The breeding process, varietal characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of potato variety Mengwushu No.2 were summarized. This variety was developed as a potato cultivar through sexual hybridization, using Jizhangshu No.8 as the female parent and Xisen No.6 as the male parent, followed by selection and identification. It was registered as a non-staple crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024, with the registration number GPD potato (2024) 150114. In terms of varietal characteristics, Mengwushu No.2 was a late-maturing variety with a growth period of approximately 110 days; and the average yield in regional experiment was 42 186.08 kg/hm². The tubers were oval-shaped with yellow skin and deep yellow flesh, medium-depth eyes, and slightly rough skin. The dry matter content was 18.2%, starch content 10.6%, and reducing sugar content 0.27%. It exhibited moderate resistance to Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus Y (PVY). Key cultivation techniques included selecting sandy loam fields with good isolation conditions, and standardizing seed cutting and disinfection. Timely sowing and rational dense planting were recommended. For field management, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied during land preparation, with supplemental phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients during the mid-to-late growth stages. Timely intertillage and earthing-up help control weeds and conserve soil moisture. Soil moisture should be maintained during the tuber bulking stage, and key pests and diseases, such as late blight, should be monitored and controlled. Vine killing should be performed 10-15 days before harvest, and tubers should be harvested at the appropriate time after skin suberization. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

To cultivate versatile talents, this paper analyzed the current teaching situation of the Crop Cultivation course and proposed a series of teaching reform strategies based on virtual simulation technology. Combined with the actual teaching practice of the course, the key areas that required optimization at that time included: the need for further adaptation of content allocation after the adjustment of class hours, the need for improvement in the time matching between the crop growth period and the teaching cycle, the need for strengthening the coverage and depth of practical teaching, and the need for the assessment system to highlight the orientation of practical operation. To address the above issues, virtual simulation technology was deeply integrated with course teaching, and a hybrid teaching model of “classroom explanation + virtual simulation + knowledge test + production practice” was constructed, with systematic optimization conducted from 3 aspects: teaching methods, teaching characteristics, and teaching evaluation system. By using technologies such as Unity 3D, this model reproduced the cultivation scenarios of the entire crop growth period, broke through the limitations of time, space, and seasons, strengthened students’ intuitive understanding of abstract knowledge and practical operation training, and realized the mutual complementation and promotion between virtual training and on-site practice. Practice showed that after the reform, the achievement degree of course objectives had been significantly improved, students’ mastery of professional knowledge and practical innovation ability had been effectively strengthened, and the construction of an interdisciplinary teaching team had also been promoted. Relevant virtual simulation projects had been approved as Jiangxi Provincial virtual simulation projects and launched on the national virtual simulation experimental teaching course sharing platform, covering 21 universities across the country and realizing the open sharing of high-quality resources. In the future, it will be necessary to further focus on the professional characteristics of teaching content and the improvement of teachers’ interdisciplinary literacy, and continuously optimize the teaching model. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

The management techniques for cultivating blanched garlic leaves in facility greenhouses, covering site selection, infrastructure construction, planting, cultivation management, harvesting, and post-harvest handling were summarized. The planting site should be pollution-free, close to water sources, and accessible by transportation. Greenhouses equipped with light-blocking, heat-insulating, and ventilation functions were constructed, typically featuring anti-seepage hydroponic tanks inside. Purple-skinned garlic varieties were preferred for cultivation, with seeds undergoing soaking, dormancy breaking, and germination promotion treatments. For cultivation management, temperature (16-28 ℃) was strictly controlled in a light-free environment, adequate moisture was maintained, and specialized water-soluble fertilizers were applied as needed. The blanched garlic leaves generally harvested when they reach a length of 0.5 meters, after which further processing-stacking, packaging, and refrigeration-takes place. The quality and yield of the first harvest are better, and it was necessary to thoroughly clean and disinfect the pond after harvesting for the next crop. Additionally, post-harvest garlic bulbs can be repurposed for replanting, processing into condiments, producing organic fertilizers, or serving as feed additives, thereby enhancing resource utilization efficiency and overall planting benefits. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the blanched garlic leaves industry.

Based on the geographical location and climatic characteristics of Tianmen City, Hubei Province, the efficient and high quality cultivation model of watermelon and cauliflower intercropping with wheat was explored and summarized. Through rational crop sequencing, the model achieved orderly coordination of the three crops: wheat was sown from late October to early November and harvested in early to mid-May of the following year; watermelon was grafted and nursery-raised from late March to early April, transplanted in late April, and harvested from late June; cauliflower was nursery-raised in mid-July, transplanted in early to mid-August, and harvested in mid-to-late October. The key cultivation techniques for watermelon and cauliflower were emphasized. For watermelon cultivation, high quality disease resistant varieties (Lyushang, Meidu) were selected, and grafting using pumpkin rootstocks was adopted. Before transplanting, sufficient base fertilizer was applied, and ridging and film mulching were implemented. Vine management during wheat harvesting was coordinated to avoid damage. Two-vine pruning was applied, and vines were timely pressed. Irrigation and topdressing were carried out according to growth stages. For pest and disease control, agricultural methods (selecting resistant varieties, rational crop rotation), physical methods (hanging insect traps), and biological methods (spraying Bacillus thuringiensis) were prioritized, supplemented scientifically with low-toxicity chemical agents (25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was conducted at the appropriate time, and field sanitation was maintained. For cauliflower cultivation, an efficient technology system centered on the “five modernizations” (intensive seedling raising, mechanized operations, integrated water-fertilizer management, green pest control, and post-harvest commercial handling) was adopted. Suitable disease-resistant varieties (Taisong 65 day) were selected, and intensive seedling raising in plug trays was implemented. Mechanized operations were applied for land preparation, ridging, and fertilization. Integrated water-fertilizer management was implemented during the growth period, and leaf folding for shading during the curd stage ensured quality. Green pest control principles were followed, combining agricultural, physical, and biological methods, supplemented with efficient and low-toxicity chemical agents (80% ethylicin, 25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was performed when curds were compact, and straw was returned to the field. This model effectively improved the multiple cropping index and resource utilization efficiency, beneficial for the green and high quality development of agriculture.

In order to explore a new cultivation substrate and a simplified cultivation method for Coprinus comatus, using the conventional formula as the control, 30% waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. was added instead of bran as the experiment formula, and the C. comatus was cultivated by simplified cultivation method. The mycelium growth, fruiting body yield, raw material cost and nutritional ingredient of C. comatus were analyzed. The results showed that the mycelium characters, fruiting body yield and characters of C. comatus cultivated with the experiment formula were not significantly different from control, and the cost of cultivation raw materials was reduced by 29%. The contents of protein, total amino acids, flavonoids, fat and ash were lower than those of the control. The waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. can be used as substrate materials to provide nitrogen source and partial carbon source for the growth of C. comatus. The simplified cultivation method of C. comatus can be effectively simplify the cultivation process and reduce the cost of raw materials.

In recent years, with the improvement of rice quality demand, the regulation of cultivation management on starch quality has become increasingly prominent. Here we systematically synthesize key starch metrics-pasting properties, crystallinity, granule morphology and amylose content, clarify the underlying physiology of photosynthesis, C-N metabolism and starch biosynthesis, and comprehensively evaluated the effects of fertilization, irrigation, temperature and light, planting density and harvest period on starch quality. Future work must integrate multi-factor interactions, gene-by-environment synergies and precision cultivation platforms to provide both the theoretical framework and technical support required for elite-quality rice production.

