The whole-process mechanization is an inevitable trend in rape production, but the current level of mechanization in rape production in China is still low. This study analyzed the situation of the mechanized production of direct-seeding rape, and elaborated the high-yield and high-efficiency agronomic measures suitable for the whole-process mechanized production of direct-seeding rape in China from six aspects: variety selection, farmland preparation, sowing, fertilization, pest control and harvesting. In view of the problems in the promotion of direct-seeding rape, this study put forward corresponding improvement measures and possible research priorities in the future, in order to enhance the mechanized production level of direct-seeding rape, accelerate the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic measures, and promote the high-quality development of the rape industry.

The population yield and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean under different maize-soybean intercropping modes of field mechanization were studied, to provide a theoretical basis for selecting suitable row spacing configuration and reducing nitrogen application for maize-soybean intercropping in Henan Province. The row ratio and fertilizer reduction were set as two factors, and maize monoculture and soybean monoculture were used as control. Two row ratios were set as 2:4 intercropping of maize and soybean (2/4J) and 4:4 intercropping of maize and soybean (4/4J). The treatment of reducing nitrogen application reduced the nitrogen rate of the above row ratios by 20 % (2/4N, 4/4N). The effects of row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer reduction on crop yield, soybean LAI, dry matter weight, SPAD value and leaf photosynthetic rate were studied. The results of the two years’ experiment showed that the yield of 2/4J, 4/4J, 2/4N and 4/4N treatments were lower than those of monoculture, and LAI, dry matter weight, SPAD value and leaf photosynthetic rate were significantly lower than those of monoculture. However, compared nitrogen reduction with no nitrogen reduction, except LAI, there was no significant difference of dry matter weight, leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and SPAD value. In summary, in row spacing configuration and fertilization of maize-soybean intercropping mode in Henan Province, 2/4N treatment of maize-soybean intercropping with row ratio of 2:4 and nitrogen reduction of 20% can increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products, so as to improve soybean yield and intercropping efficiency.

It is an inevitable trend that agricultural machines are replacing human and animal power in agricultural production. The soil mechanical compaction problem has become more and more prominent with the rapid improvement of agricultural mechanization level. In this study, we analyzed the stress transfer model of soil mechanical compaction and the deterioration of soil quality after the mechanical compaction such as the increase of soil bulk density and firmness, and the decrease of porosity, moisture content and permeability. It is found that soil compaction could lead to soil quality deterioration to inhibit the root growth and development of crops, and cause an adverse effect on the absorption of moisture and nutrients. It is estimated that soil mechanical compaction in agricultural production could reduce the yield of maize by 9.5%-14.4%, of wheat by 4.0%-20.0%, of soybean by 3.8%-13.4%, and of sugar beet root by 5.81%-24.13%, and sugar content of sugar beet by 0.49-0.81°Z. Therefore, sufficient attention must be paid to the soil compaction in agricultural production, and feasible technical measures should be taken to reduce the negative impact of agricultural mechanization on soil, promote crop growth and improve the comprehensive benefits of agriculture.

Sugar beet is an important raw material of sugar industry, which has been planted for more than 100 years in China. In recent years, the labor price has risen sharply with the rapid transfer of rural labor force, and sugar beet planting is more time-consuming, so the mechanization of sugar beet production has been taken seriously and developed rapidly. The field operation efficiency of beet machines is calculated based on the analysis of the environmental conditions, soil conditions, mechanical properties, agricultural seasons and other factors in sugar beet machines’ operation. The sugar beet machines are reasonably configured and the combined operation is adopted as far as possible, which can ensure that the corresponding operation area to be completed within the operation period, so as to improve the utilization rate and operation efficiency of machinery to guarantee the technology’s feasibility and economic profitability.

The important way to improve the comparative advantage of sugar beet is to realize the mechanization of sugar beet production and reduce the production cost under the situation of high agricultural labor cost. Through the investigation of sugar beet growers in Heilongjiang Province in 2018, the relevant data were sorted out and analyzed to master the mechanization of sugar beet production. The survey showed that sugar beet growers on average had 1.62 tractors and 1.67 farm implements per household in Heilongjiang Province. The tractors were mostly small and medium-sized, there were insufficient large-horsepower tractors and supporting farm implements, and the lack of sugar beet harvesting machinery was serious. The mechanization level of sugar beet production had reached 89.71%, lower than 96.93% of soybean and 91.89% of maize. There were three main modes of sugar beet mechanized cultivation, i.e. self-owned agricultural machine cultivation, substitution cultivation by machine owners, self-owned agricultural machine cultivation plus substitution cultivation by machine owners. The main mode was self-owned agricultural machine plus substitution cultivation by machine owners, accounting for 84.54%, and there were fewer sugar beet growers who relied solely on self-owned machine or substitution cultivation by machine owners, which accounting for 11.34% and 4.12%, respectively. To realize the steady development of sugar beet industry, it is necessary to vigorously develop the mechanization of sugar beet production, realize the substitution of manpower with machinery, and improve the comparative benefit of sugar beet.

