Due to their sessile nature, plants require strong adaptability to complex environments, with stress tolerance often associated with trade-offs in growth and development (Major et al. 2020).  This antagonistic relationship between defense and growth has been interpreted as a competition for limited resources that are allocated to defense at the expense of growth, or vice versa. Recent studies have demonstrated that hormone-based signaling networks trigger transcriptional changes in key genes, leading to trade-offs between growth rates and stress defense (Huot et al. 2014).  Several genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress response have been identified.  These genes contain nonsynonymous variants that show convergent changes in allele frequency across different breeding eras in both China and the United States (Wang et al. 2020), which may reflect the selection of biotic and abiotic stress response genes during modern maize breeding.

Transcription factors (TFs) play vital roles in regulation of gene expression in plant cells, with specific key TFs exhibiting multifunctionality by coordinating various regulatory pathways to promote plant growth (Hufford et al. 2021).  Jasmonates (JAs) are identified among phytohormones for their significant roles in regulating various plant processes, particularly in defense mechanisms against pests. MYC2 is a central transcription factor that orchestrates the JA signaling pathway and defense responses in plants by regulating the expression of numerous genes (Du et al. 2022).  Although MYC2 has been extensively characterized in Arabidopsis, studies in crops have revealed the complexity of MYC2’s function, with reports addressing different aspects, such as growth in wheat (Li et al. 2023) or stress defense in maize (Ma et al. 2023).  However, lack of systematic understanding of the complex regulatory network of MYC2 in crops, particularly in maize constrain the further utilization of MYC2 and its downstream genes in maize genetic modification for breeding elite varieties.  Here, we reported that ZmMYC2 had undergone selection during domestication and modern breeding; it acts as a key regulator of the trade-off between development and defense gene expression in maize, elucidating its regulatory network, which holds significant importance in balancing yield and resistance.

Given that some resistance genes have been selected during modern breeding, we analyzed the history of ZmMYC2 over the processes of maize evolution and artificial selection.  According to maize Haplotype Map v3 (HapMap3) database consisting of 1164 modern maize accessions, 25 landraces, and 21 teosintes (Zea mays. parviglumis) (Bukowski et al. 2018), nucleotide diversity strongly decreased sharply at the promoter region (2000 bp upstream of transcription start site) of ZmMYC2 during breeding, while the coding region and 3’-downstream region of ZmMYC2 showed less dramatic changes in nucleotide diversity changes (Fig. 1-A).  Thus, we hypothesize that the genetic diversity within the promoter region of ZmMYC2 has decreased during the breeding process, with favorable variations being selected.  Moreover, the frequency of three polymorphisms underwent convergent changes during modern breeding in both the United States and China (Fig. 1-B–D).  These three polymorphisms constituted three principal haplotypes: pZmMYC2^Hap1, pZmMYC2^Hap2, and pZmMYC2^Hap3, of which the frequency of pZmMYC2^Hap1 showed an increasing trend during modern maize breeding (Fig. 1-E).  The rare haplotype pZmMYC2^Hap3 (n=4) emerged only during the breeding era of China in 2000.  LUC signal activity for pZmMYC2^Hap3 was significantly lower than that of the other two haplotypes in the promoter region (pZmMYC2^Hap1, pZmMYC2^Hap2) (Fig. 1-F–H), suggesting a differential regulatory potential among the haplotypes.  These data indicate that ZmMYC2 was under-selected during maize evolution and breeding processes of maize.  Next, we investigated the expression level of genome-wide association studies of ZmMYC2 based on 368 maize inbred lines using RNA-seq and genome resequencing data (Fu et al. 2013; Li et al. 2013).  The results showed a strong peak signal containing the genomic region of ZmMYC2 on chromosome 1 (Fig. 1-I).

To mine the genes downstream of ZmMYC2, we performed protoplast transient expression-based RNA-sequencing (PER-seq) analysis to facilitate the discovery of new downstream genes utilizing a consistent protoplast system (Zhu et al. 2023).  In total， 281.6 million clean reads were generated, among which an average of approximately 87% of reads were mapped uniquely to the reference genome (Appendices A and B).  The results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression level of ZmMYC2 in each of three replicates of the pRTL2-ZmMYC2-GFP (MYC2-GFP) construct, exceeding a 500-fold increase compared to the pRTL2-GFP-empty (GFP-empty) construct (Fig. 1-J).  Furthermore, upon analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 as the threshold, it was found that 4480 unique DEGs of MYC2-GFP, among which 2,677 were up-regulated compared to GFP-empty (Appendix C).  These up-regulated genes are enriched in circadian rhythm, cell cycles, plant growth, and in response to stress, indicating that these genes are regulated directly or indirectly by ZmMYC2 (Appendix D-A–B).

Several potential candidate genes were selected in an unbiased manner based on their log₂(fold-change) ≥2.5 (Fig. 1-J).  Gene expression profiling analysis of ZmMYC2 and its potential targets revealed essential coincidence (Appendix E).  The interaction between MYC2 and targets observed in the PER-seq system, were further confirmed through expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLR), and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).  Among the target genes, the members of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene family are widely distributed in plants involving in various biological processes, such as detoxification of xenobiotics, secondary metabolites production, and terpenoid synthesis (Chakraborty et al. 2023; Sun et al. 2024).  Our results identified an unreported gene of cytochrome P450 family ZmCYP709H1 as a target of ZmMYC2.  Additionally, eQTL analysis of ZmCYP709H1 revealed a strong trans-eQTL signal in the region of chromosome 1, which contains the genomic region of ZmMYC2 (Fig. 1-K).  Subsequent validation through DLR and EMSA confirmed that ZmMYC2 interacts with the promoter region of ZmCYP709H1 and stimulates its expression (Fig. 1-L; Appendices F-A and G-A).  Moreover, the transcriptional activation effect of ZmMYC2 on the promoter of ZmCYP709H1 was suppressed by ZmJAZ8 (Fig. 1-L).  A recent report showed reduced expression of ZmCYP709H1 in three maize dwarf mutants compared to the wild-type, reflecting its potential role in regulating growth, particularly plant height.  This result supports our proposed function of the ZmMYC2-ZmCYP709H1 model (Gao et al. 2024).  Additionally, two other CYP genes, ZmBX5 and ZmBX6, were identified as potential downstream genes of ZmMYC2 that participate in benzoxazinoid synthesis, which is consistent with the findings of a previous study (Ma et al. 2023).  We further confirmed that ZmMYC2 can physically bind to the promoter region of these two genes and activate their expression (Appendix H-A–F).  Besides, the result showed that ZmMYC2 can activate ZmBRD1 expression, which is a member of the CYP gene family and responsible for the final step of brassinosteroid synthesis (Tian et al. 2019) (Fig. 4-A and B; Appendix I-A–D).

The AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) family consists of plant-specific TFs that are key regulators of gene expression in response to the plant hormone auxin (AUX), and participated in various developmental processes such as vascular tissue differentiation, root and shoot development, and environmental stimuli responses (Hagen and Guilfoyle 2002; Salmon et al. 2008).  However, little evidence has been found to support the regulation of ARF gene expression by the core factor ZmMYC2 in the JA signal transduction pathway in maize.  Our data showed that the expression of ZmARF3 was regulated by a trans-eQTL signal involving the gene region of ZmMYC2 (Appendix F-B).  In addition, ZmMYC2 can bind to the promoter region of the ZmARF3 gene and activate its transcription (Fig. 1-M; Appendix G-B).  Besides, MYC2 can activate expressions of senescence-associated genes in rice and wheat, which could be repressed by physical interactions with TaARF15-A1 (Li et al. 2023).  These data demonstrate the key role of MYC2 in regulating the stress resistance and growth of maize through the synergistic regulation of JA and AUX hormone signaling pathways.

Tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), a subgroup of the aquaporin family, are integral membrane proteins that are crucial for transporting water and small solutes across cellular membrane to maintain water balance (Chaumont et al. 2001).  We found that ZmTIP3c was activated by ZmMYC2 (Fig. 1-N; Appendices F-C and G-C), which supports the potential role of ZmMYC2 in jointly regulating drought stress and JA signal transduction.  The CER2 gene, which is a member of the ECERIFERUM family, is critical for the synthesis of epicuticular wax (Bourdenx et al. 2011; Zhao et al. 2024).  A recent study demonstrated that wounding-induced wax accumulation was primarily regulated by the JA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis, suggesting the potential of JA signaling in wax synthesis (Huang et al. 2024).  We identified ZmCER2 as a ZmMYC2 target (Fig. 1-O; Appendices F-D and G-D).  Additionally, we confirmed the upregulation of ZmCER2 in response to drought stress in five elite inbred lines representing distinct heterotic groups of maize (Fig. 1-P), as observed by previous studies (Zhang et al. 2018, 2020; Jiang et al. 2023).  The result indicates that the drought-induced trait of ZmCER2 can be observed across different genetic backgrounds, thus supporting the potential role of ZmMYC2 in modulating JA signaling and response to drought stress in maize mediated by ZmCER2.

In summary, our findings support the selection of ZmMYC2 during domestication and breeding, highlighting its critical role in regulating genes involving plant growth and development.  Collectively, our eQTL, DLR, and EMSA data successfully validated several targets (ZmCER2, ZmARF3, ZmBRD1 ZmTIP3c, ZmCYP709H1, ZmBX5, and ZmBX6) of ZmMYC2, that encode diverse proteins and participate in various metabolic pathways (Fig. 1-Q).  Of these, ZmCER2 was confirmed to be induced by drought stress and activated by ZmMYC2, suggesting that ZmMYC2 may play a role in the drought response by regulating synthesizing epicuticular wax.  These findings underscore the diverse functions of ZmMYC2 in maintaining the balance between plant development and defense-response, primarily via the JA signaling pathway.  Our data represent a foundation for the further function and mechanism elucidation of of ZmMYC2 and its “Yin-Yang” roles in regulating plant defense and growth (Fig. 1-Q).  Given the crucial role of ZmMYC2 in balancing development and resistance, further work is needed to confirm to unlock the full potentials of ZmMYC2 in mediating yield and resistance through JA signaling pathway by exploring the function of those downstream targets, which is a significant step toward crop precision breeding. 

With the advancement of agricultural supply-side structural reforms and the growing demand for high-quality, safe, and eco-friendly agricultural products in China, cotton production now faces the challenge of coordinating multiple objectives, including yield enhancement, quality optimization, simplified and efficient management, and environmental sustainability. To address these challenges, this paper proposes the novel concept of multi-objective collaborative cultivation (hereafter termed “collaborative cultivation”). We systematically elaborate on the theoretical foundations underpinning this approach, including mechanisms of precision sowing for robust seedling establishment, synergistic water-fertilizer management under partial root-zone irrigation, population regulation through high-density planting with chemical regulation and pruning-free canopy shaping, physiological mechanisms of defoliation-ripening for synchronized boll maturation, and compensatory growth strategies ensuring yield stability under abiotic stress. Building on these theorical bases and international research insights, we identify four core technologies of collaborative cultivation: (i) precision sowing coupled with stress-resilient seedling establishment under adversity, (ii) high-density planting with chemical regulation for canopy shaping, (iii) variable-rate drip irrigation with water-fertilizer synergy management, and (iv) synchronized maturation control technology. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that the integrated application of these technologies optimizes resource utilization, enhances productivity, and ensures fiber quality consistency, while reducing labor inputs and chemical usage. Case studies from major cotton-producing regions validate that collaborative cultivation achieves synergistic outcomes in productivity, sustainability, and economic viability, aligning with green agricultural development goals. Future research priorities include optimizing multi-objective trade-offs, deciphering genotype-environment-management interactions, enhancing stress compensation mechanisms, and extending collaborative principles to multi-cropping systems. Through interdisciplinary innovation and technology integration, this framework offers a systemic solution for high-quality cotton industry development, demonstrating significant potential to drive the sector's green transformation and sustainable advancement.

To investigate the changing characteristics of soil nutrients in tomato protected cultivation, enhance the fertilization management for protected vegetables, and promote the sustainable development of protected agriculture, the plow layer in the cultivated areas of tomato protected cultivation was selected as the research object. Soil physical and chemical properties were measured by conventional detection methods to analyze nutrient changes. The results showed that in the study areas of tomato protected cultivation, the pH of the soil and the content of water-soluble salts increased. The content of organic matter was above the medium level, and the contents of available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were abundant. The soil was in a state of secondary salinization and excessive nutrient enrichment. In addition, the contents of trace elements were uneven across the soil. In the subsequent planting process, it was recommended to increase the application of organic fertilizers to raise the content of soil organic matter, improve the soil structure, and promote microbial activities. Meanwhile, attention should be given to the combined application of fertilizers containing secondary and micronutrients along with those containing macronutrients to balance the nutrients supply of soil, and increase overall productivity.

To cultivate high quality fruit tree breeding talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, the current situation of Fruit Tree Breeding course teaching was analyzed from 3 aspects: curriculum system and teaching content, teaching implementation, and teaching quality assurance, and the teaching reform driven by innovation and put it into practice was carried out. In terms of the current situation, the curriculum system does not incompletely match the teaching content and innovation needs, and the teaching methods, practical teaching, and teaching conditions need to be improved. The structure of the teaching staff and the teaching evaluation system need to be optimized. In the practice of teaching reform, innovate the curriculum system and teaching content, establish a comprehensive and hierarchical curriculum system, and optimize teaching content that emphasizes both cutting-edge and experimental aspects; optimize the teaching implementation model, introduce teaching methods such as virtual simulation technology, strengthen practical teaching management, and carry out diversified practical activities; improve the teaching quality assurance system, strengthen the construction of the teaching staff, introduce high-precision scientific research equipment, improve teaching conditions, perfect the evaluation system framework, and innovate the teaching evaluation system. Practice showed that under the reformed teaching model, the achievement rate of course objectives had reached 0.78, and the quality and effectiveness of course teaching had been greatly improved. In the practice of innovation driven development, teaching vitality has been fully stimulated, and teaching quality has been improved. This paper provides a reference for improving the quality of teaching reform of related courses.

To cultivate applied talents with solid professional foundations and serve rural revitalization, the current situation of teaching content, teaching methods, ideological and political education, and assessment evaluation was analyzed in Crop Cultivation course, and the corresponding reform measures were proposed. In terms of teaching status, the teaching content is difficult to meet the needs of modern agricultural industry development, the teaching methods need to keep up with the times, the exploration of ideological and political education in the curriculum is insufficient, and the process assessment in the evaluation is relatively small. Specifically, it includes restructuring teaching content around the needs of industrial development, updating and optimizing agricultural technology, production methods, and other knowledge; adopting diversified teaching methods such as “pre class-in class-post class” integrating teaching and “case-based+heuristic+discussion based” to promote mutual communication and progress between teachers and students; adhering to the same direction of ideological and political education as professional teaching, integrating agricultural culture knowledge into the classroom, and introducing typical figures and advanced deeds; through process evaluation (40%) and assessment evaluation (60%), comprehensively evaluating the teaching effectiveness. The practical results showed that under this teaching reform model, students’ concentration and activity were high, the mastery of cultivation theory and practical skills was significantly improved, and the teaching effect was significantly improved. This article provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses in higher agricultural and forestry colleges under the background of new agricultural science.

