Based on the production practices of small and medium-sized Lagenaria siceraria in Hainan Province, the key points of its facility-based, early-maturing, and efficient cultivation techniques were summarized. Steel-framed multi-span arch sheds with a span of 3.4–3.6 m were selected as the facility type. Small and medium-sized L. siceraria varieties such as ‘Xiaomei’ and ‘Bennian’ were chosen. Using methods such as sun drying and soaking seeds in warm water to treat the seeds, and using a substrate with a ratio of peat: vermiculite: perlite of 6∶3∶1, sowing and seedling cultivation in nutrient bowls. Select a non melon plot from the previous crop, apply 3 t/667 m² of farmyard manure, 200 kg/667 m² of cooked soybeans, and 50 kg/667 m² of compound fertilizer. Adopt the arch shed ridge hanging vine mode and plant in mid November. In terms of field management, when the plants reached 60–70 cm in height, vine training was performed, and after the vines climbed onto the trellis, topping was applied to retain a single lateral vine. Artificial supplementary pollination was carried out, and deformed fruits were removed promptly. Dimethomorph and difenoconazole were used to manage diseases such as damping-off and anthracnose, while abamectin + cyromazine and matrine + sulfoxaflor were applied to control insect pests including leaf miners and aphids. Harvest was carried out when the L. siceraria vines dried up, and the L. siceraria skins turned white and became lighter in weight, followed by timely peeling and drying. This study provides a reference for efficient L. siceraria production.

Based on the characteristics of the hilly areas in Southern Hunan Province, the high yield cultivation techniques for direct-seeded cotton after rapeseed harvest from the aspects of variety selection, sowing, and water and fertilizer management were summarized. In terms of variety selection, early to mid-maturing, dense-planting-tolerant, and stress-resistant cotton varieties such as Xiang FZ031 and Xiang K28 were chosen. Regarding sowing, pre-sowing weeding was carried out, and after full-rate return of rapeseed straw to the field, fine land preparation was conducted. Early sowing was carried out within the optimal period from mid-May to May 25th. Depending on soil fertility and variety, the planting density was controlled at 3 000–4 000 plants/667 m². After sowing, timely closed weeding was performed, followed by seedling checking and gap filling. For fertilizer and water management, the principles of controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus, and increasing potassium, with light application at the early stage, heavy application at the middle stage, and supplementary application at the late stage, were followed. The core of water management was waterlogging prevention at the early stage and drought resistance at the late stage. For disease and pest control, agricultural measures were adopted as the foundation, combined with the installation of trap plants and insecticidal lamps, supplemented scientifically by chemical agents. During the seedling stage, control damping-off diseases and thrips; during the bud stage, prevent wilt disease and blind stink bug infestation; during the flowering and boll stage, manage red bollworms and cotton leaf mites. For chemical regulation and topping, mepiquat chloride was applied in stages at the seedling, budding, early flowering, and post-topping periods to control plant height at approximately 1 m. Topping was completed before August 15th, following the principle of “topping when branches reach the standard, regardless of time; topping when time arrives, regardless of branches”. For harvesting, when the natural opening rate reaches 40%, defoliant ripening agent should be sprayed to accelerate the maturation and opening process of cotton bolls. Mechanical harvesting was completed before October 15th to ensure sufficient time for the subsequent rapeseed crop, while guaranteeing dry cotton lint and good quality. This study provides a reference for efficient cotton production in the region.

The tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of grain industrial hemp is less than 0.3%, the crude protein content is over 25%, and the oil content of the seeds is high. It has high application value in the food and chemical fields. The key technical points of the grain industrial hemp-perilla rotation cultivation model in Heilongjiang Province were summarized. In terms of land selection and preparation, grain industrial hemp requires deep and loose loam soil layers; perilla is suitable for planting on meadow soil. In terms of variety selection, grain industrial hemp uses varieties with THC content below 0.3% (such as Longdama No. 6, Longdama No. 12) from early April to mid May; perilla frutescens is selected for its suitable growth period based on accumulated temperature and sown in early to mid May. In terms of field management, grain industrial hemp is subjected to pre seedling closed weeding and post seedling manual weeding. When the seedling height is 40 cm, the ridge is closed, and scientific irrigation is carried out according to water demand during the growth period; perilla frutescens requires closed weeding, intercropping, three rounds of tillage weeding, and water and fertilizer management. The prevention and control of pests and diseases follow the principle of prevention first and comprehensive control. Industrial hemp focuses on the prevention and control of brown spot disease, rot disease, corn borer, etc., while perilla focuses on the prevention and control of spot blight disease, rust disease, and spider mites. In terms of harvesting and processing, grain industrial hemp is harvested, sun dried, and threshed when the seeds are 90% mature; oil perilla is harvested from late September to mid October, while leaf perilla is harvested when the plant height exceeds 50 cm. This crop rotation model can enhance farmland productivity and achieve increased yield and efficiency.This article provides a reference for improving the planting environment of crops, and solving problems such as continuous cropping obstacles in farmland.

This article summarizesd the cultivation techniques for intercropping Polygonatum cyrtonema in tea plantations, and analyzed the growth conditions and key active component contents of Polygonatum cyrtonema in 3 slope positions of the Camellia oleifera plantations after applying this technique. The key cultivation techniques were as follows: select tea plantation areas with deep and loose soil, medium to high fertility, good drainage and water retention conditions; carry out land management and preparation through measures such as cutting shrubs, weeding, and regulating the density of the forest; choose high quality Polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings with vigorous growth, full terminal buds, plump bud eyes, and without mechanical damage or pest and disease damage； carry out the first field weeding in early May， and simultaneously implement flower removal and bud picking； both tea and Polygonatum cyrtonema fertilization mainly rely on organic and farmyard manure as the main fertilizer sources. The analysis of application effectiveness indicated that, the average diameter, average height and average fresh weight of the multi-flowered polygonatum under the three slope positions were in the order of lower slope > middle slope > upper slope. The contents of water, total ash, extractives and polysaccharides in the multi-flowered polygonatum were 9.7%, 2.5%, 83.4% and 10.4% respectively. In summary, the unique ecological environment of the Camellia oleifera forest provides ideal conditions for the high quality and high yield cultivation of Polygonatum cyrtonema. This article provides a reference for the standardized planting of Polygonatum cyrtonema in the forest.

To promote the large-scale ecological cultivation of Chinese medicinal herbs under forests, this study systematically sorted out the technical systems of 3 ecological planting modes for under-forest medicinal herbs in Lianping County, namely under-forest planting of Ilex asprella, wild-simulated cultivation of Ganoderma lingzhi in broad-leaved forests, and compound management of Camellia oleifera and Ficus hirta. The key technical points and cultivation precautions of each mode were clarified. For Ilex asprella planting, woodlands with canopy density below 0.5, deep soil layers and good drainage were selected. Hole site preparation was adopted with a planting density ranging from 6 000 to 9 000 plants per hectare. Grade I seedlings were transplanted after spring rainfall. Physical and biological prevention methods were mainly applied during tending management, and timely harvesting was conducted in accordance with medicinal application demands. In terms of wild-simulated Ganoderma lingzhi cultivation, natural secondary forests dominated by Castanopsis hystrix and maple trees were preferred, with canopy density controlled between 0.7 and 0.8 and a cultivation density of 3 000 to 4 500 fungus sticks per hectare. Lime was spread during land preparation to prevent diseases. The under-forest environment was maintained with proper scattered light, a temperature of 25–28 ℃ and relative air humidity of 85%–90%. Two harvests were carried out annually from May to June and September to October. As for the compound management mode of camellia oleifera and Ficus hirta, Ficus hirta was intercropped synchronously with newly established Camellia oleifera forests at a density of approximately 9 000 plants per hectare. With horizontal strip land preparation and coordinated tending measures including hole fertilization, pinching and trunk shaping, rational irrigation and integrated pest control, the collaborative utilization of light energy, land resources and soil nutrients was realized. All 3 modes attached importance to ecological adaptability, standardized field management and sustainable harvesting. This research provides practical references for the large-scale ecological development of under-forest medicinal herb cultivation in relevant regions.

