To address the problem of poor water and fertilizer retention capacity and its low utilization efficiency of the wind-sandy soil in southern Xinjiang, five treatments were set up, namely W₁, W₂, W₃, and W₄ with different irrigation frequencies and a control treatment (CK) based on farmers’ habitual irrigation. The irrigation quotas for the entire growth period of W₁, W₂, W₃, and W₄ were consistent at 3975 m³/hm², and the irrigation quota for CK treatment was 4500 m³/hm². During before planting stage and seedling stage-initial fruit setting stage, the irrigation amounts of W₁, W₂, W₃, and W₄ treatments were the same, which were 450 and 75m³/hm² respectively. The irrigation amounts for CK treatment were 450 and 300 m³/hm² respectively during these two periods. At the beginning of fruiting stage, drip irrigation frequencies are once every two days (W₁), once every three days (W₂), once every four days (W₃), once every six days (W₄), and once every six days (CK) were adopted. In the middle of fruiting stage, drip irrigation frequencies are once every three days (W₁), once every four days (W₂), once every four days (W₃), once every six days (W₄), and once every six days (CK). At the end of fruiting stage, drip irrigation frequencies are once every five days (W₁), once every six days (W₂), once every six days (W₃), once every six days (W₄), once every six days (CK). The effects of different irrigation frequencies on tomato’s plant height, stem diameter, root characteristics, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and yield quality were studied. The results of the experiments showed that: (1) the increase of irrigation frequencies had no significant effect on the plant height of tomato at the fruiting stage, but it was beneficial to the increase of its stem diameter. (2) With the increase of irrigation frequencies, Pn, total root length and root surface area of leaves were significantly increased, but there was no obvious effect on Tr, Gs, Ci and root volume. (3) The high-frequency irrigation treatments (W₁, W₂) were conducive to the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer, and the low-frequency irrigation treatments (W₄, CK) leached the nitrate nitrogen in the soil below 40cm. (4) Increasing the frequency of irrigation significantly increased tomato yield, water use efficiency, soluble sugar and soluble solids mass.

The mechanisms underlying rhizosphere environment differences between substrate culture and soil culture remain unclear in the major cut rose production areas of Yunnan, and precise water and fertilizer management lacks scientific support. This study investigated the effects of different cultivation systems on rhizosphere nutrient status and microbial community structures. Using the cut rose cultivar ‘Fenhong Xueshan’ as the experimental material, a systematic comparison was conducted under identical greenhouse conditions. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze rhizosphere microbial diversity, and the concentrations of 14 available nutrients were simultaneously determined. The results showed significant divergence in rhizosphere microbial diversity, species distribution, and nutrient contents between the two cultivation modes. Compared with soil cultivation, substrate cultivation increased the numbers of fungal and bacterial OTUs by 27.03% and 28.88%, respectively, with a 9.75% increase in total species count. Analysis of the Feature, Ace, Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, and PD whole tree indices for fungi and bacteria revealed that substrate cultivation increased these values by 27.03% and 27.03%, 30.74% and 28.37%, 30.65% and 26.52%, 13.58% and 0%, 24.12% and 3.38%, and 20.11% and 35.49%, respectively, compared to soil cultivation. Substrate cultivation significantly enhanced rhizosphere microbial populations and promoted the proliferation of functional growth-promoting microbes, including Burkholderiaceae, Rozellomycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, while effectively suppressing pathogenic fungi. Analysis of 14 primary available nutrients revealed that soil cultivation favored the accumulation of available phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), and boron (B), whereas substrate cultivation promoted the accumulation of exchangeable sodium (Na), available magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). Regarding production performance, substrate cultivation significantly increased the number of effective flower shoots per plant (each season 4-6 flower shoots vs. 2-4 shoots in soil), shortened the flowering cycle by 8 days, and exhibited stronger plant growth vigor. In conclusion, substrate cultivation optimizes the rhizosphere microbial structure, increases the abundance of beneficial microbes, and facilitates precise nutrient supply, making it more suitable for the high and stable yield of cut roses. These findings provide a scientific basis for cultivation mode selection, rhizosphere regulation, and precise fertigation management. Future research may focus on multi-cultivar validation and the application of functional microbial communities.

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the growth and development of greenhouse-grown cigar wrapper tobacco and the quality of the cured leaves, three nitrogen application levels were set: 150 kg/hm² (N1), 165 kg/hm² (N2), and 180 kg/hm² (N3). Using ‘Haiyan 101’ as test material, the study examined the impact of these treatments on agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, and the post-curing quality of the middle leaves, including their appearance, physical properties, chemical composition, and sensory evaluation. Results showed that as the nitrogen application rate increased, the plant height gradually increased, the stem circumference thickened, and the leaves expanded; the accumulation of dry matter in roots, stems, and leaves also increased, with the proportion of dry matter in the leaves increasing relative to the whole plant; the identity, oil content, color uniformity, vein thickness, and green impurity index of the wrapper leaves initially increased and then decreased; the leaf length, width, single-leaf weight, and balanced moisture content first increased and then decreased, while the leaf thickness, pull strength, leaf density, and stem content gradually increased; the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine, starch, and protein significantly increased, whereas the total sugar and reducing sugar contents first increased and then decreased; the aroma quality, sweetness, and burning characteristics initially improved and then declined. Under greenhouse cultivation conditions, the wrapper leaves treated with 165 kg/hm² of nitrogen exhibited desirable appearance, physical properties, chemical composition, and sensory evaluation, meeting the quality standards for cigar wrapper tobacco. Therefore, it is recommended that 165 kg/hm² should be considered as the optimal nitrogen application rate for greenhouse-grown cigar wrapper tobacco. This study provides a scientific basis for the high-quality production of greenhouse-grown cigar wrapper tobacco in Wuyishan and similar ecological areas. In the future, the synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilizer and other nutrients and the regulation mechanism of nitrogen metabolism can be further studied.

This article summarized the breeding process, characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques of Wankenjing No. 9. This variety was based on Wuyunjing No. 27 as the female parent and JN29 as the male parent, and was independently bred using the line breeding method for japonica rice. It was approved by Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Examination & Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshendao 2024T007). The plant height and growth period of this variety are suitable; the rice quality meets the second-class edible rice standard of NY/T 593-2021 “Quality of Edible Rice Variety”; good anti overturning ability; the average yield of the 2-year regional trial is 9 850.5 kg/hm². The key cultivation techniques include timely sowing (wet seedling cultivation from May 5-15, machine transplanting from May 15-25), soaking seeds with pesticides to prevent seed borne diseases, and applying “marriage medicine” before transplanting to enhance plant resistance; reasonably plant densely to ensure that the basic number of seedlings is between 900 000 and 1.62 million plants per hectare. Scientific fertilizer and water management, with a nitrogen phosphorus potassium ratio of 1∶0.2∶0.5, and water management using shallow water to promote tillering, sufficient seedling sun drying to control tillering, water retention during the booting and flowering period, and wet dry alternation irrigation in the later stage; comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, using seed disinfection, agricultural measures, and chemical control, with a focus on preventing and controlling rice thrips, borers, planthoppers, and rice blast disease. Grass damage is treated with a combination of sealing and stem and leaf treatment to ensure high yields. This article provides a reference for the promotion and planting of this variety.

This paper reviewed the high yield cultivation techniques of rapeseed from the aspects of strong seedling cultivation and timely transplanting, and explored the corresponding popularization strategies. Rapeseed production should be adapted to local conditions, selecting varieties with strong stress resistance and high yield based on local climate, soil and management conditions. Strong seedlings with 30–35 days of age, 5–6 green leaves and 5–6 mm root diameter are suitable for transplanting. Supplementary fertilization is applied at 5–6 kg/667 m² of urea at the early seedling stage and 8–10 kg/667 m² of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=30∶5∶5) at the late seedling stage, combined with targeted irrigation and drainage. Suitable herbicides are used for soil sealing and weeding before and after transplanting. Following the principle of “prevention first, integrated control”, aphids, sclerotinia stem rot and other diseases and pests are controlled by field cleaning, yellow sticky traps and high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticides. Rapeseed is harvested at the proper time in early to mid-May. The popularization strategies include precise promotion based on regional characteristics to select suitable improved varieties and standardize strong seedling cultivation; establishing a composite communication network integrating traditional media, new media platforms and on-site interaction; and building a three-level demonstration network of core demonstration parks, township demonstration fields and farmer model households. This paper provides a reference for the high quality development of the rapeseed industry.