Combined with the climatic characteristics and soil conditions of the Jianghuai Watershed region, the efficient cultivation techniques of blueberry suitable for this region were summarized. Specifically, it is advisable to choose plots with abundant sunlight, loose and fertile soil, convenient drainage and irrigation, and good ecological conditions. The blueberry varieties suitable for cultivation in the research area include south highbush blueberry and rabbit eye blueberry. Before planting, thoroughly clean the garden, select the best seedlings for planting, and strengthen the management after planting. Adjust the soil pH by using acidic organic matter and acidic fertilizers; during the growth process of blueberry, it is necessary to scientifically manage fertilizer and water, as well as shaping and pruning. Pest and disease control is carried out by means of manual operation, frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps, biological pesticides, chemical agents, etc. Weed control in time, cut grass for tree tray cover or for making waterlogged compost; harvest at the right time and store scientifically. This article provides a reference for the cultivation and management of blueberry in similar areas.

Based on the Asparagus officinalis planting and production practice in the Northern Anhui region, its high quality and high yield cultivation techniques from aspects such as morphological characteristics, growth environment and facility conditions, selection of superior varieties, cultivation of strong seedlings, transplanting and planting, field management, and pest and disease control were summarized. The root of this plant is composed of fleshy storage roots and fibrous absorbing roots. It is dioecious and has a long growth cycle. It is necessary to balance harvesting and plant care to achieve high quality and high yield. Select plots with loose, fertile soil and deep soil layers for Asparagus officinaliscultivation; select first-generation hybrid seeds with neat tender stems, tightly wrapped bamboo shoot tips and scale buds, and strong disease resistance, such as Lu Lusun No.1 and Lusun Prince F₁, etc. Asparagus officinalis seeds need to be soaked and germinated before planting, and seedling raising in trays can be adopted. Select the appropriate planting density for different growth stages of seedlings; manage fertilizer, water and temperature conditions scientifically; integrated pest and disease control measures such as agricultural control, physical control and biological control are adopted. Harvest in batches and keep the stems to nourish the plants to maintain their growth and achieve sustainable production. This article provides a reference for high yield cultivation of Asparagus officinalis.

based on the climatic conditions of Zhou Rui Town, Dabu County, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, high yield cultivation and postharvest preservation techniques for loquats were analyzed. The study area features a mild four-season climate with concurrent rainfall and heat, long summers, and short winters, making it highly suitable for cultivation. The high yield cultivation involves selecting deep, loose, well-drained soil for planting, with optimal timing in February (before spring bud emergence), early summer, or autumn. Key practices include pit expansion and soil improvement for young trees, balanced application of compound and organic fertilizers, controlled irrigation, timely fertilization to promote growth, and winter-spring pruning and fruit thinning for mature trees. During flowering and fruiting stages, measures such as flower stimulation, thinning, and fruit bagging are implemented. Major diseases and pests including leaf spot, anthracnose, loquat psyllid, and oriental fruit moth， are managed through preventive, integrated green control strategies. Postharvest protocols emphasize harvesting during dew-free mornings, evenings, or cloudy days, followed by rigorous sorting to remove damaged or diseased fruit before grading, packaging, and cold-chain transport. Preservation employs low-temperature storage, 1-methylcyclopropene treatment, and controlled atmosphere storage to extend shelf life. The research and development of deep-processed loquat products should be further expanded to increase their added value. This article provides a reference for the high yield cultivation and storage of loquat in the relevant areas.

Peanut kernels rich in oil, particularly those with oleic acid as their primary fatty acid, are sought after by consumers, the food industry, and farmers due to their superior nutritional content, extended shelf life, and health benefits.  The oil content and fatty acid composition are governed by multiple genetic factors.  Identifying the quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to these attributes would facilitate marker-assisted selection or genomic selection, thus enhancing the quality-focused peanut breeding program.  For this purpose, we developed a population of 521 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and tested their kernel quality traits across five different environments. We identified two major and stable QTLs for oil content (qOCAh12.1 and qOCAh16.1).  The markers linked to these QTLs were designed by competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) and were subsequently validated.  Moreover, we found that the superior haplotype of oil content in the qOCAh16.1 region was conserved within the PI germplasm cluster, as evidenced by a diverse peanut accession panel.  In addition, we determined that qAh09 and qAh19.1, which harbor the key gene encoding fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), influence all seven fatty acids, including palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, gadoleic, and behenic acids.  As for protein content and the long-chain saturated fatty acid behenic acid, qAh07 emerged as the major and stable QTLs, accounting for over 10% of the phenotypic variation explained (PVE).  These findings would enhance marker-assisted selection in peanut breeding, aiming to improve oil content, and deepen our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that shape fatty acid composition. 

To improve the survival rate and the growth quality of Punica granatum cuttings, the rough branches of robust Punica granatum plants growing 3 to 5 years old on the sunny side were used as cuttings, at three different cutting periods [A₁ (February 19th), A₂ (March 15th), A₃ (April 4th)], two kinds of growth hormones [strong rooting agent (concentrations of 2.5, 4.0 and 10.0 g/L respectively, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, concentrations of 50 and 200 mg/L respectively)] were applied to the hard branches of pomegranates. The number and length of new shoots of the cuttings, the number and length of roots of the cuttings, and the survival rate of the cuttings were measured. The results showed that growth hormone treatment had significant effects on the number and length of new shoots, the number and length of roots of cuttings and the survival rate of cuttings. In A₂ period, the number and length of new cuttings treated with 200 mg/L NAA for 5 min showed good performance. In A₂ period, the cuttings soaked with 50 mg/L NAA for 12 h could increase the number and length of roots. In A₃ period, 50 mg/L NAA soaked cuttings for 12 h had obvious advantages in promoting the survival rate of cuttings. In conclusion, the application of 50 mg/L NAA soaking for 12 h was beneficial to increase the number of roots, root length and survival rate of Punica granatum cuttings, and the cuttings on March 15th and April 4th had better results. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of hard branch cutting propagation of Punica granatum.

