Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) refers to the germination of cereal crops on the spike in high humidity conditions before grain harvest. Wheat PHS is a significant problem that affects both the yield and quality of wheat. Seed dormancy level is a major factor influencing the resistance of wheat PHS, and domesticated crops often exhibit reduced seed dormancy levels, making cultivated wheat more prone to PHS compared to its wild ancestors. Wheat PHS is mainly regulated by external environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, as well as internal plant hormones (GAs, ABA, IAA, MeJA, ET, BR). Researchers have identified a range of materials resistant to PHS, cloned key genes regulating PHS resistance, such as PM19, MFT, MKK3, Myb10-3D, Vp1. New wheat materials resistant to PHS have been successfully developed through molecular marker-assisted selection, artificial synthesis of wheat, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. This article reviews the genetic mechanism of PHS resistance in wheat and the latest progress in PHS resistance breeding research. In the future, it is necessary to continue exploring key genes related to PHS resistance, and employ biotechnological breeding methods to cultivate new PHS-resistant wheat varieties.

Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a devastating disease threaten food security in China and worldwide. Epidemics of wheat stripe rust have been under control through applying resistant cultivars and crop protection approaches. However, due to climate change, innovation of cropping system, improvement of breeding technology, yield level enhancement of wheat cultivars, variation in structure and frequency of virulence genes in Pst populations in the new era, the current status of stripe rust resistance genes in wheat breeding programs need to be evaluated. The results could provide useful information for applying stripe rust resistance genes to develop new wheat cultivars with broad-spectrum and durable rust resistance. After multiple year’s stripe rust resistance survey, genetic analysis, molecular tagging and mining of stripe rust resistance genes in wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines, the current status of major stripe rust resistance genes utilization was reviewed. We summarized the present situations of major stripe rust resistance gene discovery and germplasm innovation, the most frequently used stripe rust resistance genes, new strategy for pyramiding adult plant partial resistance and all stage resistance, and molecular marker assisted selection for developing wheat cultivars with broad spectrum and durable resistance in China. This review also proposes the major research areas in wheat stripe rust resistance breeding in the new era.

Being effective only to the traits controlled by large-effect QTL,conventional marker-assisted selection(MAS)can hardly improve the quantitative traits that are controlled by many small-effect QTL.Later on, the genomic selection (GS) technology proposed in 2001 solves the problem of improving complex traits controlled by the minor polygenic effects due to its high prediction accuracy through estimating the breeding value of individual with high-density molecular markers. At present,it has been successfully applied to the genetic improvement of quantitative traits in animals and plants such as dairy cattle,pigs,sheep,maize,and wheat in the US,Canada,Australia,Germany,France and so on.As a breaking-through breeding technology and a hot spot in research and application now. In this review,we summarized the factors affecting predictive accuracy of GS and the research progress of GS in breeding maize,wheat,rice and rapeseed at home and abroad,and finally discussed the existing problems in its application. This review will provide some reference for GS of the crops in the future.

The cutting propagation technology experiment of Rosa chinensis var. minima ‘Petit Four’ with constant temperature substrate breeding system has been done. The effects of substrate temperature, micro spraying times, micro spraying duration and hormone treatment on the cutting rooting were studied with orthogonal design L₉(3⁴), so as to improve the breeding technology system of Rosa chinensis var. minima ‘Petit Four’. The results showed that by comprehensively analyzing the average rooting rate, average root length and average rooting number, the optimal horizontal combination was A₃B₂C₁D₁, that is, the substrate temperature was 25℃, the micro spraying was 2 times, the micro spraying duration was 5 minutes, soaked with IBA 200 mg/L for 10 minutes. The best treatment in this experiment was T8 treatment, with an average rooting rate of 91.08%, an average root length of 5.17 cm, and an average number of 6.36 roots.

In view of the shortage of water and heat resources in different ecological areas, and the frequent occurrence of wind disaster, lodging, low yield, poor quality and other problems in maize production, a new maize variety ‘MC278’ was bred by taking ‘Jing X005’ as female parent and ‘Jing 27’ as male parent. The inoculation tests of the variety in Jilin, Hebei and other places showed that it had strong resistance to small spot disease, Curvularia, dwarf mosaic, silk smut and stem rot, and was easy to infect large leaf spot, and it was moderately resistant to corn borer in Jilin. In the regional trials in Beijing, Inner Mongolia and other regions in different years, the kernel yield of ‘MC278’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Zhengdan 958’ (CK), the highest yield was 16166 kg/hm², and the average yield was increased by 8.3%. The content of crude protein, crude starch and lysine of ‘MC278’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Zhengdan 958’. In 2019, the production in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other regions showed that the yield of ‘MC278’ was all more than 12804 kg/hm², and the maximum yield was 14283 kg/hm². ‘MC278’ was equipped with field management measures and harvest techniques, such as suitable sowing date, density and water and fertilizer management, and prevention and control measures of diseases and insect pests. The variety passed the national examination and approval in 2019 (National Approved Maize Variety No.20190030), and its planting area now includes 15 provincial regions, such as Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong and etc.