This paper systematically introduced the breeding process, main characteristics and key propagation and cultivation techniques of the clonal cultivar ‘Longlyu’ of Dendrobium devonianum. In terms of breeding, an excellent individual plant was found in a seedling cultivation field of Dendrobium devonianum in 2015. Clonal seedlings were obtained through cutting propagation from 2016 to 2018. The seedlings were transplanted in July 2018, and field tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability were conducted in Longshan Town, Longling County. Phenological periods, stem traits and other characteristics were compared and analyzed from 2023 to 2024. Finally, the clonal cultivar ‘Longlyu’ with prominent novelty and distinctness as well as favorable uniformity and stability was selected, with the registration number Yunlinyuanzhi Xindeng No. 20250030. In terms of main characteristics, this cultivar was an epiphytic herb. Its botanical traits such as plant type, stem diameter and leaf shape differed significantly from those of ‘Longzi No. 1’ and ‘Liangjie’. It yielded fresh stems at 3.9 kg/m², contained 54.1% polysaccharides and 8.9% crude fiber, and showed excellent economic traits. It grew vigorously with outstanding advantages in vegetative growth, and its main phenological periods were basically consistent with those of ‘Longzi No. 1’. In terms of cultivation techniques, this cultivar was suitable for growing in the cool subtropical regions of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau at an altitude of 1 300–1 700 m. It was mainly propagated by cuttings: robust fresh stems were collected, disinfected and stored from November to December, and budded stem segments were cut for seedling raising in March to April of the following year. A simulated wild bed-cultivation mode with simple facilities was adopted. Transplanting was carried out in March to April at a seedling spacing of 10–15 cm. Water and fertilizer management included applying organic fertilizer before sprouting and topdressing farmyard manure during the growing season. Control measures were implemented against leaf spot, root rot and snails. Harvesting was performed from November to December when leaves fell naturally and leaf sheaths turned silvery gray. This paper provides references for variety optimization and large-scale cultivation in the Dendrobium devonianum industry.

This paper systematically reviewed the breeding process, characteristics and supporting cultivation techniques of wheat variety Wankenmai 66. As a semi-winter wheat variety, it was bred through sexual hybridization combined with the pedigree selection method., using the F₁ hybrid of Caizhi9888 and Wanmai 50 as the female parent and Jimai 22 as the male parent, and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Approval No. Wanshenmai 2024T018). Its total growth period is 223.7 days, with semi‑prostrate seedlings, and the yield components (spikes per mu, grains per spike, and 1000‑kernel weight) are well balanced. Resistance and quality evaluations from 2020 to 2022 showed moderate resistance to moderate susceptibility to Fusarium head blight, moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance to powdery mildew, and susceptibility to sheath blight. It is classified as a medium-gluten wheat in terms of quality type. In the 2020-2022 regional trials and production tests, its average yield ranged from 568.2 to 673.1 kg/667 m², 5.73%-7.38% higher than that of the control Jimai 22. The supporting cultivation techniques included seed coating and straw returning before sowing, suitable sowing date from October 15 to 25, seeding rate of 12.5-15 kg/667 m² and sowing depth of 3-5 cm, deep application of base fertilizer, emphasis on phosphate fertilizer, rational application of potassium fertilizer and the nitrogen application principle of “light at early stage, none at middle stage and heavy at late stage”, pre-emergence soil sealing and chemical weed control, prevention and control of sheath blight, crown rot, red spider, aphids and other diseases and pests at the 3-leaf-1-heart stage, early jointing stage and heading stage, optimized field management to prevent waterlogging and dry-hot wind, and harvesting when the grain moisture content drops to 16%. This study provides a reference for high yield and high quality cultivation of Wankenmai 66.

This paper summarized the high efficiency open-field cultivation techniques for the three crops a year system of potatoes, cabbages and radishes in the western Shandong area, and analyzed the economic benefits of this system. The crop arrangement is as follows: potatoes are sown from late February to early March and harvested in mid-to-late June; cabbage is transplanted in early July and harvested in late August; radish is sown in late August and harvested from late October to early November. The key cultivation techniques for potatoes include selecting early-maturing, stress-tolerant and high quality varieties such as Favorita, cutting seed potatoes into pieces with 1–2 buds each, dressing seeds with 20 mL of 60% imidacloprid and 50 g of 50% propineb, accelerating germination at 20 ℃ and 75%–90% relative humidity, applying 30 000 kg/hm⊃2; of decomposed organic fertilizer followed by deep ploughing and double-row planting, carrying out proper earthing-up and precise water and fertilizer management, and applying 45–75 kg/hm⊃2; of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer with irrigation after seedling emergence. Late blight, aphids and other pests are controlled with 25% azoxystrobin SC 1 200-fold dilution and 5% acetamiprid EC 1 500-fold dilution. For cabbage cultivation, heat-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties such as Aoqina are adopted; seedlings are raised in special substrate and germinated in a germination chamber after sowing. Previous crop residues are removed before transplanting, and transplanting is conducted on sunny or cloudy days. Topdressing is applied at proper stages: 75 kg/hm⊃2; of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer after seedling recovery. Soft rot, third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella and other pests are controlled with 50% asomate AS 800-fold dilution and 5% chlorfluazuron EC 1 500-fold dilution. For radish cultivation, disease-resistant mid-early-maturing varieties such as Jieruqiu 158 are selected. A total of 15 000 kg/hm⊃2; of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, and high-ridge cultivation and mechanical sowing are adopted. Soil moisture is maintained at alternating dry and wet conditions, and 75 kg/hm⊃2; of balanced water-soluble fertilizer is topdressed at the 6–8-leaf seedling stage. Downy mildew, aphids and other diseases and pests were controlled using 500-fold dilutions of 66.5% propamocarb hydrochloride AS and 1 500-fold dilutions of imidacloprid WP. The potato–cabbage–radish cropping system improves land use efficiency and economic benefits. This paper provides a reference for efficient vegetable production in similar regions.

This paper summarized the efficient rotation model and key cultivation techniques of muskmelon and autumn potatoes in Sanmen County, Zhejiang Province. In terms of crop scheduling, muskmelons were sown in mid-to-late December, transplanted in early January of the following year, and harvested from early April to the end of July. Autumn potatoes were sown in mid-September and harvested in early December. Key cultivation techniques for muskmelons include selecting varieties with strong resistance and good marketability, such as Dongfangmi No.1, and applying sufficient base fertilizer; using nutrient bowl seedlings with controlled temperature and humidity; adopting a double-vine creeping cultivation method; implementing integrated water and fertilizer management in the field with reasonable topdressing; improving fruit set through pruning, fruit thinning, and assisted pollination; and implementing integrated pest management. Key cultivation techniques for autumn potatoes include selecting the local Xiaohuangzhong variety, disinfecting and pre-sprouting the seed tubers, thoroughly cleaning the field and deep plowing before sowing without applying base fertilizer; sowing at a density of 5 000 to 5 500 seeds/667 m²; focusing on seedling control in field management, timely topdressing and irrigation, intertillage and hilling; and focusing on the control of early blight, late blight, and underground pests. This rotation model yields significant economic benefits (net income increased by 2 800 yuan/667 m² compared to monocropped muskmelon), prominent ecological benefits (improved soil structure, efficient utilization of residual potassium from muskmelons, reduced soil-borne diseases and pesticide application), and good social benefits (increased employment opportunities, ensured local potato supply). This study provides a reference for crop rotation cultivation in relevant regions.

Based on the climatic and soil conditions of the Meizhou region in Guangdong, the high yield cultivation techniques for Xishi pomelos were summarized, covering aspects such as site selection, orchard establishment. Sandy loam soil with good sunlight exposure and a reliable water source was selected. Planting holes were dug deep, and decomposed farmyard manure, soybean meal, phosphate powder, and microbial fertilizer were applied to improve soil conditions. Seedlings were grafted onto sour pomelo rootstocks using branch grafting or bud grafting to cultivate robust plants, and they were planted in spring or autumn at a spacing of 4.5 meters between rows and 3.5 meters between plants. In terms of soil, fertilizer, and water management, high-nitrogen organic fertilizer was applied to young trees to promote canopy formation. For mature trees, precise topdressing with high-nitrogen, high-potassium, and organic fertilizers was carried out during different growth stages, such as spring shoot germination and fruit expansion. Additionally, measures such as deep plowing and hole expansion, intercropping with green manure crops, mulching of tree disks, and drainage and irrigation were implemented to maintain soil vitality and water balance. In terms of pruning and shaping, young trees should be topped and dried in a timely manner. As a result, the tree should be pruned after harvesting, including overlapping branches, diseased and insect infested branches, and supplemented with plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol. For flower and fruit management, the principle of removing weak flowers and fruits while retaining strong ones was followed, ensuring a leaf-to-fruit ratio of (200-300)∶1. Disease and pest control was primarily based on physical and biological methods, supplemented by the use of virus-free seedlings, fruit bagging, and the application of highly effective, low-toxicity pesticides during critical periods. Fruits were carefully harvested in mid-to-late October when they reached maturity. Post-harvest treatments, including sterilization, grading, and heat-shrink film packaging. This article provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of Xishi pomelo.

