【Objective】 To identify and evaluate the drought resistance of alfalfa germplasm resources, screen out different drought-resistant alfalfa germplasm materials, and lay a foundation for further development of drought-resistant alfalfa resources creation and breeding utilization. 【Method】 In this study, A total of 111 alfalfa germplasm resources were used as experimental materials, and drought stress conditions were simulated using a 13% PEG-6000 solution. Two treatments were established: drought stress (13% PEG-6000) and a control (distilled water). Drought tolerance at germination stage were comprehensively evaluated by the comprehensive drought resistance coefficient (CDC value) and drought resistance coefficient (D value) using nine indicators, including germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vitality index, promptness index, root length, bud length, fresh weight and dry weight. Meanwhile, single drought tolerance coefficients, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis were conducted to identify the key indicators influencing drought resistance during germination. 【Result】 Analysis of the single drought tolerance coefficients for the nine indicators showed that vitality index, fresh weight, and promptness index were key indicators for screening drought resistance at the germination stage. The single drought tolerance coefficients of the indicators had the highest correlation among germination index and promptness index, germination rate, vitality index, with coefficients of 0.9838, 0.9495 and 0.9338, respectively. Principal component analysis transformed the nine indicators into three principal components with a cumulative contribution of 87.287%. Drought resistance of alfalfa at germination stage was identified using two methods with CDC value and D value, and it was found that the evaluation results of the two methods were highly consistent; however, the D value method was more comprehensive, reliable, and accurate, as it used the weighting coefficients to reflect the degree of influence of each indicator to the overall drought resistance of the varieties. Based on the D value, the 111 alfalfa germplasm resources were clustered into five categories: ClassⅠ(strongest drought resistance, 1 accession), Class Ⅱ (strong drought resistance, 5 accessions), Class Ⅲ (moderate drought resistance, 55 accessions), Class Ⅳ (weak drought resistance, 37 accessions), and Class Ⅴ (drought-sensitive, 13 accessions). 【Conclusion】 The D value evaluation method was found to be the most reliable for assessing drought resistance in alfalfa during the germination stage; The study identified AG37 as the strongest drought resistance germplasm, along with five strong drought resistance accessions, including AG19, AG5, AG13 and other. Vitality index and promptness index were determined to be the most suitable indicators for evaluating drought resistance in alfalfa at the germination stage.

This investigation mainly adopts the method of line investigation, and combines field investigation, sample plot investigation, individual tree investigation, literature review, and interviews with informed people to assist in the investigation. It analyzes the types, quantities, and distribution status of wild forest trees, collected and preserved species, cultivated and utilized species, ancient and famous trees, rare and protected forest and grass species, superior stands and superior individual trees, as well as herbaceous species and other forest and grass germplasm resources in Jieshou City, Anhui Province. The results show that 46 kinds of wild forest resources such as Ginkgo biloba, Magnolia grandiflora and Camphora officinarum are recorded; 5 kinds of germplasm resources such as Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Wanhuai1’, Quercus acutissima,Koelreuteria bipinnata,and ‘integrifoliola’ are collected and preserved; 130 kinds of forest and grass germplasm resources such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Platycladus orientalis,and Pinus bungeana are cultivated and utilized; 43 ancient and famous tree species such as Pistacia chinensis, Ailanthus altissima, and Ehretia acuminata are recorded; 6 kinds of rare and protected forest and grass species such as Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Eucommia ulmoides, and Zelkova serrata are recorded; 4 excellent stands and 10 excellent individual trees are collected; and 92 kinds of herbage germplasm resources such as Equisetum ramosissimum, Nymphaea tetragona and Hemerocallis fulva are recorded. Based on the distribution of resources, measures such as establishing in situ preservation repositories, off-site preservation repositories, forest germplasm resource databases, and strengthening the protection of rare and endangered plants have been proposed. This paper provides a reference for establishing an information management system for forest and grass germplasm resources in the research area and scientifically formulating long-term protection and utilization plans for forest and grass germplasm resources.

To further clarify the macrofungal species resources in Guiyang region, Guizhou Province, the composition of macrofungal species, dominant family and genus in 11 regions were investigated by random field investigation and questionnaire survey, and the correlation between macrofungal diversity and habitat and climate was investigated. A total of 429 fungal specimens were collected in the study area, and 215 species of macrofungi were identified and classified, belonging to 3 phyla, 8 classes, 19 orders, 47 families and 107 genera. At phylum level, basidiomycetes (90.23%) and ascomycetes (8.83%) were dominant phyla. At the genus level, Polyporaceae (21.395%), Marasmiaceae (7.907%) and Russulaceae (7.442%) were the dominant genera. In the market, a total of 21 kinds of large fungi such as red mushrooms, milk mushrooms and ganoderma lucidum were investigated, including 16 kinds of edible fungi, and the commodity potential was large. There were 69 kinds of edible fungi, 33 kinds of medicinal fungi and 16 kinds of poisonous fungi. The habitats of macrofungi were mainly mixed forest and broad-leaved forest. The species richness of macrofungi was affected by seasonal changes, and the species of fungi increased with the increase of precipitation. The research area is rich in macrofungal resources, so it is necessary to strengthen the research on the collection and domestication of fungi resources and artificial propagation, accelerate the cultivation of leading edible fungi enterprises, give full play to the advantages of fungi resources in Guiyang, and provide references for promoting the development of edible fungi industry in the area.