Changliangyou Fuxiangzhan is a new variety of high yield and high quality indica hybrid rice. In 2022 and 2023, it was introduced into Dongxi Village, Mapo Town, Luchuan County, Yulin City, Guangxi for demonstration planting. This paper emphatically summarized the Changliangyou Fuxiangzhan demonstration of whole growth period, resistance, yield and ground rice quality performance, and from the good plot, dip bud, timely sowing, school-age throwing, formula fertilization, scientific pipe water, prevention and control of disease and ripe harvest introduced its high yield cultivation technology, for Changliangyou Fuxiangzhan a large area of production and application to provide reference.

Ramie is a kind of important bast fiber crops in China. This paper pointed out that ramie originated from Yungui Plateau of China, based on the analysis of the unearthed cultural relics, records of ancient books and the origin center of ramie. Chinese Boehmeria plants mainly distributed in the provinces as Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan and Guizhou，and could be divided into 5 groups. According to the records in the ancient books, cultivation history of ramie could be divided into 4 periods in China: before Qin-Han dynasties, from Qin-Han dynasties to Sui-Tang dynasties, Song-Yuan dynasties, and Ming-Qing dynasties. Cultivation techniques and spreading of ramie to the world in ancient China were also summarized. The multiple utilizations of ramie in ancient China, including fiber, medicinal, edible and forage uses were reviewed. The review about the origin, distribution, species resources, as well as utilization and cultivation history of ramie in ancient China provided scientific supports for keeping and expanding the superiority of ramie, the historical and exclusive local products of China.

从大豆属物种的系统进化和栽培大豆起源研究的方法等方面评述了栽培大豆中国东北起源、黄河中下游起源、长江流域及南方起源、日本南部起源等多种假设的依据。在此基础上讨论了多样性中心与起源中心的关系、栽培物种起源与演化的研究方法,以及运用比较实验生物学研究作物进化时的技术性问题。作者倾向于支持栽培大豆南方起源假设。

【Objective】By analyzing the genetic and breeding selection effects of the stable major QTL for spike length in wheat, its genetic effects on yield-related traits were clarified, and the future breeding application potential was evaluated. The results could provide a basis for subsequent gene mining and molecular breeding of wheat. 【Method】A major QTL for spike length, named qSl-2D, was detected in multiple environments using a recombinant inbred lines population derived from the cross of Kenong9204 and Jing411, denoted as KJ-RIL; Two molecular markers closely linked to qSl-2D were developed by using the InDel sites in target interval. The genetic effects of yield-related traits based on KJ-RIL, MY-F₂, NILs and natural mapping populations, were analyzed by combining genotype data of molecular markers or wheat 55K array, respectively. By genotyping the natural mapping population, the breeding selection effect of qSl-2D haplotype was parsed across different wheat regions and different ages. 【Result】QTL mapping results showed that qSl-2D could be detected in 7/10 sets of environmental data, and could explain 4.02%-10.10% of the phenotypic variation. The peak LOD of 5/10 sets of environmental data was positioned at 608.75 Mb. The results of genetic effect analysis showed that the enhancing allele of qSl-2D could significantly increase spike length in the four populations with different genetic backgrounds. In addition, it has positive effects on kernel number per spike and plant height, but has negative effects on thousand kernel weight, kernel weight per spike and yield per plant in most population backgrounds. Further analysis of plant height in KJ-RIL population showed that the enhancing allele had rod lowering effect on all internode lengths except the internode length below spike, which resulted in the insignificant increase in plant height. The results of qSl-2D haplotype analysis showed that the utilization rates of the long-spike haplotype Hap-AA-GG varied greatly in different wheat regions, with the highest utilization rate in the northern winter wheat region, accounting for 24%; while the short-spike haplotype Hap-CC-CC accounted for more than 30% in most wheat regions. Moreover, the utilization rate of qSl-2D long-spike haplotype showed a gradual decrease over time, while that of short-spike haplotype consistently maintained a higher selection trend. 【Conclusion】A stable major QTL-qSl-2D for spike length was identified, the enhancing allele of qSl-2D could significantly increase spike length under different genetic backgrounds, and had certain genetic effects on yield-related traits. The closely linked molecular markers developed in the target region can be used for the genetic improvement of wheat spike length and yield-related traits in wheat.