Quinoa has drawn wide attention from researchers and consumers because of its comprehensive nutrition, drought resistance, cold tolerance, barren tolerance, salt tolerance and other characteristics. Gansu Province has made considerable achievements in quinoa planting and processing since 2018. In this paper, the development status and problems of mechanization in quinoa cultivation, harvest, utilization as feed and products’ processing were summarized, and a complete set of suitable cultivation techniques was put forward according to the condition of different planting areas. Suggestions on quinoa industry of Gansu Province were proposed including establishing cultivation techniques for high and stable yield, increasing field purity and quality, strengthening the straw feed utilization, improving the comprehensive quality, expanding the depth and breadth of products’ processing, and building local brands. The study aims to explore new approaches for the development of quinoa industry in Gansu Province, and to provide a basis for its further development.

Mechanical grain harvest of maize is the development direction of China’ maize industry. The purpose of the study is to explore the combining ability of different maize inbred lines and the influence on the mechanical grain harvest quality of the hybrid combinations. Seven American inbred lines were used as female parent, five ‘Xin 01A3’ improved lines were used as male parent, incomplete diallel cross was adopted, and 35 maize hybrid combinations were used as materials. After mechanical grain harvest, the yield and grain moisture content were measured, and the impurity rate, broken rate, and the shatter loss rate were calculated. The combining ability of yield was analyzed. The results showed that the general combining ability of ‘XL2’ was the highest. Among the five male inbred lines, the general combining ability of ‘Xin A389’ was the highest, and that of ‘Xin 69’ was the second. The special combining ability of ‘XL6× Xin 69’ was the highest, and that of ‘XL7× Xin 3764’ was the second. The correlation of each character was analyzed, and the results showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between the broken rate and the moisture content. Among the 35 hybrid combinations, compared with the adjacent control, the yield of 32 maize hybrid combinations increased by more than 5%, and the grain moisture content of all hybrid combinations was lower than 28.0%, suggesting that these hybrid combinations were suitable for mechanical grain harvest. In the future, the utilization of high combining inbred lines ‘XL2’, ‘XL5’, ‘Xin A389’ and ‘Xin 69’ should be enhanced.

To improve farmers’ non-agricultural income, solve the core problems of the Sannong issue (namely, agriculture, rural community and farmers), this paper uses VAR (vector auto regression) model to empirically explore the interaction between agricultural mechanization and farmers’ off-farm income in Heilongjiang Province. The results show that agricultural mechanization and farmers’ non-agricultural income in Heilongjiang Province are Granger causality. In addition, the development of agricultural mechanization in Heilongjiang Province has a relatively stable promoting effect on the increase of non-agricultural income, but there is a certain lag in the short term. The increase of non-agricultural income will strongly inhibit the development of agricultural mechanization, and it has not yet formed a benign interactive relationship of mutual promotion. In view of this, in order to promote the formation of a benign interactive relationship between agricultural mechanization and non-agricultural income in the province, the study puts forward some suggestions on relying on scientific and technological progress to drive the development of agricultural mechanization, upgrading the service guarantee level of agricultural machinery by improving agricultural cooperation organizations, strengthening the training of agricultural machinery skills, giving full play to the utilization efficiency of agricultural machinery, broadening farmers’ non-agricultural employment channels and increasing farmers’ non-agricultural income.

Solar greenhouse, as an energy-saving agricultural production building, plays an important role in improving farmers’ production efficiency and people’s living standard. In order to clarify the development level and direction of solar greenhouse engineering technology, this paper summarizes recent research on the wall structure optimization of solar greenhouse type, innovation-type solar greenhouse, heat preservation and storage engineering technology, photovoltaic solar greenhouse and so on, and discusses the development direction of solar greenhouse in construction and thermal environment engineering. The development trends of solar greenhouse are: (1) the construction of solar greenhouse is developing towards simplification and standardization; (2) solar greenhouse facilities and equipment are developing towards high efficiency and energy conservation; (3) the environmental regulation and management of solar greenhouse is developing towards precision and intelligence.

