93) and CTR (0.92), reflecting the synergistic function of mesophyll structure in light capture and water use. PC2 (20.50%) was associated with midvein diameter (0.87) and vessel diameter (0.92), indicating vascular transport efficiency. PC3 (11.79%) was linked to upper (0.86) and lower (0.76) epidermal thickness, representing protective mechanisms. PC4 (8.49%) correlated with leaf thickness (0.71) and stomatal length (-0.85), suggesting a trade-off between leaf thickness and stomatal size regulation. (3) Environmental adaptability rankings, consistent with cluster analysis, based on PCA composite scores, were as follows: Qiqihar (0.98) > Shuyang (0.10) > Baoding (0.06) > Yinchuan (-0.02) > Taiyuan (-0.15) > Hohhot (-0.97). Hierarchical clustering (Euclidean distance = 5) grouped the sources into three adaptability categories: Group I (Qiqihar, Shuyang)-high adaptability; Group II (Baoding, Yinchuan, Taiyuan)-moderate adaptability; Group III (Hohhot)-low adaptability. This study clarifies the genetic differentiation in leaf anatomical traits of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and identifies key adaptive indicators, providing an anatomical basis for selecting superior germplasm in Northeast China and similar ecological regions. It also offers theoretical support for assessing the adaptability of medicinal plants introduced across different geographic areas.

【Objective】Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is an important legume crop in China, yet, its production is severely constrained by soil salinity. This study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate the salt tolerance of a large-scale adzuki bean germplasm collection to provide elite genetic resources and a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of salt-tolerant adzuki bean cultivars. 【Method】A total of 398 adzuki bean accessions were evaluated in a hydroponic system under 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress a concentration determined as suitable for screening in preliminary experiments. The salt injury index and 10 root morphological traits of each accession were measured post-treatment. A comprehensive salt tolerance value (D-value) for each accession was calculated using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) combined with the subordinate function method. Based on the D-value, all accessions were systematically evaluated and classified into different salt tolerance grades. Subsequently, differences in salt tolerance among three germplasm types (cultivars, landraces, and wild accessions) were compared. Finally, stepwise regression analysis was employed to identify key indicators for evaluating seedling salt tolerance and to construct a simplified evaluation model. 【Result】Salt stress significantly inhibited root growth in adzuki bean, but extensive genetic variation was observed among the accessions. PCA effectively reduced the 10 root traits to three independent principal components, accounting for a cumulative 88.76% of the total variation. According to the criteria of a comprehensive salt tolerance value (D-value) and salt tolerance grade, a group of highly tolerant accessions at the seedling stage, such as B552 and B533, were identified. Comparative analysis indicated that wild accessions and landraces exhibited stronger seedling stage salt tolerance potential than cultivars, with wild accessions showing particularly outstanding tolerance. Stepwise regression analysis identified the salt tolerance coefficients of five key traits, including root volume, root fresh weight, root dry weight, average root diameter, and number of root crossing as the key indicators. Based on these indicators, an optimal regression equation with a very high coefficient of determination was established. 【Conclusion】This study systematically evaluated the salt tolerance of a large-scale adzuki bean germplasm collection at the seedling stage. It not only identified a group of elite salt-tolerant accessions, but also established a simplified and efficient comprehensive evaluation system for seedling salt tolerance in adzuki bean based on five key root traits.

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe is a plant resource with food and medicinal value, as well as health-promoting functions. This study aims to investigate the metabolic product differences in flower buds among various Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe varieties in the Wenshan Region. In this study, flower buds from two independently selected varieties (‘Wenhe1’, ‘Wenhe2’) and one locally preserved variety of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe were used as experimental materials. An extensive targeted metabolomics analysis utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was conducted to investigate the differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways among the flower buds of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe varieties. The findings indicated that ‘Wenhe2’ had the highest vitamin C content, whereas the landrace variety possessed the highest crude fiber content. In total, 758 metabolites were identified in Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe buds, including 145 amino acids and derivatives, and 110 flavonoids. Among these metabolites, 94 were differentially expressed between ‘Wenhe1’and ‘Wenhe 2’, 65 between ‘Wenhe1’ and the control group, and 87 between‘Wenhe2’ and the control group. These variations predominantly occurred in amino acids and their derivatives, as well as sugars and their derivatives. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis revealed that both tested varieties exhibited significant upregulation in pathways related to amino acid synthesis and sinigrin synthesis compared to the control group. Additionally, in the comparison between ‘Wenhe1’ and ‘Wenhe2’, the metabolic pathways significantly upregulated in ‘Wenhe1’ included the pentose phosphate pathway and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, which were strongly associated with photosynthesis. Under identical conditions, significant differences were observed in the metabolite profiles of ‘Wenhe1’ and ‘Wenhe2’ compared to local varieties, especially in metabolites of practical significance, including those involved in amino acid synthesis and glucosinolate synthesis. These results offer valuable insights for the functional breeding of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe and the exploration and utilization of effective metabolomic resources.