Cymbidium hybridum is a cultivar group derived from multi-generational hybrid breeding using germplasm resources of the Cymbidium genus (Orchidaceae), and it is extremely popular for the Lunar New Year season. At present, most domestic Cymbidium hybridum cultivars in China are mainly introduced from abroad, and the majority of them are old varieties. After multi-generational asexual propagation, these cultivars have suffered from severe characteristic degradation, which fails to meet the demands of consumers, making the renewal of cultivars an urgent need. To improve the breeding efficiency of Cymbidium hybridum, this paper systematically reviews the research progress in its hybrid breeding and polyploid breeding, and summarizes the application status of these two breeding methods. Specifically, for hybrid breeding, the core links—including pollen vitality determination, stigma receptivity determination, pollen storage, and parental selection—are emphasized; for polyploid breeding, the focus is placed on the ploidy basis and key technical points such as induction methods, induction materials, and inducing agents. Aiming at addressing the problems existing in current breeding practices—including long cycle and serious capsule abortion phenomenon in hybrid breeding, as well as low efficiency in polyploid breeding—this study proposes the following optimization suggestions: optimizing cultivation techniques to shorten the childhood period; applying molecular marker technology to assist parental selection, combining in vitro flowering technology to pre-evaluate the traits of hybrid progeny, thereby shortening the breeding cycle; strengthening research on the mechanism of capsule abortion occurrence and adopting different pollination methods to overcome hybrid breeding barriers; and enhancing exploration of various inducing agents, along with research and utilization of 2n gametes, to improve the efficiency of polyploid induction.

The pathogenesis-related protein PR10 plays a vital role in plant growth, development, and stress responses.  This study systematically identified and analyzed PR10 genes in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), examining their phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and syntenic relationships.  The analysis identified 54 AhPR10 genes, which were classified into eight groups based on phylogenetic relationships, supported by gene structure and conserved motif characterization.  Analysis of chromosomal distribution and synteny demonstrated that segmental duplications played a crucial role in the expansion of the AhPR10 gene family.  The identified AhPR10 genes exhibited both constitutive and inducible expression patterns.  Significantly, AhPR10-7, AhPR10-33, and AhPR10-41 demonstrated potential importance in peanut resistance to Aspergillus flavus.  In vitro fungistatic experiments demonstrated that recombinant AhPR10-33 effectively inhibited A. flavus mycelial growth.  These findings provide valuable insights for future investigations into AhPR10 functions in protecting peanut from A. flavus infection.

Zinc is an essential trace element for us. About 2 billion people in the world are suffering from hidden hunger caused by zinc deficiency. Zinc nutrition enhancement of rice is an efficient way to solve this problem. This review systematically synthesized advances in zinc-enriched rice research across genetic breeding, physiological mechanisms, and cultivation techniques. It summarized the application of molecular marker-assisted selection, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, and space mutagenesis in developing high-zinc varieties; analyzed the functions of zinc transport proteins (e.g., OsZIP, OsHMA2) and nicotianamine (NA)-mediated zinc phloem transport; and reviewed the effects of cultivation practices such as basal and foliar zinc fertilization, phosphorus-zinc co-application, and rice-fish co-culture on grain zinc enrichment. The review pointed out that OsCKX4 overexpression lines achieved 58 mg/kg zinc in brown rice, while OsNAS overexpression doubled NA synthesis and significantly improved zinc allocation efficiency. It suggested that integrated cultivation techniques elevated grain zinc content to 42 mg/kg, with a yield of 12750 kg/hm², achieving a synergistic ‘high yield-high zinc’ outcome. The review proposed that future efforts should integrate multi-omics and smart agriculture technologies to promote the industrialization of zinc-enriched rice and provide solutions for global zinc nutrition improvement.

This paper systematically introduces the breeding process, characteristics, and high-yield cultivation techniques of Huijingnuo 125, a japonica glutinous rice variety. Approved by Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2023 (Wanshendao 2023L054), it was developed through 7 generations of breeding over 5 years, with Wuxiangnuo 2402 as female parent crossed with Huainuo 12 (F₁ generation), which was then crossed with Wankenuo 2. Huijingnuo 125 had moderate plant type, tough stems, straight flag leaves, light green leaf color, and strong lodging resistance. In a 3-year multi-site experiment, it achieved an average yield of 10 249.3 kg/hm⊃2;, 8.98% higher than the control variety Dangjing 8, with 100% yield-increasing rate. Its rice quality is superior (amylose content < 2%), it is moderately susceptible to rice blast and resistant to bacterial blight, and contains genes for blast resistance (Pi-ta, Pib, Pi-Km), bacterial blight resistance (Xa26/Xa3), and grain shape optimization (GLW7). For high-yield cultivation, sowing is recommended from late May to early June, with a seed rate of 90 kg/hm⊃2; for direct seeding and 60-75 kg/hm⊃2; for mechanical transplanting (transplanting density: 240 000-300 000 hills/hm⊃2;). Direct-seeded fields require sufficient base fertilizer, early tillering fertilizer, timely panicle fertilizer, proper field drying for tiller control, and alternating dry-wet irrigation (water cut-off 7 days before harvest). Mechanically transplanted fields need seedling-strengthening fertilizer, fine soil preparation, and split nitrogen application (base:tillering:panicle fertilizer = 4:2:4) with timely field drainage. By following green prevention and control protocols, biological and physical methods were used for the sustainable management of pests, diseases, and weeds. This paper provides a reference for the large scale popularization and cultivation of Huijingnuo 125 in relevant regions.

The comprehensive cultivation techniques for the hybrid rice variety Y Liangyou 1173 were systematically summarized, and its performance in a demonstration planting conducted in Xingning, Guangdong, in 2024 was evaluated. The comprehensive cultivation techniques include ultrasonic seed selection and seed soaking and germination with strong chlorine-based disinfectant; using plastic tray seedling raising combined with seedling strengthening agent to cultivate robust seedlings. Additionally, the methods involve fine land preparation and rational dense planting (255 000-300 000 hills/hm²), the implementation of precise and alternating dry and wet water-saving irrigation strategies, and the adherence to the “prevention first, integrated control” philosophy. A green pest and disease control model was established, based on healthy cultivation practices and incorporating accurate forecasting, physical and chemical attraction control, and scientific pesticide application, with the use of plant protection drones to enhance control efficiency. Mechanical harvesting in the late stage of ripening, safe storage when dried to a moisture content of 14.5% in rice grains. The demonstration results showed that the variety had a total growth period of 112-126 days, effective panicle numbers of 2.49-2.61 million panicles/hm², and a yield of 9 543.30-9 769.50 kg/hm². The chalkiness degree ranged from 1.2% to 2.5%. Overall, the variety exhibited excellent characteristics such as high yield, high quality, desirable maturity color, and strong resistance. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in similar ecological regions.

