The key cultivation management techniques for bag-free apple orchards were summarized, focusing on soil, fertilizer, and water management, pest and disease control, and other related aspects. Soil management promoted grass cultivation and the laying of reflective films to improve the microecology and enhance coloration. In fertilizer management, the principles of controlling nitrogen, increasing application of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were followed. Base fertilization involved the application of organic fertilizer at 15–20 kg/plant and compound fertilizer at 5–10 kg/plant, along with spraying bag-free film agents and calcium fertilizers to enhance fruit surface smoothness and resistance. Water management was adjusted flexibly according to growth stage requirements, with emphasis on drainage to prevent waterlogging. For disease and pest control, physical methods (insect traps, lime whitewashing) and biological methods (sex pheromones, microbial agents) were prioritized, supplemented by selective chemical agents (polyoxin, Bordeaux mixture) to control aphids and anthracnose. Tree pruning focuses on ventilation and light penetration, using spindle or open-center shapes, with meticulous management of branch groups. Flower and fruit management involved artificial and bee-assisted pollination to ensure fruit set, combined with thinning of flowers and fruits to regulate yield appropriately. This integrated technology provides references for green and high quality apple production through collaborative regulation of fertilizer and water, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, tree optimization, and fine management of flowers and fruits.

This article summarized the ultra-high ridge cultivation technology for greenhouse strawberries from aspects such as the selection and management of production bases, facilities and equipment, substrate selection and disinfection, variety selection and production seedling transplantation, field management, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage transportation. The production base should be selected on a site with convenient transportation, far away from pollution sources and with suitable soil physical and chemical properties. A separate irrigation and drainage management system should be established, and regular environmental condition monitoring should be conducted for newly established production bases. Choose good quality solar greenhouses or asymmetrical plastic double-layer greenhouses, and establish ultra-high ridge and drip irrigation equipment. Using a cultivation medium composed of peat, coconut coir and perlite in a 3∶2∶2 (by volume) ratio, it is advisable to conduct in-situ disinfection of the old medium in June or July. High yield and high quality varieties with strong disease resistance and stress tolerance, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, are selected and planted in a “character” pattern. Field management is carried out according to the temperature, light, water and fertilizer requirements of strawberries at different growth stages. Agricultural control, physical control and biological control are adopted for strawberries pest and disease prevention, chemical control follows the “dual prevention” principle for pesticide application, and precisely controls the safe interval period for pesticides. When harvesting, attention should be paid to the maturity of the strawberries, and they should be refrigerated and transported. This article provides a reference for the application and promotion of ultra-high ridge cultivation of strawberries.

The breeding process, characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of Dianhong 727 were summarized. This variety was a conventional high quality red rice cultivar developed through pedigree selection over seven generations, using Nan’ai 29 as the female parent and the Azhelongmaheba red rice as the male parent. It was approved by the Yunnan Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2022 (Dianshendao No.2022031). The variety exhibits moderate growth duration, excellent plant architecture, lodging resistance, and high yield. It demonstrates good resistance to rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, and sheath blight. In two-year regional trials and one-year production trials, the average yield ranged from 8 732.7 to 9 287.2 kg/hm². The grains are red, with a high head rice rate, low amylose content, and high gel consistency, meeting the Grade Ⅲ quality standard of NY/T 593-2021 “Edible Rice Varieties”. This variety is suitable for promotion and planting in areas below 1 300 meters above sea level in Yunnan Province. When using seedling cultivation and transplantation, the seedling age is 35-40 days and the density is 225 000-270 000 clusters/hm²; direct-seeding requires leveling the field and watering to suppress weeds after broadcasting; fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, with early application of topdressing. Water management follows the principles of “promoting seedlings in shallow water, sun drying in the middle stage, and moistening in the later stage”. The prevention and control of disease and pests adhere to the principle of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control, including cleaning the countryside, using lights and insect traps to lure and kill, planting flowering plants, and spraying pesticides such as pymetrozine and fipronil to control pests and diseases such as rice planthoppers and neck blight. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety and the sustainable development of the red rice industry.

Keliangyou 8612 is a high quality and high yield hybrid rice variety of indica type with two lines. It was approved by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2021 (National Approved Rice 20210283). This variety demonstrated for planting in 2023-2024, with a total growth period of about 136 days, strong tillering ability, and lodging resistance; the average yield was 600-650 kg/667 m². This article summarized the key points of factory based seedling and cultivation techniques for Keliangyou 8612. The seedling cultivation process includes soaking and disinfecting the seeds, high-temperature germination, using specialized substrates with pH 5.8-6.2, and stacking and darkening to promote uniform seedling growth; the paddy field is controlled by temperature and humidity in stages, with spraying of paclobutrazol and topdressing at the stage of 2 leaves and 1 heart. The seedlings are transplanted at 18-24 days of age. In terms of field management, deep plowing and leveling, reasonable and dense planting; water management follows the principle of “shallow water for living trees, sufficient seedlings for sun drying, and moist irrigation”; apply fertilizer to promote tillering during the tillering stage, bake the field in a timely manner, supplement plump stems according to the seedling situation during the jointing stage, and apply ear fertilizer twice during the panicle stage; based on disease and pest monitoring throughout the entire growth period, focus on preventing and controlling diseases and pests such as rice planthoppers and sheath blight; by measures such as sun drying, increasing potassium, adjusting sowing time, irrigating deep water, and spraying foliar fertilizer, we can defend against lodging, high temperature, and low temperature damage. In terms of harvesting and storage, timely mechanical harvesting is carried out, and the rice is dried to a moisture content of less than 14% before being stored in a ventilated and moisture-proof warehouse. This article provides reference for further promotion and planting of Keliangyou 8612.

To investigate the effects of different combinations of cultivation substrates and fertilizer ratios on the initial growth of the upper buds of Dendrobium nobile, using the upper buds of Dendrobium nobile as the research material, this study employed substrates composed of different volume ratios of bark, peat soil, orchid stone, and moss, and selected water-soluble fertilizers and slow-release fertilizers with different N, P, and K ratios for the experiment. 9 combinations of cultivation substrates [substrate 1 (peat soil), substrate 2 (V_bark∶ V_{peat soil} = 1∶1), substrate 3 (V_bark∶V_{peat soil} = 2∶1), substrate 4 (V_bark∶V_{peat soil} = 3∶1), substrate 5 (V_bark∶V_{peat soil} = 4∶1), substrate 6 (bark), substrate 7 (V_bark∶V_moss = 3∶1), substrate 8 (V_{orchid stone}∶V_{peat soil} = 3∶1), substrate 9 (V_{orchid stone}∶ V_moss = 3∶1)] and 7 fertilizer ratio treatments [CK (clear water), fertilizer 1 (N∶P∶K ratio was 7∶6∶19), fertilizer 2 (N∶P∶K ratio was 20∶30∶20), fertilizer 3 (N∶P∶K ratio was 25∶5∶20), fertilizer 4 (N∶P∶K ratio was 30∶10∶10), fertilizer 5 (N∶P∶K ratio was 20∶20∶20), fertilizer 6 (N∶P∶K ratio of 20∶20∶20 + N∶P∶K ratio of 14∶14∶14), fertilizer 7 (N∶P∶K ratio was 14∶14∶14)] were set up. The height, number of germinated plants, number of stem nodes, maximum number of leaves per plant and stem diameter of the upper buds of Dendrobium nobile in each treatment were measured. The results showed that the plant growth of Dendrobium nobile was optimal under substrate 8 treatment, with better plant height, number of germinated plants, number of stem clusters, longest number of leaf stems, and stem thickness compared to other substrates. Dendrobium nobile growed the best when planted in fertilizer 6, with better plant height, number of germinated plants, number of stem clusters, maximum number of leaves per plant, and stem thickness compared to other fertilizers. This research can provide a reference for the large-scale production of Dendrobium nobile in the Fujian region.

