In order to understand the main characters of different varieties of cucumber and provide scientific basis for the sustainable development of cucumber industry in Yantai, a field experiment was conducted to compare the characters and yields of plants, leaves and fruits of three varieties of cucumber in Yantai, and to measure and analyze the nutrients in the fruits and evaluate the sensory quality. The three varieties of Yantai cucumber have their own characteristics, ‘Newly Improved Yantai Cucumber’ has the highest yield and vitamin C content, ‘Laizhou Green Cucumber’ has the highest single melon weight, and ‘Haiyang White Cucumber’ has the most popular sensory quality. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the breeding and improvement of cucumber varieties, and emphasize the importance of considering disease resistance in subsequent research.

Based on the production practice in the research area, the efficient cultivation and management technology system of Illicium verum forest from the aspects of grafting seedling (scion collection, rootstock selection and preparation, grafting methods, and seedling management), afforestation (forest selection, land preparation, density selection, and planting), young forest management, forest management (weeding, fertilization, reclamation, forest intercropping, and density control), pest control, and fruit harvesting and processing were explored and summarized in this article. The purpose was to increase the yield of Illicium verum forest and provided references for the sustainable development of related industries.

Based on the current breeding status of potatoes, the aspects that need further improvement, and corresponding development strategies and suggestions were summarized and analyzed. At present, potato breeding was mainly based on its asexual reproduction characteristics, which had the advantages of simplicity, effectiveness, and ensuring the purity of potato seeds. Meanwhile, it was necessary to do a good job in potato seed potato detoxification, pest control, and field management. In the breeding process, it was necessary to further improve the collection of potato variety resources, the production capacity of seed potatoes, the production technology of seed potatoes, the quality of virus-free seed potatoes, and the processing capacity of potato products. Development strategies for potato breeding work were proposed, including establishing a good breeding environment, scientifically introducing potato varieties, innovating potato breeding methods, and innovating production equipment and technology, to provide references for promoting the standardized and rational development of the potato industry.

Based on the daily meteorological data, such as precipitation, rain days and sunshine duration during the flowering and fruiting stages (from November to April) of strawberry in greenhouse of Cixi City from 2012 to 2021, both occurrence frequency and intensity of continuous cloudy and rainy days in Northern Zhejiang Province were analyzed. Meanwhile, a comparative experiment was conducted regarding the application effects between silver-black mulch films (the upper layer adopts a silver mulch film while the lower layer adopts a black one) and black mulch film onto strawberry greenhouse. According to the findings, the probability of continuous cloudy and rainy days was 17.7% during the flowering and fruiting stages of greenhouse strawberry in Cixi City from 2012 to 2020, with their occurrence frequency of a slightly declining trend, and their linear trend coefficient was -0.005; the average intensity of continuous cloudy and rainy days was 6.3, with their occurrence intensity of an increasing trend, and their linear trend coefficient was 0.0264. The most frequent continuous cloudy and rainy days took place in November while the least took place in April. November saw the most frequent continuous cloudy and rainy days that lasted for over 7 days, followed by January. In the low-temperature winter and spring, both kinds of mulching modes could effectively raise and maintain the shallow soil temperature at or above 10℃; the shallow soil temperature of the silver-black-film-treated group was lower than that of the black-film-treated group, and the average temperature of the former group was 0.4℃ lower than that of the latter group; the total solar radiation of the silver-black-film-treated group was 9.1 w/m² higher in average than that of the black-film-treated group. In the early producing stage (from December to February), the average yield of strawberries treated with silver and black films was 3629.4 kg/hm² while the average yield of strawberries treated with black film was 2951.1 kg/hm², thus realizing an increase of 20%. Silver-black-film treatment exerted certain promoting effect on the SPAD value of strawberry leaf, the soluble solid and the transverse fruit diameter. Therefore, in the production, covering silver-black mulch films can improve the micro-climatic environment in the greenhouse and achieve the role of increasing production and income of strawberries.

In order to scientifically put forward the optimal cultivation factor combination of sowing density and fertilizer amount for no-tillage forage rape in mountainous areas, the agronomic traits and yield benefits of no-till mountain forage rape with 9 cultivation factors combined in the same high-altitude pilot in Yuxi from 2019 to 2021 were compared using grey correlation degree and stepwise regression analysis methods. The results showed, (1) the growth period was shortened with the delay of sowing date, the growth period of the last two sowing dates were 10 d and 20 d shorter than that of the first date. (2) Plant height, effective number of corner fruits per plant, fresh forage weight per plant and yield of fresh harvested grass showed a decreasing trend with the delay of sowing date. (3)The correlation degree between forage yield and main agronomic factors was significantly different in different cultivation combinations. (4) The fresh grass yield of 9 combinations in different years had different degrees of difference. (5) With the delay of sowing date, the output value and benefit of rape forage grass showed an obvious decreasing trend. The optimal cultivation factor combination of forage rape in high altitude mountainous areas is sowing on September 20 + planting density 3.0×10⁵-3.6×10⁵ plants/hm² + urea application amount at 5 leaf stage 450-525 kg/hm².