Cultivated land is the fundamental guarantee ensuring national food security, and land remediation is an important means to supplement cultivated land. However, land remediation involves a large scope of aspects, with complicated natural, economic and social backgrounds, high technical requirements, strong policy-dependence and many restrictive factors. Therefore, land remediation often presents problems, which affect project implementation and project quality. Based on the characteristics of land remediation in China, literature review and practical project experience, the author summarizes major difficulties and problems encountered in the implementation of land remediation project, and puts forward solutions and suggestions for the realizing sustainable land use.

The study revealed the carbon emission mechanism of the mode of wheat-maize continuous cropping, aiming to provide theoretical references for the low-carbon agriculture based on data from farmers’ survey in the demonstration region of science & technology project for food production in Huaibei Plain of Anhui Province. It analyzed the difference of carbon footprint per unit area and its components, and carbon footprint per unit output of farmland between innovative and traditional mode of wheat-maize continuous cropping with life-cycle approach (LCA), and found the relationship between the carbon footprint of innovative mode and cultivation scale. The results indicate that the value of carbon footprint of the traditional mode per unit area is 2159.50 kg(CO₂-eq)/hm², 2.11% higher than that of the innovative mode. The contribution sequence of carbon footprint of the two modes is consistent, in an order of: fertilizer>N₂O>diesel>seed>electricity>pesticide. The value of carbon footprint per unit output of the traditional mode is 0.1402 kg(CO₂-eq)/kg, 25.18% higher than that of the innovative mode. The value of carbon footprint of the innovative model per unit area is significantly and negatively correlated with the cultivation scale. In conclusion, the innovative mode has certain emission reduction, chemical fertilizer is the main influencing factor on the carbon emission of the mode, and the cultivation scale also has effect on carbon emission.

Rice mechanization service is an important part of agricultural mechanization service and plays a significant role in promoting agricultural modernization. This thesis uses 1237 farmer household survey data in the main grain producing areas (Jiangxi) to empirically analyze the impact of agricultural division and farmer differentiation on the mechanized services of major rice production links by constructing Probit and Tobit models. Research shows that: (1) as to the land cultivation process, among the variables related the division of labor (the number of outsourcing of agricultural production, the rate of rice commercialization) and the differentiation of farmers (the proportion of non-agricultural employment, the small farmers and large-scale farmers divided by rice planting area), except the rice commercialization rate, the remaining variables all have a significant impact on the use of mechanized services by farmers; (2) in the harvesting process, the variables related to agricultural division and farmer differentiation have a significant impact on the use of mechanized services by farmers; (3) in view of the comprehensive mechanization service level of rice cultivation, planting and harvesting, the relevant variables of agricultural division and farmer differentiation have a significant impact on the comprehensive mechanized service level. Based on these results, the following suggestions are put forward, including taking effective measures to deepen the agricultural division of labor, reasonably guiding small farmers to organically link up with modern agricultural development, and improving agricultural machinery service environment.

The “Ecological Bridge” Project is consisted of enhancing the utilization of waste resources and comprehensive management of rural ecological environment in Pinggu District of Beijing. The authors analyzed the characteristics of waste resources utilization and the operation model of “Ecological Bridge” Project. The “Ecological Bridge” Project focuses on waste materials of peach branches and establishes a series of ecological cycle models through composting organic fertilizer, cultivating edible fungi, and making cultivation substrate and land surface covering materials. The operation model of the “Ecological Bridge” Project provides an ecological linkage between investment and financing platform, which could coordinate the use and the investment through establishing effective measures for financial funds management. This operation model could stimulate the incentives for enterprises to invest in rural environmental governance, and ensure the full support of local farmers. Through the project, the environmental quality has been effectively improved, the reform of the investment and financing mechanism for rural ecological environment construction has been promoted, and the comprehensive management level of the rural ecological environment has been enhanced. Therefore, the “Ecological Bridge” Project is a good case of rural environmental governance in China.