Angelica dahurica is one of the commonly used Chinese medicinal materials with medicinal and edible properties. This article studied the effect of cultivation regulation on the accumulation of active ingredients in Angelica dahurica and explored its active ingredients and pharmacological effects. Different germplasm and cultivation conditions affect the yield and active ingredient content of Angelica dahurica. In terms of soil conditions, soil texture pH, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) are key factors affecting the accumulation of active ingredients, and sandy loam soil and appropriate fertility ratios are beneficial for increasing coumarin content. In terms of agronomic measures, autumn sowing, planting density of 20 cm×35 cm, soil moisture content of 20%-40%, and moderate shading (54.5%) can increase the yield and coumarin content of Angelica dahurica. Coumarins (imperatorin, isoimperatorin, etc.) and volatile oils (olefins and alcohols) are the core material basis for the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, adjuvant therapy for tumors, whitening and antioxidant effects of Angelica dahurica. In terms of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, they exert their effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and regulating neurotransmitters; in terms of adjuvant therapy for tumors, coumarins can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and enhance chemotherapy sensitivity; in terms of whitening and antioxidant properties, the water extract of Angelica dahurica and various coumarin components can inhibit tyrosinase activity, scavenge free radicals, and reduce melanin production. It is suggested to conduct regional cultivation adaptability research in the future, establish a standardized cultivation technology system, and steadily improve the yield and quality of Angelica dahurica.

【Objective】The flour color is a crucial index for evaluating wheat quality. Identifying superior allelic variations at loci associated with flour color and clarifying their breeding utilization effects will provide a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of wheat flour color.【Method】Using functional markers, molecular detection was conducted on 12 flour color-related loci in 166 wheat varieties (lines), including the Psy-A1, Pds-B1, Lcye-A1, Lcye-B1, Lox-B1, Ppo-A1, Ppo-B1, Ppo-D1, Pod-A1, Pod-D1, Pod-2D genes, and the 1B/1R translocation. Combined with the phenotypic measurements of flour color parameters (Yellow pigment content (YPC), L* value, a* value, b* value and whiteness), the influence of different allelic variations on flour color were analyzed to comprehensively and systematically evaluate the breeding utilization effects of each locus.【Result】The flour color of the tested materials exhibited a wide variation range. The average value of YPC was 1.18 μg·g^-1, with a range of 0.57-2.96 μg·g^-1; The average value of L* was 90.29, ranging from 87.12 to 92.16; the average a* value was -0.86, varying between -1.78 and -0.09; the average b* value was 8.83, with a range of 5.21-14.69; and the average whiteness was 86.78, spanning from 81.35 to 90.30. Environment, genotype, and the interaction between genotype and environment all significantly influenced flour color, with genotype exerting the strongest effect on the phenotypic variations. Psy-A1 and 1B/1R translocation significantly affected YPC, L* value, a* value, b* value and whiteness; Lcye-B1 significantly influenced YPC, a* value, b* value and whiteness; Pds-B1 and Lox-B1 significantly impacted L* value, b* value and whiteness; Pod-2D significantly influenced L* value and whiteness; Lcye-A1 significantly affected L* value; Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 significantly influenced a* value. These nine loci had substantial impacts on flour color and exhibited great potential for breeding applications. Wheat varieties (lines) containing Psy-A1b, Pds-B1b, Lcye-A1b, Lcye-B1b, Lox-B1a, Ppo-A1b, Ppo-D1a, Pod-2D-GG, Pod-2D-AG and non-1B/1R translocation exhibited high brightness and whiteness flour color. These genotypes were designated as superior alleles, with distribution frequencies of 34.94%, 20.48%, 97.59%, 66.27%, 26.38%, 50.91%, 57.23%, 48.80%, 15.06% and 51.20%, respectively. As the number of superior alleles increased, the L* value, a* value and whiteness gradually increased, while YPC and b* value gradually decreased. The materials pyramiding 7-8 superior genes exhibited the optimal flour color. There were significant differences in flour color and the allelic variation frequencies of related genes among wheat varieties (lines) from different regions. A total of 22 varieties, such as Zhengyin1, Zimai12 and Wanmai19, carried more than seven superior alleles and could be used as parental materials for breeding wheat varieties with high brightness and whiteness flour.【Conclusion】Psy-A1, Pds-B1, Lcye-A1, Lcye-B1, Lox-B1, Ppo-A1, Ppo-D1, Pod-2D and 1B/1R translocation significantly influence flour color and exhibit strong breeding practicability. Twenty-two wheat varieties, such as Zhengyin1, Zimai12 and Wanmai19, can be used as excellent parents for flour color improvement.

To address the dual challenges of soil degradation caused by long-term chemical fertilizer application in citrus orchards and livestock and poultry waste pollution, this study systematically reviews the biological configuration technologies of grass cultivation in citrus orchards, the assimilation potential of aquaculture waste, and the ecological and productive effects, aiming to construct an " citrus-grass-livestock" ecological recycling model and achieve resource utilization of agricultural waste. The results indicate that: (1) suitable grass species for citrus intercropping should be adapted according to tree age and season; young orchards are suitable for light-loving and high-yield forage grasses (e.g., peanut, ryegrass), while mature orchards prioritize shade-tolerant and dwarf forage grasses (e.g., white clover, bahiagrass); spatiotemporal configuration requires optimization of sowing dates and mowing frequency (ryegrass is suitable for autumn sowing, with 3-4 mowings annually). (2) Significant differences exist in nutrient requirements between citrus and forage grasses; citrus orchards of varying yields can assimilate cattle manure at 9.62-24.04 t/hm⊃2; and pig manure at 6.58-16.45 t/hm⊃2;, while ryegrass demonstrates assimilation capacities of 9.21 t/hm⊃2; for pig manure and 13.4 t/hm⊃2; for cattle manure. (3) This model significantly improves soil properties (reducing bulk density by 17.26% and increasing organic matter by 39.6%), promotes growth of both citrus and forage grasses, with maximum citrus yield increase of 19.5%, and elevates fruit soluble solids content from 101.1 g/kg to 108.7 g/kg (a 7.6% improvement). In conclusion, the citrus grass cultivation model, through scientific biological configuration, efficiently assimilates livestock waste while simultaneously achieving soil improvement and yield-quality enhancement, representing a circular agriculture model that balances ecological and economic benefits. This study provides theoretical support for the promotion of the "citrus-grass-livestock" model; future research should focus on regional adaptability, long-term application risks, and the establishment of technical standards.

The breeding process, variety characteristics, seed production techniques, and cultivation techniques of Hangyan 9013 were summarized. This variety is a maize variety developed by crossbreeding M141 as the female parent and HY188 as the male parent. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 (Guoshenyu 20210430). This variety has a plant height of 288 cm, a grain density of 746 g/L, a hundred grain weight of 35.3 g, and a yield of 673.1-713.8 kg/667 m². It has the characteristics of high yield and lodging resistance. The key points of its seed production technology include selecting medium to high fertility plots with flat and well isolated conditions; the seeds are coated with fungicides such as fludioxonil, metalaxyl-M, and clothianidin; apply 2 500-6 000 kg/667 m² of organic fertilizer for farmers or commercial, 20-25 kg/667 m² of phosphorus fertilizer, 10 kg/667 m² of potassium sulfate, and 2 kg/667 m² of zinc fertilizer as base fertilizer; film covered hole sowing in mid April, with a parent to parent ratio of 1∶5-1∶6; seedlings are established at the 3-5 leaf stage, and the female parent is plucked and the male parent is removed. After manual pollination is completed, the male parent plants are removed harvest after maturity and promptly dry to a moisture content of ≤ 13%. The key points of high-yield cultivation techniques include selecting coated seeds (with a purity of ≥ 99% and a germination rate of ≥ 93%) before sowing, creating moisture and sow directly after wheat harvest, with a density of 4 500-5 200 plants/667 m²; chemical weeding before or after the four leaf stage of seedlings; 40-50 kg/667 m² of compound fertilizer, 500-1 500 kg/667 m² of organic fertilizer, 1-2 kg/667 m² of zinc fertilizer, 15-25 kg/667 m² of urea twice during the horn mouth period, and spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea during the flowering and grain stage to prevent premature aging; after mid August, pour grouting water and harvest mechanically after the milk line disappears. This article provides a reference for further promotion and planting of this variety.