In order to establish a set of flow cytometry application methods that can rapidly and accurately identify the ploidy of tetraploid Chinese cabbage, 12 vegetable crops with known ploidy were used to verify the results of ploidy detection by flow cytometry. At the same time, diploid Chinese cabbage ‘Jibai 4’ and tetraploid Chinese cabbage ‘Duowei 462’, ‘Duo 505’ and ‘Duoyu 2’ were selected as materials, and the ploidy identification was carried out in different periods and parts of the plant, so as to screen out the suitable sampling periods and parts. The results showed that 12 vegetables with known ploidy verified the accuracy and reliability of the flow cytometry results used in this experiment; the ploidy detection results of young cotyledons taken from ‘Jibai 4’, ‘Duowei 462’, ‘Duo 505’ and ‘Duoyu 2’ during the cotyledon stage were consistent with known ploidy. Therefore, the young cotyledons at the cotyledon stage are the best time and place for ploidy sampling in Chinese cabbage.

Liangyou 7871 is a hybrid rice variety developed by crossbreeding 178S and R71, characterized by early maturity, lodging resistance, high quality, high yield, and stable production. The breeding process, characteristics, high yield cultivation, and seed production techniques of this variety were summarized and analyzed. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 2016 to 2017, this variety had a full growth period of 130 days, an average yield of 9.51 t/hm², excellent appearance quality, good palatability, and good disease resistance. High yield cultivation techniques focused on cultivating strong seedlings, controlling ineffective tillers, striving for effective panicle numbers, promoting large panicles, improving seed setting rates, and emphasis was placed on preventing and controlling rice blast disease, rice planthopper, and other diseases. The key points of seed production technology included reasonable arrangement of sowing time, cultivation of strong seedlings, reasonable planting density, strengthening field management, and skillful spraying of gibberellic acid plant growth regulator. The research results provided references for the cultivation of this variety as a mid season rice, wheat stubble live broadcast, nice and regenerated rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

To seek a highyield and stable cultivation model of Pleurotus citrinopileatus in the southern region, its biological efficiency and economic benefits were improved, comparative experiments were conducted on 11 formulas including corn cob, corn cob mixed wood chips, cottonseed hulls, and miscellaneous wood chips cottonseed hulls, as well as 6 cultivation methods including ground stacking cultivation in ordinary cultivation rooms (A₁) and ground stacking cultivation in air-conditioned cultivation rooms (A₂), using common production steps such as mixing, bagging, sterilization, boiling, inoculation, mycelial cultivation, mushroom management, and harvesting compared and tested. The results showed that the single sugarcane bagasse formula 10 had the highest pollution rate, which was 11.67%; The single cottonseed shell formula 5 had a higher pollution rate, which was 5.33%; And the mixed sawdust cottonseed shell formula 7 had the highest biological efficiency, which was 110.86%; The biological efficiency of a single corn cob formula 3 was the lowest, at 61.26%; The biological efficiency of the mixed formula 11 of mango sawdust and sugarcane bagasse was average, at 82.35%. From the perspective of cost and economic benefits, selecting local materials to optimize the cultivation method of Pleurotus citrinopileatus was beneficial for improving economic benefits; Cultivating in a regular grid frame cultivation room （C₁） results in considerable economic benefits. This may provide references for the optimal and highquality production of this species.

To explore efficient and environmentally friendly apple cultivation techniques, and improve their yield and quality, the advantages of apple bag-free cultivation technology, as well as the key points of bag-free cultivation and pest control technology were summarized and analyzed. The bag-free cultivation technique could reduce production costs, improve fruit quality, and had high economic and social benefits. The key points of apple bag-free cultivation techniques included reasonable site selection and planning, selection of excellent fruit tree varieties, scientific fertilization, timely irrigation, and pruning and shaping. The prevention and control of diseases and pests included comprehensive measures such as agriculture, biology, chemistry, and physics. It was necessary to strengthen the monitoring and early warning of pests and diseases, detect them in a timely manner, and take corresponding measures. The research results provided references for apple cultivation and diseases and pests control.

Lilium spp. are perennial bulbous herbs that include ornamental， edible， and medicinal lilies all with high economic value. Since Lily is identified with complex genetic background， high heterozygosity， incompatibility in distant hybridization， long cycle of traditional cross breeding as well as low breeding accuracy， it is difficult to breed for new varieties. These modern breeding techniques， including crossbreeding， mutation breeding， polyploidization breeding， protoplast fusion breeding， and genetic engineering， have been applied in lily. This article reviews and summarizes the methods for overcoming the barriers of distant hybridization in lily hybrid breeding， the treatments in mutation breeding， the technical approaches in polyploidization breeding and haploid breeding， the methods in protoplast isolation and fusion in protoplast fusion breeding， and the advances in lily genetic transformation and editing. In addition， several examples in lily breeding methods and techniques are listed， and the problems in techniques are proposed. The future development and application prospects in lily breeding technologies are discussed. This article aims to provide insights for future research on lily breeding technologies and their applications in breeding of lily varieties.