To reveal the evolution characteristics of soil quality of coal mining subsidence area under different engineering reclamation measures, based on a 10 years long-term test, the authors studied the soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community structure and the change characteristics of land productivity in coal mining subsidence area in the southeast Shanxi, with topsoil stripping and mixed pushing engineering reclamation. The results showed that in the beginning of the reclamation, the physical and chemical properties of reclaimed soil and land productivity under topsoil stripping reclamation were significantly higher than that of mixed pushing reclamation. After 7 years of reclamation, the physical properties, microbial community structure composition and diversity and land productivity of the soil were basically the same between the two measures, and the difference was not significant. During the 10 years of reclamation, the soil nutrient content in 0-20 cm soil layer was always shown as topsoil stripping > mixed reclamation. During the 10 years, the cumulative return of topsoil stripping increased by 6609 yuan/hm² compared with that of mixed pushing reclamation. Topsoil stripping reclamation was better than mixed pushing reclamation in maintaining topsoil fertility and comprehensive return. However, after 10 years of reclamation, the land productivity and fertility level of the two reclamation measures were very low, indicating that the reclamation method was only a leading link in the mining area reclamation process, and the ecological restoration of the soil in the mining area must be combined with fertilization measures.

The objective is to provide references for further innovative studies on sesame production in China, thus to enhance its international competitiveness. In view of the existing problems and research status of sesame production mechanization in China, we collect and sort out the domestic and foreign literatures related to sesame studies in the past decade. Then we summarize scientific research information about sesame at home and aboard, and analyze the current scientific advancement on sesame breeding adapting to mechanized planting, the sesame planting machinery, the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and supporting cultivation techniques. At last, the development direction of sesame mechanization research is discussed.

Fishery Internet of Vessels (FIoV) provides vessel-vessel and vessel-shore information interaction and smart services by carrying information perception, processing and transmission equipment, which has scientific significance and practical value in the fields of fishery production, overocean communication, safety management, fishery law enforcement and ocean detection. The current application situation and the evolution trends of FIoV engineering system are analyzed. The research status and development trends of perception layer, transport layer and application layer are reviewed in detail, then the major technologies and scientific problems involved are summarized. Based on the demands of fishing vessel detection, overocean communication, data fusion and data mining, the major obstacles in the development of FIoV in China are analyzed from the aspects of basic research, platform construction, cutting-edge technology, equipment engineering and standard system. Subsequently, the developing countermeasures of technological innovation for FIoV engineering system are pointed out. Finally, the suggestions are proposed with the goal of "breaking through key technology, developing core equipment, building basic platform and forming innovation ability" and the route of "exploration period, deployment period and expansion period".

[Objective]Under the background of rising opportunity cost of domestic agricultural labor and increasing food price difference at home and abroad, the input of wheat production machinery in our country is increasing continuously. It is important to study the efficiency of input of agricultural machinery to optimize the effect of financial support. [Method]This paper uses data envelopment analysis to measure the input efficiency of wheat machinery in 15 main producing provinces in China from 1998 to 2016, and uses panel stochastic effect Tobit model to analyze its influencing factors. [Result]It is found that the overall efficiency of wheat machinery input in China needs to be further improved. The negative correlation between the planting area, irrigation and drainage costs, the implementation of the minimum purchase price policy and the mechanical input efficiency indicates that the structure of wheat machinery input in China needs to be optimized, and the use of machinery in irrigation links has a significant impact on the input efficiency. National policies are critical to supporting key links and areas of wheat production. [Conclusion]Therefore, it is necessary to promote wheat production machinery according to local conditions, pay attention to the subsidy of irrigation inputs of farmers and the optimization of irrigation machinery, and encourage agricultural machinery technology innovation and research and development from the policy level, which can enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of the agricultural machinery industry.

Mechanical compaction of black soil is the destruction of soil structure caused by mechanized operations, which results in the decline of soil quality. We analyzed the indexes of soil void ratio, soil porosity degree ratio, soil air permeability, soil infiltration rate and so on through the comparative compaction test of agricultural machinery. The results indicated that: the change characteristics of soil compaction accumulation area showed that the soil void ratio and soil porosity degree ratio decreased, soil air permeability got worse, the soil infiltration rate of rainfall reduced with the increase of the number of mechanical compaction, the topsoil of 5-10 cm was the most influenced area and the inflection point was at 10 cm of plough layer, little effect was found on deep soil; soil compaction had a negative effect on the growth of sugar beet, compared with CK, the diameter and the length of beet root reduced by 6.67%-16.08%, 1.96%-17.65%, respectively, the root yield, the sugar content and the sugar yield decreased by 5.81%- 24.13% , 0.49- 0.81oZ, 4.73%- 27.03% , respectively. The yield and quality of sugar beet declined more significantly with more rolling times.