Combined with the planting practice of late-sown wheat in Southern Jiangsu Province, the causes of late sowing and its impacts on wheat growth and development were analyzed, and a targeted cultivation technical system was integrated for demonstration application. The main causes of wheat late sowing in the study area were the stubble conflict in rice-wheat rotation (the long growth period of high quality rice varieties) and climate change (precipitation gradually decreases in autumn and winter). The delayed sowing date led to a significant decline in the growth process and population quality of wheat, and ultimately caused wheat yield reduction. Based on this, this paper constructs a comprehensive cultivation technology system of “late-sowing tolerant variety + agronomic strong compensation + prevention and control of forward shift”. Specifically, the technical measures included the following aspects: selecting spring wheat varieties (e.g., Yangmai 25、Yangmai 33 and Zhenmai 10); dynamically adjusting the seeding rate (increasing by 4.0-7.5 kg/hm⊃2; for each day of delayed sowing); applying sufficient base fertilizer (containing 60%-70% of the total nitrogen fertilizer, all phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer); early applying green-up fertilizer (in early February, with a nitrogen application rate of 30-50 kg/hm⊃2;); lightly applying jointing fertilizer and booting fertilizer (in late February or early March, using 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate); timely spraying plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol to prevent lodging; applying herbicides including 70% flucetosulfuron and 50% isoproturon to control weeds; applying 40% prothioconazole·tebuconazole suspension concentrate, 25% thiamethoxam·lambda-cyhalothrin microemulsion and amino acid foliar fertilizer to prevent and control diseases and insect pests like wheat scab and aphids; harvesting at the late dough stage to early maturity stage, and timely drying and storing after harvesting. The demonstration results in Lishui District Hefeng Town of Nanjing in 2024 showed that actual yield of wheat in the experimental plots (adopting late-sowing cultivation techniques) reached about 5 600 kg/hm⊃2;, in the control plots (using conventional techniques) was 5 100 kg/hm⊃2;. Practice showed that the late-sown wheat cultivation technology integrated in this paper could provide a reference for the efficient and green production of late-sown wheat.

This paper summarized the key technical points of kiwifruit cultivation in Huangshan City, Anhui Province from 3 aspects: cultivation environment and orchard establishment technology, comprehensive field management, and pest and disease control. For cultivation, sandy loam soil that is slightly acidic (pH 5.5–6.5), loose, well-aerated, and high in organic matter should be selected. Before planting, the soil should be deeply ploughed and farmyard manure applied. High quality varieties with good storage capacity and strong stress resistance are preferred, and the ratio of female to male plants is arranged at 8∶1 or 10∶1 during the planting. Propagation methods include seed propagation, grafting propagation, and cutting propagation. Field planting and transplanting are suitable to be carried out from March to April or mid-September to mid-October each year. Before transplanting, seedling selection, root system arrangement, and branch and leaf pruning should be well done; planting holes are dug for transplanting and backfilled with soil, and plastic film is covered after transplanting for drought resistance and soil moisture conservation. Water, fertilizer management and tree management (shaping and pruning, pollination management, and flower and fruit thinning) should be performed according to the orchard’s actual conditions. Comprehensive control measures such as agricultural, physical, biological, and chemical control are adopted to timely prevent and control diseases and pests such as canker disease, flower rot, small sap beetles, and scarabs. This paper provides a reference for the high quality, high yield and industrial development of kiwifruit.

The soybean cropping system involves its distribution across the country, the lighting time, accumulated temperature and cropping system of the varieties, the rotation system, as well as the monocropping, intercropping and relay intercropping methods, serves as the foundation for soybean production, breeding, introduction, and technology innovation. Optimizing the soybean cropping system is of decisive significance for enhancing the comprehensive production capacity and benefits of soybeans in China. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) 70 years ago, the area planted with soybeans in regions with one crop per year system has expanded, while the area in regions that have shifted from triple crops per two years system to double crops per year system has decreased. In areas that have transitioned from double crops per year and then to triple crops per year, the area planted with soybeans has remained stable with a slight increase. From a national perspective, the soybean cultivation region has expanded to the northern part of Northeast China, and the soybean cultivation region in the South and Southwest has remained stable with a slight increase. The Northwest region has performed a new high-yield area for soybeans. Historically, the division of soybean cultivation regions was based on the basic data, investigations and experiments of the planting system at that time. In the recent 30 years, there have been significant advancements in soybean production, breeding and cultivation techniques, especially in the changes of soybean cultivation areas. The division of ecological cultivation region is a fundamental task closely related to soybean cultivation, resource utilization, introduction and breeding for cultivars. Based on the review of the changes in soybean cultivation region in China since the PRC establishment, including the northward expansion and southward shift of cultivation region, the renewal and upgrading of varieties, the improvement of mechanization levels, the comprehensive progress of cultivation techniques, and the promotion of intercropping system, especially the emphasis on developing the soybean industry as a national policy in China since 2000, this review comprehensively analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the soybean cropping system and technical system in PRC and thus proposed suggestions for adjusting the ecological cultivation region divisions of soybeans. From which a new soybean ecological cultivation region system is proposed. The main results comprise the changes in soybean cropping regions and the advances in cropping system, the environmental cultivation regions and changes of soybeans, the ecology of modern soybeans in China, and discussion and prospect on ecological cultivation region of soybeans in China. Influenced by updates of soybean cultivars, advancements in cultivation and farming technology, and requirements on food security, the soybean cropping system has undergone significant changes. The new six ecological cultivation regions were suggested as Northeast Spring Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Northwest Spring Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Huang-Huai-Hai Summer Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Changjiang Valleys Spring-Summer-Autumn Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, Southwest Plateau Spring-Summer Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region, and South China All Season Planting Soybean Ecological Cultivation Region. This division and naming system is considered as consistent as that of the national crop cultivation system, and also pays attention to the connection with previous ecological cultivation region division systems in soybean.

With the passage of time and the advancement of technology, crop breeding has gone through generations from 1.0 to 4.0 and is now moving towards generation 5.0. Although the 3.0 and 4.0 generations of breeding have received extensive attention, only hybrid breeding of the 2.0 generation can enable the parents to achieve genome-wide recombination, resulting in a large number of complex and unpredictable interactions within and between genes, which may be the basis for the emergence of breakthrough traits. Thus hybrid breeding still holds an important position. However, at present, taking rice as an example, the hybrid breeding operations carried out by the majority of breeders may still have issues that need improvement in terms of scientificity and efficiency. In light of the current situation, in order to select high-yielding, high-quality, and multi-resistant varieties, and to overcome the homogenization of varieties, hybrid rice breeding should pay attention to the following aspects. Firstly, the breeding goals should be combined with the local natural conditions and effectively coordinate the combination of advantageous traits. Only in this way can the high-yield, high-quality and highly-resistant high-level goals be achieved, so as to break through the homogenization of varieties. Secondly, because the F₁ generation combines the superior traits of both parents and has certain hybrid vigor, it may be the best-performing generation of the same combination. If F₁ performs poorly overall, it is difficult for its offspring to produce the expected types that meet the breeding goals. Therefore, this generation should be selected as a key generation, which is conducive to significantly improving the efficiency of breeding. Thirdly, in the early stage of breeding, the main task is to promote generations. To enhance the breeding efficiency, direct seeding should be adopted, which can save land and resources. During the breeding process, the current generation should be combined with the early-generation tests to increase predictability and further eliminate combinations to improve the breeding efficiency. Fourth, during the high-generation selection process, after field selecting, the panicle traits of the combinations should be further compared indoors to select the optimal combination, so as to achieve the best from the best. Finally, the intelligent varieties of the 5.0 generation of breeding are those that can adapt to the ecological and biological factors of the wide range of environments, and can meet the production needs with wide adaptability. Due to the complexity of the environmental conditions for crop growth, it is necessary to conduct extensive and long-term identification of the varieties to achieve the breeding goals. In conclusion, by optimizing the field operations and selection techniques in hybrid breeding, the breeding efficiency will be significantly enhanced, laying the foundation for the selection of breakthrough varieties.