The aim of this study is to identify biological diets that effectively enhance gonadal development and spawning in T. tridentatus. Five groups of biological diets were administered to T. tridentatus, comprising Ruditapes philippinarus (A), Perinereis bidentata (B), Ostreagigas (C), R. philippinarus + P. bidentata combination (D), and Ostreagigas + P. bidentata combination (E). The effects of different diets on the quality of offspring were analyzed by comparing the egg diameter, hatching rate and the width of the first-age larva's cuticle, and the effects of different diets on reproductive performance were evaluated. The results showed that the number and frequency of spawning in group D were higher than those of other test groups, followed by group E, and the number and quality of spawning in mixed test group were higher than those of single test group. R. philippinarus and P. bidentata are more suitable for the development of parent T. tridentatus gonadal enhanced culture, which can significantly promote the gonadal development and spawning. The conclusion of this study provides reference for the development of safe, efficient and high-quality gonadal ripening food for T. tridentatus.

【Objective】To develop high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivars in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Zone (YHWZ), simultaneously improving of yield and resistance was conducted in this study.【Method】Using the elite parent dwarf male sterile (DMS) wheat combined with double haploid (DH) technology and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) of Fhb1 (DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy), DH lines were developed using Sumai 3 as a donor (FHB- resistant parent) and Zhoumai 16’s DMS wheat, Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136 and Lunxuan 6 as recipient parents. The agronomic traits (plant height, heading date, yield, etc.) and FHB resistance were evaluated for these DH lines.【Result】A total of 51 Fhb1-DH lines characterized by facultative growth habit, semi-dwarf and white grains were selected using this strategy. The average number of infected spikelets of 51 lines were 5.7 and 7.3 at the 2020Henan and 2020Beijing sites, respectively, and average disease severities were 27.7% and 35.2%, which is not different from moderately susceptible control Huaimai 20. There was no significant difference in grain yield per hm² between the mean performance of the 51 lines and the control Zhoumai 18. DH116 (Lunxuan 20), a promising line from the 51 lines, was further evaluated for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in multiple environments. The resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB was significantly improved, and no significant difference was found in the number of infected spikelets or disease severity between Lunxuan 20 and moderately or highly resistant controls at four sites. Lunxuan 20 showed slightly greater grain yield per hm², and significantly higher number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight (P<0.05), earlier heading date and shorter plant height (P<0.05) than the control Zhoumai 18 in two environments. The grain yield per hm² of Lunxuan 20 was 4.6% and 1.7% higher than the control cultivar Bainong 207 in the two list trials of Henan Province, and 3.5% higher than Bainong 207 in the demonstration trial. Resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB ranged from moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance in two-year list tests using the single-floret injection and spray inoculation methods. Lunxuan 20 carries the semi-dwarfing gene Rht-D1b at the Rht-D1 locus, and the recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1 associated with the winter growth habit at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Based on the wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 64.7% of the SNPs were shared by Lunxuan 20 and its parents, and the direct genetic contributions of Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136, Lunxuan 6 and Sumai 3 to Lunxuan 20 were 69.8%, 12.6%, 6.1% and 11.5%, respectively.【Conclusion】A high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Lunxuan 20 was bred using the DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy.

The characteristics and direct seeding high-yield cultivation techniques of hybrid rice variety Shaandao No.12 were summarized and analyzed. This variety was planted in Hanzhong region, Shaanxi Province, and had the characteristics of early growth period, tolerance to dense planting, strong lodging resistance, good yield, and excellent rice quality. Its direct seeding high-yield cultivation techniques included selecting large fields, fine field management, seed treatment, timely sowing, scientific fertilization, reasonable water management, prevention and control of grass and pest, disease and pest control, and timely harvesting. The research results provide references for the breeding and promotion of high-yield and high-quality rice varieties in the study area.

In order to promote the green and high-quality development of agriculture, improve land use efficiency, and increase farmers’ income, the cultivation model of watermelon-rice-green manure was integrated. The key cultivation techniques and benefits of this model were summarized and analyzed. Using the technique of small arch shed cultivation, watermelons were selected from early and middle maturing and high-quality varieties. Watermelons were planted in early April and harvested in June. When the garden was closed, healthy vines were left in the field as organic fertilizer for rice. High-yield and high-quality mid season rice varieties were selected for rice cultivation, with soft disk seedling cultivation, machine insertion at the end of June, and harvesting at the end of October. 15-20 days before harvesting, sprinkle milk vetch seeds as green manure. During the growth period of green manure, pay attention to drainage and flood prevention. In March of the following year, plow and return to the field. This model improves the annual benefits of farmland while stabilizing rice production, promotes the sustainable development of watermelon and rice industries, and effectively reduces the occurrence of field diseases and pests, achieving the effect of weight loss and drug reduction. It is conducive to the stable and high-yield of watermelon and rice, and the economic and ecological benefits are improved.