As an important medicinal and edible plant in China, Platostoma palustre possesses multifaceted value in the fields of medicine, food, and chemical industry, yet issues such as limited germplasm diversity, lagging elite cultivar improvement and extensive cultivation practices have hindered the further development of its industry. This review synthesizes global research progress on germplasm resource distribution, varietal breeding, and cultivation techniques of Platostoma palustre, while systematically analyzing the bottleneck problems such as lack of germplasm resources, bottleneck of breeding technology and non-standard cultivation management in the development and utilization of germplasm resources and large-scale planting in China. Based on the current research trends and industrial development needs, this paper proposes that the protection and utilization of the germplasm resources should be strengthened. It suggests innovating germplasm resources through techniques such as chemical mutagenesis and distant hybridization, establishing a germplasm resource evaluation system based on molecular markers, and conducting systematic phenomics analysis. Additionally, it advocates adopting multi-channel breeding strategies including traditional breeding and modern molecular breeding technologies, while formulating standard cultivation technical regulations. The study provides references for the innovation of germplasm resources, efficient breeding, and improvement of standardized cultivation techniques for Platostoma palustre in China.

To investigate the effects of different cultivation substrates on the agronomic traits and quality of Lepista sordida, a formula cultivation experiment was conducted using the 'E70' strain of L. sordida. Five cultivation formulas (designated as A, B, C, D and E), were set up with wheat straw, corncob, cottonseed hull, and rice straw as the main cultivation substrates respectively. L. sordida was cultivated by the method of one-time fermented material bed cultivation. After the fruiting bodies formed, the agronomic traits and nutritional components of the fruiting bodies were determined to evaluate the impacts of fermented materials with different formulas on the agronomic traits and quality of L. sordida. The results showed that there were significant differences in yield, morphology, color and nutritional components of L. sordida among the five cultivation formulas. The biological efficiency of D (corncob 50% + dry cow dung 26% + husk 20% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) was (46.73±0.15)%, which was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of other formulas. Comprehensive assessment revealed that the fruiting bodies grown with D exhibited the optimal marketability, characterized by the highest yield, thickest stipe, small pilei, and purple color. The fruiting bodies of L. sordida in the five groups were rich in protein, polysaccharides, and amino acids. Specifically, protein of B (corncob 60% + dry cow dung 36% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) was 36.70 g/100g; while the polysaccharide of D was 4.76 g/100g, which was 2.44 times that of A (straw 56% + corncob 28% + bran 8% + rapeseed cake 5% + lime 2% + gypsum 1%). The composition of taste amino acids followed the descending order of umami amino acids > bitter amino acids > sweet amino acids > aromatic amino acids. Notably, the umami amino acids of L. sordida in E (rice straw 50% + dry cow dung 26% + husk 20% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) all exceeded the taste threshold, with a total content of 13.6 g/100g, representing 13.14% increase compared with A, respectively. The sweet amino acid content in C (cottonseed hull 56% + corncob 20% + bran 20% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) reached 7.41 g/100g, 21.87% rise relative to D. The aspartic acid content in D was 2.7 g/100g, which was 90 times higher than its taste threshold. The glutamic acid content in E hit 6.3 g/100g, 126-fold higher than its taste threshold. Meanwhile, the SRCAA (Sorce of Ratio of Commonly Used Amnio Acids) value of amino acids in D was 68.56, suggesting that this formula had the most balanced proportion of essential amino acids among all test groups. The RCAA (Ratio of Commonly Used Amino Acids) value of methionine in all five formulas was the lowest (all<1), confirming that methionine is the first limiting amino acid of L. sordida. Formula D is the optimal formula for large-scale cultivation of L. sordida 'E70' strain. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the research and development of standardized cultivation techniques and industrial promotion of L. sordida. In the future, multi-strain adaptation and cultivation process optimization can be further studied.

The breeding process, characteristics, cultivation techniques, and seed production technology of Ruiliangyou 56 Zhan were summarized. This variety is a high yield, high quality two-line hybrid indica rice developed by crossing the high-quality indica photoperiod-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line Rui 18S with the indica restorer line 56 Zhan. It was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2023 (Wanshendao 2023L021). In terms of characteristics, this variety has a total growth period of approximately 133.7 days, strong tillering ability, moderate plant height, and lodging resistance. It demonstrates good yield performance, with an average yield of 647.78 kg/667 m⊃2; in regional trials conducted from 2020 to 2021. The rice has excellent quality and is moderately to moderately susceptible to diseases such as rice blast and rice blast. Key cultivation techniques include sowing at the appropriate time (early to mid-May), seed treatment with prochloraz for soaking and germination promotion, and transplanting 25–28 days after sowing. Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and water management should follow the principles of “shallow water for transplanting, alternating wet and dry conditions, timely field drying, deep water for temperature regulation, and drainage at yellow maturity”. Disease and pest control should prioritize prevention, focusing on pest control during the seedling stage and integrated management of diseases such as sheath blight, rice blast, and false smut, as well as pests such as planthoppers and leaf rollers during the mid-to-late stages. Seed production techniques involve precise coordination of the flowering periods of the parental lines, standardized field layout, and strict removal of off-types. Specifically, the female parent is sown in mid-May, while the male parent is sown in two batches. When planting, the ratio of parents to their own line is 2∶11. When 5%-10% of the female panicles have headed, gibberellin (“920”) is sprayed to regulate the plant height of the parental lines. Artificial or drone-assisted pollination is conducted during the peak flowering period of the male parent. Strictly remove impurities during the seed production process. When seed maturity reaches 80%-90%, the seeds are harvested and dried separately on sunny days. After pollination, the male parent rows are promptly cut, and biological and mechanical mixing must be strictly prevented throughout the process. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

This article summarized the current development status of crop breeding in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, and employed the SWOT analysis model to systematically examine its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and targeted countermeasures were proposed accordingly. The study area was found to be primarily based on conventional breeding techniques, with modern biotechnologies requiring further deepening. The SWOT analysis results indicated that, internal strengths were identified in the solid foundation of specialized agriculture (potatoes and medicinal herbs), extensive social collaborations, and rich germplasm resources. Internal weaknesses were reflected in water scarcity, a homogeneous industrial structure, and a shortage of technical talent. External opportunities included industrial funding support, a well-established logistics system, significant market expansion potential, and significant achievements in technology cooperation platforms. External challenges involved high initial investment, financing difficulties, low efficiency in technology transfer, lagging development of resource databases, and competitive pressures in the seed industry. Based on these findings, development strategies were focused on three aspects: first, industrial guidance and financial investment were strengthened, with specialized funds established to support R&D and promotion; second, platform construction and talent cultivation were enhanced, including the establishment of digital germplasm resource databases and key laboratories, as well as the training and recruitment of interdisciplinary technical teams; third, industry-academia-research collaboration and technological innovation were deepened, international cooperation was expanded, and molecular breeding technologies were applied to develop stress-resistant, high yield, and high-value-added varieties, thereby promoting industrial chain upgrading. This paper provides a reference for regional seed industry revitalization and high-quality agricultural development.

This article summarized the cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield garlic from aspects such as variety selection, plot selection, land preparation and fertilization, and timely planting. According to different production purposes, suitable superior varieties should be selected. For example, varieties like Lunong Garlic can be chosen for garlic production, while varieties like Ershuizao can be selected for garlic shoots production. Choose land that is loose, fertile, well-drained and well-irrigated. It is not advisable to rotate with crops such as onions and leeks. The optimal time for garlic sowing is from mid-to-late September to early October. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked. Adequate base fertilizer should be applied. The planting depth should be 3 to 5 cm. When the garlic seedlings emerge, promptly remove the film and transplant the seedlings 3 to 5 days later. During the growth period, water and fertilize appropriately, and strengthen the prevention of diseases, pests and weeds. The garlic sprouts should be harvested 40 to 45 days after they start to differentiate. After the garlic sprouts are harvested, the garlic bulbs should be promptly harvested when the temperature rises to 26 ℃ and the plants show mature characteristics. This article provides a reference for the scientific cultivation of garlic.

