The impact of climate change on grain production in China has been highly concerned, and a lot of researches have been formed. However, the evaluation results of the impact are somewhat controversial. By studying 100 relevant high-quality literature at home and abroad since the beginning of the 21^st century, the impacts of climate change on China’s grain production were summarized and discussed. The results show that: (1) since 1961, climate change has influenced China’s grain production mainly by affecting the crop growth, changing the cropping structure, and causing the intensification of agricultural diseases and pests and meteorological disasters, the impact is both positive and negative, but the overall effect is negative, and the negative effect is mainly caused by the temperature increase; (2) the impact of climate change on grain production varies in different regions, in the high latitudes such as China’s northeast region and northwest oasis, the increase of temperature has improved the regional heat condition and also the grain production; in the North China Plain, the rice planting areas in south China, the southwest China and the dry farming areas in northwest China, the increase of temperature has shortened the crop growth period, and combined with the change of precipitation, the climate change has led to the decline of grain production; (3) without considering the fertilizer effect of CO₂, future climate change is likely to cause the decrease of grain production, and the decrease of wheat production might be more than that of rice and maize production; considering the fertilizer effect of CO₂, the negative effect of climate change would be weakened, and the impact of climate change on rice production in northeast China and wheat production in North China Plain might be positive.

To provide better climate services for the planning and construction of Xiongan New Area, this paper systematically analyzed the basic climate characteristics and change trend of the Area based on daily meteorological observation data of three national meteorological stations from their establishment to 2018. Spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation and temperature in recent 10 years and the next 10 years in Xiongan were analyzed and predicted by using the refined land surface assimilation data and climate change scenario data. The results showed that the average annual precipitation in Xiongan was 480.8 mm and the precipitation mainly occurred from June to September. During 1961-2018, the average annual precipitation in Xiongan showed a generally decreasing trend, with a significantly decreasing trend in summer and an obviously increasing trend in autumn. In the next 10 years, the precipitation in most areas of Xiongan will increase. The annual average temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature in Xiongan was 12.6, 18.7 and 7.3℃ respectively. In the year averaged from 1981 to 2010, the highest monthly temperature appeared in July and the lowest appeared in January. From 1961 to 2018, the average temperature, the average maximum temperature and the average minimum temperature in Xiongan all showed an upward trend, with obvious warming in spring and winter, followed by summer, while the trend in autumn was not obvious. In the next 10 years, the temperature in Xiongan will rise significantly. The annual average sunshine hours in Xiongan were 2335.2 hours. During the year, there were relatively more sunshine hours in spring and summer, and relatively less sunshine hours in autumn and winter. From 1968 to 2018, the annual sunshine hours in Xiongan showed a decreasing trend, with the fastest decreasing rate in autumn and the slowest in spring. The annual average wind speed in Xiongan was 1.7 m/s. During the year, the average wind speed in April was the largest, and the average wind speed in January, August and December was the smallest. From 1961 to 2018, the average wind speed in Xiongan was generally decreasing, with the largest decreasing rate in winter and the smallest in summer.

In order to master the application progress of Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) in the field of agriculture and climate change research, better for the future model of the impact of climate change on the agricultural production in the assessment and adaptation should be used in the study, the paper research and the domestic practice as the foundation, through the relevant research case, methods and results of application of carding model, from the localization to verify the validity of DSSAT model, database construction, parameter correction and optimization scheme, climate change impact assessment and adaptation should be used comprehensively summarized the progress in the application of the model. The results show that: the DSSAT model has been widely applied in our country, including the different regions and different crops; more research by using DSSAT to study climate change model for agricultural production, the research result is rich. But the model in the application of existing research methods and results more decentralized, application of crop species Co., data needs abundant experimental data limited, these all need in future research and constantly improve the solution.

The paper aims to study the climate change features of precipitation during the critical period of spring ploughing spring sowing and pruduction countermeasure, the authors used the precipitation records during late March to mid-April from 1952 to 2015 in Xifeng meteorological station and the observation data during the growth period of corn from 1990 to 2015 in Xifeng agrometeorological experiment station, adopted the climate tendency coefficient and correlation methods to analyze the yearly change characteristics of precipitation during late March to mid-April which was the appropriate critical period of soil water utilization of spring ploughing spring sowing in dry area. The results showed that: the probability of less total precipitation during late March to mid-April reached up to 54.7%; the probability of less total precipitation in early April was greater than that in late March and mid April. For achieving maximum scientific exploitation and utilization of soil thawing accumulation water in spring and precipitation climate resources before late March, we should complete to apply base fertilizer and plastic film covering in late March, rather than complete the compound spring sowing machine with applying base fertilizer, plastic film covering and sowing corns by one time during 18 to 25, April which was the stage fitting in fall crops’ sowing time in dry area, to avoide the loss of soil water evaporation in the early stage of sowing.