This paper summarized the key technical points of Shine Muscat grape cultivation, including shed construction, scientific fertilization, and green pest control, based on cultivation practices in Leiyang City, Hunan Province, and the application effects of these techniques were analyzed. 3-year-old or older vigorous plants were selected for cultivation, and the planting spacing was set at 2 m×3 m. A drip-free film rain shelter was constructed from late March to early April, with a roof height of 2.55-2.60 m and a width of 2.3 m. In terms of fertilization, organic fertilizer at 5 000-6 000 kg/667 m² and microbial fertilizer at 40 kg/667 m² were applied as base fertilizer, combined with deep tillage to improve soil structure. Topdressing was applied with an organic-to-inorganic nitrogen ratio of 1∶1, and amino acid water-soluble fertilizer was sprayed on the leaves during the fruit expansion stage. A drip irrigation system was adopted, and the soil relative humidity was maintained at 60%-70%. A “T”-shaped trunk with double arms was used for tree training, with 3 000-3 600 new shoots retained per 667 m². Flower thinning was conducted at a fruiting-to-vegetative branch ratio of 1∶1, and the top 1/5 to 1/4 of each inflorescence was removed. Each plant was kept with 20-30 fruit clusters. In mid-to-late May, the fruits were sprayed with fungicides and bagged, and the bags were removed 10 days before harvest. Disease and pest control was carried out through integrated agricultural (field sanitation, pruning, mulching), physical (insect-proof nets, sticky traps), and chemical (bordeaux mixture, phoxim, etc.) measures. The technology demonstration was conducted in 2025 at a family farm in Leiyang City. The results showed that under this cultivation model, the grape yield reached 2 242 kg/667 m², the rate of first-grade fruits was 78%, the soluble solids content of the fruits ranged from 18.5% to 20.0%, and the net profit was 4 905.4 yuan/667 m². Moreover, this technology had a positive demonstration and driving effect on local growers. This paper provides a reference for the standardized development of the regional grape industry.

Combined with the unique climatic characteristics and geographical conditions of high mountainous areas in Northern Fujian, the efficient cultivation techniques for linear pepper suitable for this region were summarized from 6 aspects: variety selection, seeding and seedling raising, field planting, field management, disease and pest control, and harvesting and preservation. Specifically, suitable linear pepper varieties such as ‘Xiangla No. 14’ and ‘Xiangla No. 8’ were selected; reasonable sowing and seedling raising schedules were arranged, and seedling cultivation was conducted using plastic greenhouses, small arched sheds or protected greenhouses; the integrated technology of plastic mulching + drip irrigation + straw mulching was adopted to alleviate the impacts of high temperature and drought in summer, and conventional double-row planting was applied (single-row planting was used in some narrow and elongated plots); scientific water and fertilizer management as well as pruning and staking were carried out; green prevention and control of diseases and pests were implemented through means of prevention first and early intervention; fruits were harvested timely and stored under low-temperature conditions. The technology can improve the local yield of linear peppers and the percentage of marketable fruits, raise the income of growers, and promote the sustainable development of the linear pepper industry in the study area. This paper provides a reference for the cultivation and management of linear peppers in similar regions.

Forage grass breeding plays a crucial supporting role in ensuring the high quality development of herbivorous animal husbandry and maintaining ecological balance. This article systematically summarized the research progress in the field of forage grass breeding, covering conventional breeding methods, molecular breeding technologies, and the application of emerging technologies. It analyzed the current practical challenges faced by forage grass breeding and proposed targeted development suggestions. Among them, conventional breeding mainly includes selection breeding, hybrid breeding, and mutagenesis breeding; molecular breeding technology involves quantitative trait loci mapping, genome-wide association analysis, and genomic selection, etc.; the application of machine learning and deep learning algorithms can achieve efficient comprehensive prediction of forage grass growth and development, yield, and quality traits. At present, forage grass breeding still faces practical challenges such as insufficient protection and utilization of germplasm resources, inadequate integration and application of breeding technologies, and prominent homogeneity of varieties. In response to the above issues, the following development suggestions are proposed: improving the collection and preservation system of germplasm resources, strengthening research on the innovative utilization of germplasm resources, promoting the deep integration of conventional and modern breeding technologies, optimizing the variety structure. This research provides a reference for the practical application in the grassland breeding industry.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and edible protein crop.  Its fatty acid composition not only influences the quality of peanut oil but also impacts flavor, shelf life, and consumer health.  Peanut oil is comprised of approximately 80% oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), 10% palmitic acid (C16:0), and the remaining 10% includes stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), gadoleic acid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0), and lignoceric acid (C24:0).  To unravel the genetic foundation of fatty acid content and delve into QTL localization, high-density SNP microarrays were used to genotype the RIL population of ‘SunOleic 97R’ × ‘NC94022’.  A genetic linkage map was constructed with 3,141 SNP markers, covering a total genetic distance of 3,051.81 cM.  Sixty quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fatty acids were distributed in 11 linkage groups, with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging from 1.37 to 44.92%.  Notably, the QTLs qFAT_A05.1 and qFAT_A08.1 are multiple-effect loci contributing to various fatty acid compositions.  Moreover, 15 haplotypes for the QTLs qFAT_A05.1 and qFAT_A08.1 were identified through genotyping 178 peanut germplasms.  Haplotype analysis in a natural population confirmed the close relationship of the QTLs with the contents of oil, oleic acid, lignoceric acid, palmitic acid and behenic acid.  This study serves as a valuable reference for selecting improved peanut genotypes with superior oil quality and desirable fatty acid composition.

To enhance the cultivation level of ‘Shine Muscat' by farmers in Haining area, Zhejiang Province, this article summarized the cultivation and management measures for this variety from aspects such as establishment of the orchard, soil and water management, tree and fruit management, fertilizer management, and pest and disease control. Specifically, it includes choosing plots with good ventilation, sufficient sunlight, and convenient drainage and irrigation; priority should be given to rain-shielding cultivation; single cross-shaped trellis and flat trellis are beneficial for flower bud differentiation. It is advisable to adopt deep furrow and high ridge cultivation. The ridge surface should be shaped like a turtle's back to facilitate drainage. The optimal pruning period for ‘Shine Muscat' grapes is from December to January of the following year. Short-stem pruning is mostly adopted. New shoot management is carried out through bud removal and pinching. Yield control is achieved through pruning and fruit thinning. Bagging is carried out 30 to 35 days after flowering. Based on the target yield of the result tree, high-nitrogen type water-soluble fertilizers were applied respectively during the new shoot and flower cluster growth period, the early stage of young fruit growth, the gradual coloring and ripening of berries, and after grape harvesting through drip irrigation. Chemical agents are used reasonably for pest and disease control, such as preventing downy mildew, powdery mildew, transparent moth, and leafhoppers. Cultivation in a north-south orientation is carried out to avoid sunburn and heat burn. When the soluble solids content of the bottom fruit clusters of a bunch is above 18%, they can be harvested and marketed. This article provides technical references for the production, demonstration and promotion of high quality ‘Shine Muscat' grapes.

This paper summarized the key points of water-saving and fertilizer-saving cultivation techniques of wheat in Taihe County, Anhui Province, from the aspects of scientific seed selection, land preparation, pre-sowing seed treatment, and rational sowing. In production, varieties with strong drought resistance such as Yannong 1212 and Annong 98 should be selected. Deep ploughing or subsoiling machines are adopted for land preparation, with an appropriate depth of 25–35 cm. Drought-resistant and water-saving seed coating agents (polyacrylamide) are used for seed dressing, combined with amino acid water-soluble fertilizer. The suitable sowing date is from October 15 to 25, with a sowing depth of 3–5 cm and a row spacing of 20–23 cm. In field management, the application rates are 15–18 kg/667 m⊃2; of nitrogen fertilizer, 10–12 kg/667 m⊃2; of phosphate fertilizer, 8–10 kg/667 m⊃2; of potash fertilizer, and 200–300 kg/667 m⊃2; of organic fertilizer. Topdressing is carried out by drip irrigation with fertilizer application at the jointing stage and booting-filling stage. Integrated control measures, including agricultural control (disease-resistant varieties), physical control (insecticidal lamps, sex attractants), biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis, etc.) and chemical control (tebuconazole, triadimefon, etc.), are used to control pests and diseases such as aphids, wheat moths and root rot. Wheat is harvested from the middle to late dough stage, and then timely dried (moisture content below 12.5%) and stored. This paper provides a reference for the further popularization and application of water-saving and fertilizer-saving cultivation techniques in wheat production.