This paper summarized the high yield cultivation technology for summer maize using dense planting and drip irrigation with integrated water and fertilizer management in Northern Anhui Province. Before sowing, maize varieties suitable for dense planting, such as Annong 218, are selected. Fine land preparation is carried out, and straw returning is implemented to enhance soil fertility. Precision sowing is performed before June 25 using a navigation-equipped seeder to complete direct seeding, fertilization, and drip tape laying in a single operation. Base fertilizer is applied through layered deep placement of maize-specific compound fertilizer at 40-45 kg/667 m², accompanied by the installation of a precise drip irrigation system. Field management emphasizes accurate regulation of water and fertilizer, with staged drip irrigation and topdressing according to growth stages. Chemical control to prevent lodging is applied at the 6-8 leaf stage. Pest and disease control follows a prevention-first approach, and pesticides should be applied during the seedling stage, bell mouth stage, and tasseling and flowering stage to prevent rust, maize borer. Harvesting is conducted when the grain milk line disappears and moisture content falls below 28%, using high-performance combine harvesters. Post-harvest operations include grain drying, drip tape recycling, and straw returning. This technology system integrates superior varieties, dense planting, precise water and fertilizer management, and full mechanization to achieve high yield, efficiency, and green sustainable production in summer maize cultivation.

The breeding process, characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of Tianyikemai No.10 were summarized, a wheat variety developed through pedigree selection using Zhongmai 895 as the female parent and Huachengmai 1688 as the male parent. It was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenmai 2024T019). Results from two-year regional trials and one-year production trials demonstrated that this variety exhibits moderate tillering and panicle formation efficiency, favorable maturity appearance, and an average yield of 9 537.50 kg/hm². Classified as a medium-gluten wheat variety, it shows moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight and susceptibility to sheath blight. For cultivation in the regions along the Huai River and in Northern Anhui, key techniques include deep plowing and rotary tillage for fine land preparation, sowing during the optimal period from October 10 to 25 at a seeding rate of 135-150 kg/hm², and a sowing depth of 3-5 cm. Scientific fertilizer management involves precise application of reviving fertilizer, jointing fertilizer, and grain-filling fertilizer, with supplemental nitrogen and foliar fertilizers adjusted according to seedling conditions. Water management emphasizes sowing under adequate soil moisture, along with timely winter irrigation and irrigation during the jointing and booting stages. Pest, disease, and weed control prioritize prevention, including removal of pathogen sources before sowing and targeted management of rust, Fusarium head blight, aphids, and weeds during the growth period. Precise pesticide application during critical stages is recommended. Mechanical harvesting should be conducted at the late wax-ripening stage, and grains can be safely stored when moisture content drops below 13%. This paper provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in suitable regions.

The current production status of summer maize was systematically reviewed in Xiaoxian, Anhui Province, and its high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. In the study area, the planting area of summer maize has been continuously expanding with steadily increasing yields, highlighting the need to focus on key aspects such as variety selection, sowing quality, soil quality, fertilizer and water management, and mitigation of abiotic stress. Based on these considerations, an integrated green cultivation technology for enhancing yield and efficiency has been developed, which includes: selecting certified varieties tolerant to dense planting, resistant to lodging and major diseases, and suitable for mechanical grain harvesting; promoting precision sowing through uniform crushing and incorporation of previous crop straw, implementing stubble-based precision direct seeding technology centered on “optimal timing, appropriate seeding rate, suitable soil moisture, and adequate sowing depth”, complemented by trenching for waterlogging prevention; adopting a green pest control strategy with a “seal first, kill later” approach to weed management, combining scientific pesticide application based on pest monitoring, and promoting “one-spray, multiple-promotion” technology in later stages to preserve leaves and increase grain weight; implementing precision water and fertilizer management by determining fertilizer application rates according to soil fertility and target yield, emphasizing split deep application of nitrogen fertilizer, advocating integrated water-fertilizer technology to regulate fertilizer via water, and applying chemical growth regulators as needed based on seedling conditions; practicing timely late harvesting by selecting ear or grain harvesting methods based on grain moisture content after maize reaches full maturity, supported by drying technology. The demonstration and application of this technical system provide a reference for achieving high yield, high efficiency, and ecological sustainability in summer maize production.

This article systematically introduces the breeding process, characteristics and cultivation management techniques of ‘Liukuqiao No. 6’. This variety was developed by using radiation mutagenesis and through systematic selection breeding on‘Liukuqiao No. 3’as the parent. It was approved by the Crop Variety Approval Committee of Guizhou Province in 2023 (approval number:Qianrenliang 20220003). The entire growth period of this variety is 88 days. It has strong disease resistance, drought resistance and lodging resistance. The protein content of its seeds was 12.70 g/100 g. The average yield in the variety comparison test in 2018 was 153.20 kg/667 m², and the yield increase rate in the regional trials from 2019 to 2020 was 75%. The average yield in the buckwheat display in 2020 was 206.10 kg/667 m². The key points of cultivation techniques for this variety include choosing soil with rich humus, stable granular structure, and good water retention and aeration; sowing by row when the soil moisture is good, with a sowing rate of 4-5 kg/667 m²; for fields with average soil fertility, applying 500-800 kg/667 m² of organic fertilizer, 2 kg/667 m² of potassium fertilizer, and 25 kg/667 m² of phosphorus fertilizer as base fertilizer, and avoiding the use of chlorine-containing fertilizers; weeding and thinning at the 3-leaf and 1-heart to 4-leaf and 1-heart stage; and using a combination of agricultural control (rational crop rotation and fertilization), biological control (extracts of aromatic plants and biological agents such as Beauveria and Metarhizium), and chemical control (mancozeb, phoxim and isocarbophos root irrigation) to comprehensively control diseases and pests such as damping-off, downy mildew, wireworms and aphids. Harvest when more than 80% of the seeds on the plant reach maturity, and dry the seeds to a moisture content of ≤13% for storage under dry conditions. This article provides practical references for the further promotion and application of this variety.