【Objective】Eestern and Southern Gansu is one of the epidemic centers of stripe rust and over-summering region for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) with continuous emergening of new Pst races in Northwestern China. The objective of this study is to analyze the genetic architecture of stripe rust resistance in winter wheat cultivars grown in those regions since 1990s for a better genetic diversity control of the disease, breeding of durable resistant cultivars, sustainable green and healthy ecological agriculture in Southern Gansu. 【Method】The seedling and adult plant stage resistance to the prevailing Pst races CYR33, CYR34, etc. of 117 wheat cultivars (lines) were evaluated at greenhouse in 2021 and field trials in Qingshui of Gansu and Pixian of Sichuan, respectively, during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 cropping seasons. Molecualr markers for 15 Yr genes were also applied to detect the presence of known stripe rust resistant genes. 【Result】Of the 117 varieties and lines tested, thirty-four (29.1%) were found to perform adult plant stage resistance (APR) in the field, among these, 25.6% and 3.4% of cultivars were released in Southern Gansu, and Eastern Gansu, respectively. Another 25.6% susceptible cultivars from Southern Gansu exhibited slow rusting with disease severity (DS) less than 20%. Eighty-two cultivars (70.1%) were resistant to the race CYR33 of Pst at the seedling stage. Among them, 67 (57.3%) and 15 (12.8%) were planted in Southern and Eastern Gansu, respectively. However, only seven (6.0%) of the total entries were resistant to the dominant race CYR34 at the seedling stage, and all of these were cultivars from Southern Gansu, such as Lantian 131 etc. The stripe rusts resistant cultivars named as Lantian, Zhongliang, and Tianxuan series at both seedling and adult plant stages were mainly released after 2010. Molecular markers screening identified the presence of Yr9 (49.6%), Yr10 (1.7%), Yr17 (12.8%), Yr18 (7.7%), Yr26 (12.8%), Yr28 (20.5%), Yr29 (10.3%), Yr30 (34.2%), Yr41 (2.6%), Yr46 (16.2%), YrZH22 (15.4%) and YrZH84 (27.4%) in some cultivars, preferly as 2-5 genes combinations in 73 (62.4%) cultivars. Pyramiding of YrZH84, YrZH22, and Yr17 with other stripe rust resistance genes could provide better disease resistance than other gene combinations. In addition, high frequency of Yr10, Yr17, Yr18, Yr28, Yr29, Yr30, Yr41, and Yr46 was detected in wheat cultivars grown in the dry highland Pst oversummering region. However, Yr26, Yr30, YrZH22, and YrZH84 were mainly identified in wheat cultivars of the valley Pst overwintering region, indicating significant genetic architecture difference for the stripe rust resistance genes between the cultivars of the oversummering and overwintering regions. Higher genetic diversity of stripe rust resistance genes was found in the cultivars of the oversummering region, compared with that released in the overwintering region. 【Conclusion】Our results revealed the current status of stripe rust resistance genes and their utilization in winter wheat cultivars of Gansu, the northwest oversummering region for Pst of China, in the past 20 years. Diversification of stripe rust resistance genes have been successfully applied in the winter wheat breeding program to develop commercial wheat cultivars and lines for sustainable control of the stripe rust disease. The development of wheat cultivars with stacked stripe rust resistance genes has solved the historical problem of wheat cultivars with narrow genetic background and mono-resistance gene, domonstrating the successful control of wheat stripe rust epidemics using genetic diversity of wheat resistance gene in this region. The present study provides theoretical basis for genetic diversity control of stripe rust disease and set an example for the sustainable green ecological agriculture by breeding wheat cultivars with durable disease resistance.

Ganoderma spp. is a kind of large fungi used for both food and medicine. Ganoderma spp. has a variety of potential medicinal uses, such as immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, reducing blood sugar and blood lipid. As a herbal medicine, different varieties of Ganoderma spp. affect the effectiveness and quality stability of the healthcare and pharmaceutical products developed from them, and thus breeding elite varieties is of great importance to the Ganoderma industry. Physical mutagenesis is an important and effective technological approach in industrial breeding nowadays. The application of physical mutagenesis in Ganoderma breeding over the past five years was summarized, and existing problems of Ganoderma breeding by physical mutagenesis were analyzed. Prospects of breeding Ganoderma varieties by physical mutagenesis were discussed so as to provide a reference for Ganoderma breeding in the future.