To explore the application of medicinal plants in the ecological environment planning and design of the Yellow River Basin, based on the analysis of its medicinal, economic and ecological values, this paper conducts application practices in aspects such as plant height and color hierarchy design, and seasonal plant configuration in its landscape design scheme. The analysis showed that according to the natural conditions such as climate, temperature and humidity in the Henan section of the Yellow River Basin, the plants suitable for the construction of plant garden ecological belt and wetland belt in the Yellow River basin, such as Trachycarpus fortunei, Phytolacca acinosa and Verbena officinalis, were screened out, and had unique medicinal, viewing, economic and ecological values. On the basis of fully exploring the diverse values of medicinal plants, the use of plants such as Polygala tenuifolia, Lonicera japonica and Nerium oleander to gradually form rich spatial levels and enhance the three-dimensional sense of landscape; combined with the seasonal changes, the use of verbena, bupleurum, honeysuckle and other plant configuration, to form three seasons with flowers, four seasons with scenery ecological landscape. Planning “Rose Chinese sea area”, “golden autumn Ginkgo Biloba exhibition”, etc., can form high quality landscapes in the specific flowering and leaf color periods of plants. Pay attention to the design of leisure space, set up a rest pavilion in the main tour line nodes, to provide tourists with leisure space. The ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin is organically combined with medicinal plants, and the ecological landscape belt of medicinal plants is constructed to provide reference for building the ecological landscape corridor of medicinal plants in the Yellow River Basin.

To study the performance of yield and quality traits of wheat germplasm resources and their correlation and path analysis，35 wheat germplasm resources from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were used as materials in this study. The plant height, spike number, spikelet number per spike, 1000-grain weight and yield were investigated manually, and the wheat quality was determined by Perten DA 7200 near-infrared analyzer. The results showed that the yield range of 35 wheat germplasm resources was 5679.00-6331.50 kg/hm², the effective spike range was 427.50-502.50 million/hm², the growth period range was 195.00-202.00 d, the plant height range was 73.00-93.00 cm, the spikelet number per spike range was 32.60-40.00, and the 1000-grain weight range was 37.00-47.10 g. The correlation analysis of yield traits showed that effective spike, growth period, spikelet number per spike and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield (r=0.1707, r=0.0401, r=0.2277, r=0.0299), while plant height was negatively correlated with grain yield (r=-0.0587). Path analysis showed that grain yield increased while effective spike, spikelet number per spike and 1000-grain weight increased. The effect of increasing the number of grains per ear was the greatest (direct path coefficient Py=0.8390), followed by the effect of increasing the 1000-grain weight (direct path coefficient Py=0.6668), and the effect of increasing the number of effective ears was the smallest (direct path coefficient Py=0.4916). In general, the quality traits of 35 wheat germplasm resources were quite different, indicating that wheat has rich diversity, which provides a large selection space for wheat quality breeding and selection of offspring.

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of different tomato germplasms, screen the important agronomic traits that affect the sensory quality of tomato, and provide reference for the identification, evaluation and innovation of tomato germplasms. Genetic diversity analysis, sensory quality evaluation, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, path analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed on 20 main agronomic traits and sensory quality of 72 tomato germplasms. The genetic diversity index of agronomic traits of 72 tomato germplasms ranged from 0.59 to 2.04, and the comprehensive score of sensory quality ranged from 71.70 to 84.85. Plant height, internode length, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content were important factors for sensory quality of tomato, which had a high load in principal component 1. The test materials were divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis. The tomato varieties in the first and second groups had higher comprehensive scores of sensory quality, plant height, and internode length. The fourth and fifth groups were mainly germplasms of dwarf tomato with limited growth type. The phenotypic and sensory qualities of 72 tomato germplasms showed abundant genetic diversity. Plant height, internode length, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content are important traits to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato phenotype and sensory quality.

Zingiberaceae is a perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plant with great economic value used as food, spices, medicinal compounds, and ornamental plants, preservation of Zingiberaceae germplasm resources is crucial for breeding and commercial production. To clarify the current research status on the conservation of genetic resources in Zingiberaceae plants, this paper specifically introduces the three main methods(ex situ conservation, tissue culture preservation, and cryopreservation) used for preservation of Zingiberaceae germplasm resources. Future prospects of Zingiberaceae germplasm preservation are analyzed, aiming to provide reference for the healthy and rapid development of Zingiberaceae industry. Cryopreservation technology, which has many advantages compared with the traditional methods, has been proven to be a new technique for plant pathogen elimination with successful application on several plants, and can provide a technical support to low conservation rates in Zingiberaceae plants elimination.

The high-quality utilization of health preservation resources in leisure agriculture is key to promote the merging development of leisure agriculture and health industry. Establishing an evaluation system for health preservation resources in leisure agriculture, quantitatively evaluating the quality of health preservation resources in leisure agriculture projects, is conducive to identifying the resource advantages of expanding health preservation functions in leisure agriculture, and evaluating the potential for the development of healthy leisure agriculture industry. This study classified and analyzed the health preservation resources of leisure agriculture projects in Jiangsu, and used the analytic hierarchy process to screen and determine evaluation index factors. A leisure agriculture health preservation resource evaluation model was constructed with five elements including natural resources, environmental quality, landscape resources, health preservation food and lodging, health preservation products and facilities, and 19 factor layers. The health preservation diet, forest, health preservation accommodation, water body, and hot springs had higher weight values in the factor layer. 40 representative leisure agriculture bases in Jiangsu Province were evaluated and scored, the overall quality of health preservation resources in Jiangsu's leisure agriculture was found to be good. Environmental quality was relatively better, followed by health preservation food and lodging resources, while the potential for health preservation product resources was the greatest. Based on the existing problems in the utilization of health preservation resources in Jiangsu's leisure agriculture, development suggestions were proposed in three aspects, namely, government guidance and creating a platform, think-tank planning and scientific research support, and enterprise leadership and collaboration with farmers.