Based on forestry production practice, this paper reviewed the biological and ecological characteristics, cultivation techniques, and comprehensive utilization value of Castanopsis hystrix. The current-year branches of C. hystrix are purplish brown and the biennial branches are dark brown to black; the leaves are papery or thinly leathery and lanceolate, and the nuts are broadly conical and glabrous. This tree mostly grows in hilly areas and mountain foothills, and prefers humid tropical and subtropical monsoon climates. In terms of cultivation techniques, seeds certified or recognized as forest improved varieties should be selected, and shriveled and worm-eaten seeds should be eliminated by flotation. The selected seeds are subjected to surface sterilization and insecticidal treatment with 2% potassium permanganate solution and other agents, followed by sand storage treatment. Seedbeds with acidic soil, a height of about 20 cm and a width of about 90 cm should be selected, after which the seedbed surface is leveled (with a loose soil layer of about 15 cm maintained). The seeds are subjected to constant temperature wet sand stratification for 60 to 80 days to promote germination. Seedling propagation can be realized by sowing, cutting, grafting, tissue culture rapid propagation and other methods, and it is necessary to strengthen shading, sun protection, water and fertilizer management at the seedling stage. For stand cultivation, site conditions with acidic red soil, yellow soil or latosol red soil are preferred; site clearing should be completed 2 to 3 months before afforestation, with strip or hole soil preparation adopted. Afforestation is conducted in February to March with healthy afforestation seedlings of more than 1.5 years old that have well-developed root systems, vigorous growth, no diseases and pests and no tree body damage. Planting patterns such as C. hystrix pure stands and C. hystrix coniferous-broadleaved mixed stands can be adopted, and tending management measures such as weeding and thinning should be well implemented. Sprout thinning is carried out when the sprouts grow to about 1 m in height after felling. The common diseases and pests of C. hystrix include leaf blight, root rot, leaf rollers, cockchafer and so on, which can be controlled by integrated measures such as agricultural, physical, biological and chemical control. In addition, this tree possesses value in wood processing, fruit development and utilization as well as the ecological functional value in mixed forest establishment, with great potential for comprehensive utilization. This paper provides a reference for the cultivation and utilization of C. hystrix.

Global cotton production faces mounting pressure to reconcile rising fiber demand with urgent sustainability imperatives, including water scarcity mitigation, greenhouse gas reduction, and agrochemical pollution control. Traditional practices, constrained by fragmented objectives and inherent trade-offs among yield, fiber quality, labor efficiency, and ecological impact, struggle to address these systemic challenges. Building upon previous concept of collaborative cultivation, this review for the first time introduces and comprehensively elaborates Multi-objective Integrated Cotton Cultivation (MOICC) —also referred to as Integrated Cotton Cultivation (ICC)—a transformative paradigm centered on three pillars: dynamic trade-off management (e.g., region-specific priority adjustment), systematic technology integration (precision seeding, dense planting, chemical regulation, water-nutrient synergy, targeted defoliation), and resource circularity (spatiotemporal optimization, waste recycling). MOICC leverages key physiological mechanisms—ethylene signaling enhancing stress-resilient seedling establishment; jasmonate-mediated pathways improving water/nutrient efficiency; canopy light competition coupled with hormonal regulation eliminating manual pruning; and growth regulators concentrating boll maturation—to overcome sustainability bottlenecks. Case studies from diverse Chinese agro-ecosystems (e.g., Xinjiang, Yangtze/Yellow River basins) and intercropping systems demonstrate significant synergies: yield gains (8–22%), resource efficiency improvements (water use efficiency increased by ≥20%, nitrogen productivity up to 35 kg kg^-1), and enhanced environmental performance (labor reduction 30–40%, carbon footprint reduction 24–37%, agrochemical savings: nitrogen reduction of 15–20%, pesticides reduction of 25%). Crucially, MOICC resolves core conflicts through integrated optimization: yield versus quality (via≥70% inner-position bolls), labor-saving versus eco-safety (precision defoliant timing), and productivity versus emissions (root-zone nitrogen monitoring). Future research priorities include deciphering multi-scale stress adaptation, developing intelligent decision-support systems (e.g., AHP-NSGA-II integration), advancing carbon-neutral value chains, addressing socio-economic adoption barriers, and fostering policy synergy. MOICC establishes a conceptually globally scalable pathway toward high-yield, superior-quality, resource-efficient, and ecologically sustainable cotton production, providing a viable framework for sector-wide sustainability transition and demonstrating adaptability to other major cropping systems.

Despite the essential role of micronutrients in plant metabolic processes and the carbon cycle, the mechanisms by which micronutrients regulate plant community traits remain poorly understood. Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the potential mechanisms of plant community micronutrients and traits along a precipitation gradient. Our results showed that plants shifted toward lateral growth and asexual reproduction over time. From 1985 to 2022, the plant community Fe content increased by 18.8% in the north but declined by 25.2% in the south. Furthermore, plant community growth and reproduction were sensitive to both micronutrient contents and uptake efficiencies in the north. While plant community Mn and Zn contents enhanced growth longitudinally, Zn and Fe uptake efficiencies hindered sexual reproduction. Furthermore, soil moisture and GDP per capita were the key drivers of micronutrient variation in the north and south, respectively. Precipitation fluctuations primarily regulated community traits across all sites. In the arid site, micronutrient-driven shifts in reproduction stabilized the soil carbon stock by balancing biomass allocation. These findings can help us to better understand the coupling of plant micronutrients, traits, and soil carbon stocks, thereby providing the basis for a scientific grassland conservation strategy under global change scenarios.

In order to optimize the cultivation techniques of ‘Yunyan 116’ in Shuangjiang tobacco area of Yunnan Province, the problems of difficult yellowing in maturity, heavy green and mixed gas, and uncoordinated chemical composition were studied. Using ‘Yunyan 116’ as the test material, nine treatments were set up according to L₉(3⁴), with nitrogen application rates of 99, 111 and 123 kg/hm²; planting densities of 1200 mm×500 mm, 1100 mm×500 mm and 1000 mm×500 mm; topping periods of present bud topping, early flowering topping and full flowering topping; and the number of leaves retained were 18, 20 and 22, respectively. The results showed that plant height, stem circumference and pitch increased with the increase of nitrogen application; plant height decreased with the increase of planting density; maximum leaf length and width increased with the advance of topping period; and maximum leaf length increased with the decrease of the number of leaves retained. In terms of agronomic traits and comprehensive quality of flue-cured tobacco, nitrogen application had a greater effect on plant height, pitch, maximum leaf length, manganese, total nitrogen, starch, protein, and comprehensive score of sensory quality; planting density had a greater effect on boron, silica, total sugar, reducing sugar, total phytochemical alkaloid, potassium oxide, chlorine, and aroma-causing constituents such as ciprofloxacin-like, meladic reaction products, phenylalanine, and chlorophyll; and topping period had a greater effect on stem circumference and maximum leaf width; and the maximum leaf width increased with the advancement of topping period; and the maximum leaf length increased with the decrease of the number of retained leaves. The topping period significantly influences stem circumference and maximum leaf width, and has a more pronounced effect on zinc, iron, and carotenoid degradation products within the aroma components of tobacco leaves. Meanwhile, the number of leaves retained after topping exerts a greater influence on the calcium, magnesium, and copper elements in tobacco leaves. On the whole, nitrogen application rates of 111 kg/hm² can be used in conjunction with bud topping and 20 retained leaves, which can promote leaf maturity through the regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In the future work of flue-cured tobacco production in Shuangjiang County, when pursuing the aroma style, high nitrogen (123 kg/hm²), sparse planting (1200 mm×500 mm), early bud topping, and leaving 20 leaves can be adopted, and when pursuing the sensory coordination of tobacco, medium nitrogen (111 kg/hm²), dense planting (1000 mm×500 mm), and 18 retained leaves can be adopted.