我国是世界上最大的生猪生产国和猪肉消费国，但仍存在着母系猪繁殖力普遍较低的重要问题，选育具有高繁殖性状的母系猪已成为当前研究的焦点和热点。目前，已明确多个影响母猪产仔数的已知基因，包括雌激素受体(estrogen receptors,ESR)基因、泌乳素受体(prolactin receptor,PRLR)基因、视黄醇结合蛋白4(retinol binding protein 4,RBP4)基因、瘦素(leptin,LEP)基因、备解素(complement factor b,BF)基因、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(insulin-like growth factor binding protein,IGFBP)基因、连环蛋白阿尔法样蛋白1(catenin alpha-like protein 1,CTNNAL1)、无翼型MMTV结合位点家族10B(wingless-type mmtv integration site family member 10B,WNT10B)基因、转录因子12(transcription factor 12,TCF12)基因、无精症样删除基因家族(deleted in azoospermia-like,DAZL)、无名指蛋白4(ring finger protein 4,RNF4)基因以及骨形成蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)家族等基因。这些基因通过复杂的相互作用网络影响母猪的繁殖力性状表现，但少数几个基因的位点效应对母猪的繁殖力表型影响较为有限，因此在母猪繁殖性能方面的育种遗传进展相对较小。全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association studies, GWAS)技术基于全基因组策略，利用覆盖全基因组的遗传标记信息，分析整个基因组中的全部遗传变异多态性作为分子遗传标记，并与表型和系谱信息进行对照和统计分析，从而加速了重要单核苷酸多态(single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs)位点、数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus, QTLs)和候选基因的发现过程。全基因组选育(genomic selection, GS)利用系谱信息、表型数据以及全基因组的SNP分型信息，为母猪繁殖性能等低遗传力性状的育种工作提供了更快速、准确的个体全基因组估计育种值(genomic estimated breeding value, GEBV),从而显著加快了育种遗传进展。

In modern animal husbandry, with the wide application of artificial insemination technology, the requirements for semen quality of male animals have been rising. Nutritional regulation is one of the most important methods to improve animal reproductive performance and increase economic efficiency. As one of the essential nutrients for animals, vitamin A has an important role in regulating the reproductive performance of male animals, in addition to promoting bone development, maintaining metabolism and regulating embryonic growth. This paper briefly describes the properties and metabolism of vitamin A and its effects on the reproductive performance of male animals, in order to provide a theoretical reference for improving the fertility of breeding animals through nutritional regulation technology.

In this paper, the demand characteristics of konjac growth environment were summarized. The research progress in recent years on cultivation modes of konjac in China such as yard cultivation, monoculture, intercropping cultivation in field with other crops, understory cultivation, rotation cultivation and protected cultivation were reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of the above cultivation modes were analyzed. It is proposed that, in the future, the konjac germplasm resources should be collected, identified, evaluated and utilized extensively, new cultivation modes of intercropping and rotation should be constructed, the mechanization and automation level of konjac cultivation should be improved, the cultivation area of konjac should be expanded, and organic cultivation mode should be established, so as to enrich the cultivation modes of konjac.

Accompanying the elevated expenses on consumption, people’s urge upon food has been gradually changed from “eat to be fed” to “eat to be satisfied” and further to “eat to gain nutrition” and “eat to be healthy”. Accordingly, breeders considered the wheat breeding goals should be set as breeding wheat with better quality along with higher yield, wherein the phrase “functional wheat variety” was recently raised. Flavonoids comprise one of the most widely reported categories of metabolites, the contents of which have been included within the “functional wheat variety” breeding program for its connection with plant phenotypes and its contribution to human health. The combination of metabolomics approach and genetics design has been proved to be efficient in identifying the candidates that responsible for metabolite contents, that said its application in wheat was lagged behind due to the lately released wheat reference genome. Further, the deficient knowledge upon the genetic basis of metabolites has in turn constrained the application of breeding “functional wheat variety”. In the current manuscript, the research progresses on genetic basis of flavonoids are briefly summarized, and its application for wheat breeding is highlighted. Meanwhile, the metabolomics-assisted breeding frame is concepted. Ultimately, the “functional wheat variety” breeding program will be achieved through the combination of the fundamental researches and breeding applications.