Feeding chickens under the forest is an economic innovation farming model under forest, which has good economic benefits and broad development prospects. In this paper, the effects of feeding chicken under the forest on forest and grass, soil physicochemical properties, soil microbial diversity, and insect population were summarized,and the corresponding development measures were put forward based on practical production. In the modes of feeding chickens under the forest, chicken manure, as a green organic fertilizer, can effectively increase economic income. However, this model also has some disadvantages, such as damaging plant growth and reducing plant diversity. When the density of chickens under the forest is controlled reasonably, it is beneficial to maintain good soil ventilation and water permeability. However, the high-density and long-term activities of chickens may lead to the changes of soil physical and chemical properties, and the growth of trees is hindered by poor soil quality. In the process of production, the modes of feeding chicken under the forest is beneficial to increase the variety and quantity of soil microorganisms, promote the decomposition of soil organic matter and the transformation of nutrients, and thus improve soil fertility. At the same time, it can reduce the occurrence of pests, promote the healthy growth of plants, save feed, and reduce the cost of disease and pest control. The development of feeding chicken under the forest should be based on local conditions, scientific site selection and layout, targeted improvement of the vegetation in the breeding area, reasonable determination of breeding density, time and scale, implementation of regional rotational grazing system, and strengthening disease prevention and control. This paper provides references for promoting the high-quality development of the feeding chicken under the forest.

The environmental suitability of Astragalus membranaceus in Hengshan area of Shanxi Province was analyzed from four aspects: climatic conditions, climatic stability, geographical conditions and soil conditions, and the planting management techniques were summarized from the aspects of seed breeding, planting time and planting methods. The Hengshan area was more suitable for the growth of Astragalus membranaceus with large diurnal temperature difference, suitable precipitation, abundant light resources, less extreme weather and loose soil. In order to improve the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus, a series of cultivation and management measures were put forward, including the selection of seeds with full grain and no mildew and moth-eaten seeds, timely sowing, rational fertilization, scientific irrigation, timely weeding and attention to disease and pest control. This paper provides references for further improving the yield and quality of Astragalus membranaceus in Hengshan area.

[Purpose/Significance] The "15th Five-Year Plan" defines the development direction and strategic choice for Chinese libraries in the next five years. It is based on China's national conditions and serves the characteristic development of Chinese libraries. Against the backdrop of the Chinese-style modernization, this paper explores how libraries can achieve high-quality development under the changing internal and external environment, with the aim of grasping the development direction of Chinese libraries and offering a construction path for the scientific formulation of the "15th Five-Year Plan". [Method/Process] A library strategy is an action plan based on a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the Chinese libraries' internal and external environment. Environmental scanning is a fundamental part of strategic library planning. It implies that the libraries adapts to environmental changes by seeking and using external information. The formulation of the library strategy must start from the current situation, identfiy external environmental changes such as those in the political, economic, social, cultural and technological spheres, and track responses and developments. Using the research method of environmental scanning, this paper traces the dynamics of the social environment at the macro level, the business environment at the medium level, and the system environment at the micro level, and analyzes the practical demands of the society at the macro level, the medium industry at the medium level, and the library readers at the micro level. [Results/Conclusions] Chinese-style modernization embodies both conceptual and discursive innovation. As an ideological discourse, it has four layers of meaning: socialist modernization, independent modernization, modernization for the comprehensive rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and modernization that creates a new form of human civilization. This article is guided by the theory of China's modernization and has set the main goal for the construction of China's modern libraries. It emphasizes the leading role of the concepts of "people-oriented" and "efficiency", and focuses on the three major development priorities of "professional and stable development", "intelligent transformation", and "building a national library service network". Finally, it proposes the four modern systems of "the cooperative governance system for libraries of all kinds", "the next-generation knowledge sharing and service system", "the cultural dissemination and social service system", and "the library security and guarantee system". The goal of the Chinese-style modern library is to build a national library service network that is both deeply professional and highly intelligent, organically integrating specialization and intelligence. First, to ensure the specialization of library services, then realize the wisdom to broaden the service boundary, and finally build a national library service network. A cultural communication and social service system should be built in accordance with the macroscopic social needs. A collaborative governance system should be established based on the needs of library development. A new generation of knowledge sharing and service system should be established according to individual needs. The establishment of the support system ensures the successful development of the "15th Five-Year Plan". We should consistently integrate the above three key priorities throughout the four modern systems.

[Purpose/Significance] In promoting red resources, libraries face problems such as "low reading rate of resources", "low public participation" and "low level of innovation in service". To some extent, these problems stem from the neglect of embodied cognition. The essence of embodied cognition is that cognitive process is not only the activity of the brain, but is inseparable from the perception and interaction of the body. Applying the theory of embodied cognition to reading can enhance the sense of immersion and participation in reading, thus optimizing the reading effect of red resources. This study explores the application and optimization path of VR technology in reading red resources from the perspective of embodied cognition. By enhancing users' immersive experience, it promotes their deep cognition and emotional resonance of red resources in order to promote the innovative utilization and efficient dissemination of red resources. [Method/Process] Taking the grounded theory as the research method, we first carry out data collection and sample selection, then analyze the text materials through the three-level coding method of open coding, axial coding and selective coding, and finally randomly select one third of the samples from the materials to carry out the saturation test of the theoretical model, summarize the three main categories of reading guarantee mechanism, reading ecology and reading experience optimization, and construct the optimization of the VR red resource reading path model, and elaborate the model in detail. [Results/Conclusions] It is found that reading guarantee mechanism, reading ecology and reading experience optimization have a positive effect on promoting the continuous optimization in reading VR red resources. Among them, reading guarantee mechanism plays a fundamental role, providing basic support for the whole VR red resource reading system. Reading ecology plays the role of a bridge, transforming the support of reading guarantee mechanism into the actual experience of users. The optimization of reading experience plays a goal-oriented role, and its realization depends on the results of the reading ecology practice, and through the feedback mechanism to promote the progress of the whole system. The interaction of these three main categories forms a dynamic feedback loop, ensuring that the VR red resource reading system can be continuously optimized with the development of technology and changes in user needs, and promoting the continuous innovation and optimization of VR red resource reading methods. This study relies mainly on secondary data and case studies, and lacks the actual feedback from users in real-life scenarios, especially the individual differences in user experience have not been fully explored. In future research, in-depth interviews will be introduced as a complementary means to further explore the individual experience of users in reading VR red resources, especially the specific application scenarios of embodied cognition theory.