The stay-green traits play an important role in delaying the aging of plants, improving effective photosynthetic efficiency and increasing crop yields; it has considerable application value in enhancing crop stress resistance and reducing fertilizer application. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the advantages and breeding potential of the stay-green trait in crops, this paper systematically reviews the current research progress on the stay-green trait from three aspects: physiological mechanism, molecular regulatory network, and breeding trend. At the physiological level, it explains that this trait stabilizes chlorophyll content, maintains photosystem activity, improves crop yields by extending the grouting period and increasing the accumulation of carbon-assimilating substances; at the level of molecular regulatory network interaction, summarized the localization and hormone signal crosstalk of key target genes (e.g., transcription factors including NAC, WRKY, and GLK), which co-regulate the senescence process and stay-green phenotype. At the breeding trend level, the stay-green trait has been widely adopted for improvements in multi-trait integration, high-efficiency nitrogen utilization, drought resistance and stress tolerance. At present, there are still some problems in the research, such as unstable QTL environment, unclear balance mechanism of stay-green and nutrient remobilization, and excessive stay-green affecting quality. In the future, we should focus on the analysis of core gene regulatory network, balance “delaying aging” and “nutritional remobilization”, and cultivate high-yield, high-quality, and suitable for mechanized production through multi-trait collaborative improvement.

To address the problem of poor water and fertilizer retention capacity and its low utilization efficiency of the wind-sandy soil in southern Xinjiang, five treatments were set up, namely W₁, W₂, W₃, and W₄ with different irrigation frequencies and a control treatment (CK) based on farmers’ habitual irrigation. The irrigation quotas for the entire growth period of W₁, W₂, W₃, and W₄ were consistent at 3975 m³/hm², and the irrigation quota for CK treatment was 4500 m³/hm². During before planting stage and seedling stage-initial fruit setting stage, the irrigation amounts of W₁, W₂, W₃, and W₄ treatments were the same, which were 450 and 75m³/hm² respectively. The irrigation amounts for CK treatment were 450 and 300 m³/hm² respectively during these two periods. At the beginning of fruiting stage, drip irrigation frequencies are once every two days (W₁), once every three days (W₂), once every four days (W₃), once every six days (W₄), and once every six days (CK) were adopted. In the middle of fruiting stage, drip irrigation frequencies are once every three days (W₁), once every four days (W₂), once every four days (W₃), once every six days (W₄), and once every six days (CK). At the end of fruiting stage, drip irrigation frequencies are once every five days (W₁), once every six days (W₂), once every six days (W₃), once every six days (W₄), once every six days (CK). The effects of different irrigation frequencies on tomato’s plant height, stem diameter, root characteristics, leaf photosynthetic characteristics, soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and yield quality were studied. The results of the experiments showed that: (1) the increase of irrigation frequencies had no significant effect on the plant height of tomato at the fruiting stage, but it was beneficial to the increase of its stem diameter. (2) With the increase of irrigation frequencies, Pn, total root length and root surface area of leaves were significantly increased, but there was no obvious effect on Tr, Gs, Ci and root volume. (3) The high-frequency irrigation treatments (W₁, W₂) were conducive to the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer, and the low-frequency irrigation treatments (W₄, CK) leached the nitrate nitrogen in the soil below 40cm. (4) Increasing the frequency of irrigation significantly increased tomato yield, water use efficiency, soluble sugar and soluble solids mass.

The mechanisms underlying rhizosphere environment differences between substrate culture and soil culture remain unclear in the major cut rose production areas of Yunnan, and precise water and fertilizer management lacks scientific support. This study investigated the effects of different cultivation systems on rhizosphere nutrient status and microbial community structures. Using the cut rose cultivar ‘Fenhong Xueshan’ as the experimental material, a systematic comparison was conducted under identical greenhouse conditions. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze rhizosphere microbial diversity, and the concentrations of 14 available nutrients were simultaneously determined. The results showed significant divergence in rhizosphere microbial diversity, species distribution, and nutrient contents between the two cultivation modes. Compared with soil cultivation, substrate cultivation increased the numbers of fungal and bacterial OTUs by 27.03% and 28.88%, respectively, with a 9.75% increase in total species count. Analysis of the Feature, Ace, Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, and PD whole tree indices for fungi and bacteria revealed that substrate cultivation increased these values by 27.03% and 27.03%, 30.74% and 28.37%, 30.65% and 26.52%, 13.58% and 0%, 24.12% and 3.38%, and 20.11% and 35.49%, respectively, compared to soil cultivation. Substrate cultivation significantly enhanced rhizosphere microbial populations and promoted the proliferation of functional growth-promoting microbes, including Burkholderiaceae, Rozellomycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, while effectively suppressing pathogenic fungi. Analysis of 14 primary available nutrients revealed that soil cultivation favored the accumulation of available phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), and boron (B), whereas substrate cultivation promoted the accumulation of exchangeable sodium (Na), available magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). Regarding production performance, substrate cultivation significantly increased the number of effective flower shoots per plant (each season 4-6 flower shoots vs. 2-4 shoots in soil), shortened the flowering cycle by 8 days, and exhibited stronger plant growth vigor. In conclusion, substrate cultivation optimizes the rhizosphere microbial structure, increases the abundance of beneficial microbes, and facilitates precise nutrient supply, making it more suitable for the high and stable yield of cut roses. These findings provide a scientific basis for cultivation mode selection, rhizosphere regulation, and precise fertigation management. Future research may focus on multi-cultivar validation and the application of functional microbial communities.

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the growth and development of greenhouse-grown cigar wrapper tobacco and the quality of the cured leaves, three nitrogen application levels were set: 150 kg/hm² (N1), 165 kg/hm² (N2), and 180 kg/hm² (N3). Using ‘Haiyan 101’ as test material, the study examined the impact of these treatments on agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, and the post-curing quality of the middle leaves, including their appearance, physical properties, chemical composition, and sensory evaluation. Results showed that as the nitrogen application rate increased, the plant height gradually increased, the stem circumference thickened, and the leaves expanded; the accumulation of dry matter in roots, stems, and leaves also increased, with the proportion of dry matter in the leaves increasing relative to the whole plant; the identity, oil content, color uniformity, vein thickness, and green impurity index of the wrapper leaves initially increased and then decreased; the leaf length, width, single-leaf weight, and balanced moisture content first increased and then decreased, while the leaf thickness, pull strength, leaf density, and stem content gradually increased; the contents of total nitrogen, nicotine, starch, and protein significantly increased, whereas the total sugar and reducing sugar contents first increased and then decreased; the aroma quality, sweetness, and burning characteristics initially improved and then declined. Under greenhouse cultivation conditions, the wrapper leaves treated with 165 kg/hm² of nitrogen exhibited desirable appearance, physical properties, chemical composition, and sensory evaluation, meeting the quality standards for cigar wrapper tobacco. Therefore, it is recommended that 165 kg/hm² should be considered as the optimal nitrogen application rate for greenhouse-grown cigar wrapper tobacco. This study provides a scientific basis for the high-quality production of greenhouse-grown cigar wrapper tobacco in Wuyishan and similar ecological areas. In the future, the synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilizer and other nutrients and the regulation mechanism of nitrogen metabolism can be further studied.

This article summarized the breeding process, characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques of Wankenjing No. 9. This variety was based on Wuyunjing No. 27 as the female parent and JN29 as the male parent, and was independently bred using the line breeding method for japonica rice. It was approved by Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Examination & Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshendao 2024T007). The plant height and growth period of this variety are suitable; the rice quality meets the second-class edible rice standard of NY/T 593-2021 “Quality of Edible Rice Variety”; good anti overturning ability; the average yield of the 2-year regional trial is 9 850.5 kg/hm². The key cultivation techniques include timely sowing (wet seedling cultivation from May 5-15, machine transplanting from May 15-25), soaking seeds with pesticides to prevent seed borne diseases, and applying “marriage medicine” before transplanting to enhance plant resistance; reasonably plant densely to ensure that the basic number of seedlings is between 900 000 and 1.62 million plants per hectare. Scientific fertilizer and water management, with a nitrogen phosphorus potassium ratio of 1∶0.2∶0.5, and water management using shallow water to promote tillering, sufficient seedling sun drying to control tillering, water retention during the booting and flowering period, and wet dry alternation irrigation in the later stage; comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, using seed disinfection, agricultural measures, and chemical control, with a focus on preventing and controlling rice thrips, borers, planthoppers, and rice blast disease. Grass damage is treated with a combination of sealing and stem and leaf treatment to ensure high yields. This article provides a reference for the promotion and planting of this variety.