There was adequate supply of sugar beet root for the development of sugar industry. In the context of the rapid rise in the agricultural labor price, sugar beet mechanized cultivation should be realized for the development of sugar beet production. Through the analysis of the agronomic technical requirements in sugar beet planting process, the technical integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy was discussed, and the progressiveness and practicability of agronomy and agricultural machinery techniques were taken into consideration. The path of coordinated technical development between agricultural machinery and agronomy in the process of sugar beet production was put forward to reduce the cost, decrease the loss, raise the yield and quality of sugar beet for the sugar beet planting benefit, which could promote the healthy and sustainable development of beet sugar industry and ensure the sugar supply of China.

In order to screen brewing sorghum varieties suitable for mechanized production in western Liaoning, 19 imported brewing sorghum varieties were used as tested materials, and the weight and weighted correlation degree of each character of each variety were measured by grey correlation degree analysis method. The results showed that the weight of each character of the tested brewed sorghum varieties was plant height > economic yield > spike length > growth period > 1000 - grain weight > stem diameter > grain weight per spike > weight per spike, when introducing and screening mechanized brewing sorghum varieties, plant height should be considered first, followed by economic yield. The weighted correlation degree of the tested brewed sorghum varieties was ‘Liaoza 19’ > ‘Ping shi 13’ > ‘Jiliang 2’ > ‘Jiza 124’ > ‘Jiza 137’ > ‘Jiza 142’> ‘Jiza 145’ > ‘Jiza 127’ > ‘Baiza 12’> ‘Jiza 138’> ‘Liaoza 37’ > ‘Tong za 108’ > ‘Baiza 11’ > ‘Jinuoliang 1’ > ‘Tongza 127’> ‘Baiza 14’ >‘Jiza 136’> ‘Baiza 13’ > ‘Jiza 14’, the top three in comprehensive production performance were ‘Liaoza 19’, ‘Pingshi 13’ and ‘Jiliang 2’. The results of grey correlation analysis and evaluation were consistent with production practice and could be used for comprehensive evaluation of brewing sorghum varieties.

[Objective]By taking the newly increased grain production capacity field project in Shimen County of Hunan Province as an example, the farmland fertility of the pre-construction and post-construction in the construction area conducts the integrated evaluation. [Method]A total of 10 evaluation factors including topographic position, drainage capacity, irrigation capacity, obstacle factors, profile configuration, topsoil thickness, topsoil texture, organic matter, available phosphorus and slow-release K are selected to construct the farmland fertility evaluation index system and the hierarchical model. The Analytic Hierarchy Method and Delphi Method are used to confirm the membership and the comprehensive weight of the evaluation factors. Also, the Index Method is used to calculate the farmland fertility index and its variation in the construction area before and after construction, [Result]determine the farmland fertility grade and calculate the integrated productivity capacity of project area was increased by 1860 kg/ (hm2?a), [Conclusion]to provid feasible suggestion on constructing high-standard basic farmland and lifting the farmland fertility.

The purpose is to study the combined treatment and disposal of pig farm wastewater. The wastewater of pig farms in Yong’an, Fujian was treated by solid-liquid separation, anaerobic fermentation and biological lagoon sequentially. The results show that the effluent quality of SS, CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N and TP is 48.0, 138.0, 37.3, 41.6 and 2.02 mg/L, respectively, meeting the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding (GB 18596-2001). Analysis of the investment cost and benefit indicate that the technique has low cost and soon payback.

To select common buckwheat varieties suitable for mechanized harvest and clarify their characteristic traits, we studied the characteristics and yield level of six common buckwheat varieties which are suitable for large-scale planting in Shouyang County. The varieties suitable for mechanical harvest in Shanxi summer sowing area are selected as‘Jinqiaomai No.7’and‘Jinqiaomai No.8’. The traits suitable for mechanized harvest include the lodging grade below 2, the main stem circumference more than 2.1 cm, the number of the second branch below 3.0, the height of the first branch section on the main stem of about 15 cm, the fall grain rate below 10% and the growth period ≤87 days.