Based on the practical experience of the winter wheat-summer maize multiple cropping model in Qingyang City,Gansu Province, the key high yield cultivation techniques were systematically summarized and its economic benefits were analyzed in this paper. For variety selection, early-maturing varieties with strong stress resistance and a requirement of ≤2 100℃ effective accumulated temperature, such as Kewo028, KWS7340, and KWS6333, were preferred. In terms of production management, emphasis was placed on timely land preparation and sowing with haste, with sowing should be completed by June 30 at the latest; integrated mechanical sowing combining “no-tillage, fertilization, and seeding” was adopted. Planting density was optimized, and 2-3 seeds per hole was recommended for mechanical sowing. Scientific fertilization was implemented, with a one-time application of 20 kg of pure nitrogen and 12 kg of pure phosphorus per 667 m⊃2;. Weed control was conducted via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying of herbicides such as 6 g of 30% topramezone and 180 g of 25% mesotrione-terbuthylazine per 667 m⊃2;. Integrated pest and disease control was achieved through a combination of agricultural (selection of pest-and-disease-resistant varieties and implementation of scientific crop rotation), biological (introduction of natural enemies, etc.), and chemical (application of 7% cyantraniliprole suspension concentrate, 75% trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole water-dispersible granules, etc.) measures to manage pests and diseases including Spodoptera frugiperda and Setosphaeria turcica. A three-level prevention and control system consisting of “meteorological early warning, field monitoring, and emergency response” was established to reduce the risk of meteorological disasters, and timely harvesting was carried out during October 20-30. Economic benefit analysis shows that suitable varieties (Kewo028) can achieve a net profit of 320 yuan/667 m⊃2;. At present, the disaster resistance and mitigation capacity of this model need further improvement, and the technical systems such as agricultural machinery adaptation, agronomic integration, and variety breeding also require continuous refinement. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure and promote the transformation of high-standard farmland; establish a technical service network to facilitate technology transfer. This study provides a reference for similar crop cultivation in relevant regions.

This study summarized the breeding process, characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques of a pepper variety Hualuo 305. Developed through hybridization, multi-generational selection, and systematic identification, the variety was bred with 23XZ494 as the female parent and 21XZ493 as the male parent. In terms of agronomic traits, its total growth period was 170 days, with a plant height of 70 cm and a plant spread of 62 cm, and each plant produced approximately 22 fruits. The fruits exhibited a full spiral shape with dense wrinkles, measuring 26–28 cm in longitudinal diameter, about 4.0 cm in transverse diameter, and 55 g in single fruit weight, characterized by thin skin, crisp texture, and moderate pungency. Nutritionally, it contained 76.6 mg/100 g of vitamin C and 0.10% of capsaicin. In terms of stress resistance, the variety showed strong drought tolerance and tolerance to low temperature and weak light; regarding disease resistance, it was resistant (R) to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). In regional trials, Hualuo 305 outyielded the control variety 37-94 by 9.5%-12.2%; in the 2024 production demonstration, the average yield reached 2 664.9 kg/667 m⊃2;. The key cultivation techniques of Hualuo 305 were as follows: for early spring greenhouse planting, the density was 2 800–3 200 plants per 667 m⊃2; with a seedling age of 60–70 days; for autumn-delayed greenhouse planting, the density was 3 200–3 600 plants per 667 m⊃2; with a seedling age of 35–40 days. This cultivar exhibited weak heat tolerance, and temperatures above 35 ℃ inhibited its growth; it was susceptible to bacterial wilt in acidic soils. Therefore, targeted regulation of field temperature was required, and 150 kg of quicklime per 667 m⊃2; was applied for soil improvement. This study provided a reference for the popularization and application of Hualuo 305.

Based on the planting practice of Camellia oleifera in Nanling County, Anhui Province, the afforestation and cultivation techniques, low-yield forest transformation techniques, and comprehensive utilization techniques of Camellia oleifera in this area were summarized. The cultivation techniques for Camellia oleifera afforestation include removing shrubs and other vegetation on the afforestation site, conducting full reclamation and land preparation on flat or gentle slopes, and adopting horizontal strip land preparation technology for plots with a slope exceeding 15°. Select superior Camellia oleifera varieties suitable for cultivation in the study area (such as Changlin 53, Changlin 40, Changlin 4, etc.); the planting time of Camellia oleifera is preferably from December to March of the following year, and the initial planting density is 1 110 plants per hectare. Apply 0.2 kg of slow-release compound fertilizer or 5 kg of stable manure per hole. During the dry season, water replenishment and irrigation should be carried out in the early morning or late evening. Carry out timely hoeing, weeding, replanting, shaping and pruning and other nurturing measures; timely and deeply bury the diseased branches, and rationally utilize natural enemy insects such as Chilocorus rubidus and Rodolia rufopilosa for ecological regulation. Low-yield forest transformation techniques include optimizing the forest stand structure through manual thinning, dense forest transplantation, etc., cutting down shrubs and grass, and appropriately increasing the application of compound fertilizers of phosphorus and potassium. Optimize the tree structure by adopting natural round-head shapes, dispersed and layered shapes, etc. Periodically carry out shallow and deep ploughing, reclamation and loosening of the soil. Comprehensive utilization technologies include standardizing fruit harvesting and shelling processes, optimizing oil processing techniques, and expanding channels for the utilization of by-products. This article provides a reference for the high quality development of the Camellia oleifera industry.

To explore the effects of different yield-increasing cultivation measures on the growth and development of sweet potato, a two-factor randomized block design was used to study the effects of plastic film mulching and planting density on the agronomic trait and tuber-setting habits of purple sweet potato variety ‘Funingzi No.4’ in Ningde hilly area. The results showed that plastic film mulching could promote the growth of the aboveground part of sweet potato, and then improve the yield, commodity potato rate and quality of sweet potato. Under the condition of planting density of 52500 plant/hm², the average number of tubers per plant increased by 1.65, the fresh weight per plant increased by 34.62%, the large potato rate increased by 10.45 percentage points, the fresh potato yield per unit area increased by 33.87%, the commodity potato rate increased by 7.72 percentage points, the anthocyanin content increased by 7.2%, and the dry rate increased by 2.01 percentage points. Excessive or insufficient planting density was not conducive to the improvement of commercial tuberous root rate, fresh potato yield and quality. There were significant interactions between plastic film mulching and planting density on the number of branches, the longest vine length, the fresh weight of stems and leaves per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the fresh weight per plant, the fresh yield per unit area, the rate of large tubers, the rate of small tubers and the rate of commercial tubers of ‘Funingzi No.4’. The combination of plastic film mulching and suitable planting density measures could better promote the yield, commercial tuberous root rate and quality of ‘Funingzi No.4’. Based on the characteristics of agronomic trait and tuber habits of ‘Funingzi No.4’ in the growth process in Ningde hilly and mountainous areas, plastic film mulching should be selected in spring cultivation and production, and the planting density of 52500 plants/hm² is more suitable.

In order to understand the impact of biochar substitution on agricultural practices and to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of biochar in soilless cultivation, this article systematically reviews relevant research both domestically and internationally, focusing on the effects of biochar on the physicochemical properties of cultivation substrates, soil biological characteristics, crop morphological characteristics, crop photosynthesis, and yield and quality characteristics. It summarizes the changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of cultivation substrates after biochar application, as well as the response of crop physiological morphology and yield and quality. The results showed that adding biochar to traditional substrates can improve the physicochemical properties of the substrate, such as reducing bulk density, increasing water holding capacity, and stabilizing pH, the effects are closely related to the type of biochar. The application of coconut shell biochar alone reduces the bulk density by 29.6% and increases the total plant biomass by 25.4%. However, biochar may inhibit crop growth under certain conditions, and its production and application process have potential pollution risks (such as raw materials carrying heavy metals, and the generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and environmentally persistent free radicals during pyrolysis). Therefore, recommendations were proposed including strict raw material screening, optimization of preparation processes, development of targeted modification technologies, and strengthened application management to prevent and control risks, reduce secondary pollution, and promote its green, low-carbon, and safe application. This review aims to provide references for future preparation, application, and mechanistic analysis of biochar, better facilitating the development of green, low-carbon, and sustainable agriculture. Biochar shows significant potential in improving substrates and promoting crop growth, and it is necessary to standardize its production and application to prevent pollution risks, thereby contributing to green, low-carbon, and sustainable agricultural development.