Forest resources are important natural and strategic resources, playing a significant role in ensuring the supply of timber and forest products and maintaining forest ecological security. The current situation and existing problems of forest resource protection in Nanling County, Anhui Province were systematically analyzed, and targeted countermeasures and suggestions were put forward. The study area has continuously deepened the reform of the forest chief system, establishing a forest resources management system with clear rights and responsibilities and efficient implementation. In 2024, the number of forest chief inspections increased by 76.12%. Strictly implemented systems such as the quota management for forest felling, granted townships the authority to approve and issue forest felling permits, and the average processing time for logging permits has been shortened from 15 days to 10 days. A database of cases involving illegal destruction of forest resources was constructed. Remote sensing interpretation technology was adopted to optimize the data processing accuracy and information extraction efficiency of the system, and the compliance rate of seedling felling operations had reached 95%. Forest resources management needs to be further improved in 3 aspects: forest resources protection and management, supervision of tree felling, and publicity of felling policies. Based on this, it is proposed to optimize the personnel allocation of the forest chief system and form a joint force of human and technological prevention supervision relying on the comprehensive management platform of the forest chief system in Anhui Province. Forestry and grassland authorities at all levels adhere to the forest felling quota and certificate-based felling system, proactively adjust inspection methods and supervision contents, and establish a traceability system for the entire felling process. Through various forms such as rural notice boards, television and radio, efforts should be made to enhance the publicity of regulations and policies on forest felling management, providing references for the sustainable management of forest resources and ecological protection.

To deeply understand the wild plant resources in Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm, this study adopted the method of typical sampling combined with field investigation to set up 12 sample lines in the natural forests of this area, and investigated the composition of wild plant species and the types of rare and endangered plants there. The results showed that the wild plant species in this area were relatively rich, with a total of 183 species belonging to 122 genera and 56 families. Angiosperms dominated in vegetation classification, with a total of 176 species belonging to 116 genera and 51 families. In terms of life forms, herbaceous plants accounted for the largest proportion, with a total of 134 species belonging to 86 genera and 39 families, making up 73.22% of the total species. The dominant families of wild trees were Rosaceae, Betulaceae and Pinaceae; the dominant families of wild shrubs were Rosaceae and Caprifoliaceae; and the dominant families of wild herbaceous plants were Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae and Liliaceae. This area was home to rare and endangered forest and grassland resources, including the second-class national key protected wild plant Cypripedium guttatum. In Hebei Province, 12 species of wild plants were protected, including Acanthopanax senticosus, Papaver nudicaule and Primula maximowiczii. This study provides a reference for the conservation of plant diversity and the construction of the ecological environment in forest farms.