Selecting the facility vegetable planting plots with severe continuous cropping obstacles in Hangzhou as the experimental sites, the research investigated the improvement effect of different microbial agents combined with soil disinfectants on the soil microenvironment under the facility vegetable planting mode, as well as their impact on the prevention and control of clubroot disease and yield of Chinese cabbage. The results showed that the combination of three microbial agents and soil disinfectants could reduce the incidence rate of Chinese cabbage clubroot disease, improve the soil environment, enhance soil physicochemical properties, and increase the yield of Chinese cabbage. Among them, the combination of No.1 microbial agent could better improve soil nutrients, No.2 microbial agent had a better effect on the prevention and control of clubroot disease, and No.3 microbial agent had the most significant effect on improving the biological and economic yield of Chinese cabbage. In summary, the combination of soil disinfectant and No.3 microbial agent had a better effect.

To explore the effects of air-curing room environment and methods on the moisture content and quality of cigar leaves during the airing process, ‘Habanos-2000’ cigar variety was selected as the experimental material, and two airing methods, normal airing and airing with stem, were set up. Airing was conducted in both a simple air-curing room with significant temperature and humidity differences and a reformed air- curing room. The grey relational analysis method was employed to study the influence of air-curing room environment and airing methods on moisture content, free water, bound water content, and moisture migration rate during the drying process of cigar leaves. By comparing the chemical composition of fermented leaves in each treatment, the suitable air-curing room pattern and drying method for the airing process of cigar leaves in Xuchang region were determined. The results showed that airing temperature had a significant effect on the moisture content of cigar leaves, while airing humidity had a significant effect on the bound water content and moisture migration rate of leaves. Specifically, the temperature in the simple air-curing room had the greatest impact on the moisture content of leaves under normal airing conditions, and the humidity in the reformed air-curing room had the greatest impact on the bound water content under normal airing conditions and the moisture migration rate under airing with stem conditions. Additionally, the cigar leaves airing with stem in the reformed air-curing room had the lowest total sugar, reducing sugar, and nicotine content, while the potassium content, potassium-chlorine ratio, nitrogen-nicotine ratio, and total sugar-reducing sugar ratio were the highest. In conclusion, cigar leaves airing with stem in an air-curing room equipped with temperature and humidity control devices in Xuchang region can provide more sufficient moisture supply for the leaves, thereby improving the quality of the dried leaves.

By identifying the distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements in Yuanmou County, we can understand the local heavy metal sources and environmental ratings, objectively grasp the environmental problems existing in the soil in this area, put forward scientific and reasonable suggestions for agricultural development and environmental governance, and improve the level of land management and environmental monitoring in this area. The method of combining traditional geochemistry and soil science was used, and the sampling was carried out according to the relevant standards of 1:250000 land quality geochemical survey. SPSS, Excel, GeolPAS.V4.5, ArcGIS10.8 and other software were used for data modeling, result integration and map production. The results showed that heavy metal elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were existed in the surface soil of Yuanmou County, in which Cd was enriched on the surface, and the anisotropy of Cd and Hg was higher than that of other elements. The overall distribution of Cu was balanced, with local characteristics of enrichment and depletion. Cr was highly correlated with Ni and weakly negatively correlated with Pb. There were three main sources of heavy metals: mainly rich in Zn and As, mainly rich in Cr, Ni and Cu, and mainly rich in Hg. In the comprehensive grade assessment of surface soil environment, the risk-free area was 1873 km², accounting for 92.77%, and the risk-controlled area was 146 km², accounting for 7.23%. The area was concentrated in Jiangyi Town, Guanyuan Town and Pingtian Town, and scattered in other areas, with no high risk area. The distribution of heavy metals As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in Yuanmou County was mainly controlled by the parent material, Cu and Cd were controlled by the parent material, continuous weathering and human activities, and Hg was mainly controlled by human activities. There was no high-risk area in Environmental rating, and the risk controllable areas were mainly affected by Cu and Cd, among which the Cd risk controllable areas were highly consistent with the concentrated areas of agricultural development, and the application of relevant pesticides should be reasonably controlled and monitored in the later stage. Hg wasn’t at risk in the whole region, but there had been a slight enrichment trend in the surface soil, which required a late warning to avoid pollution.

High-intensity land conversion and persistent land use activities exert dual effects on soil development, which can significantly influence pedodiversity. We first reviewed the influences of various types of land use on the source of parent materials, microclimate, microrelief, vegetation cover, management practices and soil age. Then based on our systematical analyses of the effects of land use change on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, we summarized the effects of land conversions on soil genetic, morphological, and diagnostic characteristics. We also comprehensively evaluated soil type evolution trends in different classification categories in response to land conversions. Finally, we proposed three research priorities: (1) an overall understanding of the effect of diverse land use activities on the soil properties and formation processes; (2) deep exploration of dynamic soil genetic responses to land cover conversions and modifications; (3) and development of new technologies for exact and high-efficiency identification of soil type change with land use change.

The remote sensing ecological index of Hefei City, Anhui Province was selected as the research object and Landsat 5 and 8 images were used as data sources to conduct principal component analysis on greenness index, humidity index, dryness index and heat index. RSEI model was constructed to dynamically monitor and evaluate the ecological environment quality of the research area, and analyze its temporal and spatial changes. The results showed that from 2001 to 2021, the RSEI index in the study area generally declined first and then increased slowly. Greenness and humidity were positively correlated with eco-environmental quality, while dryness and heat were negatively correlated with eco-environmental quality. In terms of spatial change, RSEI invariable areas were scattered from 2001 to 2011, and the ecological environment quality around the main urban area declined. From 2011 to 2016, RSEI values increased in the western and northern parts of the country, and decreased in some southern regions, but its overall ecological environment quality improved. From 2016 to 2021, the ecological and environmental quality in the main urban areas will continue to improve. This paper provides a reference for the evaluation of ecological environment quality of similar areas.