The green and efficient cultivation techniques for the intercropping of Brassica oleracea and Cucurbita moschata were systematically summarized and analyzed. This model should choosen sandy loam soil with a pH of 6-7, deep soil layers, convenient irrigation and drainage, and a previous crop that was non cruciferous plant. For Brassica oleracea, varieties with strong stress resistance were selected, such as Baodaoqinggeng. Seedlings were raised from late November to December, and transplanted in early February of the following year. For Cucurbita moschata, varieties such as Mobaonangua were selected, with seedlings raised in early February. Intercropping begins in early March, adopting a configuration of “two ridges of Brassica oleracea, one ridge of Cucurbita moschata”, to improve land use efficiency and fully utilize solar and thermal resources. Brassica oleracea seedlings were cultivated using plug trays and transplanted on overcast days or in the afternoon of sunny days when they had developed 5-6 true leaves, with a planting spacing of 50 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants. Base fertilization primarily consists of sulfate of potash compound fertilizer (750 kg/hm²), organic fertilizer (7 500 kg/hm²), and borax (7.5 kg/hm²). Seven days after transplanting, calcium ammonium nitrate (225 kg/hm²) was applied as a topdressing, followed by an additional application of compound fertilizer (150 kg/hm²) during the rosette stage. After transplanting, frequent watering was carried out to promote seedling establishment, while soil moisture was maintained during the growth period, with particular attention to drainage during the rainy season. The prevention and control of pests and diseases were mainly based on agricultural, physical, and biological measures, supplemented by chemical control. Specifically, this includes timely plowing and weeding, cleaning the fields, hanging insect traps, and spraying 68% metalaxyl-M·mancozeb and Bacillus thuringiensis to control downy mildew and cabbage green pests. Harvesting takes place when the curds were fully expanded and firm. Cucurbita moschata seedlings were raised using plug trays and transplanted when they develop 3-4 true leaves. When the plants reach the 5-leaf stage, the growing tips were pinched, and 4-5 robust lateral vines were selected and retained. Once the vines reach 50-70 cm in length, they were guided and pinned down to promote rooting. Water management follows the principle of “restricting early, promoting during mid-growth, and restricting later”. During the fruiting period, adequate water supply was ensured, while irrigation was halted 10 days before harvest. For disease control, Bacillus spp., zineb, and imidacloprid were used to manage diseases such as phytophthora blight, downy mildew, and cutworms. The fruits were harvested when the skin became thick and a distinct waxy bloom was evident. This intercropping model effectively utilizes light, heat, and land resources, achieving a balance between increased yield and efficiency and green production, with significant economic and ecological benefits.

The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of the maize variety Fukeyu No.1 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line FS0744 (female parent) with FS0770 (male parent) and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenyu 2024T009). The plant type was semi-compact, with a total growth period of approximately 100 days. In regional trials, the average plant height was 262.5 cm, and the 1 000-grain weight was 310.0 g. Stable resistance to small spot disease and stalk rot disease, with excellent comprehensive resistance performance. Quality analysis revealed a test weight of 732-742 g/L and a crude protein content of 10.34%-10.59%. Multi-year, multi-location trials indicated that the variety was high yielding and stable, with yield increase of 7.62%-18.6% compared to the control variety Zhengdan 958. This variety is suitable for planting in summer-sown maize production areas north of the Huai River. Key cultivation techniques include the following steps: apply sufficient base fertilizer during land preparation and use granular insecticides to control soil pests; conduct summer sowing from mid-May to early June at a planting density of 63 000-67 500 plants/hm²; sun dry seeds before sowing and apply seed coating or chemical dressing to control pests and diseases and promote robust seedlings; during field management, thin and finalize seedlings in a timely manner, strengthen intertillage and weeding, and manage fertilizer and water appropriately. At the tasseling stage, combine topdressing with soil hilling; supplement water and fertilizer during the grain-filling stage to prevent premature senescence. Delay harvesting appropriately at maturity; mechanically harvest when the kernel milk line disappears and a black layer forms, and dry the grains promptly to a moisture content below 14% for safe storage. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of this variety in similar ecological regions.

The breeding process of Huijingnuo 009 was introduced, its parental sources, selection process, characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. Developed through composite hybridization of Wankennuo 1//Wuyunjing 24/Zhendao 14, Huijingnuo 009 is a medium-japonica glutinous rice variety, approved by the Anhui Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshendao 2024L066). During the 2020-2021 regional and production trials, its average yield ranged from 9.72 to 10.28 t/hm², representing a 5.88%-8.21% increase over the control variety (Dangjing No.8). The variety exhibits excellent grain quality, with an amylose content of 2.0% and high gel consistency. Resistance evaluations indicate moderate susceptibility to rice blast and bacterial leaf blight, and susceptibility to false smut. Key cultivation techniques include mechanical or manual transplanting, with recommended practices such as sun-drying, soaking, and germinating seeds before sowing. For mechanical transplanting, sowing in late May is advised, with a planting density of 225 000-270 000 hills/hm². Fertilization should emphasize base fertilizer (accounting for over 60% of total nitrogen application), supplemented by timely topdressing at the reviving, tillering, and panicle initiation stages. Irrigation should follow the principle of “shallow water for transplanting, shallow-wet conditions for tillering, timely field drying, and alternating dry and wet conditions”, with water cut off approximately 7 days before harvest. Pest and disease control should prioritize prevention, implementing integrated management targeting major weeds, pests, and diseases at different growth stages. This study provides valuable references for further promotion and cultivation of Huijingnuo 009.

Based on rice seedling monitoring data during 2021-2023 from Shouxian, Anhui Province, the effects of different cultivation methods on rice growth, yield, and economic benefits were analyzed. The results showed that in 2022 the rice growing season exhibited higher temperatures, less rainfall, which was conducive to the accumulation of photosynthetic products, but there might be a risk of high-temperature heat damage. In terms of planting structure, the area of wheat-stubble rice increased annually, while the area of vacant-stubble rice decreased. Mechanical transplanting and direct seeding expanded continuously, whereas manual transplanting declined significantly. Variety selection became more concentrated and high quality, with a reduced number of main varieties and increased planting concentration. The perennial sowing period occurred around June 5. Seedling monitoring revealed that interannual meteorological conditions and sowing dates significantly influenced rice growth. In 2022, optimal temperature and light conditions resulted in higher stem and tiller numbers and leaf age, shortening the growth period by 5-7 days. In 2023, constrained by climate and water resources, seedling indicators were generally weaker. In terms of economic traits, mechanical transplanting achieved the highest theoretical yield (11 076.2 kg/hm²), while direct seeding yielded the lowest (8 689.2 kg/hm²). Benefit analysis indicated that mechanical transplanting generated higher returns (12 249.1 yuan/hm²) than manual transplanting (12 004.0 yuan/hm²), while direct seeding (6 558.0 yuan/hm²) performed poorly. In conclusion, optimizing crop succession layouts, promoting mechanical transplanting and high quality varieties, and adapting field management are effective strategies for enhancing rice yield and economic benefits in this region.