Wheat-maize rotation is a widely used planting pattern in oasis irrigated areas in northwest China.  Although this planting pattern has the advantage of breaking the barrier of continuous cropping to some extent, it also has some problems such as large evaporation and prominent soil degradation during fallow period, which seriously restricts the improvement of crop yield.  Planting green manure (GM) after wheat and returning it to field can effectively improve soil physicochemical properties, regulate photosynthetic characteristics of subsequent crops and promote crop yield.  However, the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of crop yield improvement under different green manure return methods (GMRM) is still unclear.  Therefore, by exploring the relationships among soil moisture and temperature environment, maize root structure, photosynthetic characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and yield under different GMRM, this study aims to provide theoretical basis for clarifying the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of GMRM to improve maize yield.  A three-year field experiment was conducted at a research station in the Shiyang River Basin (Gansu, China).  Five treatments were involved in this study: (i) conventional tillage without GM (CT), (ii) no-tillage with total GM mulching (NTG), (iii) no-tillage with removal of aboveground GM (NT), (iv) tillage with total GM incorporation (TG), and (v) tillage with only root incorporation (T).  Results showed that the NTG and TG significantly increased soil water content (SWC) in 0-110 cm soil layer, soil temperature (ST) of maize seedling (V3) to jointing stage (V6), canopy cover (CC), leaf stay-greenness (SG), root length (RL), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (ՓPSII), maize biomass and grain yield (GY) compared with CT.  In addition, NTG and TG significantly decreased ST of maize big trumpet stage (V12) to blister stage (R2), and dissipation of excess energy (NPQ) compared with CT.  The GM return to field could improve root structure and canopy coverage of maize mainly by improving soil water content.  The optimization of maize root structure and canopy coverage increased maize chlorophyll content (SPAD) value and promoted P_n.  The increase of P_n inhibits the increase of NPQ, thus promoting ՓPSII.  The increase of ՓPSII promoted the increase of maize biomass, and finally realized the increase of maize GY. 

The Pacific spadenose shark (Scoliodon macrorhynchos) is a cartilaginous fish commonly found in China's coastal waters. In recent years, the population resources of this species are continuously declining and it has been listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. In order to further understand the species and provide a basis for its scientific management and protection, this study investigated and analyzed genomic genetic resources of S. macrorhynchos. In this study, whole-genome resequencing was performed on the genomic DNA of the S. macrorhynchos. Using the resequencing data, preliminary genome assembly was conducted and its quality was evaluated. Genome-wide identification of microsatellite loci was carried out with calculation of their relative abundance. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence was de novo assembled using bioinformatics software. The assembled mitochondrial sequence was comparatively analyzed against published GenBank reference sequences to identify variant sites; variations were annotated by genomic location (protein-coding genes, tRNA genes, and the control region) and analyzed for nonsynonymous substitutions. The results showed that the genome of the S. macrorhynchos exhibited the following characteristics: size= 2991.63 Mb, heterozygosity rate= 0.46%, repetitive sequence proportion= 63.37% and GC content= 44.34%. The preliminary genome assembly yielded a total length of 2482 Mb with a scaffold N₅₀ of 3342 bp. A total of 470542 microsatellite loci were identified genome-wide, with a relative abundance of about 189.58 loci/Mb. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence (16693 bp) was de novo assembled using bioinformatics tools, consistent with published GenBank reference sequences. Comparative analysis revealed 19 variant sites in the mitochondrial genome: 16 in protein-coding genes, 2 in tRNA genes, and 1 in the control region. Among variants in protein-coding genes, 4 were nonsynonymous substitutions located in the COIII, ND4, ND5, and Cyt b genes. The genome of the S. macrorhynchos is likely of a complex type. This study obtained foundational genetic resources including a draft genome assembly, genome-wide microsatellite markers, and mitochondrial genome data. Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis revealed heightened variability in protein-coding regions. Multiple nonsynonymous substitutions detected in key mitochondrial genes (COIII, ND4, ND5, Cyt b) suggest that relaxed purifying selection may be the primary evolutionary driver of the mitochondrial genome in this species. This research aims to provide essential genetic resources for advancing S. macrorhynchos genomics studies, investigations of genetic evolution, and conservation initiatives.