The XF Village as a case was taken, and an in-depth analysis of its human settlement environment improvement process had been carried out, including the preliminary investigation and analysis of the current situation, as well as the later planning and design. Through preliminary field research, it was found that part of the village’s infrastructure construction is relatively weak, landscape resources have not been rationally developed and utilized, and the overall landscape appearance is poor. In response to the above research status, the project established a series of planning and design principles, such as combining integrity with long-term perspective, serving the core needs of villagers, aligning with local industrial development, exploring local cultural characteristics, and protecting the ecosystem. By improving the village’s basic supporting facilities and enhancing the landscape appearance, the villagers’ sense of happiness has been significantly improved. The study proposes strategies for improving the living environment, including planning based on the whole with a future perspective, landscape focusing on people and solving basic problems, landscape promoting industrial prosperity, landscape reflecting regional culture, and safeguarding the rural ecological foundation. This paper provides a reference for the construction of beautiful villages and the improvement of living environments in areas with similar characteristics.

With the progress of urbanization, rural tourism has emerged as a popular leisure activity in China.  The crop field with pattern art has been growing in popularity over the years, using strains with colorful leaves to create a variety of impressive designs (Xu 2024).  A lot of successful cases in rice field has not only attracted tourists but also increased the income of farmers (Song et al. 2020).  Plants with colorful leaves also have gained significant popularity in ornamental agriculture.  Therefore, the development of plants with colorful leaves have gained significant popularity in ornamental agriculture.

Betalains are natural tyrosine-derived pigments in red-violet and yellow hues, which are exclusively found in plants of the Caryophyllales order (Azeredo 2009).  In addition to their attractive colors, betalains have demonstrated robust antioxidant activity, thereby demonstrating potential health-promoting properties, including anticancer, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities (Polturak and Aharoni 2018).  Biosynthesis of betalains has been extensively investigated and only needs three enzymatic reactions to convert tyrosine into betalain.  Tyrosine is initially hydroxylated on the benzene ring, resulting in the formation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) catalyzed by the P450 oxygenase CYP76AD1.  Then, L-DOPA could be further oxidized into cyclo-DOPA by CYP76AD1, or undergoes catalysis by L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA) to yield betalamic acid.  Subsequently, betalamic acid is condensed with cyclo-DOPA into betanidin in the absence of any enzymatic activity.  Finally, a sugar moiety is added to betanidin by a glucosyltransferase to generate the betalain (Khan and Giridhar 2015).  An artificial open reading frame named RUBY containing the three key genes (CYP76AD1, DODA and glucosylstransferase) has been engineered to enable betalain production in Arabidopsis, tomato, carrot and cotton (He et al. 2020; Grützner et al. 2021; Deng et al. 2023; Ge et al. 2023; Li et al. 2023).  Therefore, there is an impetus to engineer colorful-leaved peanuts through expression of the RUBY gene.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide, which grown on 30 million ha between latitudes 40°N and 40°S (Hariharan et al. 2023).  In China, the area of peanut planting has exceeded 4.46 million ha in 2022 (FAO 2022), indicating great potential for ornamental agriculture.  However, peanut leaves are predominantly green, which limits the development of sightseeing agriculture in peanut.  Hence, the RUBY gene was employed to genetically modify peanuts with colorful leaves in this study.

To create peanut plants with colorful leaves, a transgenic construct named pBinBarRuby was developed, harboring the RUBY gene driven by 35S-promoter (Fig. 1-A).  Then this construct was introduced into the peanut cultivar Zhonghua 12 (ZH12) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (Huai et al. 2023).  The transformed callus turned red-violet, indicative of betalain biosynthesis, whereas the wild-type (WT) callus displayed a green coloration.  Subsequently, the transgenic shoots also exhibited a red-purple color, while the WT shoots retained their green coloration.  Upon the emergence of roots, the entire transgenic plantlets showed a vibrant purple hue in leaves, stems and roots (Fig. 1-B).  Finally, a total of 18 independent positive T₀ transgenic plants were successfully obtained.  Each independent transgenic peanut plant accumulated betalain, but the accumulation patterns were different depending on the expression level of the RUBY gene.  The transgenic plants exhibited purple leaves, orange flowers, purple pod shell, purple testa and purple embryo, whereas the WT control showed green leaves, yellow flowers, white pod shell, red testa and white embryo (Fig. 1-C).  The T₁ progeny of RUBY peanut exhibited the same morphological characteristics as T₀ generation, indicating that the betalain can be inherited by subsequent generations.

Five transgenic lines displaying red-purple color were selected and were confirmed by PCR. The expression levels of RUBY were detected in leaves of the five transgenic lines by qRT-PCR.  As expected, the expression of RUBY was not detectable in the WT, while was detected in transgenic lines (Fig. 1-D).  The betalain contents in leaves of WT and the five transgenic lines were determined.  In WT leaves, the betalain content was 0.57 mg g^-1, while a significant increase ranging from 0.95 to 2.03 mg g^-1 was observed in transgenic purple leaves.   Compared to WT, the transgenic lines exhibited a substantial enhancement in betalain contents ranging from 0.66 to 2.55-fold (Fig. 1-E).

The betalains exhibit remarkable attractiveness as natural pigments due to their vibrant color and relatively simple biosynthesis pathway.  The RUBY gene is a synthetic cassette consisting of the three key genes for involved in the betalain biosynthesis pathway (He et al. 2020), which has been used in cotton to produce pink fibers (Ge et al. 2023; Li et al. 2023).  Due to the powerful antioxidant properties of betalain, the RUBY gene has been expressed in vegetable and fruits including tomatoes, cucumbers and carrots (Grützner et al. 2021; Deng et al. 2023; Liao et al. 2023).  For ornamental purposes, the RUBY gene was applied used in Torenia fournieri, Gentiana scabra and Portulaca grandiflora to change the flower colors (Sakuta et al. 2021; Nishihara et al. 2023, 2024).  In this study, the RUBY gene was used to modify the colors of both of leaves and flowers, and generated novel peanut germplasms which are not present in current varieties (Fig. 1-C).  The distinctiveness of purple leaves compared to green leaves highlights the potential application of purple-leaved peanuts in field pattern artistry.  This is an eco-friendly and health-conscious alternative to synthetic colorants for the cultivation of ornamental plants.