Based on the practice of highland lettuce planting in Taibai County, Shaanxi Province, the standardized and efficient cultivation technology of highland lettuce were systematically analyzed from the aspects of environment requirements, variety selection, fine land preparation, seedling transplanting and so on. In terms of the environmental requirements for the production area, a cold and cool highland region with an altitude of over 600 m is selected. The terrain of the plot should be high, dry, open and flat. In terms of variety selection, choose varieties with stable traits, high quality, high yield, strong adaptability and stress resistance, good storage and transportation properties, and suitable for mechanized planting, such as Romaine lettuce, Italian lettuce, etc. In terms of meticulous land preparation, the garden should be cleared in a timely manner, appropriate mechanical deep ploughing of the soil should be selected, and a base fertilizer + top dressing model should be adopted. In terms of seed treatment, before sowing, mix the seeds with 50% wettable powder of carbendazim, etc. When the temperature is above 25 ℃, the seeds should undergo low-temperature germination treatment. In terms of seedling transplanting, floating seedling raising in trays and hydroponic seedling raising on plastic tray cold bed substrates are adopted. Substrates that are loose, have good water retention and air permeability, and are free of pathogens are selected. Precise seeding should be carried out either manually or with precision seeding equipment. The seeding amount should be 1 to 2 seeds per hole, and the seeding depth should be 0.5 to 1.0 cm. In terms of planting management, for early spring crops, when the temperature in the 5 cm soil layer stabilizes above 10 ℃, it is advisable to plant in the morning or afternoon on a sunny day or on a cloudy day. In terms of seedling management, water and fertilize reasonably according to the growth conditions of lettuce at different growth stages. In terms of pest and disease control, it is necessary to promptly and thoroughly remove diseased and dead plants and weeds in the fields, set up insect-proof nets, utilize natural enemy populations of pests such as ladybugs, and spray appropriate chemical agents to control pests and diseases. In terms of timely harvesting, when the leaves of lettuce are plump, tender green and free of disease spots and dry leaves, it is advisable to harvest them in the early morning or around sunset. In terms of agricultural production waste treatment, centralized and unified treatment of agricultural residual films and pesticide packaging waste is carried out, and fertilizer packaging waste is recycled. This article provides a reference for the development of the alpine lettuce industry.

Chunyou 83 is a three-line hybrid rice variety systematically bred using Chunjiang 88A as the female parent and T27 as the male parent. The high yield cultivation techniques for carpet seedlings and mechanical transplanting of this variety used in the Jianghuai region were summarized, covering aspects from sowing and seedling management to field management. During the seedling stage, seed disinfection was carried out using agents such as prochloraz, and dry management of carpet seedlings sown by mechanical sowing was adopted to cultivate robust, well-rooted seedlings of suitable age (≤25 days). In the field stage, water management included shallow and frequent irrigation during the tillering stage. When the number of stems and tillers reached 80% of the target panicle number, intermittent drying was applied multiple times until the field surface became firm. From jointing and booting to heading stages, a shallow water layer was maintained. During the grain-filling stage, alternating dry and wet irrigation was adopted, and water was cut off 7 days before harvest. Fertilization followed the principle of “promoting early growth, controlling mid-growth, and supplementing late growth”. Base fertilizer consisted of formula fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, and zinc fertilizer. During the tillering stage, urea and compound fertilizer were applied in two separate topdressings. At the jointing stage and young panicle differentiation stage, flower-promoting fertilizer and flower-preserving fertilizer were applied, respectively. After full heading, potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves. For weed control, two soil-sealing treatments were applied using herbicides such as butachlor after land preparation and around the time of transplanting. During the mid-growth stage, targeted herbicides were selected based on the weed spectrum for stem and leaf treatment. The control of diseases and pests adheres to the principle of “prevention first, integrated control”, incorporating agricultural measures such as planting trap crops, along with the application of biopesticides and highly efficient, low-toxicity chemical agents for unified prevention and management. This article provides a reference for exploring the high yield potential of Chunyou 83 and further promoting its planting.

The breeding process and characteristics of the rice variety Jifengyou 866 were introduced, and its high yield cultivation and seed production techniques were summarized. This three-line hybrid rice combination was developed by crossing the female parent Jifeng A with the male parent Guanghui 866. When cultivated in Guangdong, the variety exhibited an appropriate growth period, strong lodging resistance, and good tillering ability. The 2022 production trial showed an average yield of 7 690.35 kg/hm⊃2;. The whole milled rice rate ranges from 61.2% to 65.7%. The variety demonstrates high resistance to rice blast, moderate resistance to bacterial leaf blight, and medium-strong cold tolerance. High yield cultivation techniques include: sowing before July 10th and spraying paclobutrazol at the 1-leaf-1-heart stage to control plant height and promote tillering; reasonable dense planting before the 5.5-leaf stage with shallow and straight transplanting; applying sufficient base fertilizer, followed by timely topdressing with nitrogen, potassium, and compound fertilizers at different growth stages; adopting alternating wet and dry irrigation: shallow water for early seedling establishment, mid-term sun-drying to control ineffective tillers, and adequate water supply at later stages; implementing integrated pest management using insect traps, biological agents, and low-toxicity chemical pesticides. High yield seed production techniques involve: scientific selection of production bases and sowing schedules, considering parental characteristics (concentrated male flowering, short female flowering) and local climate to ensure the male parent flowers 1–2 days earlier. precise fertilizer and water management, including sufficient base, tillering, male-specific, and panicle fertilizers, with shallow irrigation and alternating wet-dry cycles; integrated control of pests (e.g., planthoppers, borers) and diseases using chemicals like buprofezin; timely application of “920” to optimize height difference for improved pollination; strict roguing and isolation: multiple removals of off-types from seedling to heading stages, with isolation zones over 300 meters; harvesting male plants first after pollination, followed by mechanical harvesting of female plants on sunny days. This study provides a reference for the large-scale production and promotion of Jifengyou 866.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m⊃2; for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m⊃2; for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

Based on the practice of rapeseed cultivation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the high yield and efficient cultivation techniques from aspects such as variety selection, seed treatment, fine land preparation, sowing and seedling raising, waterlogging and dehumidification, and precise topdressing were summarized. In terms of variety selection, According to the climatic conditions, soil conditions and market demand of the Yangtze River Basin, suitable varieties should be selected. Varieties such as mid-early maturing double-low rapeseed and drought-tolerant varieties can be chosen. In terms of seed treatment, seeds carrying diseases, attached pests and damaged seeds should be removed. Through sun-drying and chemical seed dressing and other seed treatments, the survival rate and disease and pest resistance of rapeseed can be improved. In terms of fine land preparation, deep ploughing, deep furrows and high ridges and other fine tillage and land preparation techniques are applied. Deep furrows are dug around the fields to enhance the effect of moisture reduction and drainage. In terms of sowing and seedling raising, ensure a sufficient number of basic seedlings through seedling transplanting or efficient broadcasting. Prioritize the selection of strong seedlings for transplanting, and carry out broadcasting through manual or mechanical methods. In terms of waterlogging and dehumidification, dig the side ditches, waist ditches and perimeter ditches in advance, and connect the external drainage ditches with the field ditches. Clear the ditches and drain the water in time to prevent waterlogging damage and promote root development. In terms of top dressing management, precise and efficient top dressing should be carried out in the three stages of seedling stage, bolting stage, and flowering stage to ensure the supply of nutrients for rapeseed. In terms of disease and pest control, agricultural control, chemical control, physical control and biological control measures are integrated, and the control effect is strengthened by reasonable dense planting, timely removal of disease and residue, and selection of short-effect and low-toxic chemical agents. This article provides a reference for high yield and efficient production of rapeseed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum (Fg), is one of the most devastating fungal diseases in wheat production worldwide.  Elymus repens (2n=6x=42, StStStStHH) is a wild relative of wheat with many biotic and abiotic stress resistance traits.  To transfer and apply the wild germplasm's resistance gene (s) for wheat breeding, we identified a new translocation line K140-7 with high resistance to FHB, developed from the derivative progenies of E. repens crossed with common wheat cultivars.  Cytogenetic analyses based on genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH), oligonucleotide-FISH painting (Oligo-FISH painting), and single-gene FISH revealed that K140-7 had 40 wheat chromosomes and two 7DS·7StL translocated chromosomes.  Wheat 55K SNP array analysis confirmed that the translocated breakpoint (340.8~342.5 Mb) was close to the centromere region of chromosome 7D (336.3~341.7 Mb), supporting the 7DS·7StL translocation event.  Based on the diploid reference St genome of Pseudoroegneria libanotica, we developed 21 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, specific for chromosome arm 7StL. Genotyping and phenotyping analysis of the 7DS·7StL translocation in different wheat backgrounds demonstrated that the chromosome arm 7StL confers FHB resistance and possesses the dominant FHB resistance locus (s) named QFhb.Er-7StL.  We further transferred QFhb.Er-7StL into three different wheat cultivars, their second 7DS·7StL translocation line-generations showed improved agronomic traits, representing new germplasms that could be used in wheat FHB-resistant breeding programs.