In order to screen suitable substrates for cultivation of banana tissue culture seedlings, research on cultivation substrates using biochar as the main material was carried out. Statistical methods were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. In this study, a series of biochar by volume (2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%) and iron powder were added to coconut coir and then were used to plant the banana tissue culture seedlings. Potting trials were conducted in 2022 at the trial base of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Factors including the changes of matrix traits, plant growth and development, and NPK nutritional status during the seedling growth were monitored in order to screen out the proportion of biochar added to coconut coir. The results showed that the addition of biochar had no significant effect on most of the properties of coconut bran, but the addition of iron powder significantly reduced the content of the matrix available phosphorus. When the volume ratio of biochar added into coco coir was less than 20%, the dry matter of stems of banana seedlings significantly increased by 3.5%-193.8% and roots of banana seedlings significantly increased by 22.2%-39.8%, and the nitrogen and potassium content of seedlings significantly increased by 5.0%-182.9% (except for B₁₀I) and 7.1%-178.1%, which might indicate that the addition of biochar improved the nitrogen and potassium nutrition of banana tissue culture seedlings. However, adding more than 20% biochar in coconut coir inhibited the growth of banana seedlings though no significant effect on the properties of the substrate was detected. Furthermore, adding iron powder together with biochar into coconut coir greatly reduced the content of available phosphorus in the substrate and thereby inhibited the growth of the plant. In conclusion, the addition of 2%-10% volume ratio of biochar in coconut coir was suitable for the cultivation of banana tissue culture seedlings, and had a broad application prospect.

The author briefly outlined the fundamental concepts of the Osmanthus fragrans colour group and categorized the existing new varieties based on leaf coloration-emerging into two types of monochromatic and polychromatic (chimera). This article elaborated on the three types of pigments presented in the leaves-chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, their contents and ratios, as well as the influencing factors and leaf color change mechanisms. Furthermore, it summarized the characteristics and current applications of cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering in O. fragrans. It also suggested strengthening the functional analysis of genes involved in the O. fragrans colour group and innovation in breeding technology, to obtain breakthrough new varieties with superior traits, strong adaptability, and excellent ornamental qualities, aiming to propel the continuous development of the O. fragrans colour group breeding program.

The paper aims to explore the possibility of maximizing various functions of Canna glauca by different cultivation methods. This study took C. glauca as the research object and simulated a growth environment similar to in situ as the control, established seven different cultivation methods including control, soil+ nutrient solution, soil+ water, substrate+ nutrient solution, substrate+ water, nutrient solution, and water. Seedlings were prepared by seed germination method, and were cultivated and managed artificially for 6 months. Plant vegetative growth (plant height, root length, tiller number, and leaf number of the highest tiller), reproductive growth (inflorescence number, ornamental period of inflorescence, numbers of mature capsule and seed), and the accumulation and allocation patterns of primary production among different plant organs (total plant production, aboveground production, underground production, production of reproductive organs) were investigated. The investigated data showed that all the data mentioned above reached their maximum or highest value with the cultivation method of nutrient solution, respectively reached their secondary maximum or highest value with the cultivation method of substrate + nutrient solution, and all respectively decreased to their minimum or lowest value with the cultivation method of water, in which the growth of C. glauca was the weakest and even the phenomenon of necrosis of growth points at the stem tip occurred in the later experimental stage. The results of data analyses showed that all the investigated data mentioned above increased and reached the significant level with the cultivation method of nutrient solution and decreased and reached the statistically significant level with the cultivation method of water than those in control. This study demonstrates that the cultivation method of nutrient solution not only satisfies the hydroponic nature of C. glauca, but also provides all the sufficient and balanced nutrient elements, which is most suitable for the growth of C. glauca. It is the preferred cultivation method for C. glauca as fresh cut flowers and potted flowers in the future.

To address the issue of differences in the quality formation of cultivated Scabiosa tschiliensis, wild and cultivated S. tschiliensis were used as experimental materials. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to analyze the content of metabolites in the medicinal parts of wild and cultivated S. tschiliensis. The results showed that the content of the main bioactive compounds in wild S. tschiliensis was significantly higher than that in cultivated S. tschiliensis. The metabolites in the inflorescence of wild S. tschiliensis were different from those in cultivated S. tschiliensis. The content of some important amino acids related to abiotic stress (drought and salinity) was significantly higher in wild S. tschiliensis. The content of upstream compounds in phenylalanine and flavonoid synthesis in cultivated S. tschiliensis is higher, indicating that the initial stage of synthesis of secondary metabolites may be different.

The current distribution of zinc content in farmland soil, the impact of zinc on the nutritional quality of wheat grains, the absorption and accumulation characteristics of zinc by wheat, and the ways to enhance zinc nutrition in wheat grains were summarized and analyzed. The distribution pattern of zinc content in soil was closely related to topography, geological structure, and ecological environment. In some wheat producing areas, the zinc content in soil is relatively low. Zinc is an important trace element that affects the starch and protein content of wheat grains. It was generally absorbed by plant roots and transported to the aboveground part under pressure or transpiration, or horizontally transported to the phloem, where it was transported upwards or downwards and then transported to various tissues and organs. The ways to enhance zinc in wheat include genetic improvement breeding, agronomic improvement, and application biotechnology. The research results provide some new ideas for zinc-rich wheat breeding.

The rice variety Yongliangyou 206 was developed by crossbreeding 7-163S with Guifei Xiangzhan. It has a compact plant shape, upright leaf posture, and vigorous growth trend. The rice variety meets the second level standard of NY/T 593-2013 “Quality of Edible Rice Varieties”. Good anti overturning and heat resistance. In the regional trials from 2020 to 2021, the average yield of this variety was 9 325.6 kg/hm², the average yield of the production trial in 2022 was 8 953.8 kg/hm². This variety has comprehensive characteristics such as high yield, excellent rice quality, delicious taste, and strong resistance, it can be promoted and planted in the first season rice area and similar areas in Anhui Province. The high-yield cultivation techniques for its include strict selection and soaking of seeds, ensuring the achievement of functional panicles, constructing a population with high yield and suitable harvest time, etc. The efficient seed production techniques include safe seed production, flower time adjustment and germination rate increased. The research results provide reference for seed production and promotion of planting of this variety.