The RUBY gene has also been widely employed as a prominent reporter to visualize transgenic events in Arabidopsis, rice and soybean (He et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2023; Chen et al. 2024).  In this study, the efficiency of identifying transgenic peanut plants using the RUBY reporter was investigated.  The red-violet pigment could be observed at very early stage of callus formation (Fig. 1-B), indicating that the screening could be started very early as well.  Introduction of RUBY facilitated the discrimination between transformed and untransformed callus.  Compared to the DsRed2 reporter, RUBY is clearer and much more convenient to operate during tissue culture condition.  Therefore, the utilization of RUBY as a visible reporter proved to be highly advantageous in the monitoring of transgenes within peanut plants.

In summary, we successfully created novel peanut germplasms with purple leaves by heterologous expression of the RUBY gene, thereby showcasing their potential application in field pattern artistry.  Meanwhile, we also demonstrated that RUBY can serve as a visible reporter in peanut transformation without the need for any additional instrumentation.  Additionally, we provided an eco-friendly and health-conscious alternative to synthetic colorants for the cultivation of ornamental plants.

This study aims to systematically understand the flowering biological characteristics of 16 citrus rootstock resources, including trifoliate orange and citrange, and to provide references for rootstock germplasm creation and new variety breeding. 16 collected trifoliate orange and citrange resources were used as materials. The phenological stages were observed, and the characteristics of floral organs, including bud color, petal number, petal length and width, anther number, filament number, filament color, and stigma number, were compared. Additionally, pollen quantity, pollen grain size, pollen viability, and pollen germination ability were measured using an optical microscope and in vitro pollen germination method. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation of flowering biological characteristics was conducted using the weighted membership function method. (1) The results showed that trifoliate oranges and most of citrange resources were deciduous trees. Citrange trees exhibited a more erect growth habits and reached phenological stages slightly later than trifoliate oranges. Both trifoliate oranges and citrange primarily exhibited pale purple filaments, with most specimens having 20-24 anthers and filaments. However, the petals of trifoliate oranges were generally smaller than those of citrange. (2) Significant differences existed between trifoliate oranges and citrange in terms of pollen viability, pollen quantity, and pollen grain size. Trifoliate oranges generally exhibited higher pollen staining vitality and pollen germination rates compared to citrange. (3) Utilizing the weighted membership function method, trifoliate oranges such as common small-leaf trifoliate orange, M-3 and citrange Dayong No.3 were identified as rootstocks with superior pollen fertility. These results provide reference for evaluating and utilizing rootstock resources, as well as for interspecific and intraspecific hybridization breeding within the citrus genus to create new citrus rootstock germplasm.

To understand the distribution of plant resources in Guangzhou Yuexiu Park, the plant background resources(species composition, life forms, and dominant families and genera), geographical distribution of genera of seed plants, and plant application in Guangzhou Yuexiu Park were analyzed by means of literature review and field investigation. The results showed that, (1) there were 122 families, 367 genera and 502 species of vascular plants in the park (excluding subspecies), including 44 species of pteridophytes, 25 genera and 16 families, 10 species of gymnosperms, 8 genera and 6 families, and 448 species of angiosperms, 334 genera and 100 families. (2) The life types of vascular plants were mainly herbs, accounting for 43.82% of the total, trees accounted for 28.69%, shrubs accounted for 23.71%, vines accounted for 3.78%. (3) The number of dominant families accounted for 12.30% of the total number of families, and the number of species accounted for 47.61% of the total number of species. The characteristics of dominant families were obvious, and the composition of genera was relatively complex and diverse. (4) There were 7 variations in 10 distribution types of wild seed plants in 106 families, and 10 variations in 12 types of 342 genera, mainly tropical and subtropical distribution types. (5) Garden ornamental plants in the park could be divided into forest plants, landscape trees, and garden shade trees. Based on the survey results of plant resources, some suggestions were put forward, such as increasing the application of deciduous plants, introducing new garden plants and increasing native plants, to provide references for plant selection and application in urban parks.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released into the extracellular matrix by cells and retain a high compositional similarity to the cell membrane. Almost all types of cells are capable of secreting vesicles, and those produced by bacteria are usually referred to as bacterial extracellular vesicles. Vesicles play an important role in agriculture and environmental protection. To gain a deeper insight into the function of vesicles within the realm of environmental protection, a review was conducted on the types and composition of vesicles, extraction methods, production, secretion and regulation mechanisms and their roles in degrading pesticide wastes in soils. Moreover, the importance of vesicles in the relationships among bacteria and between pathogens and crops, as well as their potential applications in the field of environmental protection and agricultural production were discussed in depth. Finally, the future research direction was prospected, and it was believed that the function of vesicles should be deeply understood and the role of vesicles in the ecosystem category should be studied, and the role of vesicles in the ecosystem should be utilized to make more contributions to environmental protection.

The study aims to explore the rational application of mung bean germplasm resources and lay the foundation for the breeding of mung bean varieties. Using 25 mung bean germplasms from the main mung bean producing areas in Hebei Province in recent years as experimental materials, genetic diversity analysis, cluster analysis, and principal component analysis were conducted on 10 major agronomic and economic traits. The results showed that the coefficient of variation for 10 agronomic and economic traits ranged from 2.12% to 16.57%, with the highest coefficients of variation observed for the number of main stem nodes (16.57%) and the entire growth period (12.82%). According to the correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation between individual grain yield, hundred grain weight, and yield; the yield of grains per plant was significantly positively correlated with the number of grains per pod (P<0.01), and significantly positively correlated with the length of a single pod and the weight of one hundred grains. Cluster analysis showed that 25 materials were divided into 6 groups, among which Group I (7 samples) and Group VI (3 samples) had significantly higher yield, hundred grain weight, and pod length traits than other groups, and could be used as parent materials for high-yield mung bean introduction or hybrid breeding. Principal component analysis concentrated 10 agronomic and economic trait indicators into 3 principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 70.16%, which could effectively explain the total variation of mung bean agronomic traits. The second principal component was closely related to pod length and 100 grain weight, with a contribution rate of 23.563%. Research has found that 25 mung bean germplasm resources had great potential for variation. Comprehensive evaluation using multiple analysis methods shows that ‘Yingge 2’, ‘Jilv HN0802-1-2-1-1-4’, ‘Zhanglv 2’, ‘Jilv 0911-1-2’, and ‘Langlv 2’ can be used as excellent parental materials for breeding.