In order to explore the effects of different cultivation modes on the development of peanut gynophores and pods and to increase the yield of peanut, the effects of three cultivation methods were systematically studied with ‘Weihua 21’ peanut cultivar as the research object. The three cultivation methods included pen-frame ridging + double seed hole sowing, conventional ridging + single seed precision sowing, pen-frame ridging + single seed precision sowing, with the conventional flat ridge double seed sowing as the control. The results showed that pen-frame ridging could improve the total number of gynophores in each period, and each treatment could improve the rate of gynophores buried penetration in each period obviously; Three treatments could increase the number, proportion and burial rate of gynophores in the second and third lateral branches, and reduce the number, proportion and burial rate of gynophores in the main stem compared with CK; pen-frame ridging could increase the number and proportion of short gynophores and medium gynophores, pen-frame ridging and single seed precision sowing could reduce the number of long gynophores, increase the number of double-pod and single-pod, and reduce the number of ineffective-pod, all treatments could increase peanut yield by 11.65%, 4.57%, 24.52%, and the effect of pen-frame ridging + single seed precision sowing was the most obviously. To sum up, pen-frame ridging and single-grain precision sowing can promote the development of peanut gynophores and pods, and increase the yield. Pen-frame ridging + single seed precision sowing has the most significant effect on improving the yield, which is suitable for popularization in production.

Rice pot seedling machine transplanting effectively combines the characteristics of pot-shaped seedlings and carpet seedlings. It involves the precise transplantation of soil-bearing pot seedlings into the field using specialized machinery, offering advantages such as shortening the slow seedling recovery period and improving yield and stability. This article, based on the practice of rice pot seedling machine transplanting in Anqing, Anhui Province, introduces high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques for rice pot seedling nursery and machine transplanting, covering aspects such as variety selection, seed treatment, seedling management, and pot seedling transplantation. In production, it is advisable to select varieties with suitable maturity and strong disease resistance, such as Haoliangyou 729 and Haoliangyou 985. Seed treatment measures, including sun drying and soaking, are implemented to improve seedling emergence rates. For seedling management, a flat and well-irrigated field is selected as the nursery. Using nursery trays measuring 60 cm in length and 30 cm in width, with 448 holes per tray. The required number of trays is 35 trays per 667 m². After sowing, soil sealing treatment, scientific water management, and fertilization are carried out to cultivate standardized seedlings with a hole formation rate of ≥90%, uniform growth, and free from pests and diseases. During transplantation, the row spacing for pot seedling machine transplanting is set at 33 cm × 14 cm, with a planting density of 14 400 holes per 667 m² and a transplanting depth of 1–2 cm. After machine transplanting, water management follows the principle of “shallow water initially, mid-term drying, and moist conditions later”, shallow water before seedling recovery, field drying when tillers reach 90% of the panicle number, intermittent irrigation during jointing and booting stages, alternating dry and wet conditions during the grain-filling stage, and water supply is cut off 7-10 days before harvest. 5–7 kg /667 m² of urea during the tillering stage to promote tillering, 2–3 kg/667 m² of urea + 3–5 kg/667 m² of potassium chloride during the booting stage to protect panicles, and foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate during the grain-filling stage to increase grain weight. Pest, disease, and weed control prioritize prevention, with chemical control applied at specific stages, supplemented by physical and biological control. Pesticide application should avoid high temperatures and the flowering period. Harvesting is conducted timely on sunny days when 95% of the grains turn yellow and 33% of the rice stalks dry out. The grains are dried to a moisture content of 13.5%–14.5% before storage.

The efficient cultivation techniques for Scutellaria baicalensis were summarized in Tongwei, Gansu Province, based on its climatic and soil conditions, and optimization suggestions were proposed. The research area exhibits suitable temperature, adequate precipitation, and sufficient sunlight for the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis. Additionally, the significant diurnal temperature range (average daily range of 10–15°C) facilitates the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The soil is primarily weakly alkaline sandy loam with good permeability, meeting the growth requirements of the plant. Efficient cultivation techniques include selecting gently sloping land sheltered from wind with ample sunlight and deep soil layers. Autumn deep plowing and sufficient base fertilizer application (2 500–3 000 kg/667 m² of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50 kg/667 m² of calcium superphosphate) are employed to improve soil quality. Before sowing, high-quality seeds such as ‘Longqin No.1’ are soaked and germinated, with sowing conducted in mid-April. Field management practices include “seedling hardening to promote root growth” precise drip irrigation, and demand-based topdressing. Weed control combines intertillage, straw mulching, and ecological intercropping. Disease and pest management prioritizes agricultural, ecological, and physical methods. After 2–3 years of growth, the plants are harvested on sunny autumn days, followed by washing, sun-drying, bark removal, slicing, low-temperature drying, and vacuum packaging for storage. Based on these practices, further optimization of efficient cultivation techniques can be achieved through rational planning of production bases, selecting well-drained plots, exploring optimized sowing periods, water cellar drip irrigation, forest-medicinal intercropping, and crop rotation models. Enhancing field drainage and intertillage can prevent waterlogging. This study provides valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of the Scutellaria baicalensis industry and promoting eco-friendly development in related regions.