The study aims to verify the breeding rules of aphids and Aphidius gifuensis under different positions in greenhouse and number of inoculating aphids. ‘Yunyan 87’ was used as the main test material, the experiment of different positions in greenhouse and number of inoculating aphids on breeding of aphids and Aphidius gifuensis was conducted at flue-cured seedling house in Xinfeng(107°01′33.2″E, 27°17′16.6″N), Nanmudu Town, Kaiyang County, Guizhou Province in 2015, to explore the effects of different positions (forepart and rear) in greenhouse and number of inoculating aphids (20,40, 60 piece/plant) on breeding of aphids and Aphidius gifuensis. The results showed that accumulated temperature, mean daily temperature, mean daily highest temperature of the forepart (3-4 row) were higher than that at the rear (9-10 row) of the greenhouse, but mean daily humidity of the forepart was lower than that at the rear. The number of aphids and Aphidius gifuensis breeding at the rear was more than that of the forepart, and 40 piece/plant was the maximum, followed by 20 piece/plant, 60 piece/plant was the minimum. The agronomic characters of tobacco plant at the rear were better than that of the forepart in greenhouse, and became worse with the increase of the number of inoculating aphids. The rear of the greenhouse is conducive to the production increase of aphids and Aphidius gifuensis, and also to the growth and development of tobacco, and the number of inoculating aphids with 40 piece/plant is advisable, 20 and 60 piece/plant are adverse to the breeding of aphids and Aphidius gifuensis.

This article studies the Chinese traditional medicinal and edible plant Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis (fingered citron), including its historical evolution from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the division of artificially cultivated varieties, and the change of planting bases. Base on the related literature review, we summarized the research progress of fingered citron cultivation technology and its medicinal and economic value. In addition, we pointed out the differences of Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis, Citrus medica var. medica and Citrus medica, from historical evolution, identifying that they were of the same family, same genus and different species. Finally, we raised the question of whether the differences between the cultivars from the main fingered citron producing areas were consistent with the National Pharmacopoeia, suggesting that regional standardization of cultivation technology should be established on variety, origin, soil, climate, etc.

The research methods and recent progress of domestication breeding (systematic breeding), crossbreeding including single-single hybridization, single-double hybridization, multi-spore hybridization (self-crossing) and protoplast fusion breeding, mutation breeding and molecular breeding technologies of Auricularia cornea in China were summarized. Some newly bred cultivars and their characteristics were introduced, and the research methods for the propagation of A. cornea in solid and liquid strains were summed up. Molecular marker-assisted breeding, genome editing, genomic selection and other molecular breeding methods are proposed for future crossbreeding of A. cornea in China. The high-efficiency breeding technology will be rapidly applied, the commercial breeding of A. cornea will be actively promoted, and the ‘breeding- propagation- promotion’ system will be gradually improved.

Adzuki bean is an important legume crops which planted in China in a wide range. Combines a large number domestic research results, this review summarized the research progress of cultivation techniques, introduced the physiological progress in detail. Based on the problems existing in the plant process of adzuki bean, we put forward the corresponding solution strategy, and prospect the future research direction in our country and the development tendency, to provide theoretical basis for the later research.

补体调节蛋白46(complement regulator protein, CD46)在大多数哺乳动物的细胞上广泛表达。除了具有补体失活、调节T细胞活化和生育能力等多种生理功能之外，CD46也可以作为多种细菌和病毒的受体，尤其对牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV)和经典猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus, CSFV)的附着起重要作用。利用基因编辑技术特异修饰CD46成功生产出抗BVDV活牛犊，证明该基因可以作为抗病育种的候选基因。本文主要对CD46蛋白在家畜病毒感染中的作用以及在抗病育种中的应用进行综述。

Sugar beet is one of the major sugar crops in the world, and it has high sugar yield and good economic value. It is an indispensable crop to solve the problem of sugar security in China and one of the crops with very successful heterosis utilization. In order to rapidly select sugar beet varieties with high yield, high sugar and strong stress resistance, sugar beet breeding is gradually developing from conventional breeding to biological breeding, biological breeding will be the future direction of sugar beet breeding. In this paper, the biological breeding methods of sugar beet that have been applied in recent years were summarized, including molecular marker technology, haploid induction technology, genetic engineering, cell engineering and omics technology, the future development of beet biological breeding was also prospected.

Horticultural facilities are an essential component of the modern agricultural industry and play an important role in the rapid development of agriculture and rural revitalization strategies. This article focuses on the current situation and development trend of horticultural facilities in Jiangsu Province through the methods of literature research and data analysis. The development and supporting equipment of the three types of horticultural facilities in Jiangsu Province (plastic greenhouses, multi-span greenhouses and solar greenhouses), and four major planting modes (facility agriculture mode, sightseeing agriculture mode, soilless cultivation mode, precision agriculture mode) are discussed. Meanwhile the issues that may exist in horticulture facilities are analyzed, and a high integration strategy of agronomy-facilities-agricultural machinery is proposed. The four major trends (product market trend, industry upgrade trend, modern development trend and intelligent production trend) will lead the future development of modern agriculture. The results provide reference for the efficient development of modern facility horticulture and horticultural facility industry in Jiangsu Province.