The application of green cultivation and intelligent precision management technology were summarized and analyzed in promoting wheat production, providing references for achieving efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable agricultural development. This technology utilized modern technologies such as sensors, remote sensing, and the Internet of Things to achieve real-time monitoring and precise control of wheat growth and environmental conditions. Through various means such as planting management, water and fertilizer management, pest control, and integrated harvesting and storage, it improved wheat production efficiency and product quality, while reducing resource waste and environmental pollution. The application of this technology was helpful for the rational planning of the cultivation scheme and the precise control of the whole process of crop growth and the environment. The purpose was to promote green cultivation and intelligent precision management technology to improve the yield and quality of wheat.

The production practice of summer corn was combined in Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, and its high-yield cultivation techniques were summarized and analyzed. Fine soil preparation before planting, using precision farming methods to improve soil structure. Select high-yield, high-quality, and highly resistant varieties, and conduct sorting and chemical seed mixing treatment. Sow at the appropriate time and plant closely to maximize its yield potential. During the planting process, ensure an appropriate supply of water, timely weed control, and balanced fertilization to meet the fertilizer and water needs of crops at different growth stages. Simultaneously adopting multiple methods to comprehensively prevent and control diseases and pests such as ear rot, rust, and corn borer. After maturity, harvest should be postponed appropriately to achieve the goal of increasing yield. Through scientific and rational planting techniques, soil nutrient content can be effectively increased, summer corn growth can be promoted, and its yield and quality can be improved.

The main facilities and equipment and related advantages and disadvantages of the cultivation model of edible fungi in square cabin were summarized and analyzed, and development suggestions was proposed in this article. This technology utilizes advanced equipment and facilities to meet the growth conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light required for edible fungi cultivation, achieving standardized and modern production of edible fungi. This model has obvious advantages and potential, such as fast construction and production, high production efficiency, good production income, and rapid industrial development. At the same time, it also faces challenges such as high investment costs and energy consumption. The research results provide a reference for the cultivation model and industrial development of edible mushroom shelters.

This four aspects as the starting point were taken: teacher strength, teaching platform, teaching system, and teaching assessment. The current situation of practical teaching model in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultivation and Identification major was studied, optimization measures were proposed such as improving teacher strength, creating teaching platform, constructing teaching system, and establishing assessment and evaluation mechanism, and the construction of a practical teaching system that highlights the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine with “one core, two stages, three units, and four guarantees”. It elaborated on the practice and thinking of system optimization and reform. To promote the comprehensive quality improvement of college students from all aspects and multiple perspectives, laying the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese medicine and cultivating high-quality compound Chinese medicine agricultural talents.

To investigate the effects of sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation on the growth, hormones, and yield of chili pepper ‘Sichuan 20’ in the Sichuan basin, and clarify the influencing mechanism, we set up sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation treatment and field control treatment, measured the height of chili pepper plants and the content of endogenous hormones in the apical tissues of chili pepper plants in the two treatments, and conducted transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR validation of related genes. The results showed that there was no significant difference in chili pepper plant height in the early period of sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation, and the plant height in the middle and late periods of sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation was 1.13 and 1.5 times that of the field control treatment, respectively. The yield per plant in the sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation treatment was 74.9% of that in the field control treatment. After sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation, the content of gibberellin was 1.29 times that of the field control treatment, and the content of jasmonic acid was 63.3% of that of the field control treatment. GO analysis showed that the two treatments were significantly enriched in biological functions related to stress response and defense response and were significantly enriched in molecular functions related to adenosine nucleotide binding, adenosine diphosphate binding, and guanosine diphosphate binding. KEGG pathway analysis showed that compared with the sheltered rain-avoiding cultivation treatment, the field control treatment of chili pepper in the sesquiterpene biosynthesis metabolic pathway had four genes related to gibberellin degradation, CaGA2ox1.1(Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 1, T459_20483), CaGA2ox1.2 (Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 1, T459_24753), CaGA2ox8(Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 8, T459_05864), CaGRP3(Gibberellin-regulated protein 3, T459_06266). After the installation of facilities for rain protection cultivation in the Sichuan basin, the expression level of the gene for degradation of gibberellin at the top of the chili pepper decreased, while the content of gibberellin increased, causing the excessive growth of chili pepper, ultimately leading to a lower yield of chili pepper in the facilities for rain protection cultivation than in the field cultivation.