Castanopsis hystrix is one of the most important native broad-leaved tree species and wood species, which has high ecological and economic value. The research progress of the tree species forest afforestation, breeding of good varieties, management and protection, seedling cultivation, disease and pest control, resource utilization and so on were reviewed. The construction of mixed forest is beneficial to improve the stability of stand and the ability of disease and pest prevention, and the rational optimization of its density and structure is beneficial to improve the quality and yield of plantation. The main cultivation methods of the plant seedlings are strong seedling raising, cutting propagation and tissue culture, which is beneficial to the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, and reasonable fertilization is beneficial to promote the growth and development of Castanopsis hystrix seedlings. The mechanism of the adaptive evolution of the tree species are analyzed by modern biotechnology, which is of great importance to the selection of excellent germplasm resources. Rational application of chemical agents is benificial to control Castanopsis hystrix dieases and pests; Castanopsis hystrix is suitable for the production of high quality wood, and building mixed forest is of great significance for increasing the diversity of species and maintaining the balance of biomass. This paper provides references for further development and utilization of Castanopsis hystrix germplasm resources.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the population dynamics of Aphis rumicis and Menochilus sexmaculata on Rumex dapibus herba, and the effects of Aphis rumicis on the growth, development and fecundity of the dominant natural enemy, Menochilus sexmaculata. In this study, the Rumex dapibus herba was used as the host plant of A. rumicis, and the population dynamics of aphid and ladybeetle were investigated every 6 days by using the five-point sampling method. Ladybeetle was fed with aphid, and the developmental duration, survival rate and oviposition of adults were recorded. The results showed that: (1) the maximum population density of A. rumicis appeared in late July, which was 35.29 individuals/plant, and the maximum population density of M. sexmaculata in the field survey of leaf-eating grass planting base during the same period was 6 days later than that of A. rumicis, and the maximum population density was 1.60 individuals/plant. (2) During the whole development of the laboratory population, the survival rates of the egg stage, the 1-4 instar larval stage, and the pupal stage (pre-pupal stage) were 93.3%, 87.5%, 96.0%, 97.9%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, and the overall survival rate from eggs to the completion of one generation was 66.7%. The development period from egg to pupal was (2.49± 0.07) d, (2.75±0.07) d, (2.38±0.01) d, (2.40±0.07) d, (2.05±0.03) d, (5.62±0.10) d, and the pre-oviposition period was (2.52±0.10) d. (3) The net reproduction rate R₀=108.27>1, the intrinsic growth rate r=0.18>0, and the weekly growth rate λ=1.20>1, showing an increasing trend. Average generational duration = 25.95 d. The above indicators showed that the population of ladybeetle was increasing, which proved that Rumex dapibus herba was also a good food source for A. rumicis, and A. rumicis could be used to rear M. sexmaculata.

Pyrus pyrifolia, commonly known as sand pear, is a key economic fruit tree in temperate regions that possesses highly diverse germplasm resources for pear quality improvement.  However, research on the relationship between resistance and fruit quality traits in the breeding of fruit species like pear is limited.  Pan-transcriptomes effectively capture genetic information from coding regions and reflect variations in gene expression between individuals.  Here, we constructed a pan-transcriptome based on 506 samples from different tissues of sand pear, and explored the intrinsic relationships among phenotypes and the selection for disease resistance during improvement based on expression presence/absence variations (ePAVs).  The pan-transcriptome in this study contains 156,744 transcripts, among which the novel transcripts showed significant enrichment in the defense response.  Interestingly, disease resistance genes are highly expressed in landraces of pear but have been selected against during the improvement of this perennial tree species.  We found that the genetically diverse landraces can be divided into two subgroups and inferred that they have undergone different dispersal processes.  Through co-expression network analysis, we confirmed that the formation of stone cells in pears, the synthesis of fruit anthocyanins, and the ability to resist stress are interrelated.  They are jointly regulated by several modules, and the expression of regulatory genes has significant correlations with these three processes.  Moreover, we identified candidate genes such as HKL1 that may affect sugar content and are missing from the reference genome.  This study provides insights into the associations between complex fruit traits, while providing a database resource for pear disease resistance and fruit quality breeding.

The high yield cultivation techniques of Yuxiangliangyouxiangsi based on its demonstration planting performance in Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province were summarized. This variety has a moderate growth period, strong disease resistance, multiple effective panicles, high yield, and excellent rice quality, making it suitable for promotion and planting as double season late rice in study area. Its high yield cultivation techniques include selecting fertile and easily irrigated fields as seedling fields, soaking seeds in a timely manner to promote germination, and cultivating strong seedlings; transplanting at appropriate times and plant densely at 15-18 days of seedling age; heavy application of base fertilizer, early application of tillering fertilizer, and skillful application of ear grain fertilizer; shallow water seedling establishment, thin water tillering, alternating dry and wet irrigation after seedling establishment, and cutting off water supply 5-7 days before harvesting; appropriate timing and medication for weed control, combined with the occurrence of pests, diseases, and rodents in the field, selecting suitable pesticides for green prevention and control; when the rice is 95% ripe, harvest it mechanically on sunny days and promptly sun dry or dry it before returning it to the warehouse. This article provides a reference for promoting the cultivation of Yuxiangliangyouxiangsi in Jianghua and related areas.

To improve the quality of the construction of first-class undergraduate major, the necessity of the construction and reform of Vegetable Cultivation (including Facility Horticulture) course was analyzed, and the teaching system was put into practice from the aspects of course objectives, teaching content, course resources, teaching forms, experiments and practical training, ideological and political elements and teaching evaluation. Specifically, refine the course objectives, so that students can master vegetable sowing, seedling rearing and field management techniques. Optimize the teaching content, combine the two courses of Vegetable Cultivation and Facility Horticulture organically to make it more targeted. Integrate teachers, set up interdisciplinary teachers team, increase professional teaching materials, and enrich online resources; upgrade the experimental teaching resources, update the experimental vegetable seed specimens and so on. Optimize the teaching form, adopt flipped classroom and heuristic teaching, and let students lead the class. Experiments and practical training were strengthened, experiments were set up on identification of vegetable types and investigation of greenhouse types, and virtual simulation experiments were built on greenhouse structure design and soilless cultivation of horticultural crops. Condense ideological and political elements, cultivate students’ spirit of innovation, love for the people, and other pursuits and emotions. The scoring mode of final written test (70%) + experimental class score (15%) + classroom performance (9%) + homework (6%) was adopted to evaluate the teaching results in multiple dimensions. Practice showed that under this teaching reform model, students’ attendance rate and course participation rate were relatively high, the total score pass rate was 94.9%, and the average score of experimental courses is above 85, which comprehensively improves students’ theoretical foundation and practical ability. This paper provides references for the teaching reform of vegetable cultivation and facility horticulture courses.

The breeding process of Qiaoliangyoujingxiangsizhan was introduced, the main characteristics and cultivation techniques of this variety were summarized and analyzed. Qiaoliangyoujingxiangsizhan is an indica two-line hybrid rice variety developed through systematic breeding, with Xi 08S as the female parent and Jingxiangsizhan as the male parent. High yield, excellent quality, and moderate resistance to rice blast disease were demonstrated in regional and production trials. Its high yield cultivation techniques include timely sowing, pesticide soaking, and moderate sowing; suitable transplanting time; apply sufficient base fertilizer, apply early and heavy tillering fertilizer, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; select suitable pesticides for chemical weed control 5-7 days after rice transplantation; appropriate timing and application of pesticides to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice false smut and rice thrips. This article provides a reference for the cultivation of this variety as mid season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and related areas.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of simplified cultivated varieties and their supporting technologies of ‘Gonggu’ series millet, explore the efficient production technology of millet, and promote the high-quality development of millet industry. Based on the survey data of 102 farmers in Northeast China for three years, this study used the osculating value model to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of ‘Gonggu’ series simplified cultivars and supporting production technologies. The results showed that the osculating values of ‘Gonggu’ series varieties in 2021, 2022 and 2023 were 0.0167, 0.1146 and 0.1674, respectively, which were lower than those of common foxtail millet varieties and maize, indicating that the comprehensive benefits of this series of varieties were the highest. On the whole, the osculating value of ‘Gonggu’ series in 2022 was the lowest, which was 0.1350, indicating that the comprehensive benefit of ‘Gonggu’ series in 2022 was the best, while the osculating value of corn in 2021 was the highest, which was 0.6175, indicating that the comprehensive benefit of corn in 2021 was the lowest. The comprehensive benefit of the simplified cultivated variety ‘Gonggu’ series is the best; common millet varieties are in the middle level; corn plays an important role in ensuring grain yield, but the comprehensive benefit is relatively low. Therefore, we should increase the promotion of ‘Gonggu’ series varieties, improve the benefits of common millet varieties, and adjust the industrial structure and technological innovation of maize, so as to improve the comprehensive benefits of various varieties and promote the efficient, environmental protection and sustainable development of agriculture. The method innovation of this study lies in the application of osculating value model, which provides a scientific and objective evaluation tool for the comprehensive benefit evaluation of simplified cultivated varieties of millet, and the conclusion of the results provides a clear optimization direction and strategic suggestions for millet planting.