To improve the development of potato industry in Shanxi, by summing up experiences and field experiment, the authors summarized mechanized high yield cultivation techniques, including land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, sowing, field management, straw returning and harvest. The techniques could increase the income by 20250 yuan/hm2, save labor costs by 11250 yuan/hm2, and achieve income increase of 9000 yuan/hm2 through yield- increasing. The techniques realized simple cultivation, high yield and effectiveness, the combination of fine seed and fine method, and the combination of agro- machinery and agronomy through virus- free and yield- increasing, ridging seeding, rational close planting, concentrated fertilization, drop irrigation, chemical control of pests and weeds, mechanized intertillage and mechanized harvest. The techniques increased biological and economic yield, and saved labor cost.

To effectively improve the perennial artificial cultivation of Glycyrrhiza uralensis farmland surface growth environment, reduce the cost and increase the yield and economic benefits, planter surface tillage, bulldozer cut root tillage and knife surface tillage were studied and compared with no tillage. The effects on main biological characteristics of soil moisture, compaction, surface root respiration, plant photosynthetic capacity, and G. uralensis height and yield were investigated. Comprehensive analysis showed that planter soil surface tillage and knife soil surface tillage were suitable mechanical tillage treatments which could improve soil environment of G. uralensis, increase production; planter soil surface tillage treatment could increase the yield by 7.43% and should be combined with early spring field fertilizers and mechanical weeding before middle or late May. Bulldozers surface tillage operation could cause serious damage to G. uralensis field, and was not recommended in application.

Comprehensive benefit evaluation of returning farmland to forest is an important basis for the continuous progress of the project. Based on the status of returning farmland to forest in the loess plateau of northern Shaanxi and Guanzhong plain from 2000 to 2015, the analytical hierarchy process and the multiplication and integration method were applied to quantitative analysis of returning farmland to forest in terms of ecological benefits, socioeconomic benefits and policy responses. The trend of comprehensive benefits from returning farmland to forest in northern Shaanxi and Guanzhong was basically the same, a steady upward one. Since 2008, the benefit value was positive. From 2000 to 2005, the value of benefits rose year by year, dropped slightly in 2006, then the benefits increased significantly. The maximum value appeared in 2012, which was 0.2669 and 0.2008 in northern Shaanxi and Guangzhong, respectively, and the achievement of returning farmland to forest has gradually emerged.

Crop residues burnt in open field is not only a waste of agricultural resources, but also a serious damage to the ecological environment. Mechanized straw returning is an important way for comprehensive utilization of straw, with good ecological and economic benefits. In our country, Jiangsu province and other places, the government has given fixed subsidies to mechanized straw returning in recent years. Through analyzing the different ways of the subsidy policy of returning straw to farmland, comparing the foreign government"s experience of payments for ecological service (PES), Straw subsidy policy can be optimized from the following aspects:Vigorously develop agricultural machinery service market, Scientifically formulating ecological compensation standard, paying attention to cultivating third-party organization and giving full play to the role of market mechanism.

Hollow village is a phenomenon of rural regional system degeneration resulting from the rapid urbanization and non-agricultural population, which leads to waste or inefficient utilization of the rural land resources, and severely hampers the sustainable development of rural economy and society. The author took an example of Caidai to demonstrate the hollow village renovation project. On the basis of surveying natural conditions, social and economic situations and present situation of land use, the renovation project was carried out in the village for demolition of abandoned houses and material treatment, land formation, farmland irrigation improvement, field road construction, farmland protection and ecological environment maintenance. As a result, the effective land use area in Caidai was increased by 14.34 hm2, preliminarily formed the renovation technology concerning the above aspects and provided references for further renovation of hollow villages in hilly area.

To clarify elements change and mechanization level of foxtail millet production in China, and promote the production efficiency, based on tracking the information points of the national foxtail millet industry technology system, and investigating the production of foxtail millet, the authors collected information platform data, used Excel statistical software for data processing, and analyzed elements change and mechanization level of China’s foxtail millet production. The results showed that the material input presented a slow increasing trend, the labor input decreased significantly, and the total input of foxtail millet production decreased gradually; the mechanical type was diversified and the mechanization level was improved step by step. Finally, the authors point out that the foxtail millet production development is heading to organic and functional agriculture with an integrated mode of simple and efficient production technology.

The soil erodibility (K-Factor) as an important parameter of evaluating soil characteristics, soil and water conservation planning, land-use evaluation, comprehensive control of soil and water conservation engineering planning and design work of the important basic data.?The article choose five represent karst catchment as the research object form different project types rocky-desertification of space angle in Guizhou province.Using the model of EPIC analysis of the soil erodibility,explore the characteristics and differences with the different types rocky-desertification.At the same time,in order to provide certain theoretical basis for the design and management process of soil erosion comprehensive control project,desertification control project in Guizhou province.