[目的]优化白桫椤的组织培养技术，可缩短植株繁育周期，进一步提高繁育效率。[方法]本研究以白桫椤的孢子为外植体，研究不同基本培养基对孢子萌发的影响；探讨不同植物生长调节剂对绿色球状体（GGB）诱导和增殖的影响；通过不完全组织培养法，筛选孢子体转化的最佳基质和培养方式。[结果]诱导孢子萌发最佳基质为1/10 MS，萌发率69.55%,10 d可见孢子萌发，在1/2 MS培养基下孢子萌发存在抑制情况；GGB诱导培养基以1/2 MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)较适宜，诱导率为92.22%;GGB增殖培养基以1/2 MS+NAA 0.1～0.5 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0～0.1 mg·L~(-1)较适宜，60 d增殖系数可达6.14；活性炭也有利于GGB增殖，其中1/2 MS+NAA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭1.0 g·L~(-1)增殖效果最好，60 d增殖系数可达7.84；因孢子体难以在组培过程中直接获得，通过将GGB团移栽至瓶外基质中能成功诱导出孢子体，最适基质为泥炭∶珍珠岩∶椰糠（2∶1∶1），移栽90 d转化率为43.33%;Knauss不完全组织培养法在白桫椤离体繁殖中的具有可行性，在基质为泥炭∶珍珠岩（1∶1）时，32 d即能成功诱导出孢子体，孢子体转化率高达86.67%。[结论]通过GGB途径可以实现白桫椤的快速增殖，不完全组织培养法能有效提高幼孢子体的转化率，为白桫椤规模化生产育苗提供技术支撑。

[目的]本研究旨在提高黄花菜的产量，探索适宜大同地区黄花菜的有效栽培模式。[方法]于2022-2023年，以‘大同黄花’为试验材料，采用垄作、平作和沟栽3种栽培方式，通过测定分析黄花菜根际土壤理化属性、根系活力与生物量等指标，探究栽培方式对黄花菜产量的影响。[结果]（1）垄作能显著降低0～20 cm土层土壤容重和土壤含水量，提高0～20 cm土层土壤孔隙度。垄作下0～10、10～20 cm土层土壤容重较平作分别降低4.88%和3.37%，土壤含水量分别显著降低17.03%和19.04%，土壤孔隙度分别提高8.28%和7.33%，而沟栽下0～10 cm土层土壤含水量较平作显著提高11.46%;(2)垄作提高0～20 cm土层土壤温度，尤其是表层0～5 cm温度变化幅度最大。（3）垄作提高0～30 cm土层土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性，其中0～10 cm土层酶活性最高。（4）在黄花菜展叶期、初花期和盛花期，垄作下的土壤碱解氮含量分别显著提高81.12%、111.42%、40.64%。（5）垄作提高根系活力，在黄花菜抽薹期较平作显著提高21.36%，随着生育进程的推进，根系干物质逐渐增加，在盛花期垄作较平作提高27.63%。（6）在产量方面，垄作较平作显著提高28.89%。[结论]垄作可提高土壤温度、孔隙度、土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量，为黄花菜创造良好的生态环境，利于根系生长，实现黄花菜高产，因此垄作是适合大同地区黄花菜的高效栽培模式。

To evaluate the effects of different cultivation measures on the nitrogen utilization efficiency of basal fertilizer and rice yield base fertilizer, the rice variety Weiliangyou 8612 was used as the experimental material, and the rice yield, plant nitrogen absorption and conversion rate, and soil enzyme activity under different cultivation measures were analyzed using ¹⁵N labeling and tracing technology. The results showed that improving irrigation management and optimizing fertilization strategies were beneficial for increasing nitrogen accumulation and absorption in rice plants, and increasing yield. Among them, the comprehensive management measure of light dry wet alternation irrigation combined with organic fertilizer（ZGC-3）had the better effect. In addition, comprehensive management measures are beneficial for improving soil enzyme activity and enhancing soil biochemical activity. The study confirmed the effectiveness of comprehensive cultivation management strategies in improving rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, as well as reducing environmental impact.

In order to explore the suitable density conditions for early spring greenhouse cultivation of chili peppers, this experiment compared and analyzed the main agronomic traits, yield, and economic benefits of chili peppers under seven density conditions of 40 500, 43 500, 46 500, and 49 500 plants/hm². The results showed that when the density was low, the individual development of chili peppers plants was better, with higher plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter, and single fruit weight compared to high-density treatments. Density conditions did not affect the appearance and other characteristics of chili fruits. As the density increases, the yield and benefits of chili peppers show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At a density of 49 500 plants/hm², the yield and benefits were highest, at 91 125.0 kg/hm² and 264 937.5 yuan/hm², respectively. The second density treatment was 46 500 and 52 500 plants/hm². Suitable density conditions are conducive to achieving high yields in chili peppers, and the experimental results provide a reference for high-yield cultivation of chili peppers.

In order to effectively control tobacco bacterial wilt and black shank, this experiment studied the effects of different transplanting methods(conventional transplanting, well cellar transplanting, and transplanting seedlings under the membrane), tobacco varieties(K326, Guiyan No.8, Guiyan No.5, Yunyan 85, Yunyan 105, Xiangyan No.7, and Yunyan 87), mulching methods(white film, black film, and not covering with film), and stem perforation positions(5, 15, and 25 cm form the ground) on tobacco wilt and black shank. The results showed that the incidence of transplanting seedlings under film was the lowest among the 3 transplanting methods. Among the 3 film mulching methods, black film had the lightest incidence; the occurrence of bacterial wilt and black shank could be significantly reduced by perforation at 5 cm from the ground after the onset of tobacco plant. Among the 7 tobacco varieties, the incidence of Xiangyan No.7 was the lowest, which was highly resistant to bacterial wilt and black shank. The research results can provide a reference for scientific and effective prevention and control of tobacco bacterial wilt and black shank.