To clarify the effects of rubber varieties on the development and reproduction of Parasaissetia nigra, the developmental duration, survival rate, and fecundity of P. nigra were investigated on seven rubber tree varieties (‘IAN873’, ‘Reyan 7-33-97’, ‘PR107’, ‘Reyan 7-20-59’, ‘Yunyan 77-4’, ‘GT1’ and ‘RRIM600’) in a cage experiment under field condition. Additionally, population life tables of P. nigra on these rubber tree varieties were constructed, respectively. The results showed that developmental duration of P. nigra was the longest on ‘RRIM600’ (99.1 d) and the shortest on ‘PR107’ (74.3 d). Notable mortalities of first-instar nymphs were found in all seven rubber tree varieties, with the survival rates ranging from 27.9% to 59.0%. For a whole generation of P. nigra, the survival rates on seven rubber tree varieties in decreasing order were ‘PR107’> ‘Yunyan 77-4’> ‘Reyan 7-33-97’> ‘Reyan 7-20-59’> ‘IAN873’> ‘RRIM600’> ‘GT1’. The longest oviposition period (64.4 d) and adult longevity (94.4 d) of P. nigra were observed on rubber tree variety ‘Reyan 7-33-97’. The highest fecundity was recorded also on ‘Reyan 7-33-97’ (727.0 eggs), followed by ‘PR107’ (526.2 eggs), whereas the lowest fecundity was found on ‘RRIM600’ (303.5 eggs). The population trend index of P. nigra on seven rubber tree varieties in decreasing order were ‘PR107’> ‘Reyan 7-33-97’> ‘Yunyan 77-4’> ‘GT1’> ‘Reyan 7-20-59’> ‘IAN873’> ‘RRIM600’. Therefore, ‘PR107’ and ‘Reyan 7-33-97’ were identified as the suitable hosts for P. nigra, whereas ‘GT1’ and ‘RRIM600’ were considered as unsuitable hosts.

Shading cultivation is one of the main methods for the production of high-quality cigar wrapper leaves. Light intensity is one of the most obvious changeable factors under shading cultivation conditions. This review summarizes the research progress of changes and their mechanisms of tobacco leaves under different light intensity due to different shading conditions. In view of the problems and deficiencies in the current research on the shading production of cigar wrapper leaves, it is pointed out that on the basis of improving the quality evaluation system of cigar wrapper leaves, the effects of shading on the quality of the appearance, physics, chemistry, and sensory aspects of cigar wrapper leaves should be studied in depth. And the shading production system suitable for the varieties and the actual production area should be further explored, realizing the effective supply of domestic cigar wrapper leaves gradually.

This study aims to systematically summarize the application of maize live haploid technology in maize molecular breeding, with focus on exploring the selection methods, formation mechanisms, identification methods, doubling methods, and application in population improvement of maize live haploid high-frequency induction lines, providing reference and guidance for the large-scale application of live haploid breeding technology. This study used a literature review method to summarize the relevant research results and practical experience on maize haploid technology, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various methods in practical applications. The research results indicated that maize live haploid technology played an important role in breeding excellent inbred lines and population improvement. Through high-frequency induction line breeding, a large number of excellent haploid plants had been successfully obtained; the identification and doubling methods effectively improved haploid formation and stability. The live haploid technology had shown significant doubling effects in population improvement, providing new ideas and methods for maize breeding. In summary, maize live haploid technology is an efficient and rapid breeding method with broad application prospects. In the process of corn breeding, combining live haploid technology can accelerate the pace of quality improvement and yield increase, providing strong support for the healthy development of the corn industry.

Multiple planting of soybeans after wheat harvest can fully utilize the remaining light, hot, and water resources after wheat harvest, achieve two crop intercropping in one year. The planting practice was combined of wheat and soybean in Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, the light, simple, and efficient cultivation techniques for winter wheat and high yield cultivation techniques for multiple cropping of soybeans were summarized and analyzed, at the same time, corresponding yield improvement strategies were proposed by focusing on the key aspects of intercropping soybeans after wheat. The cultivation techniques for light, simple, and efficient winter wheat include selecting high quality, high yielding, disease resistant, and early maturing wheat varieties; before sowing, rotary tiller and rake flat, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer; reasonably determine the broadcasting schedule and quantity; check and supplement seedlings, and timely carry out “one spray and three prevention” measures; timely harvest and clean up residual debris. The high yield cultivation techniques for multiple cropping of soybean varieties include selecting early maturing varieties with strong stress resistance and high and stable yield; plow and weed before sowing, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer; timely sowing of moisture and reasonable planting density; combining tillage weeding with chemical weeding, applying fertilizer while the soil is moist, and implementing rational control measures; seize the critical window period for disease and pest control and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures; remove from drying and store in the warehouse. The key points to focus on in the research area for wheat multiple cropping soybean include wheat harvest period, planting efficiency, soil preparation quality, and mechanization level. Therefore, reasonable crop rotation and good crop rotation connection were proposed; promote high yield cultivation techniques, and improve planting efficiency; strategies include fine soil preparation, improving soil fertility, introducing new machinery, and expanding the area of intercropping. This article provides a reference for achieving high yields by multiple cropping soybeans after wheat in Shangluo and related areas.

The production practice of fresh corn was combined in the Ili River Valley region, Xinjiang, its high yield planting techniques and application prospects were summarized and analyzed. In terms of high yield cultivation techniques for fresh corn, including selecting high quality varieties with good adaptability and disease resistance; adjusting the sowing date and method based on local climate differences and crop varieties; fine soil preparation, using precise sowing techniques; reasonably plant closely according to the characteristics of different corn varieties, adopting spatial isolation, temporal isolation, or natural barrier isolation for planting isolation, fertilize and irrigate according to the needs of each growth stage of corn, and adopting ecological management, agricultural control, biological control, and physical induction control methods for green pest control; timely harvest and carry out preservation treatment. Fresh corn is widely used in the fields of agriculture, industry, and animal husbandry. Its high quality and efficient production is of great significance in ensuring food security, meeting market demand, increasing grow’ income, promoting agricultural modernization, and promoting industrial integration and development. This article provides a reference for high quality and efficient production of fresh corn in the Ili River Valley and related areas.

The production practice was combined of high quality rice in the Lixiahe area of Yancheng, Jiangsu, and the cultivation techniques of high quality rice production from the aspects of planting method selection and variety selection were summarized and analyzed. The planting method should choose light and simplified machine insertion; select high quality rice varieties with high yield, high rice yield, good resistance, wide adaptability, and high stability; to achieve precise bed preparation, seed control, water control, and chemical control, in order to cultivate seedlings that meet high yield requirements and mechanical operation requirements; straw returning to the field and leveling, planting with reduced plant size and increased density, and multiple holes and fewer roots at a seedling age of 3.5 to 3.8 leaves; balance the ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers, as well as the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and silicon fertilizers, and apply fertilizers appropriately and timely; adopt alternating wet dry irrigation based on the growth of seedlings; coordinate agricultural control, biological control, physical control, and chemical control measures to timely prevent and control pests and diseases; pay attention to preventing cold damage and lodging during the growth process; harvesting rice at 95% maturity, followed by processing such as low temperature drying and low temperature refrigeration. Relevant cultivation techniques provide references for the production of high quality rice.