In this study, association between temperature and humidity changing of different cross-section of microorganism fermentation bed and micro-climate condition of pigsty was analyzed to discover the mechanism of microorganism fermentation bed. The results showed that: (1) There was significant difference in temperature changing between different cross-sections of microorganism fermentation bed (P<0.01). Temperature of cross-section at 10 cm was increased 2.56℃ than surface (P<0.05), Temperature of cross-section at 20-40 cm was increased 7.10-9.42℃ than surface (P<0.01). (2) The packing moisture content of cross-section of fermentation bed in 10cm was higher 11.5% than 20cm (P<0.05) and 13.5% than 30 cm (P<0.05), respectively. There were no significant moisture content difference between cross-section at 20 cm and 30 cm (P>0.05). (3) There were no significant association between temperature and moisture content of different cross-section and micro-climate condition (P>0.05). The results showed, microorganism fermentation bed temperature does not vary with the change of environmental temperature and humidity, the surface and internal temperature can be maintained relatively stable.

To study the impacts of observed climate change on crop development and yield could provide more accurate information for assessing the effect of climate change on crop production. In this study, we used ground observation data from five case areas including extreme drought (Dunhuang), arid (Wuwei), semi-arid (Dingxi), semi-humid (Linxia), and humid (Mixian) in northwest China’s 1981(1986)-2017 to analyze the meteorological trends and determine the relationship between spring wheat growth, yield and climatic factors. The results showed that the climate change patterns and their impacts on spring wheat phenology and yield in these stations were diverse both spatially and temporally during the period of 1981-2017. Except the warmer and wetter trends in extreme arid regions, warmer and drier trends were observed in other regions. Correlation analysis showed that spring wheat production in Wuwei, Dingxi and Linxia stations increased in 1981 (1986)-2017, but the change trend was not significant except Wuwei station. The decrease of days ≥30℃ during the wheat growth period in Wuwei station increased the output in Wuwei station in the 37 years, however, the increase of precipitation during the wheat growth period, more grains per panicle and obviously fewer infertile spikelets in Dingxi station increased the output in Dingxi station in the recent 32 years. It is estimated that the global warming trend and change in precipitation pattern will further impact the production and yield of spring wheat in northwest China.

To meet the need of open management of the solar-illuminated artificial climate chamber cluster which consists of 30 units, an operational program database management system was developed to achieve the operation program management and user management. The plan management included the function of edit, store and recall, and the authority management fulfilled the user, password and license management. The main program of the system, which relied on a cheap but stable Raspberry Pi micro-computer, was programed with Perl language and connected with the original system by MODBUS/TCP protocol, and could provide WEB service via HTTP protocol. The system is stable after being put into use.

In order to evaluate the suitability of climate condition in rape’s growth period, and provide the scientific guidance for the government strategy and farmers’ field management and agricultural production, by using the meteorological data from rape planting area in Anhui Province, and on the basis of physiological characteristics of rape and the research results of predecessors, the suitability models in different regions about climate were constructed, and the suitability models had been verified. According to the relationship between climate suitability and bumper or poor harvest index of rape, climatic suitability indicators on different time scales were set up. The results indicated that the climatic suitability model could dynamically reflect the suitable level of meteorological condition on rape growth/yield. Climatic suitability indicators had high evaluation accuracy, and they could satisfy the needs of operational services.

Climate change has a direct impact on crop yield. Breeding new crop varieties according to production practice and climate characteristics is of great significance to food security in China. In this paper, we used the data of meteorological stations and grain yield from 1979 to 2014 in China’s main grain producing areas and northwest to clarify the characteristics of grain yield and climate change through statistical analysis. The results showed that the annual mean temperature increased in northeast China, the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the Yangtze River Basin and northwest China, and the increase rate was 0.30℃/10 a, 0.37℃/10 a, 0.38℃/10 a and 0.48℃/10 a, respectively, which was significantly correlated with grain yield. The annual mean temperature decreased from south to north and east to west. Due to the uneven distribution of heat resources, the change of annual precipitation rate in different regions was significantly different, but had no significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, grain crop breeding should be based on the principles of high quality, high yield, multiple resistance, and suitability for mechanized production, and a breeding strategy combining traditional breeding and modern molecular biology techniques should be adopted. We should focus on improving the water logging tolerance and lodging resistance of rice varieties in the northeast, the high-temperature tolerance of rice varieties in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Yangtze River Basin, the low-temperature tolerance of late-season rice varieties in the northwest, and the drought tolerance of wheat and maize varieties in all regions.