遗传力是衡量由遗传因素解释的表型方差的比例，在实际遗传力估计中多只考虑加性遗传效应。由于畜禽传统遗传力估计需要的系谱信息完整性和准确性较难以实现，随着基因组学的发展，以全基因组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)进行遗传力估计的方法得到广泛应用。而对SNP遗传力的准确估计有利于了解遗传变异对表型的作用程度，目前已有不少SNP遗传力估计模型被开发利用。本文主要综述了SNP遗传力的概念、常用估计方法及其影响因素，并与传统遗传力估计进行比较，探究了SNP遗传力在畜禽育种中的应用潜力。

The crop cultivation and farming system discipline in China has achieved remarkable achievements in many aspects, such as theoretical construction, technical innovation and the establishment of technical systems, during the recent 60 years. In order to meet with the requirements of obtaining high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, ecological and safety production, the discipline has made breakthroughs in the theory of crop development regulation and related technological approaches, which has also got continuous innovations and developments in multiple cropping, crop composition and distribution, and the optimization of planting pattern. Moreover, it efficiently supported the improvement of the productivity of our country’s cereal products, cotton products and oil products through the application of technical integrations. In the face of the national strategic demands in agricultural transformation and development on the current and future situations, how to pay equal attention to the high efficient utilization of resources, environmental safety and high-yield and efficient crop production, and the constructions of the crop production systems with the cultivated land utilization and recovery, ecological efficiency, and the continuous improvements of productivity and competitiveness, are the major objectives and missions of the innovative developments of the crop cultivation and farming system discipline.

The achievements and prospect of alfalfa breeding in China were related in this paper.23 cultivars were bred,15 cultivars were introduced into china from abroad,3 wild strains were planted,and 19 local varieties were registered.The bred strains had the characteristic with cold,disease,salt and grazing,high-yielding,early maturing,etc.Mostly conventional breeding techniques at alfalfa breeding were adopted at home.Biotechnology application was relatively scarce.The mostly problems were a little breeding cultivars,slow process of fastness breeding,less raw materials,singleness and lag technology at alfalfa breeding.The paper put forward the effective approaches that narrowed alfalfa breeding process,and reduced disparities among home and abroad by improving alfalfa breeding methods,breeding special cultivars,intensifying the alfalfa germplasm resources protection and using.

<正>猪繁殖障碍是造成养猪业损失的主要因素之一，严重影响着猪的繁殖效益和养殖业的可持续发展。为了解决这一问题，许多专家、学者和兽医师进行了广泛研究，探索猪繁殖障碍的疾病原因和有效的防控措施。据中国农业科学院研究，猪繁殖障碍常见疾病包括子宫内膜炎、繁殖系统感染和卵巢囊肿等。子宫内膜炎是导致母猪不受孕的主要原因，使受精卵在子宫内着床困难，影响胚胎的发育和存活。生殖系统感染常与细菌有关，

【Objective】To develop high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivars in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Zone (YHWZ), simultaneously improving of yield and resistance was conducted in this study.【Method】Using the elite parent dwarf male sterile (DMS) wheat combined with double haploid (DH) technology and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) of Fhb1 (DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy), DH lines were developed using Sumai 3 as a donor (FHB- resistant parent) and Zhoumai 16’s DMS wheat, Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136 and Lunxuan 6 as recipient parents. The agronomic traits (plant height, heading date, yield, etc.) and FHB resistance were evaluated for these DH lines.【Result】A total of 51 Fhb1-DH lines characterized by facultative growth habit, semi-dwarf and white grains were selected using this strategy. The average number of infected spikelets of 51 lines were 5.7 and 7.3 at the 2020Henan and 2020Beijing sites, respectively, and average disease severities were 27.7% and 35.2%, which is not different from moderately susceptible control Huaimai 20. There was no significant difference in grain yield per hm² between the mean performance of the 51 lines and the control Zhoumai 18. DH116 (Lunxuan 20), a promising line from the 51 lines, was further evaluated for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in multiple environments. The resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB was significantly improved, and no significant difference was found in the number of infected spikelets or disease severity between Lunxuan 20 and moderately or highly resistant controls at four sites. Lunxuan 20 showed slightly greater grain yield per hm², and significantly higher number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight (P<0.05), earlier heading date and shorter plant height (P<0.05) than the control Zhoumai 18 in two environments. The grain yield per hm² of Lunxuan 20 was 4.6% and 1.7% higher than the control cultivar Bainong 207 in the two list trials of Henan Province, and 3.5% higher than Bainong 207 in the demonstration trial. Resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB ranged from moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance in two-year list tests using the single-floret injection and spray inoculation methods. Lunxuan 20 carries the semi-dwarfing gene Rht-D1b at the Rht-D1 locus, and the recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1 associated with the winter growth habit at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Based on the wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 64.7% of the SNPs were shared by Lunxuan 20 and its parents, and the direct genetic contributions of Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136, Lunxuan 6 and Sumai 3 to Lunxuan 20 were 69.8%, 12.6%, 6.1% and 11.5%, respectively.【Conclusion】A high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Lunxuan 20 was bred using the DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy.