To breed the double-low (low erucic acid and low glucosinolates) rapeseed variety with the double-high of yield and oil-content, strong stress tolerance and wide adaptability, we used cytoplasmic male line 'Han 3A' as female parent to cross with the restorer line '475R', after selection and identification, we obtained a variety 'Hanyou 23' with high oil content and high yield and multi resistance in Brassica napus L. Its average yield in comparative experiment of new rapeseed varieties in the Yangtze River Basin (the upper, middle and lower reaches) for two consecutive years (2020-2022) was 3167.8 kg/hm², the erucic acid content was 0.105%, the glucosinolate content was 17.48 μmol/g, and the oil content was 47.57%. This variety had resistance to sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral diseases, strong cold resistance and good lodging resistance. The variety was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024 with the registration number GPD rape (2024) 610234.‘Hanyou 23’was a hybrid Brassica napus variety with high yield and superior quality, strong stress tolerance, wide adaptability and suitability for agriculture mechanization. This paper provided the basis for its popularization and application by introducing the breeding process, characteristics and high-yield cultivation technology.

This experiment was designed to explore the relationship between the musk-producing ability and fertility of male musk deer, which would provide a theoretical basis for germplasm resource breeding. The musk production of 224 forest musk deer was recorded, of which 57 had fecundity data. The influencing factors of musk yield and fecundity, and the correlation between them were statistically analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in musk production among different age groups and different musk-extracting time groups in captive forest musk deer (P>0.05), but the musk production tended to decrease with age. The average production of adult musk deer was significantly higher than that of juvenile musk deer, with a difference of 3.51g per deer (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the fecundity of male musk deer among different age groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the fecundity of male musk deer at different musk-extracting times (P>0.05). The correlation study showed that there was a significant correlation among the fecundity indicators of male musk deer (P<0.05).The musk production of male musk deer was positively correlated with the twin birth rate and the average number of offspring per litter. With the increase in the musk production of male musk deer, the twin birth rate and the average number of offspring per litter also increased, but the correlation was not significant (P>0.05). Correct musk extraction could not affect the fecundity of male musk deer. The higher the musk production of male musk deer, the better the trend of fecundity indicators. Combined with the physical condition, age, musk production, and previous reproductive experience of male musk deer, breeding male musk deer can be preliminarily screened. This study provides theoretical guidance for improving the reproductive efficiency of forest musk deer and optimizing the feeding and management.

To cultivate high-level talents that meet the needs of agricultural development, guided by the construction of new agricultural science, the current situation of Crop Cultivation course in terms of teaching methods, practical teaching, and assessment and evaluation was analyzed. Adhering to the principle of combining student-centered and teacher-led teaching, the teaching reform of this course was designed and practiced. Specifically, it introduced teaching concepts that emphasize the cultivation of practical abilities, innovative thinking abilities, and awareness of sustainable environmental protection in agriculture, optimizing the theoretical teaching methods of online MOOC and offline classrooms, and adopting a practical teaching model that combined virtual simulation experiments with on-site practical investigations to achieve seamless integration between information technology and classroom teaching; the organic integration of process evaluation and outcome evaluation effectively improving the high-level, innovative, and challenging nature of curriculum teaching, expanding interdisciplinary fields, enhances students’ industrial awareness and “agriculture, rural areas, and farmers” sentiment, and improving their ability to analyze and solve problems encountered in the process of grain efficiency cultivation. This article provides references for improving the quality and efficiency of Crop Cultivation and similar courses teaching.

An overview of traditional and modern breeding techniques currently used for vegetable crops was provided. Traditional breeding includes extensive hybridization, inbreeding, etc. Although it can improve crop traits, it has limitations such as low efficiency and high cost. The introduction of modern breeding techniques such as mutagenesis and genome editing can effectively improve breeding efficiency and accuracy; the progress of genome sequencing and functional genomics has provided the possibility for a profound understanding of vegetable genomes and promoted precise improvement of traits; molecular marker technology and transgenic technology have also provided new means to improve vegetable yield, quality, and stress tolerance. By using these technologies for vegetable crop breeding, the adaptability and economic value of crops can be enhanced, ensuring food safety and nutritional requirements. In the future, we will continue to explore the potential of genome assisted breeding and apply technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence to vegetable breeding, providing references for the development of high-yield, disease resistant, and stress tolerant vegetable varieties.

The main factors affecting tea production were summarized based on tea tree cultivation practice, and high-yield cultivation techniques were proposed for tea trees based on these influencing factors. The main factors affecting tea production include climate conditions such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine; soil physical and chemical properties, water content, and other soil conditions; adaptability of tea tree varieties and cultivation management techniques such as pruning, harvesting, fertilizer and water supply. The high-yield cultivation techniques for tea trees include selecting tea varieties with wide adaptability, strong resistance to diseases and pests, and high-yield potential; take measures such as deep plowing and soil turning, rational application of organic fertilizers, and application of lime and ammonium sulfate for soil improvement; choose irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation, and establish a comprehensive drainage system to protect tea gardens from the effects of excessive moisture or soil erosion; adopting green prevention and control technologies such as biological and physical control to prevent pests and diseases from invading tea trees. Relevant high-yield cultivation techniques can help improve the overall yield and quality of tea in different regions and environmental conditions, providing references for the green and sustainable development of the tea industry.

Reasonable fertilization can effectively promote the growth of tea trees and improve tea quality and yield. The types of biological fertilizers, and their advantages and limitations in application were introduced, combining with the actual growth of tea trees, the application of biological fertilizers in their growth were summarized and analyzed. There are multiple classification standards for biological fertilizers, which can be classified into bacterial dominant, actinomycete dominant, and fungal dominant types based on the types of microorganisms they contain; according to the functional characteristics of biological fertilizers, they can be divided into direct and indirect feeding type, disease and pest resistance auxiliary type, and ecological and soil improvement type; different types demonstrate their uniqueness and applicability. This fertilizer has the advantages of safety, environmental protection, soil improvement, growth promotion, resistance to pests and diseases, and broad development prospects; at the same time, but its need to improve fertilizer efficiency stability and strict requirements for soil conditions. The application of biological fertilizers such as nitrogen fixing bacteria fertilizers, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria fertilizers, and potassium solubilizing bacteria fertilizers can increase the chlorophyll content in tea leaves and enhance their photosynthetic capacity; at the same time, it can improve the nitrogen nutrition, available potassium, and available phosphorus content in the soil, thereby promoting its growth and development. This article provides a reference for promoting the application of biological fertilizers in the cultivation of crops such as tea treesand advancing green, and sustainable agricultural development.