To understand the benefits of returning farmland to forest, based on current situation of the project of returning farmland to forest in southern Shaanxi in 2001-2014, the author selected indicators with reference to domestic and foreign benefit evaluation index system and method, and established an evaluation index system of returning farmland to forest in southern Shaanxi. The author determined the weighing of the indexes by using analytic hierarchy method, and quantitatively evaluated the comprehensive benefit from ecological, economic and social aspects by utilizing the benefit evaluation model. The results showed that the benefit index curve of returning farmland to forest in three cities of southern Shaanxi had a rising trend, the effect of returning farmland to forest appeared gradually and steadily, especially since 2004. The comprehensive benefits of Hanzhong, Ankang, Shangluo showed a trend of simultaneous growth, but by the end of 2014, the highest efficiency of returning farmland was 0.6630 in Hanzhong, 0.4985 in Ankang, and 0.4260 in Shangluo. The comprehensive benefit of returning farmland to forest would mai tain a steady growth trend in southern Shaanxi in the future.

In view of the present situation that large quantities of soybean varieties or lines in Shanxi soybean production area were difficult to adapt to mechanized harvesting, the bottleneck problem of mechanized harvesting, the height of bottom pod, was studied, to provide a theoretical basis for mechanized harvesting of soybean. By using the method of cluster analysis and correlation analysis, the variation law of soybean pod height was summarized with the regulation of planting density, and the dynamic relationship between the density and the bottom pod height and the related yield traits was analyzed. The results showed that 18 accessions of germplasm were divided into 3 categories by cluster analysis at the Euclidean distance OD=8.23: the first kind was medium branched soybean, the second was multi branched soybean, and the third was few branched soybean. The changing trend of the bottom pod height of different branch type varieties was different along with the increasing planting density. When the bottom pod height was suitable for mechanized harvesting, the best combination point of density and yield was that, the density of medium branched type was 140000/hm2 and 270000/hm2, the density of few branched type was 120000/hm2 and 270000/hm2. The density of multi branched type was 240000/hm2. The density regulates the bottom pod height, increases the yield, and makes the mechanized harvesting feasible.

In order to investigate the relationship between grain filling rate, dehydration rate and mechanized harvest of the summer corns in Huang-Huai-Hai region, we selected 8 varieties (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H) with large planted areas to measure and analyze the traits of grain filling rate, 100-seed weight, water content and milk-line position. Results showed that when the milk line 90% retreated the grain filling of all the 8 varieties finished and the value of 100-seed weight reached to the highest, the maximum value is 43.02 g, which indicated the positive correlation between the grain filling time and 100-seed weight. However, when the milk line completely disappeared, the 100-seed weight was largely reduced by 8.66%. There was no significant difference between the traits of 8 varieties during the periods of grain weight rising, but in the periods of grain weight falling, the traits of D, E, H were significantly different with the other varieties and dehydration rate of C and A had significant difference with the other six varieties. The water content of grains was negatively correlated with milk-line position. As the milk line 90% retreated the grain water content decreased to <30%. Taken together, the key factor influencing the mechanized harvest of summer corns is harvesting time, rather than the varieties. Moreover, the period of milk-line position 90% retreated is the best time for harvest; if the harvest is too late, the yield will be reduced with varying degrees.

This paper introduced the research results of discrete element method in the field of agricultural engineering, according to the different aspects in agricultural engineering realm, discussed discrete element method recently application situation in the soil grain, agricultural particle material, single medium in multiphase flow, respectively, and pointed out some corresponding problems, like the limited orders of magnitude, inaccurate particle model, complicated work condition, etc. Proposed the future research trend of discrete element method: developed professional discrete element method software for agricultural, improved the efficiency of the operation of particle group; through accurately gained the material mesoscopic parameters, perfected contact model at the theoretical basis, in order to make result of simulation and real experiment closely; coupled discrete element method with other software, through the API secondary development, broaden the application of discrete element method in particles complex movement.

The study aims to build an agricultural engineering construction standard system. In this study, the standardization of three-dimensional structure from Willman of Indian was used as the frame structure of agricultural engineering construction standard system. Using the methods including literature reviewing, expert consultation and seminars, the research on division and composition of professional dimension was carried out in depth in the frame structure of agricultural engineering construction standard system. In addition, detailed statements of standards in the Agricultural engineering construction standard system were ascertained by the above methods. At the final, the Agricultural engineering construction standard system was built in China. The study lay a foundation for agricultural engineering construction standard system revision.