Jasminum species are often deciduous or evergreen small trees, upright or climbing shrubs, widely used in landscaping, medicinal and other fields. On the basis of relevant literature, the resource research progress on the geographical distribution and genetic diversity, ecological and biological characteristics, chemical composition, reproductive technology, and utilization value of Jasminum species were reviewed. In terms of geographical distribution and genetic diversity,there are about 47 species of Jasminum species, with a wide variety of species, widespread distribution, and rich genetic diversity. In terms of ecology and biological characteristics, the flowering period of this species, and the flowers have a strong aroma; the fruits and seeds are generally black spherical, and the plants are sensitive to changes in the external environment. In terms of chemical composition, different parts of this species contain physiologically active substances such as salicylic acid and caffeine, as well as volatile components such as benzyl acetate and linalool, which have broad development and utilization value. In terms of reproductive technology, its plant setting rate is not high, the germination rate of seeds is low, and the main propagation methods are asexual propagation such as cutting and tissue culture. In terms of utilization value, the Jasminum species have medicinal properties such as delaying aging, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects; can be applied to wall, balcony, and window greening, with certain ornamental value; in addition, it also has high economic value and cultural connotations.This article provides references for the development of industries related to plants in Jasminum species.

In order to further understand the genetic diversity of Syringa germplasm resources, using 118 germplasm resources of Syringa as experimental materials, and 9 quantitative traits and 28 qualitative traits were measured. The genetic diversity of phenotypic traits of Syringa germplasm resources were studied by diversity analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that a total of 81 variant types were observed for the 28 qualitative traits. Among them, shape of lobe, color of new shoots and shape of inflorescence had a large variation range. The Shannon-Wiener information index H' and genetic diversity index D of 28 qualitative traits respectively varied from 0 to 1.63 and 0 to 0.79. And the higher diversity indexes were observed in shape of lobe (H'=163, D=0.79) and color of new shoots (H'=1.23, D=0.67). The lowest coefficient of variation of leaf shape index was 15.78% in 9 quantitative traits and the highest coefficient of variation of length of inflorescence was 37.95%. Bud diameter was significantly correlated with bud length, leaf length and leaf width, the correlation coefficients were 0.748 and 0.833 (Sig.<0.01). The 118 Syringa germplasm resources were divided into 3 groups at the Euclidean distance of about 15 according to cluster analysis; the first group could be used for selecting large flower diameter and tightly inflorescence cultivars; group II could be used for selecting loose inflorescence cultivars; and group III could be used for selecting large inflorescence cultivars. Principal component analysis results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components reached to 73.885%. The samples based on the first two principal components value were selected as the preferred traits form the higher contribution traits, and the floret size factor and leaf size index were selected for correlation evaluation, which could improve the efficiency for evaluation and breeding selection of Syringa germplasm.

【Objective】Seeking key indicators and methods for accurately characterize drought tolerance in sweet potato, and screening and identifying drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources, to provide effective methods for the rapid and accurate identification of drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources, and to provide material and theoretical basis for selection and breeding of high quality and drought-tolerant sweet potato varieties. 【Method】Fifty-four sweet potato germplasm resources were used as materials for drought stress experiments. By using two treatments including drought stress and control, and combining with drought pool cultivation experiment and field test, the effects of drought stress on the growth and development, physiological and biochemical characteristics, antioxidant metabolism, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of different sweet potato germplasm resources were investigated, the response characteristics of different sweet potato germplasm resources to drought were analyzed, and the effective indicators for drought tolerance evaluation in sweet potato were selected. The drought tolerance evaluation was preformed using principal component analysis, correlation analysis, direct evaluation of drought resistance coefficient, and calculation of comprehensive drought tolerance measurement value (D value) based on membership function, and the drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources were screened and identified.【Result】The results obtained from the drought pool cultivation experiment showed the influences of drought treatment on the main stem length, aboveground fresh weight, underground dry weight and fresh weight of storage root were extremely significant (P<0.01), and eight drought-tolerant germplasm resources were screened based on cluster analysis of D values. In the field test, the main stem length, stem diameter, number of branches, leaf area index, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MAD), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) under drought stress when compared with control. Through the establishment of regression models, it could be initially determined that eight indicators including the leaf area index, root tip, leaf POD, leaf APX, storage root Pro, storage root SOD, storage root CAT, and yield could be used as indicators for drought tolerance identification in sweet potato. XN18111-1, 20XN18-1, XN1834-11 and XN17104-46 were classified as drought-tolerant germplasm resources according to grading of drought resistance coefficient based on yield. The D values of XN18111-1, 20XN18-1 and XN1862-61 were over 0.6 and showed high drought tolerance based on comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation. 【Conclusion】Based on results of comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation in drought pool cultivation experiment, as well as the comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation and yield evaluation in field test, XN18111-1 and 20XN18-1 were finally identified as drought-tolerant germplasm resources, which can be used as drought-tolerant breeding materials or ideal resource materials for study on drought-tolerance mechanism in sweet potato.