【Objective】The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficient unmanned cultivation technology system of wheat. 【Method】 According to the situation of accelerating land transfer and large-scale operation, decreasing labor force engaged in agricultural production, and more efficient and comfortable farming methods, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat was put forward through the integration study of “agronomy-machinery-intelligence”, that is, using new technology, new product and new equipment to simplify and integrate the whole process of wheat production, and complete wheat production with the least number of operations, the least number of machines and unmanned operations. On the basis of exploratory experimental research, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat (IU) and conventional mechanized high-yield cultivation techniques of wheat in experimental area (CK) were set up as treatments in Dazhong Farm of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in 2019-2020, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, to study the traits and differences of wheat yield formation among different technology treatments, analyze the high-yield traits of IU, and put forward the technical approaches of IU. 【Result】 The IU increased wheat yield by 3.0%-5.9% compared with CK, and significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons. In terms of yield components, the spike number was IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), the grains per spike were IU>CK (P>0.05), the total grains were IU>CK (P<0.05), and the 1000-kernels weight was IU<CK (P>0.05), indicating that the IU increased wheat yield by stabilizing the grains per spike and 1000-kernels weight, and increasing the spike number. In the production of photosynthetic matter, the culm number, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages, the leaf area duration and crop growth rate in the main growth periods, and the culm fertility and grain leaf ratio were all expressed as IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), which laid a material foundation for the yield increase of the IU. This paper not only summarized the technical approaches and basic technologies of IU but also discussed the development of IU from the aspects of integrated cultivation, unmanned cultivation, “agronomy-machinery-intelligence” fusion degree, key agronomy technology and comprehensive evaluation. 【Conclusion】 The yield under IU was equivalent or significantly increased to that under CK. And the high-yield cultivation of wheat was realized with less agricultural machinery and labor and unmanned operation, which was an effective way for the development of agricultural modernization production. In the future, multi-faceted collaborative innovation and investment should be strengthened to accelerate the application and large-scale promotion of this technology.

Promoting the strip intercropping model of soybean and corn is one of the effective ways to improve soybean production capacity. The practice of strip intercropping of soybean and corn was based on in the Huaibei, Anhui Province, and its efficient cultivation techniques were summarized from the aspects of variety selection, planting model selection, seed treatment, and etc. In terms of variety selection, selecting soybean varieties with limited podding habits, shade tolerance, dense planting tolerance, high temperature tolerance, lodging resistance, disease resistance, and drought resistance; corn varieties with compact plant type, moderate height, high temperature tolerance, dense planting tolerance, ear rot tolerance, disease resistance, and suitable for machine harvesting. Selecting the planting model of 4 rows of corn and 6 rows of soybeans. Seed treatment including seed selection, sun drying, pesticide mixing or coating. Selecting 4 rows of corn seeders and 6 rows of soybean seeders for simultaneous fertilization and sowing. After sowing and before sprouting, timely sealing and weeding should be carried out. For plots with poor sealing and weeding effects, corn and soybean specific herbicides should be used for targeted isolation and weeding during the 1-2 compound leaf stage of soybeans and 4-5 leaf stage of corn. To meet the water and fertilizer supply needs during the corn bell mouth stage, soybean flowering and pod setting stage, and grain filling stage, the integrated technology of micro spray irrigation and fertilization is adopted for irrigation, topdressing, and foliar fertilization. Spraying control agents on 6-9 leaves of corn and early flowering stage of soybeans to control plant growth. Adhering to the principle of prevention first and combining prevention and control, and timely apply appropriate drugs to prevent and control diseases and pests such as soybean virus disease, aphid, corn stem rot disease, and Spodoptera frugiperda, etc. Choosing soybean varieties that are resistant to high temperature and heat damage, apply fertilizers reasonably, and water them in a timely manner to prevent soybean ‘disease greening’. Selecting varieties of corn that are resistant to high temperature and heat damage, water them in a timely manner, and use artificial pollination to prevent and control the impact of high temperature and heat damage on the tasseling and silk emergence stages of corn. Based on the maturity of soybeans and corn in the field, choose the method of harvesting first after maturity or harvesting with different machines simultaneously. This article provides references for further promotion and application of the soybean corn strip intercropping model in relevant regions.

To meet the demand for educational informatization in applied undergraduate universities, the current situation of the core course of Horticulture, Vegetable Cultivation was analyzed in terms of teaching model, teaching content, and assessment evaluation. It designed a blended online and offline teaching approach and put it into practice. In terms of design, an information-based online teaching platform was utilized, adopting a student-centered optimization teaching model, problem oriented reconstruction of content system, process based optimization of assessment and evaluation system, and other measures, a blended online and offline teaching model of “MOOC+Rain Classroom+Chaoxing Learning Platform+WeChat Public Platform” suitable for Horticulture majors would be constructed. In terms of reform practice, research on learning situations was conducted and set online and offline learning tasks; paied attention to resources, integrating learning resources into core knowledge point interpretation modules and cultivation technology foundations, and applied them before, during, and after class; refactored content and optimized online and offline teaching design; optimized assessment and adopted diversified and full process assessment methods. Practice showed that the reformed teaching had optimized teaching resources, improved student participation and professional skills, enhanced learning quality and efficiency, thereby achieving the goal of high-quality cultivation of Horticultural talents in agricultural universities, and providing references for the deep integration of educational informationization and teaching in agricultural related courses

The large-scale planting performance of drought resistant rice variety Hanyou 73 was combined in Donghu Production Base, Dongqiao Town, Huian County, Xiamen, Fujian Province, its “rice+vegetable” water-dry rotation cultivation techniques and its advantages in arid land were summarized and analyzed. This variety was planted in a “rice+vegetable” rotation in the research area, with a total growth period of about 128 days and resistant to bacterial leaf blight and rice blast disease, with good drought resistance; the dry grain yield of rice was 7 542.75 kg/hm². Dryland cultivation techniques include land preparation, application of base fertilizer, and rotary tillage; after seed mixing or seedling cultivation, live broadcasting or waterless machine transplanting is carried out; arrange micro sprinkler irrigation pipe belts in the field according to the walking route of the rice transplanter wheels; after emergence, water the seedlings with water for greening, tillering, and heading filling to improve seedling quality and rice seed setting rate; according to the seedling situation in the field, apply tillering fertilizer, jointing fertilizer, and heading fertilizer to cultivate strong seedlings; dryland has more grass damage than paddy fields, and generally adopts measures such as closed weeding as the main method, chemical pesticides as auxiliary, and manual removal and remediation for prevention and control; according to local pest and disease monitoring information, timely prevention and control of diseases and pests such as sheath blight and rice planthopper. The application of the “rice+vegetable” water-dry rotation model and dryland waterless machine transplanting technology has technical management advantages such as saving labor and reducing consumption, facilitating water control, and improving fertilizer utilization efficiency; and social benefits such as improving farmland utilization efficiency, conserving water resources, and improving soil environment. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of the “rice+vegetable” water-dry rotation model in relevant region’ dry land.

To meet the diverse needs for Horticultural majors and further cultivate students’ core competence and major quality, a blended teaching model for Horticultural Plant Breeding course was explored by clearly defining the teaching program design of this course. In terms of teaching program design, the theoretical knowledge of germplasm resources and introduction was systematically combed, and the online and offline teaching model was applied to make full use of the advantages of the Internet to achieve the course teaching objectives. Specific explorations included using blended online and offline teaching methods, as well as problem-based teaching, group discussion analysis, and other methods to stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm; introducing the discussion-collaboration- participation teaching model into the curriculum, and pushing cutting-edge literature on the subject before and after class to closely link teaching with science and broaden students’ professional horizons; adopting integrated teaching of science and education methods, combining teaching content with teaching and research bases or external joint bases; optimizing the assessment and evaluation system and adopting diversified process evaluation. Practice showed that this teaching reform had effectively simulated students’ learning initiative, and achieved good teaching achievement, the pass rate of students was 100%, and the teaching effect had been significantly improved. This article provides references for improving the quality of talent cultivation in Horticulture major and promoting professional construction and development.