Bryophytes have great application potential in urban greening due to their unique water absorption capacity, stress resistance and low maintenance requirements. To explore the species and cultivation conditions of bryophytes suitable for urban greening in North China, the mosses Brachythecium buchananii, Leptobryum pyriforme and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which are widely distributed in North China, were selected as experimental materials. The effects of cultivation conditions such as transplanting methods, substrate thickness and covered culture conditions on their coverage were studied. Compared to patch transplantation, the growth rate and magnitude of the coverage of the three bryophytes propagated by fragments were significantly higher. After the same period of cultivation, the coverage of the bryophytes in the substrate with a thickness of 3.0 cm was significantly higher than that in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm. Moreover, only the B. buchananii survived in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm, while the other two bryophytes died after 72 days of culturing. All three bryophytes showed a significantly higher increase in coverage under closed culture than that under open culture. Using deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation resulted in significantly better growth status of the three bryophytes than using standing tap water. Therefore, for urban greening, it is recommended to use fragments for propagation, ensure appropriate substrate thickness, use deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation, and implement closed culture to improve growth rate and coverage of bryophytes. For species selection, priority should be given to B. buchananii for greening in arid areas or environments with thin soil layers, while M. polymorpha is preferred in moisture-sufficient environments. In the future, it can be combined with matrix formula optimization and outdoor open field test to deepen the research of physiological mechanism of moss stress resistance and provide technical support for large-scale urban greening applications.

The key cultivation management techniques for bag-free apple orchards were summarized, focusing on soil, fertilizer, and water management, pest and disease control, and other related aspects. Soil management promoted grass cultivation and the laying of reflective films to improve the microecology and enhance coloration. In fertilizer management, the principles of controlling nitrogen, increasing application of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were followed. Base fertilization involved the application of organic fertilizer at 15–20 kg/plant and compound fertilizer at 5–10 kg/plant, along with spraying bag-free film agents and calcium fertilizers to enhance fruit surface smoothness and resistance. Water management was adjusted flexibly according to growth stage requirements, with emphasis on drainage to prevent waterlogging. For disease and pest control, physical methods (insect traps, lime whitewashing) and biological methods (sex pheromones, microbial agents) were prioritized, supplemented by selective chemical agents (polyoxin, Bordeaux mixture) to control aphids and anthracnose. Tree pruning focuses on ventilation and light penetration, using spindle or open-center shapes, with meticulous management of branch groups. Flower and fruit management involved artificial and bee-assisted pollination to ensure fruit set, combined with thinning of flowers and fruits to regulate yield appropriately. This integrated technology provides references for green and high quality apple production through collaborative regulation of fertilizer and water, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, tree optimization, and fine management of flowers and fruits.

This article summarized the ultra-high ridge cultivation technology for greenhouse strawberries from aspects such as the selection and management of production bases, facilities and equipment, substrate selection and disinfection, variety selection and production seedling transplantation, field management, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage transportation. The production base should be selected on a site with convenient transportation, far away from pollution sources and with suitable soil physical and chemical properties. A separate irrigation and drainage management system should be established, and regular environmental condition monitoring should be conducted for newly established production bases. Choose good quality solar greenhouses or asymmetrical plastic double-layer greenhouses, and establish ultra-high ridge and drip irrigation equipment. Using a cultivation medium composed of peat, coconut coir and perlite in a 3∶2∶2 (by volume) ratio, it is advisable to conduct in-situ disinfection of the old medium in June or July. High yield and high quality varieties with strong disease resistance and stress tolerance, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, are selected and planted in a “character” pattern. Field management is carried out according to the temperature, light, water and fertilizer requirements of strawberries at different growth stages. Agricultural control, physical control and biological control are adopted for strawberries pest and disease prevention, chemical control follows the “dual prevention” principle for pesticide application, and precisely controls the safe interval period for pesticides. When harvesting, attention should be paid to the maturity of the strawberries, and they should be refrigerated and transported. This article provides a reference for the application and promotion of ultra-high ridge cultivation of strawberries.

The breeding process, characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of Dianhong 727 were summarized. This variety was a conventional high quality red rice cultivar developed through pedigree selection over seven generations, using Nan’ai 29 as the female parent and the Azhelongmaheba red rice as the male parent. It was approved by the Yunnan Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2022 (Dianshendao No.2022031). The variety exhibits moderate growth duration, excellent plant architecture, lodging resistance, and high yield. It demonstrates good resistance to rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, and sheath blight. In two-year regional trials and one-year production trials, the average yield ranged from 8 732.7 to 9 287.2 kg/hm². The grains are red, with a high head rice rate, low amylose content, and high gel consistency, meeting the Grade Ⅲ quality standard of NY/T 593-2021 “Edible Rice Varieties”. This variety is suitable for promotion and planting in areas below 1 300 meters above sea level in Yunnan Province. When using seedling cultivation and transplantation, the seedling age is 35-40 days and the density is 225 000-270 000 clusters/hm²; direct-seeding requires leveling the field and watering to suppress weeds after broadcasting; fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, with early application of topdressing. Water management follows the principles of “promoting seedlings in shallow water, sun drying in the middle stage, and moistening in the later stage”. The prevention and control of disease and pests adhere to the principle of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control, including cleaning the countryside, using lights and insect traps to lure and kill, planting flowering plants, and spraying pesticides such as pymetrozine and fipronil to control pests and diseases such as rice planthoppers and neck blight. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety and the sustainable development of the red rice industry.

Keliangyou 8612 is a high quality and high yield hybrid rice variety of indica type with two lines. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 (National Approved Rice 20210283). This variety demonstrated for planting in 2023-2024, with a total growth period of about 136 days, strong tillering ability, and lodging resistance; the average yield was 600-650 kg/667 m². This article summarized the key points of factory based seedling and cultivation techniques for Keliangyou 8612. The seedling cultivation process includes soaking and disinfecting the seeds, high-temperature germination, using specialized substrates with pH 5.8-6.2, and stacking and darkening to promote uniform seedling growth; the paddy field is controlled by temperature and humidity in stages, with spraying of paclobutrazol and topdressing at the stage of 2 leaves and 1 heart. The seedlings are transplanted at 18-24 days of age. In terms of field management, deep plowing and leveling, reasonable and dense planting; water management follows the principle of “shallow water for living trees, sufficient seedlings for sun drying, and moist irrigation”; apply fertilizer to promote tillering during the tillering stage, bake the field in a timely manner, supplement plump stems according to the seedling situation during the jointing stage, and apply ear fertilizer twice during the panicle stage; based on disease and pest monitoring throughout the entire growth period, focus on preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as rice planthoppers and sheath blight; by measures such as sun drying, increasing potassium, adjusting sowing time, irrigating deep water, and spraying foliar fertilizer, we can defend against lodging, high temperature, and low temperature damage. In terms of harvesting and storage, timely mechanical harvesting is carried out, and the rice is dried to a moisture content of less than 14% before being stored in a ventilated and moisture-proof warehouse. This article provides reference for further promotion and planting of Keliangyou 8612.

To investigate the effects of different combinations of cultivation substrates and fertilizer ratios on the initial growth of the upper buds of Dendrobium nobile, using the upper buds of Dendrobium nobile as the research material, this study employed substrates composed of different volume ratios of bark, peat soil, orchid stone, and moss, and selected water-soluble fertilizers and slow-release fertilizers with different N, P, and K ratios for the experiment. 9 combinations of cultivation substrates [substrate 1 (peat soil), substrate 2 (V_bark∶ V_{peat soil} = 1∶1), substrate 3 (V_bark∶V_{peat soil} = 2∶1), substrate 4 (V_bark∶V_{peat soil} = 3∶1), substrate 5 (V_bark∶V_{peat soil} = 4∶1), substrate 6 (bark), substrate 7 (V_bark∶V_moss = 3∶1), substrate 8 (V_{orchid stone}∶V_{peat soil} = 3∶1), substrate 9 (V_{orchid stone}∶ V_moss = 3∶1)] and 7 fertilizer ratio treatments [CK (clear water), fertilizer 1 (N∶P∶K ratio was 7∶6∶19), fertilizer 2 (N∶P∶K ratio was 20∶30∶20), fertilizer 3 (N∶P∶K ratio was 25∶5∶20), fertilizer 4 (N∶P∶K ratio was 30∶10∶10), fertilizer 5 (N∶P∶K ratio was 20∶20∶20), fertilizer 6 (N∶P∶K ratio of 20∶20∶20 + N∶P∶K ratio of 14∶14∶14), fertilizer 7 (N∶P∶K ratio was 14∶14∶14)] were set up. The height, number of germinated plants, number of stem nodes, maximum number of leaves per plant and stem diameter of the upper buds of Dendrobium nobile in each treatment were measured. The results showed that the plant growth of Dendrobium nobile was optimal under substrate 8 treatment, with better plant height, number of germinated plants, number of stem clusters, longest number of leaf stems, and stem thickness compared to other substrates. Dendrobium nobile growed the best when planted in fertilizer 6, with better plant height, number of germinated plants, number of stem clusters, maximum number of leaves per plant, and stem thickness compared to other fertilizers. This research can provide a reference for the large-scale production of Dendrobium nobile in the Fujian region.