The breeding process, varietal characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of potato variety Mengwushu No.2 were summarized. This variety was developed as a potato cultivar through sexual hybridization, using Jizhangshu No.8 as the female parent and Xisen No.6 as the male parent, followed by selection and identification. It was registered as a non-staple crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024, with the registration number GPD potato (2024) 150114. In terms of varietal characteristics, Mengwushu No.2 was a late-maturing variety with a growth period of approximately 110 days; and the average yield in regional experiment was 42 186.08 kg/hm². The tubers were oval-shaped with yellow skin and deep yellow flesh, medium-depth eyes, and slightly rough skin. The dry matter content was 18.2%, starch content 10.6%, and reducing sugar content 0.27%. It exhibited moderate resistance to Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY). Key cultivation techniques included selecting sandy loam fields with good isolation conditions, and standardizing seed cutting and disinfection. Timely sowing and rational dense planting were recommended. For field management, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied during land preparation, with supplemental phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients during the mid-to-late growth stages. Timely intertillage and earthing-up help control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Soil moisture should be maintained during the tuber bulking stage, and key pests and diseases, such as late blight, should be monitored and controlled. Vine killing should be performed 10-15 days before harvest, and tubers should be harvested at the appropriate time after skin suberization. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

To cultivate versatile talents, this paper analyzed the current teaching situation of the Crop Cultivation course and proposed a series of teaching reform strategies based on virtual simulation technology. Combined with the actual teaching practice of the course, the key areas that required optimization at that time included: the need for further adaptation of content allocation after the adjustment of class hours, the need for improvement in the time matching between the crop growth period and the teaching cycle, the need for strengthening the coverage and depth of practical teaching, and the need for the assessment system to highlight the orientation of practical operation. To address the above issues, virtual simulation technology was deeply integrated with course teaching, and a hybrid teaching model of “classroom explanation + virtual simulation + knowledge test + production practice” was constructed, with systematic optimization conducted from 3 aspects: teaching methods, teaching characteristics, and teaching evaluation system. By using technologies such as Unity 3D, this model reproduced the cultivation scenarios of the entire crop growth period, broke through the limitations of time, space, and seasons, strengthened students’ intuitive understanding of abstract knowledge and practical operation training, and realized the mutual complementation and promotion between virtual training and on-site practice. Practice showed that after the reform, the achievement degree of course objectives had been significantly improved, students’ mastery of professional knowledge and practical innovation ability had been effectively strengthened, and the construction of an interdisciplinary teaching team had also been promoted. Relevant virtual simulation projects had been approved as Jiangxi Provincial virtual simulation projects and launched on the national virtual simulation experimental teaching course sharing platform, covering 21 universities across the country and realizing the open sharing of high-quality resources. In the future, it will be necessary to further focus on the professional characteristics of teaching content and the improvement of teachers’ interdisciplinary literacy, and continuously optimize the teaching model. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

Based on the geographical location and climatic characteristics of Tianmen City, Hubei Province, the efficient and high quality cultivation model of watermelon and cauliflower intercropping with wheat was explored and summarized. Through rational crop sequencing, the model achieved orderly coordination of the three crops: wheat was sown from late October to early November and harvested in early to mid-May of the following year; watermelon was grafted and nursery-raised from late March to early April, transplanted in late April, and harvested from late June; cauliflower was nursery-raised in mid-July, transplanted in early to mid-August, and harvested in mid-to-late October. The key cultivation techniques for watermelon and cauliflower were emphasized. For watermelon cultivation, high quality disease resistant varieties (Lyushang, Meidu) were selected, and grafting using pumpkin rootstocks was adopted. Before transplanting, sufficient base fertilizer was applied, and ridging and film mulching were implemented. Vine management during wheat harvesting was coordinated to avoid damage. Two-vine pruning was applied, and vines were timely pressed. Irrigation and topdressing were carried out according to growth stages. For pest and disease control, agricultural methods (selecting resistant varieties, rational crop rotation), physical methods (hanging insect traps), and biological methods (spraying Bacillus thuringiensis) were prioritized, supplemented scientifically with low-toxicity chemical agents (25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was conducted at the appropriate time, and field sanitation was maintained. For cauliflower cultivation, an efficient technology system centered on the “five modernizations” (intensive seedling raising, mechanized operations, integrated water-fertilizer management, green pest control, and post-harvest commercial handling) was adopted. Suitable disease-resistant varieties (Taisong 65 day) were selected, and intensive seedling raising in plug trays was implemented. Mechanized operations were applied for land preparation, ridging, and fertilization. Integrated water-fertilizer management was implemented during the growth period, and leaf folding for shading during the curd stage ensured quality. Green pest control principles were followed, combining agricultural, physical, and biological methods, supplemented with efficient and low-toxicity chemical agents (80% ethylicin, 25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was performed when curds were compact, and straw was returned to the field. This model effectively improved the multiple cropping index and resource utilization efficiency, beneficial for the green and high quality development of agriculture.

In order to explore a new cultivation substrate and a simplified cultivation method for Coprinus comatus, using the conventional formula as the control, 30% waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. was added instead of bran as the experiment formula, and the C. comatus was cultivated by simplified cultivation method. The mycelium growth, fruiting body yield, raw material cost and nutritional ingredient of C. comatus were analyzed. The results showed that the mycelium characters, fruiting body yield and characters of C. comatus cultivated with the experiment formula were not significantly different from control, and the cost of cultivation raw materials was reduced by 29%. The contents of protein, total amino acids, flavonoids, fat and ash were lower than those of the control. The waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. can be used as substrate materials to provide nitrogen source and partial carbon source for the growth of C. comatus. The simplified cultivation method of C. comatus can be effectively simplify the cultivation process and reduce the cost of raw materials.

In recent years, with the improvement of rice quality demand, the regulation of cultivation management on starch quality has become increasingly prominent. Here we systematically synthesize key starch metrics-pasting properties, crystallinity, granule morphology and amylose content, clarify the underlying physiology of photosynthesis, C-N metabolism and starch biosynthesis, and comprehensively evaluated the effects of fertilization, irrigation, temperature and light, planting density and harvest period on starch quality. Future work must integrate multi-factor interactions, gene-by-environment synergies and precision cultivation platforms to provide both the theoretical framework and technical support required for elite-quality rice production.

Cymbidium hybridum is a cultivar group derived from multi-generational hybrid breeding using germplasm resources of the Cymbidium genus (Orchidaceae), and it is extremely popular for the Lunar New Year season. At present, most domestic Cymbidium hybridum cultivars in China are mainly introduced from abroad, and the majority of them are old varieties. After multi-generational asexual propagation, these cultivars have suffered from severe characteristic degradation, which fails to meet the demands of consumers, making the renewal of cultivars an urgent need. To improve the breeding efficiency of Cymbidium hybridum, this paper systematically reviews the research progress in its hybrid breeding and polyploid breeding, and summarizes the application status of these two breeding methods. Specifically, for hybrid breeding, the core links—including pollen vitality determination, stigma receptivity determination, pollen storage, and parental selection—are emphasized; for polyploid breeding, the focus is placed on the ploidy basis and key technical points such as induction methods, induction materials, and inducing agents. Aiming at addressing the problems existing in current breeding practices—including long cycle and serious capsule abortion phenomenon in hybrid breeding, as well as low efficiency in polyploid breeding—this study proposes the following optimization suggestions: optimizing cultivation techniques to shorten the childhood period; applying molecular marker technology to assist parental selection, combining in vitro flowering technology to pre-evaluate the traits of hybrid progeny, thereby shortening the breeding cycle; strengthening research on the mechanism of capsule abortion occurrence and adopting different pollination methods to overcome hybrid breeding barriers; and enhancing exploration of various inducing agents, along with research and utilization of 2n gametes, to improve the efficiency of polyploid induction.