This paper reviewed the high yield cultivation techniques of rapeseed from the aspects of strong seedling cultivation and timely transplanting, and explored the corresponding popularization strategies. Rapeseed production should be adapted to local conditions, selecting varieties with strong stress resistance and high yield based on local climate, soil and management conditions. Strong seedlings with 30–35 days of age, 5–6 green leaves and 5–6 mm root diameter are suitable for transplanting. Supplementary fertilization is applied at 5–6 kg/667 m² of urea at the early seedling stage and 8–10 kg/667 m² of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=30∶5∶5) at the late seedling stage, combined with targeted irrigation and drainage. Suitable herbicides are used for soil sealing and weeding before and after transplanting. Following the principle of “prevention first, integrated control”, aphids, sclerotinia stem rot and other diseases and pests are controlled by field cleaning, yellow sticky traps and high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticides. Rapeseed is harvested at the proper time in early to mid-May. The popularization strategies include precise promotion based on regional characteristics to select suitable improved varieties and standardize strong seedling cultivation; establishing a composite communication network integrating traditional media, new media platforms and on-site interaction; and building a three-level demonstration network of core demonstration parks, township demonstration fields and farmer model households. This paper provides a reference for the high quality development of the rapeseed industry.

This paper systematically introduced the breeding process, main characteristics and key propagation and cultivation techniques of the clonal cultivar ‘Longlyu’ of Dendrobium devonianum. In terms of breeding, an excellent individual plant was found in a seedling cultivation field of Dendrobium devonianum in 2015. Clonal seedlings were obtained through cutting propagation from 2016 to 2018. The seedlings were transplanted in July 2018, and field tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability were conducted in Longshan Town, Longling County. Phenological periods, stem traits and other characteristics were compared and analyzed from 2023 to 2024. Finally, the clonal cultivar ‘Longlyu’ with prominent novelty and distinctness as well as favorable uniformity and stability was selected, with the registration number Yunlinyuanzhi Xindeng No. 20250030. In terms of main characteristics, this cultivar was an epiphytic herb. Its botanical traits such as plant type, stem diameter and leaf shape differed significantly from those of ‘Longzi No. 1’ and ‘Liangjie’. It yielded fresh stems at 3.9 kg/m², contained 54.1% polysaccharides and 8.9% crude fiber, and showed excellent economic traits. It grew vigorously with outstanding advantages in vegetative growth, and its main phenological periods were basically consistent with those of ‘Longzi No. 1’. In terms of cultivation techniques, this cultivar was suitable for growing in the cool subtropical regions of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau at an altitude of 1 300–1 700 m. It was mainly propagated by cuttings: robust fresh stems were collected, disinfected and stored from November to December, and budded stem segments were cut for seedling raising in March to April of the following year. A simulated wild bed-cultivation mode with simple facilities was adopted. Transplanting was carried out in March to April at a seedling spacing of 10–15 cm. Water and fertilizer management included applying organic fertilizer before sprouting and topdressing farmyard manure during the growing season. Control measures were implemented against leaf spot, root rot and snails. Harvesting was performed from November to December when leaves fell naturally and leaf sheaths turned silvery gray. This paper provides references for variety optimization and large-scale cultivation in the Dendrobium devonianum industry.

This paper systematically reviewed the breeding process, characteristics and supporting cultivation techniques of wheat variety Wankenmai 66. As a semi-winter wheat variety, it was bred through sexual hybridization combined with the pedigree selection method., using the F₁ hybrid of Caizhi9888 and Wanmai 50 as the female parent and Jimai 22 as the male parent, and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Approval No. Wanshenmai 2024T018). Its total growth period is 223.7 days, with semi‑prostrate seedlings, and the yield components (spikes per mu, grains per spike, and 1000‑kernel weight) are well balanced. Resistance and quality evaluations from 2020 to 2022 showed moderate resistance to moderate susceptibility to Fusarium head blight, moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance to powdery mildew, and susceptibility to sheath blight. It is classified as a medium-gluten wheat in terms of quality type. In the 2020-2022 regional trials and production tests, its average yield ranged from 568.2 to 673.1 kg/667 m², 5.73%-7.38% higher than that of the control Jimai 22. The supporting cultivation techniques included seed coating and straw returning before sowing, suitable sowing date from October 15 to 25, seeding rate of 12.5-15 kg/667 m² and sowing depth of 3-5 cm, deep application of base fertilizer, emphasis on phosphate fertilizer, rational application of potassium fertilizer and the nitrogen application principle of “light at early stage, none at middle stage and heavy at late stage”, pre-emergence soil sealing and chemical weed control, prevention and control of sheath blight, crown rot, red spider, aphids and other diseases and pests at the 3-leaf-1-heart stage, early jointing stage and heading stage, optimized field management to prevent waterlogging and dry-hot wind, and harvesting when the grain moisture content drops to 16%. This study provides a reference for high yield and high quality cultivation of Wankenmai 66.

This paper summarized the high efficiency open-field cultivation techniques for the three crops a year system of potatoes, cabbages and radishes in the western Shandong area, and analyzed the economic benefits of this system. The crop arrangement is as follows: potatoes are sown from late February to early March and harvested in mid-to-late June; cabbage is transplanted in early July and harvested in late August; radish is sown in late August and harvested from late October to early November. The key cultivation techniques for potatoes include selecting early-maturing, stress-tolerant and high quality varieties such as Favorita, cutting seed potatoes into pieces with 1–2 buds each, dressing seeds with 20 mL of 60% imidacloprid and 50 g of 50% propineb, accelerating germination at 20 ℃ and 75%–90% relative humidity, applying 30 000 kg/hm⊃2; of decomposed organic fertilizer followed by deep ploughing and double-row planting, carrying out proper earthing-up and precise water and fertilizer management, and applying 45–75 kg/hm⊃2; of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer with irrigation after seedling emergence. Late blight, aphids and other pests are controlled with 25% azoxystrobin SC 1 200-fold dilution and 5% acetamiprid EC 1 500-fold dilution. For cabbage cultivation, heat-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties such as Aoqina are adopted; seedlings are raised in special substrate and germinated in a germination chamber after sowing. Previous crop residues are removed before transplanting, and transplanting is conducted on sunny or cloudy days. Topdressing is applied at proper stages: 75 kg/hm⊃2; of high-nitrogen water-soluble fertilizer after seedling recovery. Soft rot, third-instar larvae of Plutella xylostella and other pests are controlled with 50% asomate AS 800-fold dilution and 5% chlorfluazuron EC 1 500-fold dilution. For radish cultivation, disease-resistant mid-early-maturing varieties such as Jieruqiu 158 are selected. A total of 15 000 kg/hm⊃2; of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, and high-ridge cultivation and mechanical sowing are adopted. Soil moisture is maintained at alternating dry and wet conditions, and 75 kg/hm⊃2; of balanced water-soluble fertilizer is topdressed at the 6–8-leaf seedling stage. Downy mildew, aphids and other diseases and pests were controlled using 500-fold dilutions of 66.5% propamocarb hydrochloride AS and 1 500-fold dilutions of imidacloprid WP. The potato–cabbage–radish cropping system improves land use efficiency and economic benefits. This paper provides a reference for efficient vegetable production in similar regions.

This paper summarized the efficient rotation model and key cultivation techniques of muskmelon and autumn potatoes in Sanmen County, Zhejiang Province. In terms of crop scheduling, muskmelons were sown in mid-to-late December, transplanted in early January of the following year, and harvested from early April to the end of July. Autumn potatoes were sown in mid-September and harvested in early December. Key cultivation techniques for muskmelons include selecting varieties with strong resistance and good marketability, such as Dongfangmi No.1, and applying sufficient base fertilizer; using nutrient bowl seedlings with controlled temperature and humidity; adopting a double-vine creeping cultivation method; implementing integrated water and fertilizer management in the field with reasonable topdressing; improving fruit set through pruning, fruit thinning, and assisted pollination; and implementing integrated pest management. Key cultivation techniques for autumn potatoes include selecting the local Xiaohuangzhong variety, disinfecting and pre-sprouting the seed tubers, thoroughly cleaning the field and deep plowing before sowing without applying base fertilizer; sowing at a density of 5 000 to 5 500 seeds/667 m²; focusing on seedling control in field management, timely topdressing and irrigation, intertillage and hilling; and focusing on the control of early blight, late blight, and underground pests. This rotation model yields significant economic benefits (net income increased by 2 800 yuan/667 m² compared to monocropped muskmelon), prominent ecological benefits (improved soil structure, efficient utilization of residual potassium from muskmelons, reduced soil-borne diseases and pesticide application), and good social benefits (increased employment opportunities, ensured local potato supply). This study provides a reference for crop rotation cultivation in relevant regions.