Lyunuo No.3 is a medium-japonica type conventional glutinous rice variety bred from Xiangnuo 2402 as the female parent and Wuyunuo 16 as the male parent. Its high yield cultivation techniques based on its characteristics and performance were summarized in the Huangshan City, Anhui Province. From 2022 to 2024, this variety performance in the study area was stable, with a full growth period of 146–150 days and a yield ranging from 7.38 to 7.67 t/hm². The high yield cultivation techniques included seed treatment such as sunning, disinfecting, and soaking; timely and appropriate sowing along with enhanced fertilizer and water management as well as pest, disease, and weed control in the seedling field; land preparation and application of base fertilizer, involving mechanical plowing and sufficient application of organic and compound fertilizers; rational dense planting (row spacing of 23 cm×17 cm); scientific fertilization during the field growth period (timely and appropriate application of base fertilizer, green-recovering fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, flower-promoting fertilizer, and foliar fertilizer); irrigation (following the principles of shallow water for green recovery, thin water for tillering, sun-drying for tiller control, and alternating dry and wet conditions for strong grains); integrated disease and pest control (combining chemical agents and physical trapping for key pests and diseases at different growth stages); and timely harvesting (the grains had hardened which was carried out when the rice was fully mature). This study provides a reference for the further promotion and cultivation of Lyunuo No.3.

Based on the cultivation and production practice of Carya illinoinensis in the hilly areas of the Dabie Mountains, the current planting situation was analyzed and the high yield cultivation techniques were summarized, including the preparation of afforestation land, variety selection, afforestation and land preparation, post-planting management, shaping and pruning, and pest and disease control. The research area has vigorously promoted the cultivation of economic crops such as Camellia oleifera and Carya illinoinensis, and Carya illinoinensis industry has developed rapidly. However, in actual production, there are currently problems such as unstandardized cultivation techniques and rough management. This tree species is suitable for planting in hilly areas with gentle slopes, abundant sunlight and deep soil layers. The soil is preferably neutral to slightly alkaline loam or sandy loam. In terms of the preparation of afforestation land, debris in the surface and shallow soil layers of the plot should be cleared. The size of the planting holes is preferably 100 cm×100 cm×80 cm. In terms of variety selection, main varieties with strong stress resistance should be preferred. Pollination trees should be proportionally combined, and strong seedlings with intact root systems should be planted. In terms of afforestation and land preparation, planting should be carried out from mid to late February to the end of March, with a planting density of 7 to 19 plants/667 m² being appropriate. In terms of post-planting management, bagging for seedling protection, moisture retention irrigation during key growth periods, and staged fertilization are adopted. Interplant dwarf crops outside the tree canopy; regular hoeing and weeding, and deep ploughing and loosening of the soil after fruit harvest, etc. In terms of shaping and pruning, through techniques such as opening the corners of main branches and pinching to control excessive growth, a tree shape that is well-ventilated and well-lit is constructed. In terms of pest and disease control, physical and chemical methods should be rationally applied to control scarab beetles, tortricids and longhorn beetles. This article provides a reference for improving the quality and efficiency of the Carya illinoinensis industry in the hilly areas of the Dabie Mountains.

The breeding process of Aihemai No.6 was summarized. Based on its performance in the regional trials of the Wanhuai Wheat Variety Test Consortium in Anhui Province, its agronomic traits, yield, and comprehensive resistance were analyzed, and its high yield cultivation techniques were explored. The variety was developed as a new semi-winter wheat through multiple years of hybridization using the intermediate material of Yannong 19/Zhoumai 22 as the female parent and Bainong 207 as the male parent, followed by pedigree selection. It was approved by the Anhui Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024, with the approval number Wanshenmai 2024L002. In the regional trials of the Wanhuai Wheat Variety Test Consortium in Anhui Province, the full growth period of this variety was recorded as 222.3 d, and the plant height was measured as 84.3 cm. The average yield was 9 331.5 kg/hm², which represented a 6.34% increase compared to the control variety Jimai 22. The grain bulk density was 824.5 g/L, the wet gluten content was 35.35%, and the crude protein content was 14.22%. The key points of its high yield cultivation techniques included: pre-sowing preparation (seed treatment, deep plowing, land preparation, and scientific fertilization), sowing at the appropriate time (October 10-25), rational dense planting (2.25-2.70 million plants/hm²), and uniform shallow sowing (3-5 cm). Field management focused on split fertilization, timely chemical weeding (before winter and before jointing), and comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests such as sheath blight and Fusarium head blight (seed treatment, release of natural enemies, rotation of pesticide application, etc.). The wheat was harvested at the appropriate time (from mid to late wax ripening), and the grains were stored when the moisture content was below 13%. This study provides a reference for further promotion and cultivation of this variety.

Combined with the intercropping practice of Isatis tinctoria and Sesamum indicum in Fuyang, Anhui Province, the planting performance and high yield cultivation techniques were summarized and analyzed. In this intercropping model, the S. indicum at full bloom stage was able to provide shade for I. tinctoria, reducing heat scorch damage. After harvest, significant marginal row advantages were observed in I. tinctoria, and the number of capsules per S. indicum plant was increased, leading to improved yield. The high yield cultivation techniques included the selection of stress-resistant, high yield, and high quality varieties (such as Fuzhi 125 S. indicum and Fulan No.1 I. tinctoria); fields with good drainage were chosen and sufficient base fertilizer was applied; I. tinctoria was sown from late March to early April, while S. indicum was sown in early May. Timely seedling fixation was carried out, and nitrogen fertilizer was top-dressed during the mid to late growth stages of I. tinctoria. During the growth period, drainage and waterlogging prevention were emphasized. For pest and disease control, agricultural measures were prioritized, supplemented by chemical control. Agents such as carbendazim and fludioxonil were used to control diseases like leaf blotch in I. tinctoria and fusarium wilt in S. indicum. S. indicum was harvested in mid to late August and dried on racks, while the roots of I. tinctoria were harvested in autumn or early winter. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of the intercropping cultivation model of I. tinctoria and S. indicum.

The breeding process and characteristics of wheat variety Qinglin 139 were summarized, and its high yield cultivation techniques in the regions along the Huai River and in Huaibei region were analyzed. This variety was developed through systematic breeding, with Jike 32 as the female parent and Zhoumai 26 as the male parent. In the 2019-2021 regional trials of the semi-winter wheat group in Anhui Province, the total growth period was recorded as 224.0-225.2 d, and its agronomic traits were excellent. The yield ranged from 8 004.0 to 8 292.0 kg/hm⊃2;, representing an increase of 0.66%-5.97% compared to Jimai 22. It exhibited moderate resistance to fusarium head blight, good stem elasticity, and strong lodging resistance. The average grain bulk density was 826 g/L, with a protein content (dry basis) of 13.49%, a wet gluten content of 30.0%, and it was classified as medium-gluten wheat. High yield cultivation techniques included fine land preparation, deep plowing to 25-30 cm followed by leveling and compaction, and straw crushing to less than 5 cm. Base fertilization was primarily based on organic fertilizer, supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc fertilizers. Additional nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the jointing stage based on seedling conditions. The suitable sowing period in the regions along the Huai River and in Huaibei region was from October 15 to 25, with an appropriate seeding rate of 157.5-187.5 kg/hm⊃2;. Key disease prevention measures targeted sharp eyespot disease, using agents such as tebuconazole for seed dressing or spraying, combined with the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance resistance. For mechanical harvesting, the stubble height was kept below 15 cm, and timely sun-drying after harvest was recommended to reduce grain moisture content to below 13%. This study provides a reference for the further promotion and cultivation of this variety.