The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth, development, and stress responses.  This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), examining their phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and syntenic relationships.  The analysis identified 54 AhPR10 genes, which were classified into eight groups based on phylogenetic relationships, supported by gene structure and conserved motif characterization.  Analysis of chromosomal distribution and synteny demonstrated that segmental duplications played a crucial role in the expansion of the AhPR10 gene family.  The identified AhPR10 genes exhibited both constitutive and inducible expression patterns.  Significantly, AhPR10-7, AhPR10-33, and AhPR10-41 demonstrated potential importance in peanut resistance to Aspergillus flavus.  In vitro fungistatic experiments demonstrated that recombinant AhPR10-33 effectively inhibited A. flavus mycelial growth.  These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into AhPR10 functions in protecting peanut from A. flavus infection.

Zinc is an essential trace element for us. About 2 billion people in the world are suffering from hidden hunger caused by zinc deficiency. Zinc nutrition enhancement of rice is an efficient way to solve this problem. This review systematically synthesized advances in zinc-enriched rice research across genetic breeding, physiological mechanisms, and cultivation techniques. It summarized the application of molecular marker-assisted selection, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and space mutagenesis in developing high-zinc varieties; analyzed the functions of zinc transport proteins (e.g., OsZIP, OsHMA2) and nicotianamine (NA)-mediated zinc phloem transport; and reviewed the effects of cultivation practices such as basal and foliar zinc fertilization, phosphorus-zinc co-application, and rice-fish co-culture on grain zinc enrichment. The review pointed out that OsCKX4 overexpression lines achieved 58 mg/kg zinc in brown rice, while OsNAS overexpression doubled NA synthesis and significantly improved zinc allocation efficiency. It suggested that integrated cultivation techniques elevated grain zinc content to 42 mg/kg, with a yield of 12750 kg/hm², achieving a synergistic ‘high yield-high zinc’ outcome. The review proposed that future efforts should integrate multi-omics and smart agriculture technologies to promote the industrialization of zinc-enriched rice and provide solutions for global zinc nutrition improvement.

This paper systematically introduces the breeding process, characteristics, and high-yield cultivation techniques of Huijingnuo 125, a japonica glutinous rice variety. Approved by Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2023 (Wanshendao 2023L054), it was developed through 7 generations of breeding over 5 years, with Wuxiangnuo 2402 as female parent crossed with Huainuo 12 (F₁ generation), which was then crossed with Wankenuo 2. Huijingnuo 125 had moderate plant type, tough stems, straight flag leaves, light green leaf color, and strong lodging resistance. In a 3-year multi-site experiment, it achieved an average yield of 10 249.3 kg/hm⊃2;, 8.98% higher than the control variety Dangjing 8, with 100% yield-increasing rate. Its rice quality is superior (amylose content < 2%), it is moderately susceptible to rice blast and resistant to bacterial blight, and contains genes for blast resistance (Pi-ta, Pib, Pi-Km), bacterial blight resistance (Xa26/Xa3), and grain shape optimization (GLW7). For high-yield cultivation, sowing is recommended from late May to early June, with a seed rate of 90 kg/hm⊃2; for direct seeding and 60-75 kg/hm⊃2; for mechanical transplanting (transplanting density: 240 000-300 000 hills/hm⊃2;). Direct-seeded fields require sufficient base fertilizer, early tillering fertilizer, timely panicle fertilizer, proper field drying for tiller control, and alternating dry-wet irrigation (water cut-off 7 days before harvest). Mechanically transplanted fields need seedling-strengthening fertilizer, fine soil preparation, and split nitrogen application (base:tillering:panicle fertilizer = 4:2:4) with timely field drainage. By following green prevention and control protocols, biological and physical methods were used for the sustainable management of pests, diseases, and weeds. This paper provides a reference for the large scale popularization and cultivation of Huijingnuo 125 in relevant regions.

The comprehensive cultivation techniques for the hybrid rice variety Y Liangyou 1173 were systematically summarized, and its performance in a demonstration planting conducted in Xingning, Guangdong, in 2024 was evaluated. The comprehensive cultivation techniques include ultrasonic seed selection and seed soaking and germination with strong chlorine-based disinfectant; using plastic tray seedling raising combined with seedling strengthening agent to cultivate robust seedlings. Additionally, the methods involve fine land preparation and rational dense planting (255 000-300 000 hills/hm²), the implementation of precise and alternating dry and wet water-saving irrigation strategies, and the adherence to the “prevention first, integrated control” philosophy. A green pest and disease control model was established, based on healthy cultivation practices and incorporating accurate forecasting, physical and chemical attraction control, and scientific pesticide application, with the use of plant protection drones to enhance control efficiency. Mechanical harvesting in the late stage of ripening, safe storage when dried to a moisture content of 14.5% in rice grains. The demonstration results showed that the variety had a total growth period of 112-126 days, effective panicle numbers of 2.49-2.61 million panicles/hm², and a yield of 9 543.30-9 769.50 kg/hm². The chalkiness degree ranged from 1.2% to 2.5%. Overall, the variety exhibited excellent characteristics such as high yield, high quality, desirable maturity color, and strong resistance. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in similar ecological regions.

The green and efficient cultivation techniques for the intercropping of Brassica oleracea and Cucurbita moschata were systematically summarized and analyzed. This model should choosen sandy loam soil with a pH of 6-7, deep soil layers, convenient irrigation and drainage, and a previous crop that was non cruciferous plant. For Brassica oleracea, varieties with strong stress resistance were selected, such as Baodaoqinggeng. Seedlings were raised from late November to December, and transplanted in early February of the following year. For Cucurbita moschata, varieties such as Mobaonangua were selected, with seedlings raised in early February. Intercropping begins in early March, adopting a configuration of “two ridges of Brassica oleracea, one ridge of Cucurbita moschata”, to improve land use efficiency and fully utilize solar and thermal resources. Brassica oleracea seedlings were cultivated using plug trays and transplanted on overcast days or in the afternoon of sunny days when they had developed 5-6 true leaves, with a planting spacing of 50 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants. Base fertilization primarily consists of sulfate of potash compound fertilizer (750 kg/hm²), organic fertilizer (7 500 kg/hm²), and borax (7.5 kg/hm²). Seven days after transplanting, calcium ammonium nitrate (225 kg/hm²) was applied as a topdressing, followed by an additional application of compound fertilizer (150 kg/hm²) during the rosette stage. After transplanting, frequent watering was carried out to promote seedling establishment, while soil moisture was maintained during the growth period, with particular attention to drainage during the rainy season. The prevention and control of pests and diseases were mainly based on agricultural, physical, and biological measures, supplemented by chemical control. Specifically, this includes timely plowing and weeding, cleaning the fields, hanging insect traps, and spraying 68% metalaxyl-M·mancozeb and Bacillus thuringiensis to control downy mildew and cabbage green pests. Harvesting takes place when the curds were fully expanded and firm. Cucurbita moschata seedlings were raised using plug trays and transplanted when they develop 3-4 true leaves. When the plants reach the 5-leaf stage, the growing tips were pinched, and 4-5 robust lateral vines were selected and retained. Once the vines reach 50-70 cm in length, they were guided and pinned down to promote rooting. Water management follows the principle of “restricting early, promoting during mid-growth, and restricting later”. During the fruiting period, adequate water supply was ensured, while irrigation was halted 10 days before harvest. For disease control, Bacillus spp., zineb, and imidacloprid were used to manage diseases such as phytophthora blight, downy mildew, and cutworms. The fruits were harvested when the skin became thick and a distinct waxy bloom was evident. This intercropping model effectively utilizes light, heat, and land resources, achieving a balance between increased yield and efficiency and green production, with significant economic and ecological benefits.