Based on the climatic and soil conditions of the Meizhou region in Guangdong, the high yield cultivation techniques for Xishi pomelos were summarized, covering aspects such as site selection, orchard establishment. Sandy loam soil with good sunlight exposure and a reliable water source was selected. Planting holes were dug deep, and decomposed farmyard manure, soybean meal, phosphate powder, and microbial fertilizer were applied to improve soil conditions. Seedlings were grafted onto sour pomelo rootstocks using branch grafting or bud grafting to cultivate robust plants, and they were planted in spring or autumn at a spacing of 4.5 meters between rows and 3.5 meters between plants. In terms of soil, fertilizer, and water management, high-nitrogen organic fertilizer was applied to young trees to promote canopy formation. For mature trees, precise topdressing with high-nitrogen, high-potassium, and organic fertilizers was carried out during different growth stages, such as spring shoot germination and fruit expansion. Additionally, measures such as deep plowing and hole expansion, intercropping with green manure crops, mulching of tree disks, and drainage and irrigation were implemented to maintain soil vitality and water balance. In terms of pruning and shaping, young trees should be topped and dried in a timely manner. As a result, the tree should be pruned after harvesting, including overlapping branches, diseased and insect infested branches, and supplemented with plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol. For flower and fruit management, the principle of removing weak flowers and fruits while retaining strong ones was followed, ensuring a leaf-to-fruit ratio of (200-300)∶1. Disease and pest control was primarily based on physical and biological methods, supplemented by the use of virus-free seedlings, fruit bagging, and the application of highly effective, low-toxicity pesticides during critical periods. Fruits were carefully harvested in mid-to-late October when they reached maturity. Post-harvest treatments, including sterilization, grading, and heat-shrink film packaging. This article provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of Xishi pomelo.

As an important medicinal and edible plant in China, Platostoma palustre possesses multifaceted value in the fields of medicine, food, and chemical industry, yet issues such as limited germplasm diversity, lagging elite cultivar improvement and extensive cultivation practices have hindered the further development of its industry. This review synthesizes global research progress on germplasm resource distribution, varietal breeding, and cultivation techniques of Platostoma palustre, while systematically analyzing the bottleneck problems such as lack of germplasm resources, bottleneck of breeding technology and non-standard cultivation management in the development and utilization of germplasm resources and large-scale planting in China. Based on the current research trends and industrial development needs, this paper proposes that the protection and utilization of the germplasm resources should be strengthened. It suggests innovating germplasm resources through techniques such as chemical mutagenesis and distant hybridization, establishing a germplasm resource evaluation system based on molecular markers, and conducting systematic phenomics analysis. Additionally, it advocates adopting multi-channel breeding strategies including traditional breeding and modern molecular breeding technologies, while formulating standard cultivation technical regulations. The study provides references for the innovation of germplasm resources, efficient breeding, and improvement of standardized cultivation techniques for Platostoma palustre in China.

To investigate the effects of different cultivation substrates on the agronomic traits and quality of Lepista sordida, a formula cultivation experiment was conducted using the 'E70' strain of L. sordida. Five cultivation formulas (designated as A, B, C, D and E), were set up with wheat straw, corncob, cottonseed hull, and rice straw as the main cultivation substrates respectively. L. sordida was cultivated by the method of one-time fermented material bed cultivation. After the fruiting bodies formed, the agronomic traits and nutritional components of the fruiting bodies were determined to evaluate the impacts of fermented materials with different formulas on the agronomic traits and quality of L. sordida. The results showed that there were significant differences in yield, morphology, color and nutritional components of L. sordida among the five cultivation formulas. The biological efficiency of D (corncob 50% + dry cow dung 26% + husk 20% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) was (46.73±0.15)%, which was significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of other formulas. Comprehensive assessment revealed that the fruiting bodies grown with D exhibited the optimal marketability, characterized by the highest yield, thickest stipe, small pilei, and purple color. The fruiting bodies of L. sordida in the five groups were rich in protein, polysaccharides, and amino acids. Specifically, protein of B (corncob 60% + dry cow dung 36% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) was 36.70 g/100g; while the polysaccharide of D was 4.76 g/100g, which was 2.44 times that of A (straw 56% + corncob 28% + bran 8% + rapeseed cake 5% + lime 2% + gypsum 1%). The composition of taste amino acids followed the descending order of umami amino acids > bitter amino acids > sweet amino acids > aromatic amino acids. Notably, the umami amino acids of L. sordida in E (rice straw 50% + dry cow dung 26% + husk 20% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) all exceeded the taste threshold, with a total content of 13.6 g/100g, representing 13.14% increase compared with A, respectively. The sweet amino acid content in C (cottonseed hull 56% + corncob 20% + bran 20% + lime 2% + gypsum 2%) reached 7.41 g/100g, 21.87% rise relative to D. The aspartic acid content in D was 2.7 g/100g, which was 90 times higher than its taste threshold. The glutamic acid content in E hit 6.3 g/100g, 126-fold higher than its taste threshold. Meanwhile, the SRCAA (Sorce of Ratio of Commonly Used Amnio Acids) value of amino acids in D was 68.56, suggesting that this formula had the most balanced proportion of essential amino acids among all test groups. The RCAA (Ratio of Commonly Used Amino Acids) value of methionine in all five formulas was the lowest (all<1), confirming that methionine is the first limiting amino acid of L. sordida. Formula D is the optimal formula for large-scale cultivation of L. sordida 'E70' strain. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the research and development of standardized cultivation techniques and industrial promotion of L. sordida. In the future, multi-strain adaptation and cultivation process optimization can be further studied.

The breeding process, characteristics, cultivation techniques, and seed production technology of Ruiliangyou 56 Zhan were summarized. This variety is a high yield, high quality two-line hybrid indica rice developed by crossing the high-quality indica photoperiod-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line Rui 18S with the indica restorer line 56 Zhan. It was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2023 (Wanshendao 2023L021). In terms of characteristics, this variety has a total growth period of approximately 133.7 days, strong tillering ability, moderate plant height, and lodging resistance. It demonstrates good yield performance, with an average yield of 647.78 kg/667 m⊃2; in regional trials conducted from 2020 to 2021. The rice has excellent quality and is moderately to moderately susceptible to diseases such as rice blast and rice blast. Key cultivation techniques include sowing at the appropriate time (early to mid-May), seed treatment with prochloraz for soaking and germination promotion, and transplanting 25–28 days after sowing. Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and water management should follow the principles of “shallow water for transplanting, alternating wet and dry conditions, timely field drying, deep water for temperature regulation, and drainage at yellow maturity”. Disease and pest control should prioritize prevention, focusing on pest control during the seedling stage and integrated management of diseases such as sheath blight, rice blast, and false smut, as well as pests such as planthoppers and leaf rollers during the mid-to-late stages. Seed production techniques involve precise coordination of the flowering periods of the parental lines, standardized field layout, and strict removal of off-types. Specifically, the female parent is sown in mid-May, while the male parent is sown in two batches. When planting, the ratio of parents to their own line is 2∶11. When 5%-10% of the female panicles have headed, gibberellin (“920”) is sprayed to regulate the plant height of the parental lines. Artificial or drone-assisted pollination is conducted during the peak flowering period of the male parent. Strictly remove impurities during the seed production process. When seed maturity reaches 80%-90%, the seeds are harvested and dried separately on sunny days. After pollination, the male parent rows are promptly cut, and biological and mechanical mixing must be strictly prevented throughout the process. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

This article summarized the current development status of crop breeding in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, and employed the SWOT analysis model to systematically examine its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and targeted countermeasures were proposed accordingly. The study area was found to be primarily based on conventional breeding techniques, with modern biotechnologies requiring further deepening. The SWOT analysis results indicated that, internal strengths were identified in the solid foundation of specialized agriculture (potatoes and medicinal herbs), extensive social collaborations, and rich germplasm resources. Internal weaknesses were reflected in water scarcity, a homogeneous industrial structure, and a shortage of technical talent. External opportunities included industrial funding support, a well-established logistics system, significant market expansion potential, and significant achievements in technology cooperation platforms. External challenges involved high initial investment, financing difficulties, low efficiency in technology transfer, lagging development of resource databases, and competitive pressures in the seed industry. Based on these findings, development strategies were focused on three aspects: first, industrial guidance and financial investment were strengthened, with specialized funds established to support R&D and promotion; second, platform construction and talent cultivation were enhanced, including the establishment of digital germplasm resource databases and key laboratories, as well as the training and recruitment of interdisciplinary technical teams; third, industry-academia-research collaboration and technological innovation were deepened, international cooperation was expanded, and molecular breeding technologies were applied to develop stress-resistant, high yield, and high-value-added varieties, thereby promoting industrial chain upgrading. This paper provides a reference for regional seed industry revitalization and high-quality agricultural development.