Combined with the planting practice of late-sown wheat in Southern Jiangsu Province, the causes of late sowing and its impacts on wheat growth and development were analyzed, and a targeted cultivation technical system was integrated for demonstration application. The main causes of wheat late sowing in the study area were the stubble conflict in rice-wheat rotation (the long growth period of high quality rice varieties) and climate change (precipitation gradually decreases in autumn and winter). The delayed sowing date led to a significant decline in the growth process and population quality of wheat, and ultimately caused wheat yield reduction. Based on this, this paper constructs a comprehensive cultivation technology system of “late-sowing tolerant variety + agronomic strong compensation + prevention and control of forward shift”. Specifically, the technical measures included the following aspects: selecting spring wheat varieties (e.g., Yangmai 25、Yangmai 33 and Zhenmai 10); dynamically adjusting the seeding rate (increasing by 4.0-7.5 kg/hm⊃2; for each day of delayed sowing); applying sufficient base fertilizer (containing 60%-70% of the total nitrogen fertilizer, all phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer); early applying green-up fertilizer (in early February, with a nitrogen application rate of 30-50 kg/hm⊃2;); lightly applying jointing fertilizer and booting fertilizer (in late February or early March, using 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate); timely spraying plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol to prevent lodging; applying herbicides including 70% flucetosulfuron and 50% isoproturon to control weeds; applying 40% prothioconazole·tebuconazole suspension concentrate, 25% thiamethoxam·lambda-cyhalothrin microemulsion and amino acid foliar fertilizer to prevent and control diseases and insect pests like wheat scab and aphids; harvesting at the late dough stage to early maturity stage, and timely drying and storing after harvesting. The demonstration results in Lishui District Hefeng Town of Nanjing in 2024 showed that actual yield of wheat in the experimental plots (adopting late-sowing cultivation techniques) reached about 5 600 kg/hm⊃2;, in the control plots (using conventional techniques) was 5 100 kg/hm⊃2;. Practice showed that the late-sown wheat cultivation technology integrated in this paper could provide a reference for the efficient and green production of late-sown wheat.

This paper summarized the key technical points of kiwifruit cultivation in Huangshan City, Anhui Province from 3 aspects: cultivation environment and orchard establishment technology, comprehensive field management, and pest and disease control. For cultivation, sandy loam soil that is slightly acidic (pH 5.5–6.5), loose, well-aerated, and high in organic matter should be selected. Before planting, the soil should be deeply ploughed and farmyard manure applied. High quality varieties with good storage capacity and strong stress resistance are preferred, and the ratio of female to male plants is arranged at 8∶1 or 10∶1 during the planting. Propagation methods include seed propagation, grafting propagation, and cutting propagation. Field planting and transplanting are suitable to be carried out from March to April or mid-September to mid-October each year. Before transplanting, seedling selection, root system arrangement, and branch and leaf pruning should be well done; planting holes are dug for transplanting and backfilled with soil, and plastic film is covered after transplanting for drought resistance and soil moisture conservation. Water, fertilizer management and tree management (shaping and pruning, pollination management, and flower and fruit thinning) should be performed according to the orchard’s actual conditions. Comprehensive control measures such as agricultural, physical, biological, and chemical control are adopted to timely prevent and control diseases and pests such as canker disease, flower rot, small sap beetles, and scarabs. This paper provides a reference for the high quality, high yield and industrial development of kiwifruit.

The soybean cropping system involves its distribution across the country, the lighting time, accumulated temperature and cropping system of the varieties, the rotation system, as well as the monocropping, intercropping and relay intercropping methods, serves as the foundation for soybean production, breeding, introduction, and technology innovation. Optimizing the soybean cropping system is of decisive significance for enhancing the comprehensive production capacity and benefits of soybeans in China. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) 70 years ago, the area planted with soybeans in regions with one crop per year system has expanded, while the area in regions that have shifted from triple crops per two years system to double crops per year system has decreased. In areas that have transitioned from double crops per year and then to triple crops per year, the area planted with soybeans has remained stable with a slight increase. From a national perspective, the soybean cultivation region has expanded to the northern part of Northeast China, and the soybean cultivation region in the South and Southwest has remained stable with a slight increase. The Northwest region has performed a new high-yield area for soybeans. Historically, the division of soybean cultivation regions was based on the basic data, investigations and experiments of the planting system at that time. In the recent 30 years, there have been significant advancements in soybean production, breeding and cultivation techniques, especially in the changes of soybean cultivation areas. The division of ecological cultivation region is a fundamental task closely related to soybean cultivation, resource utilization, introduction and breeding for cultivars. Based on the review of the changes in soybean cultivation region in China since the PRC establishment, including the northward expansion and southward shift of cultivation region, the renewal and upgrading of varieties, the improvement of mechanization levels, the comprehensive progress of cultivation techniques, and the promotion of intercropping system, especially the emphasis on developing the soybean industry as a national policy in China since 2000, this review comprehensively analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the soybean cropping system and technical system in PRC and thus proposed suggestions for adjusting the ecological cultivation region divisions of soybeans. From which a new soybean ecological cultivation region system is proposed. The main results comprise the changes in soybean cropping regions and the advances in cropping system, the environmental cultivation regions and changes of soybeans, the ecology of modern soybeans in China, and discussion and prospect on ecological cultivation region of soybeans in China. Influenced by updates of soybean cultivars, advancements in cultivation and farming technology, and requirements on food security, the soybean cropping system has undergone significant changes. The new six ecological cultivation regions were suggested as Northeast Spring Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Northwest Spring Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Changjiang Valleys Spring-Summer-Autumn Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Southwest Plateau Spring-Summer Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, and South China All Season Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region. This division and naming system is considered as consistent as that of the national crop cultivation system, and also pays attention to the connection with previous ecological cultivation region division systems in soybean.

With the passage of time and the advancement of technology, crop breeding has gone through generations from 1.0 to 4.0 and is now moving towards generation 5.0. Although the 3.0 and 4.0 generations of breeding have received extensive attention, only hybrid breeding of the 2.0 generation can enable the parents to achieve genome-wide recombination, resulting in a large number of complex and unpredictable interactions within and between genes, which may be the basis for the emergence of breakthrough traits. Thus hybrid breeding still holds an important position. However, at present, taking rice as an example, the hybrid breeding operations carried out by the majority of breeders may still have issues that need improvement in terms of scientificity and efficiency. In light of the current situation, in order to select high-yielding, high-quality, and multi-resistant varieties, and to overcome the homogenization of varieties, hybrid rice breeding should pay attention to the following aspects. Firstly, the breeding goals should be combined with the local natural conditions and effectively coordinate the combination of advantageous traits. Only in this way can the high-yield, high-quality and highly-resistant high-level goals be achieved, so as to break through the homogenization of varieties. Secondly, because the F₁ generation combines the superior traits of both parents and has certain hybrid vigor, it may be the best-performing generation of the same combination. If F₁ performs poorly overall, it is difficult for its offspring to produce the expected types that meet the breeding goals. Therefore, this generation should be selected as a key generation, which is conducive to significantly improving the efficiency of breeding. Thirdly, in the early stage of breeding, the main task is to promote generations. To enhance the breeding efficiency, direct seeding should be adopted, which can save land and resources. During the breeding process, the current generation should be combined with the early-generation tests to increase predictability and further eliminate combinations to improve the breeding efficiency. Fourth, during the high-generation selection process, after field selecting, the panicle traits of the combinations should be further compared indoors to select the optimal combination, so as to achieve the best from the best. Finally, the intelligent varieties of the 5.0 generation of breeding are those that can adapt to the ecological and biological factors of the wide range of environments, and can meet the production needs with wide adaptability. Due to the complexity of the environmental conditions for crop growth, it is necessary to conduct extensive and long-term identification of the varieties to achieve the breeding goals. In conclusion, by optimizing the field operations and selection techniques in hybrid breeding, the breeding efficiency will be significantly enhanced, laying the foundation for the selection of breakthrough varieties.