Wanyou 66 was a mid-late maturing three-line hybrid rice variety using the indica-type three-line sterile line Wan 8A as the female parent and the high quality, blast-resistant restorer line Wanhui 66 as the male parent. The characteristics and high yield cultivation techniques of this variety were introduced in the Wuyishan region of Fujian Province. From 2022 to 2024, multi-location demonstration and trial experiments of this variety were conducted in Wuyishan City. It was characterized by a suitable growth period, strong tillering ability, and uniform panicle structure in field cultivation. The yield ranged from 8 349.4 to 9 596.0 kg/hm⊃2;. The variety exhibited resistance to rice blast and good lodging resistance, as well as a high head rice rate, good grain appearance, and desirable palatability. Its high yield cultivation techniques included selecting an appropriate sowing date (late April to early May) and adjusting the seeding rate according to different transplanting methods; cultivating strong seedlings through treatments such as chemical seed soaking, paclobutrazol application, and “farewell fertilizer and farewell pesticide” before transplanting; achieving reasonable planting density to establish an efficient population; implementing a fertilization strategy of “heavy base fertilizer, early topdressing, and supplemental panicle and grain fertilizer” combined with a water management model of “shallow water, sun-drying, and alternating wet and dry conditions” to promote tillering, panicle formation, and lodging resistance; applying pesticides such as 16% emamectin benzoate·indoxacarb at 150 g/hm⊃2; to control pests like the rice stem borer; and harvesting under sunny conditions when 90% of the panicles were mature. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in relevant regions.

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the effects of combining new bio-breeding insect-resistant varieties with dense-planting precision-controlled high-yield technology on maize yield and economic benefits, and to propose the optimal cultivation mode suitable for new bio-breeding insect-resistant varieties, so as to provide the theoretical basis for optimizing the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation system of spring maize in the Xiliaohe Plain.【Method】Through a field trial in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia from 2023 to 2024, the experiment was conducted in a split-zone design, with cultivation mode as the main zone, setting up two modes of local traditional farmer mode (FP) and dense planting precision regulation mode (DPDI); varieties as the sub-zone, four maize varieties were used, namely, Dongdan 1331 (DD1331), Dongdan 1331K (DD1331K), Youdi 919 (YD919), Youdi 919HZ (YD919HZ). Then, the impact of varietal insect resistance traits on maize yield and economic benefits under different technical models were analyzed.【Result】During a two-year trial, the insect pests in the fields of insect-resistant varieties occurred lightly, with the insect plant rate of 6.80%-9.87%; the fields of conventional varieties occurred moderately or heavily, with the insect plant rate of 22.27%-36.31%. In 2023 (insect plant rate>30%), compared with conventional varieties (DD1331, YD919), the new insect-resistant varieties (DD1331K, YD919HZ) significantly increased thousand kernel weight, thus improving maize yield (0.84%-9.31%) and economic benefits (0.3%-13.3%), whereas in 2024, when the insect plant rate was about 23%, there was no significant difference in the number of thousand kernels and the number of grains between insect-resistant varieties, and there were no significant differences in ear grain number, thousand kernel weight and yield between conventional varieties. With increasing planting density, maize yield reached its maximum at 9.0×10⁴ or 10.5×10⁴ plants/hm², which was significantly higher than that at 6.0×10⁴ plants/hm² density, by 13.54%-19.94% and 7.48%-21.01%, respectively. The two-year average yields of the dense planting precision regulated model were significantly higher than those of the traditional farmers' model, with yield increases ranging from 13.50% to 19.19% in 2023 and from 7.03% to 14.42% in 2024. Compared with the traditional farmers' model, the economic benefits of the dense planting precision regulation model were generally improved by 0.19×10⁴-1.02×10⁴ yuan/hm².【Conclusion】Insect-resistant varieties (DD1331K, YD919HZ) significantly improved yield (up to 9.31%) and economic efficiency (up to 40.3%) in years of severe insect infestation (>30% of insect plants), but did not differ significantly from conventional varieties under low insect pressure. Through optimized density (9.0×10⁴-10.5×10⁴ plants/hm²) and precise management of water and fertilizer, DPDI increased yields by an average of 22.18% in two years and improved economic benefits by 0.57×10⁴ yuan/hm² compared with the conventional mode (FP); the core principle of DPDI was that insect resistant varieties could reduce the threat of pests, decrease yield losses, reduce the use of insecticides, and lower production input costs. By increasing the production capacity of maize populations through reasonable planting density and combining drip irrigation with water and fertilizer integration for precise regulation, the yield and income of maize could be increased. The synergistic application of insect-resistant varieties and DPDI model could achieve technological superposition and further improve the ability of high and stable yield.

To improve the teaching quality of the course of Fruit Tree Breeding and cultivate professional talents meeting the needs of the concept of diversified food supply, the teaching reform of this course guided by the concept of diversified food supply was explored. The current teaching situation of Fruit Tree Breeding was analyzed, The teaching reform measures integrating the concept of diversified food supply were put forward. Research has found that current teaching practices suffer from issues such as low student engagement, insufficient professional skills among teachers, an imperfect evaluation system, and limited practical resources. To address these issues, firstly, to update teaching objectives, focusing on cultivating students' comprehensive quality and innovative ability; secondly, to optimize teaching content and reconstruct a breeding knowledge system with nutritional quality as the core; in addition, adopting diversified teaching methods such as case analysis and project practice to improve students' practical ability. Meanwhile, strengthening the cooperation between practical teaching and enterprises to provide more practical opportunities for students, and improve the teaching evaluation system. The research showed that integrating the concept of diversified food supply into the teaching reform of the Fruit Tree Breeding course enables fruit tree breeding to play a key role in fields such as nutritional health and sustainable development, and cultivates more excellent fruit tree breeding talents with forward-looking vision, innovative ability. This paper provides a reference for the exploration of teaching reform in professional courses of pomology in the field of agricultural science.

The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques of maize variety Fengda 928 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line LP6WC (female parent) with FGK01 (male parent), resulting in an early-maturing maize hybrid suitable for machine harvesting. In multi-year, multi-location regional and demonstration trials, it exhibited excellent stability and broad adaptability, with a growth period of 128 days, plant height of 273.4 cm, and 1 000-grain weight of 345.5 g. The average yield in regional trials ranged from 12 180 to 13 236 kg/hm². It demonstrated strong lodging resistance, moderate resistance to stalk rot and head smut, and grain compositions of 4.05% crude fat and 73.35% crude starch. Key high yield cultivation techniques included: early sowing with sufficient soil moisture at a depth of 4-5 cm; moderate planting density of 75 000-85 000 plants/hm² in Northeast and North China; fertilization based on organic manure combined with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, supplemented with boron to enhance yield; integrated pest, disease, and weed management, including pre-emergence herbicide application, insect control at seedling stage, stem borer prevention at the bell stage, and leaf disease control during pollination; and delayed mechanical harvest after the milk line disappearance to maximize yield and quality. This article provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.

This study investigates the growth of three new lily varieties in Yulin, Shaanxi, aiming to screen the lily varieties suitable for local cultivation. Lilium ‘Siberia’, ‘Frontera’ and ‘Trensor’ were cultivated from bulbs, and the phenological period, appearance, flowering traits, and bulb traits were observed and measured for comprehensive comparison. The results showed that the three introduced lily varieties presented normal growth and development in Yulin, with robust plants and good stress resistance, thus being suitable to be cultivated in Yulin. However, the three varieties exhibited differences in their traits. ‘Trensor’ outperformed ‘Siberia’ and ‘Frontera’ because of the tall plant, fast growth, long flowering stage, large stem diameter, large petals, large flower diameter, and large bulb and could be widely promoted for planting. ‘Frontera’ ranked second in terms of the plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. ‘Siberia’ had the lowest plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. Overall, the three introduced lily varieties demonstrated excellent comprehensive quality, with robust stems, dark green leaves, intact leaves and flowers, pure flower colors, and strong floral fragrance. They can be selected for expanded planting to enrich the cut flower lily market in Yulin and surrounding areas.