The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of the maize variety Fukeyu No.1 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line FS0744 (female parent) with FS0770 (male parent) and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenyu 2024T009). The plant type was semi-compact, with a total growth period of approximately 100 days. In regional trials, the average plant height was 262.5 cm, and the 1 000-grain weight was 310.0 g. Stable resistance to small spot disease and stalk rot disease, with excellent comprehensive resistance performance. Quality analysis revealed a test weight of 732-742 g/L and a crude protein content of 10.34%-10.59%. Multi-year, multi-location trials indicated that the variety was high yielding and stable, with yield increase of 7.62%-18.6% compared to the control variety Zhengdan 958. This variety is suitable for planting in summer-sown maize production areas north of the Huai River. Key cultivation techniques include the following steps: apply sufficient base fertilizer during land preparation and use granular insecticides to control soil pests; conduct summer sowing from mid-May to early June at a planting density of 63 000-67 500 plants/hm²; sun dry seeds before sowing and apply seed coating or chemical dressing to control pests and diseases and promote robust seedlings; during field management, thin and finalize seedlings in a timely manner, strengthen intertillage and weeding, and manage fertilizer and water appropriately. At the tasseling stage, combine topdressing with soil hilling; supplement water and fertilizer during the grain-filling stage to prevent premature senescence. Delay harvesting appropriately at maturity; mechanically harvest when the kernel milk line disappears and a black layer forms, and dry the grains promptly to a moisture content below 14% for safe storage. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of this variety in similar ecological regions.

The breeding process of Huijingnuo 009 was introduced, its parental sources, selection process, characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. Developed through composite hybridization of Wankennuo 1//Wuyunjing 24/Zhendao 14, Huijingnuo 009 is a medium-japonica glutinous rice variety, approved by the Anhui Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshendao 2024L066). During the 2020-2021 regional and production trials, its average yield ranged from 9.72 to 10.28 t/hm², representing a 5.88%-8.21% increase over the control variety (Dangjing No.8). The variety exhibits excellent grain quality, with an amylose content of 2.0% and high gel consistency. Resistance evaluations indicate moderate susceptibility to rice blast and bacterial leaf blight, and susceptibility to false smut. Key cultivation techniques include mechanical or manual transplanting, with recommended practices such as sun-drying, soaking, and germinating seeds before sowing. For mechanical transplanting, sowing in late May is advised, with a planting density of 225 000-270 000 hills/hm². Fertilization should emphasize base fertilizer (accounting for over 60% of total nitrogen application), supplemented by timely topdressing at the reviving, tillering, and panicle initiation stages. Irrigation should follow the principle of “shallow water for transplanting, shallow-wet conditions for tillering, timely field drying, and alternating dry and wet conditions”, with water cut off approximately 7 days before harvest. Pest and disease control should prioritize prevention, implementing integrated management targeting major weeds, pests, and diseases at different growth stages. This study provides valuable references for further promotion and cultivation of Huijingnuo 009.

Based on rice seedling monitoring data during 2021-2023 from Shouxian, Anhui Province, the effects of different cultivation methods on rice growth, yield, and economic benefits were analyzed. The results showed that in 2022 the rice growing season exhibited higher temperatures, less rainfall, which was conducive to the accumulation of photosynthetic products, but there might be a risk of high-temperature heat damage. In terms of planting structure, the area of wheat-stubble rice increased annually, while the area of vacant-stubble rice decreased. Mechanical transplanting and direct seeding expanded continuously, whereas manual transplanting declined significantly. Variety selection became more concentrated and high quality, with a reduced number of main varieties and increased planting concentration. The perennial sowing period occurred around June 5. Seedling monitoring revealed that interannual meteorological conditions and sowing dates significantly influenced rice growth. In 2022, optimal temperature and light conditions resulted in higher stem and tiller numbers and leaf age, shortening the growth period by 5-7 days. In 2023, constrained by climate and water resources, seedling indicators were generally weaker. In terms of economic traits, mechanical transplanting achieved the highest theoretical yield (11 076.2 kg/hm²), while direct seeding yielded the lowest (8 689.2 kg/hm²). Benefit analysis indicated that mechanical transplanting generated higher returns (12 249.1 yuan/hm²) than manual transplanting (12 004.0 yuan/hm²), while direct seeding (6 558.0 yuan/hm²) performed poorly. In conclusion, optimizing crop succession layouts, promoting mechanical transplanting and high quality varieties, and adapting field management are effective strategies for enhancing rice yield and economic benefits in this region.

Based on the practice of highland lettuce planting in Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, the standardized and efficient cultivation technology of highland lettuce were systematically analyzed from the aspects of environment requirements, variety selection, fine land preparation, seedling transplanting and so on. In terms of the environmental requirements for the production area, a cold and cool highland region with an altitude of over 600 m is selected. The terrain of the plot should be high, dry, open and flat. In terms of variety selection, choose varieties with stable traits, high quality, high yield, strong adaptability and stress resistance, good storage and transportation properties, and suitable for mechanized planting, such as Romaine lettuce, Italian lettuce, etc. In terms of meticulous land preparation, the garden should be cleared in a timely manner, appropriate mechanical deep ploughing of the soil should be selected, and a base fertilizer + top dressing model should be adopted. In terms of seed treatment, before sowing, mix the seeds with 50% wettable powder of carbendazim, etc. When the temperature is above 25 ℃, the seeds should undergo low-temperature germination treatment. In terms of seedling transplanting, floating seedling raising in trays and hydroponic seedling raising on plastic tray cold bed substrates are adopted. Substrates that are loose, have good water retention and air permeability, and are free of pathogens are selected. Precise seeding should be carried out either manually or with precision seeding equipment. The seeding amount should be 1 to 2 seeds per hole, and the seeding depth should be 0.5 to 1.0 cm. In terms of planting management, for early spring crops, when the temperature in the 5 cm soil layer stabilizes above 10 ℃, it is advisable to plant in the morning or afternoon on a sunny day or on a cloudy day. In terms of seedling management, water and fertilize reasonably according to the growth conditions of lettuce at different growth stages. In terms of pest and disease control, it is necessary to promptly and thoroughly remove diseased and dead plants and weeds in the fields, set up insect-proof nets, utilize natural enemy populations of pests such as ladybugs, and spray appropriate chemical agents to control pests and diseases. In terms of timely harvesting, when the leaves of lettuce are plump, tender green and free of disease spots and dry leaves, it is advisable to harvest them in the early morning or around sunset. In terms of agricultural production waste treatment, centralized and unified treatment of agricultural residual films and pesticide packaging waste is carried out, and fertilizer packaging waste is recycled. This article provides a reference for the development of the alpine lettuce industry.