【Objective】High-quality is the primary target for waxy maize breeding. The aim of this study is to screen lines with high general combining ability and excellent hybrids with high-quality traits, which will clarify the breeding potential of these lines from Laos and lay a foundation in breeding high-quality waxy maize varieties.【Method】Using the Maize6H-60K chip, high quality genotype data of 33 waxy maize materials were obtained for cluster analysis. Combined with the iodine staining experiment and molecular detection of waxy genes, these types of waxy genes from early-generation maize lines from Laos were identified. Through the incomplete diallel cross experiment, phenotype identification and combining ability analysis of quality and other traits of 439 combinations were carried out to clarify the breeding potential of waxy maize lines with early generation from Laos. An experiment of quality traits evaluation with multi-person was conducted on these selected combinations with advantages to identify the most promising high-quality waxy maize hybrids. 【Result】Clustering analysis was conducted based on 56 626 high quality SNP, and the results showed that these lines from Laos and domestic materials belong to different branches and can be clearly distinguished. All 23 lines with early generation from Laos were waxy maize, among which 16 lines belonged to the wx-D10 type, three lines belonged to the wx-D7 type, and the other four lines were unknown types. The heritability of quality traits of waxy maize materials from Laos is low, ranging from 0.14 to 0.35, which is suitable for selection in higher generations. The average stewing quality of 439 combinations was significantly higher than that of the control Jingkenuo2000 and Shinuo2, but there was no significant difference from Yunuo7. The general combining ability effects of all quality traits of waxy maize lines F02, F22, F25, and F28 were positive, which could be used to improve quality traits of domestic waxy maize in China. Furthermore, these combinations M02×F02 and M22×F22 were evaluated as excellent in multi-person quality traits evaluation experiments by approximately 86% of all tasters.【Conclusion】These local varieties of waxy maize from Laos have rich genetic variation, with a certain genetic distance from domestic waxy maize inbred lines. There may also exist new alleles of waxy gene in these lines from Laos. In addition, these waxy maize lines from Laos have obvious advantages in quality traits, including waxy quality, pericarp thickness and other traits, which can be used as valuable germplasm for improving the quality traits of domestic waxy maize in China.

Under the background of new agricultural science construction, the development of modern agriculture has put forward higher requirements for agricultural professionals, and curriculum teaching is an important content of talent cultivation. Crop Cultivation course was taken as the research object, the current teaching situation was researched from four aspects: ideological and political element, teaching content, teaching resource, assessment system, proposed corresponding optimization and improvement suggestions. Specifically, it included exploring ideological and political element, updating teaching content, improving teaching method, and establishing a diversified assessment system. The purpose was to provide a reference for the teaching reform research of Crop Cultivation course in agricultural universities under the background of new agricultural science, and to improve the quality of talent cultivation in new agricultural science.

In order to study the adaptability of different protein mulberry varieties in the windy and sandy area of Yuyang in northern Shaanxi, four different ecotypes of three-year protein mulberry (‘Yuyinsang-1’, ‘Yuyinsang-2’, ‘Yuyinsang-3’ and ‘YuYinsang-4’) were used as materials. The adaptability of four kinds of protein mulberry was comprehensively evaluated from agronomic traits, physiological and biochemical characteristics, yield characteristics and quality. The results showed that the four kinds of protein mulberry had good overwintering performance and could overwinter safely in Yulin area. The agronomic characters of ‘Yuyinsang-1’ were better than other varieties (P<0.05). The analysis of physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) among the four mulberry varieties except transpiration rate (Tr). The chlorophyll content and Pn of ‘Yuyinsang-1’ were the highest, while the WUEi of ‘Yuyinsang-1’ and ‘Yuyinsang-4’ were the best. The yield analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the total yield among the four protein mulberry varieties, but there were some differences in the fresh weight of stem and leaf, dry weight of stem and leaf and biological yield per plant. The best two varieties were ‘Yuyinsang-1’ and ‘Yuyinsang-4’, and the biological yield per plant of ‘Yuyensang-1’ was significantly higher than that of the other three varieties (P<0.05). There were no differences in crude fat content, crude fiber content and ash content among the four protein mulberry varieties, but there were significant differences in crude protein content, of which the crude protein content of ‘Yuyinsang-1’ was the highest (194.9 g/kg), which were 1.19, 1.43 and 1.13 times as much as ‘Yuyinsang-2’, ‘Yuyinsang-3’ and ‘YuYinsang-4’, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the yield was significantly positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate, instantaneous water use efficiency, fresh weight and dry weight of stem and leaf (P<0.05).The crude protein content was significantly positively correlated with plant height, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and fresh weight of stem and leaf (P<0.01). The results of comprehensive membership function analysis showed that ‘Yuyinsang-1’ could be used as a suitable protein mulberry variety in the sandy area of Yuyang in northern Shaanxi.