To explore the effects of different cultivation modes on the growth, development and yield of peanuts, and to clarify the optimal cultivation mode of peanuts, peanut ‘Wanhua No. 3’ was used as the experimental material. 6 cultivation modes, namely ridging with film covering (T1), ridging with film covering and removing film (T2), ridging without film covering (T3), parallel cropping with film covering (T4), parallel cropping with film covering and removing film (T5), and parallel cropping without film covering (T6) were set up. The agronomic traits such as the emergence rate, growth period, main stem traits height, and yield traits of peanuts such as the number of insects and fruits per plant under each mode were measured. The results showed that the emergence rates of peanuts in the six cultivation modes were all above 85%. Peanuts treated with T1 had the earliest emergence, flowering and harvest, the shortest growth period and a higher emergence rate. The peanuts treated with T5 had higher main stem height and lateral branch length, and more compound leaves and nodes on the main stem. The T1 treatment resulted in a higher number of full fruits and fruits per plant, as well as a higher full fruit rate, kernel yield, weight per 100 kernels, and weight per 100 fruits. The peanut yields of T4 and T5 treatments were higher, which were 6 266.22 and 6 052.02 kg/hm² respectively. In conclusion, the cultivation method of ridging with film covering can ensure the emergence rate of peanuts, shorten the growth period, increase the number of full fruits and fruits per plant, and improve the full fruit rate, the weight per 100 fruits and the weight per 100 grains. The adoption of parallel cropping with film covering and removing film mode is conducive to increasing the height of the main stem, the length of lateral branches, the number of compound leaves on the main stem and the number of nodes on the main stem.

The positive significance of promoting and applying microbial fertilizers was summarized. Furthermore, their specific application in crops such as rice, wheat, sweet potato, rape, soybean, and peanut was reviewed. The beneficial microorganisms in microbial fertilizers could decompose organic matter and activate nutrients, thereby improving soil fertility and plant disease resistance. Growth hormones secreted by these microorganisms were shown to promote crop growth and increase yield and quality. Additionally, these microorganisms were capable of degrading pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and heavy metal pollutants while suppressing soil-borne pathogens, thus contributing to the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystems. The application effects of microbial fertilizers were demonstrated in various crops. In rice cultivation, when combined with chemical fertilizers, the number of grains per panicle and 1 000-grain weight were significantly increased, while the germination rate and yield under low temperature conditions were improved. In wheat cultivation, photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced after application, and the incidence of powdery mildew and rust was effectively reduced. In sweet potato cultivation, the contents of starch, protein, and sugar were significantly increased by the application of microbial fertilizers. The germination of rapeseed seeds and the growth of seedlings were promoted when an appropriate amount was applied. In soybean and peanut cultivation, plant height, branch number, pod yield, and quality were significantly improved after the application of microbial fertilizers. This paper provided a reference for the scientific application and promotion of microbial fertilizers to support green and sustainable agricultural development.

Anthocyanins are the flavonoid pigments responsible for vibrant fruit and flower colors, and they also play key roles in both plant physiology and human health.  MYB transcription factors are crucial regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, but the functional differences of homologous MYB transcription factors in regulating anthocyanin content are still unclear.  In strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa), FaMYB44.1 and FaMYB44.3 are highly homologous MYB transcription factors localized in the nucleus and can be significantly induced by weak light.  However, they differ in their effects on anthocyanin accumulation in the fruits.  FaMYB44.1 inhibits anthocyanin synthesis by transcriptionally suppressing FaF3H, which is essential for anthocyanin regulation, in the ‘BeniHoppe’ and ‘JianDe-Hong’ strawberry varieties.  In contrast, FaMYB44.3 does not affect anthocyanin levels.  This study provides a comprehensive overview of the roles of FaMYB44.1 and FaMYB44.3 in anthocyanin regulation in strawberry fruits.  By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying their regulation, this study enhances our understanding of how the interactions between genetic and environmental factors control fruit pigmentation and enhance the nutritional value of the fruit.

To clarify the age-related changes in the morphological characteristics and reproductive parameters of Rattus norvegicus populations in agricultural areas and provide a scientific basis for population quantity prediction and control, the data of R. norvegicus specimens captured during the rodent monitoring in Sandu County, Guizhou Province from 2012 to 2024 were collected and statistically analyzed. The results show that the external morphological characteristics of R. norvegicus in the agricultural areas of Sandu County vary significantly among different age groups. As the age increases, all the indicators keep rising. However, when the age grows to the adult II group, the growth of tail length, hind foot length and ear height slows down or stops. There are significant differences in reproductive parameters such as the pregnancy rate and the litter size of female mice of different age groups, the rate of testicular descent in male mice, and the reproductive index. Individuals in the juvenile group have no reproductive capacity. Those in the sub-adult group participate in reproduction to a limited extent. The main reproductive individuals are from the adult group I, adult group II and the elderly group. The overall pregnancy rate of the three age groups was 49.62%, the average number of litter size was 8.26, the overall testicular descent rate was 90.45%, and the overall reproductive index was 1.7439. There are certain differences in condition factor among different age groups.

To establish an efficient and sustainable RNAi breeding control system, this paper summarizes the application potential of RNAi technology in crop disease and pest resistance, reviews the current research and development status of transgenic RNAi crops, and analyzes the design strategies and synergistic resistance mechanisms of multi-target tandem RNAi. The key points of elaboration include the "dsRNA/microRNA stable expression system", the "combined control model of complex pests and diseases (wheat scab - aphids, cotton wilt - cotton aphids)", and the "precise gene intervention approach for delaying resistance evolution", etc. It is pointed out that low delivery efficiency, poor environmental stability of dsRNA and high production cost remain the bottlenecks for large-scale application. This paper proposes that through the precise release technology of nano-carrier-plant symbiotic delivery, tandem expression of multi-gene silencers, and combined with ecological balance monitoring, the coordinated management of multiple pests and diseases can be achieved within 5 to 10 years. It is believed that this system will promote the transformation of agriculture towards a sustainable model of "precise genetic intervention + ecological balance maintenance", providing key support for global food security.

Soil salinization poses a severe threat to global food security and ecological environments. Cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties and enhancing crop salt tolerance can effectively address salinization stress and utilize saline-alkali lands. We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance and focus on the cutting-edge technologies in crop salt tolerance breeding, systematically elaborating on the principles and application achievements of technologies such as multi-omics integrated analysis, gene editing, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and epigenetic modifications in crop salt tolerance breeding. These advanced technologies provide guidance for crop salt tolerance breeding. Through technological integration and innovation, it may be hold the potential to rapidly and precisely develop new salt-tolerant crop varieties, thereby promoting efficient and sustainable agricultural development in saline-alkali lands.