Chunyou 83 is a three-line hybrid rice variety systematically bred using Chunjiang 88A as the female parent and T27 as the male parent. The high yield cultivation techniques for carpet seedlings and mechanical transplanting of this variety used in the Jianghuai region were summarized, covering aspects from sowing and seedling management to field management. During the seedling stage, seed disinfection was carried out using agents such as prochloraz, and dry management of carpet seedlings sown by mechanical sowing was adopted to cultivate robust, well-rooted seedlings of suitable age (≤25 days). In the field stage, water management included shallow and frequent irrigation during the tillering stage. When the number of stems and tillers reached 80% of the target panicle number, intermittent drying was applied multiple times until the field surface became firm. From jointing and booting to heading stages, a shallow water layer was maintained. During the grain-filling stage, alternating dry and wet irrigation was adopted, and water was cut off 7 days before harvest. Fertilization followed the principle of “promoting early growth, controlling mid-growth, and supplementing late growth”. Base fertilizer consisted of formula fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, and zinc fertilizer. During the tillering stage, urea and compound fertilizer were applied in two separate topdressings. At the jointing stage and young panicle differentiation stage, flower-promoting fertilizer and flower-preserving fertilizer were applied, respectively. After full heading, potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves. For weed control, two soil-sealing treatments were applied using herbicides such as butachlor after land preparation and around the time of transplanting. During the mid-growth stage, targeted herbicides were selected based on the weed spectrum for stem and leaf treatment. The control of diseases and pests adheres to the principle of “prevention first, integrated control”, incorporating agricultural measures such as planting trap crops, along with the application of biopesticides and highly efficient, low-toxicity chemical agents for unified prevention and management. This article provides a reference for exploring the high yield potential of Chunyou 83 and further promoting its planting.

The breeding process and characteristics of the rice variety Jifengyou 866 were introduced, and its high yield cultivation and seed production techniques were summarized. This three-line hybrid rice combination was developed by crossing the female parent Jifeng A with the male parent Guanghui 866. When cultivated in Guangdong, the variety exhibited an appropriate growth period, strong lodging resistance, and good tillering ability. The 2022 production trial showed an average yield of 7 690.35 kg/hm⊃2;. The whole milled rice rate ranges from 61.2% to 65.7%. The variety demonstrates high resistance to rice blast, moderate resistance to bacterial leaf blight, and medium-strong cold tolerance. High yield cultivation techniques include: sowing before July 10th and spraying paclobutrazol at the 1-leaf-1-heart stage to control plant height and promote tillering; reasonable dense planting before the 5.5-leaf stage with shallow and straight transplanting; applying sufficient base fertilizer, followed by timely topdressing with nitrogen, potassium, and compound fertilizers at different growth stages; adopting alternating wet and dry irrigation: shallow water for early seedling establishment, mid-term sun-drying to control ineffective tillers, and adequate water supply at later stages; implementing integrated pest management using insect traps, biological agents, and low-toxicity chemical pesticides. High yield seed production techniques involve: scientific selection of production bases and sowing schedules, considering parental characteristics (concentrated male flowering, short female flowering) and local climate to ensure the male parent flowers 1–2 days earlier. precise fertilizer and water management, including sufficient base, tillering, male-specific, and panicle fertilizers, with shallow irrigation and alternating wet-dry cycles; integrated control of pests (e.g., planthoppers, borers) and diseases using chemicals like buprofezin; timely application of “920” to optimize height difference for improved pollination; strict roguing and isolation: multiple removals of off-types from seedling to heading stages, with isolation zones over 300 meters; harvesting male plants first after pollination, followed by mechanical harvesting of female plants on sunny days. This study provides a reference for the large-scale production and promotion of Jifengyou 866.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m⊃2; for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m⊃2; for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

Based on the practice of rapeseed cultivation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the high yield and efficient cultivation techniques from aspects such as variety selection, seed treatment, fine land preparation, sowing and seedling raising, waterlogging and dehumidification, and precise topdressing were summarized. In terms of variety selection, According to the climatic conditions, soil conditions and market demand of the Yangtze River Basin, suitable varieties should be selected. Varieties such as mid-early maturing double-low rapeseed and drought-tolerant varieties can be chosen. In terms of seed treatment, seeds carrying diseases, attached pests and damaged seeds should be removed. Through sun-drying and chemical seed dressing and other seed treatments, the survival rate and disease and pest resistance of rapeseed can be improved. In terms of fine land preparation, deep ploughing, deep furrows and high ridges and other fine tillage and land preparation techniques are applied. Deep furrows are dug around the fields to enhance the effect of moisture reduction and drainage. In terms of sowing and seedling raising, ensure a sufficient number of basic seedlings through seedling transplanting or efficient broadcasting. Prioritize the selection of strong seedlings for transplanting, and carry out broadcasting through manual or mechanical methods. In terms of waterlogging and dehumidification, dig the side ditches, waist ditches and perimeter ditches in advance, and connect the external drainage ditches with the field ditches. Clear the ditches and drain the water in time to prevent waterlogging damage and promote root development. In terms of top dressing management, precise and efficient top dressing should be carried out in the three stages of seedling stage, bolting stage, and flowering stage to ensure the supply of nutrients for rapeseed. In terms of disease and pest control, agricultural control, chemical control, physical control and biological control measures are integrated, and the control effect is strengthened by reasonable dense planting, timely removal of disease and residue, and selection of short-effect and low-toxic chemical agents. This article provides a reference for high yield and efficient production of rapeseed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum (Fg), is one of the most devastating fungal diseases in wheat production worldwide.  Elymus repens (2n=6x=42, StStStStHH) is a wild relative of wheat with many biotic and abiotic stress resistance traits.  To transfer and apply the wild germplasm's resistance gene (s) for wheat breeding, we identified a new translocation line K140-7 with high resistance to FHB, developed from the derivative progenies of E. repens crossed with common wheat cultivars.  Cytogenetic analyses based on genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH), oligonucleotide-FISH painting (Oligo-FISH painting), and single-gene FISH revealed that K140-7 had 40 wheat chromosomes and two 7DS·7StL translocated chromosomes.  Wheat 55K SNP array analysis confirmed that the translocated breakpoint (340.8~342.5 Mb) was close to the centromere region of chromosome 7D (336.3~341.7 Mb), supporting the 7DS·7StL translocation event.  Based on the diploid reference St genome of Pseudoroegneria libanotica, we developed 21 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, specific for chromosome arm 7StL. Genotyping and phenotyping analysis of the 7DS·7StL translocation in different wheat backgrounds demonstrated that the chromosome arm 7StL confers FHB resistance and possesses the dominant FHB resistance locus (s) named QFhb.Er-7StL.  We further transferred QFhb.Er-7StL into three different wheat cultivars, their second 7DS·7StL translocation line-generations showed improved agronomic traits, representing new germplasms that could be used in wheat FHB-resistant breeding programs.

In order to explore the effects of different cultivation modes on the development of peanut gynophores and pods and to increase the yield of peanut, the effects of three cultivation methods were systematically studied with ‘Weihua 21’ peanut cultivar as the research object. The three cultivation methods included pen-frame ridging + double seed hole sowing, conventional ridging + single seed precision sowing, pen-frame ridging + single seed precision sowing, with the conventional flat ridge double seed sowing as the control. The results showed that pen-frame ridging could improve the total number of gynophores in each period, and each treatment could improve the rate of gynophores buried penetration in each period obviously; Three treatments could increase the number, proportion and burial rate of gynophores in the second and third lateral branches, and reduce the number, proportion and burial rate of gynophores in the main stem compared with CK; pen-frame ridging could increase the number and proportion of short gynophores and medium gynophores, pen-frame ridging and single seed precision sowing could reduce the number of long gynophores, increase the number of double-pod and single-pod, and reduce the number of ineffective-pod, all treatments could increase peanut yield by 11.65%, 4.57%, 24.52%, and the effect of pen-frame ridging + single seed precision sowing was the most obviously. To sum up, pen-frame ridging and single-grain precision sowing can promote the development of peanut gynophores and pods, and increase the yield. Pen-frame ridging + single seed precision sowing has the most significant effect on improving the yield, which is suitable for popularization in production.