辽棉54在辽宁特早熟植棉区春播生育期为127 d；植株较紧凑，呈塔形；铃卵圆形；出苗好，后期不早衰；结铃性好，吐絮畅且集中，含絮力适中，适宜机采；高抗枯萎病，抗黄萎病。2019―2020年在辽宁省棉花品种区域试验中，该品种平均666.7 m2籽棉、皮棉和霜前皮棉产量分别为199.405 kg、82.185 kg和77.370 kg。介绍了辽棉54的选育过程、特征特性、适宜种植区域及栽培技术要点。

绵羊的繁殖性能是一种十分重要的经济性状，绵羊产羔数与每次的排卵数直接相关，绵羊卵子的生长发育受到卵巢内分泌及旁分泌的相互作用。FecB基因是羊上首个被发现的多胎主效基因，携带该基因的绵羊卵巢中BMP信号通路受到损害而活性降低，TGF-β家族部分成员失活，抑制GCs增殖并提高FSH的敏感性，有效提高绵羊的排卵率和产羔率，有利于扩大养殖规模，提高经济效益。本文对FecB基因的发现、作用机制及其对卵泡发育、繁殖能力和后代生长发育的影响，以及育种方面的应用进行综述，以期为绵羊繁殖性能提升的机理研究和育种工作等提供参考和借鉴。

With the continuous improvement in rice cultivation techniques, China has maintained a high rice production level of about 210 million tons over the past decade. Direct-seeding rice cultivation technology, recognized for its efficiency and simplicity, has been favored by Chinese farmers. However, controversies persist regarding direct-seeding rice compared to transplanted rice in national-scale production. Thus, this study employed meta-analysis techniques to quantify disparities in grain yield, economic benefit, rice quality, lodging characteristic, and greenhouse gas emissions between direct-seeding rice and transplanted rice. Our results indicated that direct-seeding rice significantly reduced grain yield by an average of 6.3% relative to transplanted rice, which was main due to the reduced total spikelet (-3.8%) and filled-grain percentage (-1.8%). In different planting systems in China, the yield of direct-seeding rice had significantly decreased compared to transplanted rice, and the direct-seeding rice-induced reductions in yield of single rice (-10.9%) and late rice (-13.1%) were higher than those of middle rice (-4.8%) and early rice (-4.4%). The grain yield reductions for direct-seeding rice were from 10% to 20% in Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, meanwhile Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces saw reductions of 5% to 10%, but it had no significant effect in other provinces. Direct-seeding rice resulted in comparable net economic return relative to transplanted rice (p> 0.05). Direct-seeding rice reduced milled rice rate (-3.1%) and gel consistency (-3.5%), improved appearance quality (chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, which decreased by 25.3% and 22.5%, respectively), whereas no significant effects were observed on nutrition quality and taste value. Direct-seeding rice increased lodging index at base of the first (+12.4%) and third (+10.3%) internodes, but not at the second internode, indicating an increase in risk of lodging relative to transplanted rice. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, direct-seeding rice fields showed reductions in methane emissions (-42.8%), global warming potential (-36.2%), and greenhouse gas intensity (-41.1%) compared to transplanted rice fields, while promoting nitrous oxide emissions (+29.1%). In addition, a review was recounted on nitrogen utilization and its loss, water and energy use efficiency, and weed incidence. Finally, the recommendations for the future advancement of direct-seeding rice were proposed, main focusing on rice variety breeding, rice cultivation technique optimization, rice planting area layout, as well as policies and services with the goal of technological innovation and regionalized application of direct-seeding rice cultivation technology in China.

In order to improve the artificial breeding technical of E. carinicauda successfully and provide references to its integrated aquaculture, the advancement of the biological characters and some experiments about artificial propagation of Exopalaemon carinicauda were summarized in this paper, some worthy details of notice in the process of artificial breeding were also preliminarily discussed, and the analysis of the current situation of large-scale artificial breeding techniques was made.