Based on the rice production practice in the Southern Jiangsu Province, the high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques of rice and their promotion strategies were summarized and analyzed. High-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques include selecting varieties with high-quality, high-yield, strong resistance, and wide adaptability according to local conditions; making preparations for seedling field configuration, nutrient soil (substrate) preparation, seed treatment, and scientific sowing; water management, fertilization management, and pest control of seedbeds; adjusting the planting distance and seedling amount of transplanting machinery according to the variety type to achieve precise cultivation; field management needs to strengthen the supporting ditch system to reduce drainage and waterlogging, timely and appropriately fertilize according to the growth process and seedling growth of rice, and adopt comprehensive control measures of ecological regulation and scientific medication for the prevention and control of diseases and pests such as sheath blight, rice blast disease, rice planthopper, and stem borer; timely use machinery for harvesting, and pay attention to moisture and mold prevention during storage. Corresponding promotion strategy includes strengthening publicity and guidance, providing financial support, etc., to motivate planting subjects; keeping up with the trend of technological development, improving technical points, and implementing key technologies; constructing high-yield demonstration area, demonstrating the application of high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques; carrying out on-site observation, technical lectures, and skill competitions to strengthen technical training. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high-quality and high-yield rice cultivation techniques in related rice growing areas such us Southern Jiangsu Province.

Tanbi wax gourd is nearly spherical in shape, with an average weight of about 3 kg per individual, resembling a three lobed structure; its fresh is dense, sweet and crisp, less thick flesh and storage resistance, has high edible and medicinal value. The high-yield cultivation techniques of this crop were summarized and analyzed based on its production practice. In terms of sowing and seedling cultivation, measures such as soaking seeds to promote germination, preparing nutrient soil, strengthening water management, and diseases and pests control were taken to cultivate short and strong seedlings. Before transplanting and planting, it was necessary to adjust the soil pH of the planting site and apply mature farmyard manure; strong seedlings should be transplanted before the leaves of two seedlings were full and the true leaves were not fully developed. In terms of water and fertilizer management, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and fruit setting fertilizer should be applied in a timely manner. The melon field should be kept moist during the seedling stage, irrigated during the growth stage, and the field water should be controlled from flowering to fruit setting stage. Field management included setting up trellises to guide and tie vines, assisting with pollination, and retaining melons. In terms of disease and pest control, comprehensive measures such as agricultural control, physical control, and chemical control were adopted to timely prevent and control diseases and pests such as aphids, whitefly, powdery mildew, anthracnose, and others. In terms of harvesting, storage, and transportation, the fruit was usually harvested after 30 days of maturity on a clear, dew-free morning; during storage and transportation, the site and tools should be kept clean and free of pollution. This article provides a reference for the high-yield cultivation of this plant and further promoting the development of related industries.

Artemisia argyi is a perennial herb, and its leaves are used as medicine. It is a commonly used bulk Chinese medicinal herbal with high medicinal and economical value. The high-quality cultivation techniques of this plant were summarized and analyzed from 7 aspects of variety selection, land preparation, and propagation methods. Including select high-quality, high-yielding, and comprehensive resistant varieties of Artemisia argyi suitable for local cultivation; choose fertile loam and sandy loam environments with sufficient sunlight, good drainage and irrigation conditions, and deep plowing and fertilization before planting. Its propagation techniques include division propagation, root propagation, and cutting propagation; the suitable planting density is 97 500 to 120 000 plants/hm², and the appropriate amount of rhizomes for root propagation is 3 000 kg/hm². After planting, timely carry out standardized management work such as tillage, weeding, fertilization, irrigation, leveling, and thinning to promote plant growth; the prevention and control of pests and diseases in the field mainly rely on agricultural and physical methods, with chemical control as a supplement. Timely harvesting, processing and storage according to its application characteristics.It provides references for Artemisia argyi standardized production and high-quality industrial development.

Camellia oleifera as a unique woody edible oil tree species, has both economic value and ecological maintenance functions. The techniques for high-yield cultivation of Camellia oleifera forests combined its biological characteristics were systematically explored, including selection of afforestation sites, superior varieties, and others. Camellia oleifera trees are 2-8 meters tall, with spherical or nearly spherical fruits that generally mature in autumn. The key points of high-yield cultivation techniques include selecting areas with an altitude of 100-500 meters, sufficient sunlight, and slopes below 25 degrees for planting; scientifically apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers based on the nutrient status of the soil and the growth needs of plants to improve the soil; select varieties with larger fruits, thinner skin, and higher seed and oil extraction rates; choose strong seedlings that are one or two years old, ensuring their good growth and strong stress resistance; excavate planting holes and adopt reasonable methods for seedling planting; reasonably irrigate and reasonably fertilize oil tea trees based on their age, soil texture, and local climate conditions; after the oil tea is harvested and before the new shoots sprout in spring, remove diseased and weak branches in a timely manner; adopt agricultural, biological, and chemical control measures to timely prevent and control diseases such as anthracnose and soft rot, as well as pests such as Biston marginata and Euproctis pseudoconspersa; when the fruit is 80% to 90% ripe, it should be harvested and processed promptly to prevent spoilage. These technological lare interrelated and together form a complete, efficient, and sustainable high-yield cultivation techniques system for Camellia oleifera, provide references for the efficient development of Camellia oleifera and its related industries.

The production and planting experience of a family farm in Xiaoxian, Suzhou, Anhui Province was combined, and the suitable environment, facility conditions, and key cultivation techniques for the growth of Morchella were summarized and analyzed. The cultivation of this fungus should be carried out on land with good air quality, flat terrain, and convenient drainage and irrigation. The soil should be loose, weakly alkaline, and well-permeable sandy loam; the cultivation facilities mainly consist of solar greenhouses, equipped with drip irrigation belts and atomization devices. The key points of facility cultivation techniques include selecting excellent varieties with mushroom shape, color, stable seed quality, thick meat texture, and high-yield; carry out soil plowing, disinfection, and prepare external nutrient packages before sowing; fine sowing, cover with black plastic film; do a good job in post-sowing management such as watering and mulching, temperature and light regulation, nutrient package placement, and mushroom urging; manage the mushroom production period in accordance with the requirements of each period; comprehensively applying agricultural methods, physical methods, biotechnology, and chemical techniques to effectively prevent and control bacterial contamination and pest infestations during the growth process of mushrooms; according to the principle of “picking large and keeping small”, harvest in a timely manner, and store or transport in a timely manner after harvesting. This article provides references for the development of facility cultivation industry of Morchella.

To understand the effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide martine on the fertility of peach aphids, this experiment evaluated the effects of martine toxicity and sublethal doses (LC₁₀, LC₂₀, LC₃₀, LC₅₀ and LC₇₀) on adult aphids of Myzus persicae. The results showed that the LC₅₀ of martine against Myzus persicae was 9.66 mg/L, and the LC₁₀, LC₂₀, LC₃₀ and LC₇₀ against Myzus persicae were 0.17, 0.69, 1.86, 50.16 mg/L, respectively. The sublethal concentration of martine can significantly reduce the fertility, longevity, and survival rate of adult Myzus persicae. The life span of adult Myzus persicae in LC₁₀, LC₂₀, LC₃₀, LC₅₀ and LC₇₀ treatment groups was shortened by 0.9, 1.4, 1.9, 3.1 and 4.1 d, respectively. The limiting growth rate (λ), net value-added rate (R₀), average generation period (T), total fertility (GRR), and intrinsic growth rate (r_m) of Myzus persicae in sublethal concentration treatment groups were lower than those in the control group. It is concluded that the sublethal concentration of martine has a lethal effect on the growth of Myzus persicae population.