In order to investigate the change rule of cotton phenology under the background of climate change, the parameters of the cotton growth model COSIM were adjusted and verified to achieve localization. Using mathematical statistics and crop model simulation methods, the response and sensitivity of cotton phenological periods to climate change were analyzed. The results showed that from 1980 to 2019, the date of emergence, budding and flowering of cotton in Xinjiang were earlier by 0.5-7.0 d/10a, 0.1-5.8 d/10a, and 0.3-3.9 d/10a, respectively, and the date of boll opening was delayed by 0.1-4.7 d/10a. COSIM was used to simulate phenological changes of cotton, and the results were consistent with the actual changes. The RMSE of the actual and simulated values of the date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening was 0.9 d, 0.7 d, 0.6 d and 0.7 d, respectively. Under warmer climate (simulated warming 0.5℃, 1℃, 1.5℃ and 2℃ compared with the base climate condition of 1981—2010), the rate of growth and development of cotton increased and each phenological period became earlier. The date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening were earlier by 0-2 d, 1-9 d, 2-12 d and 3-31 d, respectively; the vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage were shortened by 0-6 d and 2-22 d, respectively. Therefore, through variety selection and technology adjustment, climate warming can give more potential productivity to cotton by utilizing the advantage of heat and avoiding disaster risk in the key phenological periods, in order to achieve high yield and efficiency of cotton production.

To explore the coordinated relationship between crop planting structure and climate change in Sichuan Province, based on the climate data and crop planting area data of the province, this study analyzed the climate change, crop planting structure change and their coordination relationship from 2000 to 2018. The results showed that: from 2000 to 2018, the precipitation and accumulated temperature ≥10℃ in Sichuan showed a significantly upward trend, the climate tendency rate of precipitation was 53.5 mm/10 a, and the climate tendency rate of accumulated temperature≥10℃ was 123.7℃/10 a; the planting area of maize, oil crops, legumes and fruits increased significantly, the planting area of potato remained relatively stable, and the planting area of rice, wheat and other crops decreased significantly, and the proportion of planting structure of main crops changed significantly. The top three crops in Sichuan Province were rice, maize and potato, with an average proportion of 21%, 17% and 13%, respectively, and the proportion of rice was relatively stable among all kinds of crops; the proportion of wheat was decreasing year by year. The crop planting structure change and climate change in Sichuan Province from 2000 to 2018 were compatible with each other, and the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree were high.

Based on the data of meteorology in Xuancheng in 2011, the climatic characteristics and the impact on agriculture in Xuancheng were analyzed, in order to improve the defense capability of agricultural production for meteorological disasters. The results were as follows: 2011, the average annual precipitation slightly was below normal to normal, beginning of the mei-yu period and of the mei-yu period was early, the average mold rain amount was more than normal years. The annual average temperature was higher than normal years. Days of high temperature was more than normal years. Meteorological disasters caused serious damage to agriculture. However, grain and rape oil yield increased over the previous year, preferences on a normal year for climate.

In order to do the microclimate forecast, the author used the observed data of the cucumber greenhouse which seated in Shouguang City, Shandong from 2007 to 2010, and analyzed the change rules and distribution of microclimate that in greenhouse, such as temperature, humidity and soil temperature under different weather types in winter and spring. The author used statistical method to choose the factors and built simulate models for next 24 h temperature forecasting. According to different months, different weather types and different time in a day, the simulation results were good except the April. Exam models of forecast temperature in greenhouse with observed data and weather forecast of February to May in 2010, and results were good; models could be used in microclimate factor forecast.

Influence on climate change to dry land spring wheat in the cold upland was tested and studied with sowing method from 2009 to 2010 in order to explore counter measures of crops planter under climate warming background. Results showed that: daily average temperature in entire period of duration of the early sowing spring wheat was lower than that of the late sowing spring wheat no matter under that kind of climate year's harvest in high and cold dry agricultural region. Temperature was high in entire period of duration of spring wheat that period of duration was short. Temperature was low in entire period of duration of spring wheat that period of duration was long. Precipitation increased in period of duration of spring wheat entire that period of duration extends. Rate of seedlings emergence of spring wheat was low, the density of spring wheat was small and drought resisting ability of spring wheat was strong under spring summer continually dry scene. Rate of seedlings emergence of spring wheat was high, the density of spring wheat was big and drought resisting ability of spring wheat was weak under hot summer scene. Main factors which decided height or low of spring wheat output were daily average temperature of young wheat ear idiophase and accumulated temperature and precipitation of grain formation. Daily average temperature was low in young wheat ear idiophase and accumulated temperature was high and precipitation was sufficient in grain formation, the output is high, otherwise the output was low.