In order to understand the salt tolerance of different genotypes of upland cotton germplasm resources, this study subjected 40 samples to salt stress using NaCl solutions with concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mmol/L, and measured relevant indicators during the seed germination period. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis were used to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of seeds during germination. The results showed that (1) under the stress of high concentration NaCl solution, germination potential, germination rate, hypocotyl length, root length and fresh matter mass per plant all showed a downward trend. (2) Correlation analysis, principal component analysis and membership function comprehensive evaluation were performed on 30 materials with germination rate >50% at A4 concentration, four materials with strong salt tolerance were obtained, namely ‘Han 8266’, ‘Rihui Mian 6’, ‘Zhong R971708’ and ‘Kuaiyu 2’. (3) Through cluster analysis, at the Euclidean distance of 5, the 30 materials could be divided into 3 categories. There were 1 salt-tolerant material in Category I, 18 moderately salt-tolerant materials in Category II, and 11 salt-sensitive materials in Category III.

Using the method of field investigation and literature combination, according to the life type, flower color, flowering period, fruit color, fruit type, fruit season, and leaf color of wild woody flowers, fruits and leaves in Jigong Mountain were classified, and their quantity and application were analyzed. The results showed that there were 157 species of wild woody flowering plants in the area, most of which were shrubs and white flowers, mainly in spring. There were 50 species of fruit plants, including trees, red fruits, and stone fruits, which are mostly observed in autumn. There were 35 species of foliage plants, among which Aceraceae and Anacardiaceae were the most species, most of which were autumnal foliage species.Strategies for the development and utilization of wild woody ornamental plants had been proposed, including adapting to different places and trees, and strengthening the protection of germplasm resources. The research provides references for the application of local woody ornamental plants in the study area.

In order to collect crop germplasm resources in Nanyang and understand their current status, relying on the third national general survey and collection action on crop germplasm resources, crop germplasm resources investigation team of Nanyang visited 4 key agricultural counties, 75 townships, 1241 administrative villages from 2021 to 2023, and classified, organized, analyzed the collected germplasm resources. A total of 352 endangered, rare, and excellent crop germplasm resources were collected, including 98 food crops, 171 vegetables, 30 fruit trees, 28 cash crops, and 25 forage green manure, involving 131 species from 95 genera in 32 families, and 5 particularly rare and excellent crop resources were collected. The research results provide possibilities for the protection and innovation of crop germplasm resources in Nanyang City.

In order to explore the stress of water environment changes on cultured fish in the development of intensive aquaculture, the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals on fish body were studied. From the five aspects of growth performance, blood biochemistry, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and immunity, the related mechanism of environmental stress factors affecting fish health was reviewed, and the importance of environmental stress factor research was revealed. It was suggested that comprehensive methods such as field investigation, long-term monitoring and calculation models should be more widely used in the future to comprehensively explore and evaluate the coping strategies and health status of fish in the actual environment, and to explore the molecular mechanism of environmental stress factors on fish health. Future experiments need to study the whole process of fish growth in different periods, which is helpful to predict the impact of future environmental changes on fish community structure and ecosystem function. By studying the adverse effects of environmental stress factors on fish health, the occurrence of stress can be avoided or weakened, which provides a reference for ensuring efficient and healthy aquaculture of fish.

As one of the historic parks in Guangzhou, studying the plant resources of Guangzhou cultural park is of great significance. It was taken as the research object, using a combination of field research and literature,its species composition, plant life forms, native and suitable tree species, ancient tree follow-up resources, and rare and endangered protected plants were investigated. The results showed that there were 150 species of plants belonging to 118 genera and 59 families in the cultural park of the study area, with rich plant diversity. Among them, the number of tree species was significantly higher than that of shrub and herbaceous species; the Moraceae, Arecaceae, and Araceae were the most dominant families for trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, respectively; the plant life forms were relatively balanced, and the combination of trees, shrubs, and grasses was reasonable; the distribution of native and suitable tree species in trees and shrubs was relatively balanced, with a higher proportion of suitable tree species in trees; there were a total of 40 ancient trees with a diameter at breast height of 80 cm or more and 4 nationally protected plants, rare and endangered plants in the park, which were well preserved. This study provide references for the protection of plant diversity and the planning and construction of garden greening in the park.

Crop germplasm resources are the basic materials for modern crop breeding and the material basis for developing the agricultural seed industry, playing a significant role in ensuring China's grain food and sideline food security. This study aims to promote effective strategies to conserve the diversity of local germplasm resources of food crops in Fujian Province in the context of the transformation in modern crop breeding technology and changes in the socioeconomic system. Through in-depth field research in Pucheng County, Nanping City, Pingnan County, and Ningde City, combined with key interviews and questionnaire surveys with key interest groups, we systematically analyzed the preservation status and utilization of local varieties of cereals, yams, and pulses, as well as their germplasm resources. In view of the serious problem of loss of local germplasm resources of the grain and starch crop varieties under the dominance of high-yielding hybrid crop combinations, this study combines the opinions of breeding experts and other stakeholders, and further puts forward countermeasures and recommendations to promote the effective preservation and rational utilization of local varieties of grain crops and their germplasm resources in Fujian Province.

The resource of Chloranthaceae is rich, most of which can be used for medicinal purposes. Through the sorting and analysis of the Chloranthaceae plant specimens preserved in the Chinese Virtual Herbarium and related literature, the current status of resources, distribution, altitude, habitat, and utilization of the species in the Guizhou Province region had been understood. The results indicate that there were 2 genera and 12 species of Chloranthaceae in this region area, which were vertically distributed between 150 to 2 300 meters in altitude, with a higher species richness in mid-altitude areas; among them, Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai and Chloranthus henryi Hemsl.had a relatively wide distribution, often growing in valleys or on moist slopes at the foot of mountains, with significant differences in associated plants. The Chloranthaceae plants are often described as pungent, bitter, and warm, with slight toxicity, and their efficacy such as detoxifying and relieving pain, dispelling wind and removing dampness and promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis are more common, commonly being used by ethnic minorities as a regular medication for treating rheumatism, swelling, pain, and traumatic injuries. The research provided a reference for the rational exploration and utilization of Chloranthaceae plant resources.