This article summarized the cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield garlic from aspects such as variety selection, plot selection, land preparation and fertilization, and timely planting. According to different production purposes, suitable superior varieties should be selected. For example, varieties like Lunong Garlic can be chosen for garlic production, while varieties like Ershuizao can be selected for garlic shoots production. Choose land that is loose, fertile, well-drained and well-irrigated. It is not advisable to rotate with crops such as onions and leeks. The optimal time for garlic sowing is from mid-to-late September to early October. Before planting, the seeds should be soaked. Adequate base fertilizer should be applied. The planting depth should be 3 to 5 cm. When the garlic seedlings emerge, promptly remove the film and transplant the seedlings 3 to 5 days later. During the growth period, water and fertilize appropriately, and strengthen the prevention of diseases, pests and weeds. The garlic sprouts should be harvested 40 to 45 days after they start to differentiate. After the garlic sprouts are harvested, the garlic bulbs should be promptly harvested when the temperature rises to 26 ℃ and the plants show mature characteristics. This article provides a reference for the scientific cultivation of garlic.

Based on forestry production practice, this paper reviewed the biological and ecological characteristics, cultivation techniques, and comprehensive utilization value of Castanopsis hystrix. The current-year branches of C. hystrix are purplish brown and the biennial branches are dark brown to black; the leaves are papery or thinly leathery and lanceolate, and the nuts are broadly conical and glabrous. This tree mostly grows in hilly areas and mountain foothills, and prefers humid tropical and subtropical monsoon climates. In terms of cultivation techniques, seeds certified or recognized as forest improved varieties should be selected, and shriveled and worm-eaten seeds should be eliminated by flotation. The selected seeds are subjected to surface sterilization and insecticidal treatment with 2% potassium permanganate solution and other agents, followed by sand storage treatment. Seedbeds with acidic soil, a height of about 20 cm and a width of about 90 cm should be selected, after which the seedbed surface is leveled (with a loose soil layer of about 15 cm maintained). The seeds are subjected to constant temperature wet sand stratification for 60 to 80 days to promote germination. Seedling propagation can be realized by sowing, cutting, grafting, tissue culture rapid propagation and other methods, and it is necessary to strengthen shading, sun protection, water and fertilizer management at the seedling stage. For stand cultivation, site conditions with acidic red soil, yellow soil or latosol red soil are preferred; site clearing should be completed 2 to 3 months before afforestation, with strip or hole soil preparation adopted. Afforestation is conducted in February to March with healthy afforestation seedlings of more than 1.5 years old that have well-developed root systems, vigorous growth, no diseases and pests and no tree body damage. Planting patterns such as C. hystrix pure stands and C. hystrix coniferous-broadleaved mixed stands can be adopted, and tending management measures such as weeding and thinning should be well implemented. Sprout thinning is carried out when the sprouts grow to about 1 m in height after felling. The common diseases and pests of C. hystrix include leaf blight, root rot, leaf rollers, cockchafer and so on, which can be controlled by integrated measures such as agricultural, physical, biological and chemical control. In addition, this tree possesses value in wood processing, fruit development and utilization as well as the ecological functional value in mixed forest establishment, with great potential for comprehensive utilization. This paper provides a reference for the cultivation and utilization of C. hystrix.

Global cotton production faces mounting pressure to reconcile rising fiber demand with urgent sustainability imperatives, including water scarcity mitigation, greenhouse gas reduction, and agrochemical pollution control. Traditional practices, constrained by fragmented objectives and inherent trade-offs among yield, fiber quality, labor efficiency, and ecological impact, struggle to address these systemic challenges. Building upon previous concept of collaborative cultivation, this review for the first time introduces and comprehensively elaborates Multi-objective Integrated Cotton Cultivation (MOICC) —also referred to as Integrated Cotton Cultivation (ICC)—a transformative paradigm centered on three pillars: dynamic trade-off management (e.g., region-specific priority adjustment), systematic technology integration (precision seeding, dense planting, chemical regulation, water-nutrient synergy, targeted defoliation), and resource circularity (spatiotemporal optimization, waste recycling). MOICC leverages key physiological mechanisms—ethylene signaling enhancing stress-resilient seedling establishment; jasmonate-mediated pathways improving water/nutrient efficiency; canopy light competition coupled with hormonal regulation eliminating manual pruning; and growth regulators concentrating boll maturation—to overcome sustainability bottlenecks. Case studies from diverse Chinese agro-ecosystems (e.g., Xinjiang, Yangtze/Yellow River basins) and intercropping systems demonstrate significant synergies: yield gains (8–22%), resource efficiency improvements (water use efficiency increased by ≥20%, nitrogen productivity up to 35 kg kg^-1), and enhanced environmental performance (labor reduction 30–40%, carbon footprint reduction 24–37%, agrochemical savings: nitrogen reduction of 15–20%, pesticides reduction of 25%). Crucially, MOICC resolves core conflicts through integrated optimization: yield versus quality (via≥70% inner-position bolls), labor-saving versus eco-safety (precision defoliant timing), and productivity versus emissions (root-zone nitrogen monitoring). Future research priorities include deciphering multi-scale stress adaptation, developing intelligent decision-support systems (e.g., AHP-NSGA-II integration), advancing carbon-neutral value chains, addressing socio-economic adoption barriers, and fostering policy synergy. MOICC establishes a conceptually globally scalable pathway toward high-yield, superior-quality, resource-efficient, and ecologically sustainable cotton production, providing a viable framework for sector-wide sustainability transition and demonstrating adaptability to other major cropping systems.

Despite the essential role of micronutrients in plant metabolic processes and the carbon cycle, the mechanisms by which micronutrients regulate plant community traits remain poorly understood. Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the potential mechanisms of plant community micronutrients and traits along a precipitation gradient. Our results showed that plants shifted toward lateral growth and asexual reproduction over time. From 1985 to 2022, the plant community Fe content increased by 18.8% in the north but declined by 25.2% in the south. Furthermore, plant community growth and reproduction were sensitive to both micronutrient contents and uptake efficiencies in the north. While plant community Mn and Zn contents enhanced growth longitudinally, Zn and Fe uptake efficiencies hindered sexual reproduction. Furthermore, soil moisture and GDP per capita were the key drivers of micronutrient variation in the north and south, respectively. Precipitation fluctuations primarily regulated community traits across all sites. In the arid site, micronutrient-driven shifts in reproduction stabilized the soil carbon stock by balancing biomass allocation. These findings can help us to better understand the coupling of plant micronutrients, traits, and soil carbon stocks, thereby providing the basis for a scientific grassland conservation strategy under global change scenarios.