Plant polyploidy often occurs along with higher yield and superior quality. Therefore, obtaining polyploid germplasms is a significant part of breeding. The oil-tea Camellia tree, an important native woody plant that produces high-quality edible oil, includes many species of Camellia with different ploidies. However, whether higher ploidy levels in oil-tea Camellia trees are related to better traits remains unclear. In this study, the ploidy levels of 30 different oil-tea Camellia strains in 3 different species in the sect. Paracamellia were determined by flow cytometry and chromosome preparation, and the phenotypic characteristics and fatty acid composition of the fruits were examined by field observations and laboratory analyses. The correlations between the ploidy level of oil-tea Camellia and the main traits of the fruit were investigated . Our results showed that 10 Camellia lanceoleosa strains were diploid, 10 Camellia meiocarpa strains were tetraploid and 10 Camellia oleifera strains were hexaploid. Hexaploid C. oleifera had larger fruit size and weight, more seeds per fruit, larger seed weight per fruit, higher oil contents and larger yield per crown width than tetraploid C. meiocarpa and diploid C. lanceoleosa, but their fruit peel thickness and fresh seed rate were significantly lower, and these traits were significantly correlated with ploidy. In addition, in terms of fatty acid composition, hexaploid C. oleifera had a higher oleic acid content than tetraploid C. meiocarpa and diploid C. lanceoleosa, but their linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid contents were lower. The contents of palmitic acid, stearic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids were not significantly correlated with ploidy level. In conclusion, there were certain correlations between the main characteristics of oil-tea Camellia fruit and the ploidy level, and increasing ploidy level led to an increase in fruit yield, with no effect on oil composition. The discovery of the variation in the main characteristics of oil-tea Camellia fruit with different ploidies will facilitate germplasm innovation and lay a foundation for ploidy breeding and mechanistic research on fruit traits.

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) breeding have greatly improved the efficiency of rice breeding.  Due to the influence of epistasis and gene pleiotropy, how to ensure the actual breeding effect of MAS and GS is still a difficult problem to overcome.  In this study, 113 indica rice varieties (V) and their 565 testcross hybrids (TC) were used as materials to investigate the genetic basis of 12 quality traits and 9 agronomic traits.  The original traits and general combining ability of parents, as well as the original traits and mid-parent heterosis of testcross hybrids were subjected to genome-wide association analysis.  In total, 381 primary significantly associated loci (SAL) and 1759 secondary SALs that had epistatic interaction with these primary SALs were detected. 322 candidate genes located within or nearby the SALs were screened, of which 204 were cloned genes.  A total of 39 MAS molecular modules that are beneficial for trait improvement was identified by pyramiding the superior haplotype of candidate genes and desirable epistatic allele of secondary SALs.  All the SALs were used to construct genetic networks, in which 91 pleiotropic loci were investigated.  Additionally, we estimated the accuracy of genomic prediction in parent varieties and testcross hybrids by incorporating no SALs, primary SALs, secondary SALs or epistatic effect SALs as covariates.  Although the prediction accuracy of the four models was mostly not significantly different in the TC dataset, the incorporation of primary SALs, secondary SALs, and epistatic effect SALs significantly improved the prediction accuracy of 5(26%), 3(16%), and 11(58%) traits in the V dataset, respectively.  These results suggested that SALs and epistatic effect SALs identified based on additive genotype can provide considerable predictive power for parental lines.  These results provide insights into the genetic basis of complex traits and valuable information for molecular breeding in rice.

目的：筛选适宜豫北地区早秋栽培的平菇菌株。方法：考察供试10个菌株的菌丝长势、菌袋污染率、子实体农艺性状及生物学效率，计算子实体农艺性状的变异系数和遗传多样性指数，考察主要农艺性状相关性。结果：供试菌株出菇农艺性状的变异系数为10.87%～24.14%，多样性指数为1.51～2.18，菌丝长势和菌柄直径与产量呈显著正相关；综合各项指标，菌株平6、平3综合性状优于平CK，可作为豫北地区适宜早秋栽培的主推平菇菌株。

目的：筛选非柞木木屑栽培香菇的木屑原料。方法：以柞木木屑为对照，采用果木木屑、柳木木屑、杨木木屑、榆木木屑栽培香菇，考察供试木屑水提物对香菇菌丝（平板）生长影响，供试木屑栽培香菇发菌期菌丝生长速度、菌丝长势、产量、生物转化率和优质菇率。结果：果木木屑、杨木木屑、柳木木屑栽培香菇产量与柞木木屑相当，三者均可栽培香菇，榆木木屑不宜栽培香菇，其中果木木屑替代柞木木屑栽培香菇效果最佳。

为拓展芦苇秸秆就近资源化利用途径，以芦苇秸秆或玉米秸秆为主要栽培原料，添加8%麸皮、1%石灰及1%石膏，发酵后栽培大球盖菇。结果表明：配方2(90%芦苇秸秆)栽培大球盖菇，其菌丝体浓密、出菇时间长、出菇品质佳，且产量（15.29±2.01 kg/m~2）和生物学效率（76.45%±21.56%）均高于以90%玉米秸秆为主料的配方1(CK)，说明资源化利用芦苇秸秆栽培大球盖菇具有可行性。

长根菇（商品名黑皮鸡）是商品价值高、市场前景好的食用菌，地下停车库可以为其提供恒温恒湿的栽培环境。介绍了地下停车库改造及栽培长根菇技术，为黔东南地区因地制宜发展长根菇生产提供参考。