The lower degree of mechanical harvesting sweetpotato has restrained the development of sweetpotato industry in China. The mismatches between agricultural machinery and sweetpotato agronomy are one of the main factors that affect sweetpotato mechanical harvesting. In this study, we used five sweetpotato varieties with different shape and size to analyze their effects on the mechanical harvesting of sweetpotato. The results showed that the damage rate of‘Xuzishu 5’was the lowest. So, this variety was more suitable for mechanical harvesting in fields than the other varieties. At the same time, by investigating the shape, breakage rate and potato-exposing rate, we found that there is an extremely significant linear relationship between the sweetpotato shape and the breakage rate, i.e., the higher the flat rate, the bigger breakage rate. However, there was no obvious effect on the potato-exposing rate. Therefore, we should take tuberous root with lower flat rate as well as of better agronomic characters in the process of breeding new sweetpotato varieties.

To increase antibiotic production, the rifampicin resistant was conferring on a Strptomyces Cavourensis strain which was screened in the early. Ribosome engineering technology was used to enable the strain to get rifampicin resistance by ropB gene mutation of strain TJ430. Positive and negative mutant strains was screened by high throughput screening model combined with HPLC. Liquid fermentation was used to further confirm the preliminary screening results. The mutation site of ropB gene was confirmed by gene sequencing. A high throughput screening model was constructed to screen the mutant strains accurately and rapidly. Five positive and two negative mutant strains were isolated. A point mutation was found in the 280bp of the negative mutant ropB gene, but no mutation was found in the sequenced fragment of the positive mutant. The partial sequence of ropB gene can be sequenced by the primer sequence. Compared with the original strain, the yield of the strain was increased more than two and a half times, and the morphological changes of the hyphae were greatly changed thus it can be seen, the mutation site of the positive mutation strain should be located in the other fragment of ropB gene which was not sequenced. Based on the whole genome sequencing of the original strain, the whole ropB gene of the strain could be sequenced by redesigning primers to search for the mutation site.

Urban planting soil had some widespread problems such as low hierarchy, too much slag gravel and construction waste, being compacted and poor fertility, etc. In order to solve the above problems and improve urban ecological environment, planting soil project of Shanghai Disneyland was used as a case to discuss the production of modified materials and planting soil. The management experience of the whole project supervision, including the original site control, process control, entry control of modified material, and the production process control of planting soil were described in detail. The results showed that strengthening the protection and utilization of soil resources, improving the quality of modified materials and the mechanization level of planting soil would improve the quality of green planting soil to some extent.

In order to study the effect of machinery compaction on urban green land soil and provide reference for urban vegetation plantation and scientific management of soil, soil physical and chemical properties and nutrient characteristics were studied and analyzed after machinery compaction in the new Xi’an botanical garden. The results showed that soil bulk density increased after machinery compaction, and porosity decreased, soil bulk density of 0-30, 30-60 and 60-100 cm increased by 4.20%, 14.60% and 20.70% in comparing with that before machinery compaction; soil pH value increased after machinery compaction; surface soil available nitrogen content increased by 287%, available phosphorus increased by 20.30%, available potassium increased by 12.10%, the change of organic matter content was not obvious. Soil structure was destroyed after machinery compaction, which caused the increase of soil bulk density and pH value, and changed nutrient distribution. Taking into account the above problems caused by machinery compaction and the complexity of botanical garden construction, accurate soil recovery measure and long-term observation of machinery compaction were necessary.

In recent years, land pollution is increasingly highlighted in China, it intensifies the contradiction between supply and demand of land resources, and farmland soil pollution has brought double damages to economic and health benefits of farmers. In order to alleviate the contradiction, protect food security, guarantee the red line of arable land and increase the construction land, turning polluted land into available land by engineering technology is important. Through literature review and based on many years’ experience of using polluted land restoration engineering technology, the authors discussed and summarized technical key points of polluted land restoration project, introduced the developing situation of soil pollution, and the approaches to turn the polluted land into available land. Finally, the authors made an outlook on the development trend of polluted land restoration by engineering technology in China. The study laid a theoretical foundation of soil pollution restoration technology according to China’s national conditions and regional characteristics, at the same time provided technical support for the country’s food security and ecological civilization construction.