In order to optimize the cultivation techniques of ‘Yunyan 116’ in Shuangjiang tobacco area of Yunnan Province, the problems of difficult yellowing in maturity, heavy green and mixed gas, and uncoordinated chemical composition were studied. Using ‘Yunyan 116’ as the test material, nine treatments were set up according to L₉(3⁴), with nitrogen application rates of 99, 111 and 123 kg/hm²; planting densities of 1200 mm×500 mm, 1100 mm×500 mm and 1000 mm×500 mm; topping periods of present bud topping, early flowering topping and full flowering topping; and the number of leaves retained were 18, 20 and 22, respectively. The results showed that plant height, stem circumference and pitch increased with the increase of nitrogen application; plant height decreased with the increase of planting density; maximum leaf length and width increased with the advance of topping period; and maximum leaf length increased with the decrease of the number of leaves retained. In terms of agronomic traits and comprehensive quality of flue-cured tobacco, nitrogen application had a greater effect on plant height, pitch, maximum leaf length, manganese, total nitrogen, starch, protein, and comprehensive score of sensory quality; planting density had a greater effect on boron, silica, total sugar, reducing sugar, total phytochemical alkaloid, potassium oxide, chlorine, and aroma-causing constituents such as ciprofloxacin-like, meladic reaction products, phenylalanine, and chlorophyll; and topping period had a greater effect on stem circumference and maximum leaf width; and the maximum leaf width increased with the advancement of topping period; and the maximum leaf length increased with the decrease of the number of retained leaves. The topping period significantly influences stem circumference and maximum leaf width, and has a more pronounced effect on zinc, iron, and carotenoid degradation products within the aroma components of tobacco leaves. Meanwhile, the number of leaves retained after topping exerts a greater influence on the calcium, magnesium, and copper elements in tobacco leaves. On the whole, nitrogen application rates of 111 kg/hm² can be used in conjunction with bud topping and 20 retained leaves, which can promote leaf maturity through the regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In the future work of flue-cured tobacco production in Shuangjiang County, when pursuing the aroma style, high nitrogen (123 kg/hm²), sparse planting (1200 mm×500 mm), early bud topping, and leaving 20 leaves can be adopted, and when pursuing the sensory coordination of tobacco, medium nitrogen (111 kg/hm²), dense planting (1000 mm×500 mm), and 18 retained leaves can be adopted.

Bryophytes have great application potential in urban greening due to their unique water absorption capacity, stress resistance and low maintenance requirements. To explore the species and cultivation conditions of bryophytes suitable for urban greening in North China, the mosses Brachythecium buchananii, Leptobryum pyriforme and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which are widely distributed in North China, were selected as experimental materials. The effects of cultivation conditions such as transplanting methods, substrate thickness and covered culture conditions on their coverage were studied. Compared to patch transplantation, the growth rate and magnitude of the coverage of the three bryophytes propagated by fragments were significantly higher. After the same period of cultivation, the coverage of the bryophytes in the substrate with a thickness of 3.0 cm was significantly higher than that in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm. Moreover, only the B. buchananii survived in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm, while the other two bryophytes died after 72 days of culturing. All three bryophytes showed a significantly higher increase in coverage under closed culture than that under open culture. Using deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation resulted in significantly better growth status of the three bryophytes than using standing tap water. Therefore, for urban greening, it is recommended to use fragments for propagation, ensure appropriate substrate thickness, use deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation, and implement closed culture to improve growth rate and coverage of bryophytes. For species selection, priority should be given to B. buchananii for greening in arid areas or environments with thin soil layers, while M. polymorpha is preferred in moisture-sufficient environments. In the future, it can be combined with matrix formula optimization and outdoor open field test to deepen the research of physiological mechanism of moss stress resistance and provide technical support for large-scale urban greening applications.

The key cultivation management techniques for bag-free apple orchards were summarized, focusing on soil, fertilizer, and water management, pest and disease control, and other related aspects. Soil management promoted grass cultivation and the laying of reflective films to improve the microecology and enhance coloration. In fertilizer management, the principles of controlling nitrogen, increasing application of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were followed. Base fertilization involved the application of organic fertilizer at 15–20 kg/plant and compound fertilizer at 5–10 kg/plant, along with spraying bag-free film agents and calcium fertilizers to enhance fruit surface smoothness and resistance. Water management was adjusted flexibly according to growth stage requirements, with emphasis on drainage to prevent waterlogging. For disease and pest control, physical methods (insect traps, lime whitewashing) and biological methods (sex pheromones, microbial agents) were prioritized, supplemented by selective chemical agents (polyoxin, Bordeaux mixture) to control aphids and anthracnose. Tree pruning focuses on ventilation and light penetration, using spindle or open-center shapes, with meticulous management of branch groups. Flower and fruit management involved artificial and bee-assisted pollination to ensure fruit set, combined with thinning of flowers and fruits to regulate yield appropriately. This integrated technology provides references for green and high quality apple production through collaborative regulation of fertilizer and water, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, tree optimization, and fine management of flowers and fruits.

This article summarized the ultra-high ridge cultivation technology for greenhouse strawberries from aspects such as the selection and management of production bases, facilities and equipment, substrate selection and disinfection, variety selection and production seedling transplantation, field management, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage transportation. The production base should be selected on a site with convenient transportation, far away from pollution sources and with suitable soil physical and chemical properties. A separate irrigation and drainage management system should be established, and regular environmental condition monitoring should be conducted for newly established production bases. Choose good quality solar greenhouses or asymmetrical plastic double-layer greenhouses, and establish ultra-high ridge and drip irrigation equipment. Using a cultivation medium composed of peat, coconut coir and perlite in a 3∶2∶2 (by volume) ratio, it is advisable to conduct in-situ disinfection of the old medium in June or July. High yield and high quality varieties with strong disease resistance and stress tolerance, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, are selected and planted in a “character” pattern. Field management is carried out according to the temperature, light, water and fertilizer requirements of strawberries at different growth stages. Agricultural control, physical control and biological control are adopted for strawberries pest and disease prevention, chemical control follows the “dual prevention” principle for pesticide application, and precisely controls the safe interval period for pesticides. When harvesting, attention should be paid to the maturity of the strawberries, and they should be refrigerated and transported. This article provides a reference for the application and promotion of ultra-high ridge cultivation of strawberries.

The breeding process, characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of Dianhong 727 were summarized. This variety was a conventional high quality red rice cultivar developed through pedigree selection over seven generations, using Nan’ai 29 as the female parent and the Azhelongmaheba red rice as the male parent. It was approved by the Yunnan Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2022 (Dianshendao No.2022031). The variety exhibits moderate growth duration, excellent plant architecture, lodging resistance, and high yield. It demonstrates good resistance to rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, and sheath blight. In two-year regional trials and one-year production trials, the average yield ranged from 8 732.7 to 9 287.2 kg/hm². The grains are red, with a high head rice rate, low amylose content, and high gel consistency, meeting the Grade Ⅲ quality standard of NY/T 593-2021 “Edible Rice Varieties”. This variety is suitable for promotion and planting in areas below 1 300 meters above sea level in Yunnan Province. When using seedling cultivation and transplantation, the seedling age is 35-40 days and the density is 225 000-270 000 clusters/hm²; direct-seeding requires leveling the field and watering to suppress weeds after broadcasting; fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, with early application of topdressing. Water management follows the principles of “promoting seedlings in shallow water, sun drying in the middle stage, and moistening in the later stage”. The prevention and control of disease and pests adhere to the principle of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control, including cleaning the countryside, using lights and insect traps to lure and kill, planting flowering plants, and spraying pesticides such as pymetrozine and fipronil to control pests and diseases such as rice planthoppers and neck blight. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety and the sustainable development of the red rice industry.

Keliangyou 8612 is a high quality and high yield hybrid rice variety of indica type with two lines. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 (National Approved Rice 20210283). This variety demonstrated for planting in 2023-2024, with a total growth period of about 136 days, strong tillering ability, and lodging resistance; the average yield was 600-650 kg/667 m². This article summarized the key points of factory based seedling and cultivation techniques for Keliangyou 8612. The seedling cultivation process includes soaking and disinfecting the seeds, high-temperature germination, using specialized substrates with pH 5.8-6.2, and stacking and darkening to promote uniform seedling growth; the paddy field is controlled by temperature and humidity in stages, with spraying of paclobutrazol and topdressing at the stage of 2 leaves and 1 heart. The seedlings are transplanted at 18-24 days of age. In terms of field management, deep plowing and leveling, reasonable and dense planting; water management follows the principle of “shallow water for living trees, sufficient seedlings for sun drying, and moist irrigation”; apply fertilizer to promote tillering during the tillering stage, bake the field in a timely manner, supplement plump stems according to the seedling situation during the jointing stage, and apply ear fertilizer twice during the panicle stage; based on disease and pest monitoring throughout the entire growth period, focus on preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as rice planthoppers and sheath blight; by measures such as sun drying, increasing potassium, adjusting sowing time, irrigating deep water, and spraying foliar fertilizer, we can defend against lodging, high temperature, and low temperature damage. In terms of harvesting and storage, timely mechanical harvesting is carried out, and the rice is dried to a moisture content of less than 14% before being stored in a ventilated and moisture-proof warehouse. This article provides reference for further promotion and planting of Keliangyou 8612.