This paper summarized the high yield cultivation technology for summer maize using dense planting and drip irrigation with integrated water and fertilizer management in Northern Anhui Province. Before sowing, maize varieties suitable for dense planting, such as Annong 218, are selected. Fine land preparation is carried out, and straw returning is implemented to enhance soil fertility. Precision sowing is performed before June 25 using a navigation-equipped seeder to complete direct seeding, fertilization, and drip tape laying in a single operation. Base fertilizer is applied through layered deep placement of maize-specific compound fertilizer at 40-45 kg/667 m², accompanied by the installation of a precise drip irrigation system. Field management emphasizes accurate regulation of water and fertilizer, with staged drip irrigation and topdressing according to growth stages. Chemical control to prevent lodging is applied at the 6-8 leaf stage. Pest and disease control follows a prevention-first approach, and pesticides should be applied during the seedling stage, bell mouth stage, and tasseling and flowering stage to prevent rust, maize borer. Harvesting is conducted when the grain milk line disappears and moisture content falls below 28%, using high-performance combine harvesters. Post-harvest operations include grain drying, drip tape recycling, and straw returning. This technology system integrates superior varieties, dense planting, precise water and fertilizer management, and full mechanization to achieve high yield, efficiency, and green sustainable production in summer maize cultivation.

The breeding process, characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of Tianyikemai No.10 were summarized, a wheat variety developed through pedigree selection using Zhongmai 895 as the female parent and Huachengmai 1688 as the male parent. It was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenmai 2024T019). Results from two-year regional trials and one-year production trials demonstrated that this variety exhibits moderate tillering and panicle formation efficiency, favorable maturity appearance, and an average yield of 9 537.50 kg/hm². Classified as a medium-gluten wheat variety, it shows moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight and susceptibility to sheath blight. For cultivation in the regions along the Huai River and in Northern Anhui, key techniques include deep plowing and rotary tillage for fine land preparation, sowing during the optimal period from October 10 to 25 at a seeding rate of 135-150 kg/hm², and a sowing depth of 3-5 cm. Scientific fertilizer management involves precise application of reviving fertilizer, jointing fertilizer, and grain-filling fertilizer, with supplemental nitrogen and foliar fertilizers adjusted according to seedling conditions. Water management emphasizes sowing under adequate soil moisture, along with timely winter irrigation and irrigation during the jointing and booting stages. Pest, disease, and weed control prioritize prevention, including removal of pathogen sources before sowing and targeted management of rust, Fusarium head blight, aphids, and weeds during the growth period. Precise pesticide application during critical stages is recommended. Mechanical harvesting should be conducted at the late wax-ripening stage, and grains can be safely stored when moisture content drops below 13%. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in suitable regions.

The current production status of summer maize was systematically reviewed in Xiaoxian, Anhui Province, and its high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. In the study area, the planting area of summer maize has been continuously expanding with steadily increasing yields, highlighting the need to focus on key aspects such as variety selection, sowing quality, soil quality, fertilizer and water management, and mitigation of abiotic stress. Based on these considerations, an integrated green cultivation technology for enhancing yield and efficiency has been developed, which includes: selecting certified varieties tolerant to dense planting, resistant to lodging and major diseases, and suitable for mechanical grain harvesting; promoting precision sowing through uniform crushing and incorporation of previous crop straw, implementing stubble-based precision direct seeding technology centered on “optimal timing, appropriate seeding rate, suitable soil moisture, and adequate sowing depth”, complemented by trenching for waterlogging prevention; adopting a green pest control strategy with a “seal first, kill later” approach to weed management, combining scientific pesticide application based on pest monitoring, and promoting “one-spray, multiple-promotion” technology in later stages to preserve leaves and increase grain weight; implementing precision water and fertilizer management by determining fertilizer application rates according to soil fertility and target yield, emphasizing split deep application of nitrogen fertilizer, advocating integrated water-fertilizer technology to regulate fertilizer via water, and applying chemical growth regulators as needed based on seedling conditions; practicing timely late harvesting by selecting ear or grain harvesting methods based on grain moisture content after maize reaches full maturity, supported by drying technology. The demonstration and application of this technical system provide a reference for achieving high yield, high efficiency, and ecological sustainability in summer maize production.

This article systematically introduces the breeding process, characteristics and cultivation management techniques of ‘Liukuqiao No. 6’. This variety was developed by using radiation mutagenesis and through systematic selection breeding on‘Liukuqiao No. 3’as the parent. It was approved by the Crop Variety Approval Committee of Guizhou Province in 2023 (approval number:Qianrenliang 20220003). The entire growth period of this variety is 88 days. It has strong disease resistance, drought resistance and lodging resistance. The protein content of its seeds was 12.70 g/100 g. The average yield in the variety comparison test in 2018 was 153.20 kg/667 m², and the yield increase rate in the regional trials from 2019 to 2020 was 75%. The average yield in the buckwheat display in 2020 was 206.10 kg/667 m². The key points of cultivation techniques for this variety include choosing soil with rich humus, stable granular structure, and good water retention and aeration; sowing by row when the soil moisture is good, with a sowing rate of 4-5 kg/667 m²; for fields with average soil fertility, applying 500-800 kg/667 m² of organic fertilizer, 2 kg/667 m² of potassium fertilizer, and 25 kg/667 m² of phosphorus fertilizer as base fertilizer, and avoiding the use of chlorine-containing fertilizers; weeding and thinning at the 3-leaf and 1-heart to 4-leaf and 1-heart stage; and using a combination of agricultural control (rational crop rotation and fertilization), biological control (extracts of aromatic plants and biological agents such as Beauveria and Metarhizium), and chemical control (mancozeb, phoxim and isocarbophos root irrigation) to comprehensively control diseases and pests such as damping-off, downy mildew, wireworms and aphids. Harvest when more than 80% of the seeds on the plant reach maturity, and dry the seeds to a moisture content of ≤13% for storage under dry conditions. This article provides practical references for the further promotion and application of this variety.

Based on the practical experience of the winter wheat-summer maize multiple cropping model in Qingyang City,Gansu Province, the key high yield cultivation techniques were systematically summarized and its economic benefits were analyzed in this paper. For variety selection, early-maturing varieties with strong stress resistance and a requirement of ≤2 100℃ effective accumulated temperature, such as Kewo028, KWS7340, and KWS6333, were preferred. In terms of production management, emphasis was placed on timely land preparation and sowing with haste, with sowing should be completed by June 30 at the latest; integrated mechanical sowing combining “no-tillage, fertilization, and seeding” was adopted. Planting density was optimized, and 2-3 seeds per hole was recommended for mechanical sowing. Scientific fertilization was implemented, with a one-time application of 20 kg of pure nitrogen and 12 kg of pure phosphorus per 667 m⊃2;. Weed control was conducted via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying of herbicides such as 6 g of 30% topramezone and 180 g of 25% mesotrione-terbuthylazine per 667 m⊃2;. Integrated pest and disease control was achieved through a combination of agricultural (selection of pest-and-disease-resistant varieties and implementation of scientific crop rotation), biological (introduction of natural enemies, etc.), and chemical (application of 7% cyantraniliprole suspension concentrate, 75% trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole water-dispersible granules, etc.) measures to manage pests and diseases including Spodoptera frugiperda and Setosphaeria turcica. A three-level prevention and control system consisting of “meteorological early warning, field monitoring, and emergency response” was established to reduce the risk of meteorological disasters, and timely harvesting was carried out during October 20-30. Economic benefit analysis shows that suitable varieties (Kewo028) can achieve a net profit of 320 yuan/667 m⊃2;. At present, the disaster resistance and mitigation capacity of this model need further improvement, and the technical systems such as agricultural machinery adaptation, agronomic integration, and variety breeding also require continuous refinement. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure and promote the transformation of high-standard farmland; establish a technical service network to facilitate technology transfer. This study provides a reference for similar crop cultivation in relevant regions.