【Objective】To explore the ideal traits and methods that can characterize the drought resistance of the core germplasm population of alfalfa at the seedling stage, and to mine excellent drought-resistant germplasm, so as to provide technical support and material basis for the identification of drought resistance of alfalfa at the seedling stage, germplasm innovation and breeding.【Method】Using 111 core germplasms of alfalfa as materials, the single drought resistance coefficients of six traits, namely plant height (PH), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), main root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), and root dry weight (RDW), were determined under natural drought stress and normal water supply (control). Combining the analysis methods such as the single drought resistance coefficient, correlation, principal component, membership function, linear stepwise regression, and clustering of each trait of alfalfa, the response differences of each alfalfa germplasm to drought stress were evaluated, the traits and methods for identifying drought resistance at the seedling stage were screened, and the excellent resources of drought resistance at the seedling stage of alfalfa were explored.【Result】The analysis of the single drought resistance coefficient indicated that drought stress significantly inhibited all six traits of alfalfa at the seedling stage. The results of trait correlation showed that there was a positive correlation among the six traits. The principal component results indicated that the six individual drought-resistant traits of alfalfa could be combined into four comprehensive drought-resistant traits, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 86.885%. The methods such as single drought resistance coefficient, correlation, principal component and linear stepwise regression were comprehensively evaluated to determine that SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW were the ideal traits for evaluating alfalfa materials at the seedling stage. Using the classification methods of CDC value and D value, the drought resistance of 111 core germplasm populations of alfalfa at the seedling stage was classified. It was found that there were only subtle differences in the classification of drought resistance of various germplasm by the two drought resistance classification methods. The D values of 111 alfalfa core germplasms were clustered and classified. The various germplasms were divided into 5 categories, which belonged to strongly drought-resistant, moderately drought-resistant, moderately drought-resistant and drought-sensitive germplasms respectively.【Conclusion】Determine that SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW are the best traits for drought resistance evaluation of alfalfa at the seedling stage; The number of highly drought-resistant and relatively drought-resistant materials of alfalfa at the seedling stage excavated was 6 and 25 respectively.

To investigate the dynamic changes and adaptive control mechanisms of sensitive periods in plants in deep underground environments, Nicotiana benthamiana was used as a model to study its environmental response mechanisms. An orthogonal experimental design was implemented to regulate light intensity (4000-12000 Lux), temperature (20-30℃), and humidity (60-80% RH). Growth and physiological parameters including plant height and leaf area were quantitatively measured, and environmental sensitivity characteristics were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The cycle of Nicotiana benthamiana could be divided into germination-rapid growth period (1-14 d), rapid growth-stable period (15-62 d) and stable-mature period (63-76 d). PCA analysis showed that PC₁-PC₂ cumulatively explained 58.6% of the variation, of which PC₁ (44.90%) was mainly related to light intensity and leaf area, and PC₂ (13.70%) was mainly related to soil redox potential (Eh) and temperature. Plants were highly sensitive to the environment in the early stage of growth (1-62 d), especially to light and temperature. The average daily plant height growth in the 12000 Lux group was 4.82 ± 0.15 mm, which was 17.0% higher than that in the 8000 Lux group. The environmental sensitivity transition point occurred on day 63^rd, marking a shift from environment-dependent growth to physiology-regulated growth. Optimized cultivation conditions of 20℃-25℃, 70%-80% RH, and 8000-12000 Lux significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation capacity. Under this condition, the photosynthetic-nitrogen metabolism coupling efficiency of the plant was the best, the chlorophyll content was 28.3% higher than that of the 30℃/60% RH/4000 Lux control group, and the nitrogen assimilation capacity was increased by 31.5%. This study revealed plant adaptation mechanisms in extreme environments, providing theoretical insights for environmental regulation in deep subsurface plant cultivation and advancing foundational theories for deep underground agriculture.

Microbial driven nitrogen cycle processes play a crucial role in promoting material cycling within aquaculture systems, purifying aquaculture water environments, and maintaining ecosystem balance. Compared to natural ecosystems, aquaculture systems receive higher anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen, exhibit a rich diversity of nitrogen forms, and have their nitrogen cycling processes and associated microorganisms influenced and regulated by intertwined, complex, and easily fluctuating environmental factors. This article elucidates the ecological characteristics of aquaculture environments and reviews research progress on the major nitrogen cycle processes, including nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and their associated microbial communities within aquaculture ecosystems. It summarizes the environmental impact characteristics of nitrogen-cycling functional microorganisms. It discusses other potential ion redox reactions coupled with nitrogen cycling processes in aquaculture environments. Finally, the future research directions for the nitrogen cycle in aquaculture environments are prospected. The aim is to deepen the understanding of nitrogen cycling processes and their functional microorganisms in aquaculture systems, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the purification of nitrogen in aquaculture environments.