The current status and prospect of study on breeding techniques of edible fungi in China,including artificial selection breeding,induced mutation breeding,crossbreeding,protoplast fusion and gene engineering breeding was summarized in the paper.It also pointed out that based on research of germplasm resources,more attention should be paid on the research of traditional breeding technique,such as crossbreeding,together with gene engineering breeding technique,such as molecular marker assistant selection in the future.

系统综述了近年来国内外甜瓜育种技术与方法的研究进展，特别是甜瓜二代与三代基因组测序，转录组、蛋白质组与代谢组学研究方法，重要基因定位及前景选择技术，DNA指纹图谱及背景选择技术，遗传转化体系、基因编辑等基因工程技术，以及双单倍体育种等细胞工程技术领域的研究进展，并对我国甜瓜育种技术与方法研究工作进行了展望，以期为广大甜瓜育种工作者提供参考。

This article combined the planting performance of the hybrid medium indica rice variety Weiliangyou 8612 in the demonstration area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and summarized and analyzed the intensive cultivation techniques of this variety. The planting of Weiliangyou 8612 in the demonstration area showed a suitable growth period, with upright leaves, compact plant shape, thick and robust stems that were resistant to lodging. During the mature stage, the straw was green and the seeds were yellow, with large panicles and many grains, resulting in higher yields. The intensive cultivation techniques for this variety include precise and precise sowing, precise soil preparation, scientific management of fertilizer and water, timely and appropriate drug control for diseases, pests, and weeds, as well as timely harvesting. The research results provided a reference for the promotion and planting of Weiliangyou 8612 in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and similar regions.

近几十年来，中国香蕉产业快速发展。目前，中国是世界香蕉第二大生产国和消费国。然而，我国香蕉主产区香蕉枯萎病等病害肆虐；同时，这些地方多山地，土质贫瘠，夏季台风和洪涝频发，冬季霜冻严重。这些问题限制香蕉产业的进一步发展。培育高产、优质兼具高抗逆性和适应性的香蕉品种是突破我国香蕉产业发展瓶颈的关键，也是我国香蕉育种工作者面临的难题和挑战。通过总结近年来香蕉育种的研究成果，论述香蕉育种方法、新品种选育目标以及主要面临的问题，展望今后研究重点与方向，以期为我国香蕉育种工作提供参考。

<正>蓝莓植株在专用基质和水肥一体的栽培管理模式下可以快速生长,具有成长快、挂果早、成本回收快速等优势。近年来,基质栽培蓝莓在我国云南省发展快速,并有向其他省份扩张的趋势。2021年3月,在云南地区的蓝莓基质栽培体系中出现了一种新的种植方式,可以为基质蓝莓种植户提供参考。蓝莓基质栽培条件下,蓝莓幼苗在种植第一年即可以快速挂果,但由于幼苗较小,

In order to master the police property further, and to exploit and utilize the police value better. Researcher collected and researched police performance of progenies of various genealogies in Kunming dog populations. The results showed that: The first, the genealogies structure was reasonable, and among, there were 16 major genealogies in female, 6 major genealogies in male. The second, in male, good rate of Wolf sable strain was highest (73.26%) in JX genealogy, the next was DH genealogy (72.65%), the lowest was the Straw yellow strain (40.00%) in JX genealogy. In female, good rate of LLC genealogy was the highest, at 80%, followed by the LBS genealogy, good rate was 79.66%; For CWL genealogy was the worst, good rate was 37.5%. The third, according to quantity, in male, the JX genealogy was dominant at 389, followed by the LGX genealogy at 319. In female, the LXL genealogy was dominant at 266, followed by the LLX genealogy at 145. The research supplied scientific basis to further optimize genealogies quantity structure, improved Kunming dogs’ police performance and breed performance.

In order to study the effect of chemical fertilizer dose on nutrient absorption and utilization of vegetable cultured in organic substrate, through the experiment in different methods of fertilizer application, the effect of different fertilization amount on the absorption, content and utilization of nutrients for lettuce grown with vinegar residue substrate in pot was researched. The results showed that the content of N, P and K in root and leaf in lettuce increased as the fertilization amount increased. However, the absorption of N, P and K in leaf in lettuce showed as 1/4s>1/2s>1/8s>1s>0s (0, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 units of normal fertilizer concentration). 1/8 unit fertilizer amount treatment has the highest fertilizer-N, P and K use efficiency, while 1/4 unit fertilizer amount treatment has the highest fertilizer-K use efficiency, as well as the total nutrient use efficiency. So it was suggested that 1/4 unit fertilizer amount treatment was suitable for lettuce grown with vinegar residue substrate.