This study summarized the breeding process, characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques of a pepper variety Hualuo 305. Developed through hybridization, multi-generational selection, and systematic identification, the variety was bred with 23XZ494 as the female parent and 21XZ493 as the male parent. In terms of agronomic traits, its total growth period was 170 days, with a plant height of 70 cm and a plant spread of 62 cm, and each plant produced approximately 22 fruits. The fruits exhibited a full spiral shape with dense wrinkles, measuring 26–28 cm in longitudinal diameter, about 4.0 cm in transverse diameter, and 55 g in single fruit weight, characterized by thin skin, crisp texture, and moderate pungency. Nutritionally, it contained 76.6 mg/100 g of vitamin C and 0.10% of capsaicin. In terms of stress resistance, the variety showed strong drought tolerance and tolerance to low temperature and weak light; regarding disease resistance, it was resistant (R) to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In regional trials, Hualuo 305 outyielded the control variety 37-94 by 9.5%-12.2%; in the 2024 production demonstration, the average yield reached 2 664.9 kg/667 m⊃2;. The key cultivation techniques of Hualuo 305 were as follows: for early spring greenhouse planting, the density was 2 800–3 200 plants per 667 m⊃2; with a seedling age of 60–70 days; for autumn-delayed greenhouse planting, the density was 3 200–3 600 plants per 667 m⊃2; with a seedling age of 35–40 days. This cultivar exhibited weak heat tolerance, and temperatures above 35 ℃ inhibited its growth; it was susceptible to bacterial wilt in acidic soils. Therefore, targeted regulation of field temperature was required, and 150 kg of quicklime per 667 m⊃2; was applied for soil improvement. This study provided a reference for the popularization and application of Hualuo 305.

Based on the planting practice of Camellia oleifera in Nanling County, Anhui Province, the afforestation and cultivation techniques, low-yield forest transformation techniques, and comprehensive utilization techniques of Camellia oleifera in this area were summarized. The cultivation techniques for Camellia oleifera afforestation include removing shrubs and other vegetation on the afforestation site, conducting full reclamation and land preparation on flat or gentle slopes, and adopting horizontal strip land preparation technology for plots with a slope exceeding 15°. Select superior Camellia oleifera varieties suitable for cultivation in the study area (such as Changlin 53, Changlin 40, Changlin 4, etc.); the planting time of Camellia oleifera is preferably from December to March of the following year, and the initial planting density is 1 110 plants per hectare. Apply 0.2 kg of slow-release compound fertilizer or 5 kg of stable manure per hole. During the dry season, water replenishment and irrigation should be carried out in the early morning or late evening. Carry out timely hoeing, weeding, replanting, shaping and pruning and other nurturing measures; timely and deeply bury the diseased branches, and rationally utilize natural enemy insects such as Chilocorus rubidus and Rodolia rufopilosa for ecological regulation. Low-yield forest transformation techniques include optimizing the forest stand structure through manual thinning, dense forest transplantation, etc., cutting down shrubs and grass, and appropriately increasing the application of compound fertilizers of phosphorus and potassium. Optimize the tree structure by adopting natural round-head shapes, dispersed and layered shapes, etc. Periodically carry out shallow and deep ploughing, reclamation and loosening of the soil. Comprehensive utilization technologies include standardizing fruit harvesting and shelling processes, optimizing oil processing techniques, and expanding channels for the utilization of by-products. This article provides a reference for the high quality development of the Camellia oleifera industry.

To explore the effects of different yield-increasing cultivation measures on the growth and development of sweet potato, a two-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on the agronomic trait and tuber-setting habits of purple sweet potato variety ‘Funingzi No.4’ in Ningde hilly area. The results showed that plastic film mulching could promote the growth of the aboveground part of sweet potato, and then improve the yield, commodity potato rate and quality of sweet potato. Under the condition of planting density of 52500 plant/hm², the average number of tubers per plant increased by 1.65, the fresh weight per plant increased by 34.62%, the large potato rate increased by 10.45 percentage points, the fresh potato yield per unit area increased by 33.87%, the commodity potato rate increased by 7.72 percentage points, the anthocyanin content increased by 7.2%, and the dry rate increased by 2.01 percentage points. Excessive or insufficient planting density was not conducive to the improvement of commercial tuberous root rate, fresh potato yield and quality. There were significant interactions between plastic film mulching and planting density on the number of branches, the longest vine length, the fresh weight of stems and leaves per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the fresh weight per plant, the fresh yield per unit area, the rate of large tubers, the rate of small tubers and the rate of commercial tubers of ‘Funingzi No.4’. The combination of plastic film mulching and suitable planting density measures could better promote the yield, commercial tuberous root rate and quality of ‘Funingzi No.4’. Based on the characteristics of agronomic trait and tuber habits of ‘Funingzi No.4’ in the growth process in Ningde hilly and mountainous areas, plastic film mulching should be selected in spring cultivation and production, and the planting density of 52500 plants/hm² is more suitable.

In order to understand the impact of biochar substitution on agricultural practices and to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of biochar in soilless cultivation, this article systematically reviews relevant research both domestically and internationally, focusing on the effects of biochar on the physicochemical properties of cultivation substrates, soil biological characteristics, crop morphological characteristics, crop photosynthesis, and yield and quality characteristics. It summarizes the changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of cultivation substrates after biochar application, as well as the response of crop physiological morphology and yield and quality. The results showed that adding biochar to traditional substrates can improve the physicochemical properties of the substrate, such as reducing bulk density, increasing water holding capacity, and stabilizing pH, the effects are closely related to the type of biochar. The application of coconut shell biochar alone reduces the bulk density by 29.6% and increases the total plant biomass by 25.4%. However, biochar may inhibit crop growth under certain conditions, and its production and application process have potential pollution risks (such as raw materials carrying heavy metals, and the generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and environmentally persistent free radicals during pyrolysis). Therefore, recommendations were proposed including strict raw material screening, optimization of preparation processes, development of targeted modification technologies, and strengthened application management to prevent and control risks, reduce secondary pollution, and promote its green, low-carbon, and safe application. This review aims to provide references for future preparation, application, and mechanistic analysis of biochar, better facilitating the development of green, low-carbon, and sustainable agriculture. Biochar shows significant potential in improving substrates and promoting crop growth, and it is necessary to standardize its production and application to prevent pollution risks, thereby contributing to green, low-carbon, and sustainable agricultural development.

The breeding process, varietal characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of potato variety Mengwushu No.2 were summarized. This variety was developed as a potato cultivar through sexual hybridization, using Jizhangshu No.8 as the female parent and Xisen No.6 as the male parent, followed by selection and identification. It was registered as a non-staple crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024, with the registration number GPD potato (2024) 150114. In terms of varietal characteristics, Mengwushu No.2 was a late-maturing variety with a growth period of approximately 110 days; and the average yield in regional experiment was 42 186.08 kg/hm². The tubers were oval-shaped with yellow skin and deep yellow flesh, medium-depth eyes, and slightly rough skin. The dry matter content was 18.2%, starch content 10.6%, and reducing sugar content 0.27%. It exhibited moderate resistance to Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY). Key cultivation techniques included selecting sandy loam fields with good isolation conditions, and standardizing seed cutting and disinfection. Timely sowing and rational dense planting were recommended. For field management, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied during land preparation, with supplemental phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients during the mid-to-late growth stages. Timely intertillage and earthing-up help control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Soil moisture should be maintained during the tuber bulking stage, and key pests and diseases, such as late blight, should be monitored and controlled. Vine killing should be performed 10-15 days before harvest, and tubers should be harvested at the appropriate time after skin suberization. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

To cultivate versatile talents, this paper analyzed the current teaching situation of the Crop Cultivation course and proposed a series of teaching reform strategies based on virtual simulation technology. Combined with the actual teaching practice of the course, the key areas that required optimization at that time included: the need for further adaptation of content allocation after the adjustment of class hours, the need for improvement in the time matching between the crop growth period and the teaching cycle, the need for strengthening the coverage and depth of practical teaching, and the need for the assessment system to highlight the orientation of practical operation. To address the above issues, virtual simulation technology was deeply integrated with course teaching, and a hybrid teaching model of “classroom explanation + virtual simulation + knowledge test + production practice” was constructed, with systematic optimization conducted from 3 aspects: teaching methods, teaching characteristics, and teaching evaluation system. By using technologies such as Unity 3D, this model reproduced the cultivation scenarios of the entire crop growth period, broke through the limitations of time, space, and seasons, strengthened students’ intuitive understanding of abstract knowledge and practical operation training, and realized the mutual complementation and promotion between virtual training and on-site practice. Practice showed that after the reform, the achievement degree of course objectives had been significantly improved, students’ mastery of professional knowledge and practical innovation ability had been effectively strengthened, and the construction of an interdisciplinary teaching team had also been promoted. Relevant virtual simulation projects had been approved as Jiangxi Provincial virtual simulation projects and launched on the national virtual simulation experimental teaching course sharing platform, covering 21 universities across the country and realizing the open sharing of high-quality resources. In the future, it will be necessary to further focus on the professional characteristics of teaching content and the improvement of teachers’ interdisciplinary literacy, and continuously optimize the teaching model. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.