In order to clarify the influence of meteorological factors on potential productivity, the key factor was found which restricted crop growth, based on the meteorological data in the last 50 years in southwestern Shandong Province, by using linear-trend method, the climate change trends and potential productivity were analyzed, respectively.The results showed that the temperature increased with a change rate by 0.16℃/10 a, the annual precipitation was no obvious change with a change rate by 3.0 mm/10 a, the annual sunshine duration decreased with a change rate by 112.05h/10a.The photosynthetic, the photo-temperature and the photo-temperature-water potential productivities were estimated, which reached at 22.6×104 kg/hm2, 17.6×104 kg/hm2 and 7.4×104 kg/hm2 respectively. The trend of the climatic potential productivity in the last 50 years showed that the photosynthetic and the photo-temperature potential reduced generally, but the reduced trend of the photo-temperature-water potential was not significant. The temperature had negative effect on potential climate productivity, while precipitation had positive effect, prefer to temperature, the water was the key factor of restricted climatic potential productivity.

In this paper, the meteorological suitability indexes at key growing stages of seed maize in Zhangye were studied, the meteorological conditions and meteorological factors were examined and the climate quality certification technology of seed maize in Zhangye was discussed. Based on the data of air temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration from the Zhangye National Reference Climatological Station, the effects of meteorological factors in 2020, including heat, light, precipitation and etc., on the growth of seed maize were analyzed, and the assessment of the climate quality grade certification of seed maize in Zhangye was carried out. The results showed that the temperature and sunshine in 2020 were conducive to the growth and quality formation of seed maize; the summer drought and diseases had certain influence on the development of seed maize, and the cultivation base of seed maize should take steps to reduce the hazard degree. According to the geographic regionalization index of seed maize, the climatic conditions of maize growth of the year and the production management of seed maize enterprises, the climate quality grade of seed maize in the certified region is excellent.

Safe overwintering is an important index to assess the possible impact of climate change on apple planting boundary and variety selection. Based on existing research, four agro-climatic indices were proposed to evaluate the effect of climate change on apple safe overwintering in China. The four agro-climatic indices, respectively, indicate the risk of damage to apple by early winter frost, the risk of the intensity and duration of low freezing temperature, the risk of damage by extreme low temperature, and the risk of damage to developing flower buds by late spring frost. We studied the variation trends and abrupt change characteristics of the four agro-climatic indices across main apple-producing regions of China, including the Loess Plateau, Bohai Bay, Old Course of the Yellow River, Southwest Highlands and Xinjiang, by using statistical methods and the ArcGIS analysis tools based on meteorological observational data from 1961 to 2015. The results showed that temperature significantly increased during the apple overwintering period in main apple-producing regions of China, while the number of annual accumulative frost days and the frequency of extreme low temperature events significantly decreased. The risk of damage to apple by early winter frost was increased due to the shortened interval between first frost and first low temperature in northern Bohai Bay, Old Course of the Yellow River and northern Xinjiang. The risk of the intensity and duration of low freezing temperature during the apple overwintering period decreased, so did the risk of damage by extreme low temperature, especially in high latitude regions. But the frequency of extreme low temperature events was uncertain in the Loess Plateau and Xinjiang producing regions. In addition, the risk of damage to developing apple flower buds by late spring frost increased in the Loess Plateau, Liaoning, western Sichuan and Xinjiang producing regions. To sum up, the risk of the intensity and duration of low freezing temperature and the risk of damage by extreme low temperature decreased, but the risk of damage to apple by early winter frost and the risk of damage to developing flower buds by late spring frost increased.

To establish a daily scale suitability model of temperature, precipitation, sunshine and comprehensive elements in Guangxi, and apply it to the classification of Citrus climate suitability grade and the analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of climate suitability over the years. Based on the daily meteorological data of 87 national automatic weather stations in Guangxi from 1961 to 2018 and the climate habit of Citrus growth, the fuzzy mathematical method was used to establish the model, and the model was verified by using the abnormal weather in typical years and stages. The results show that: the regression fitting effect of daily meteorological elements of the model is good, and the determination coefficient is above 0.89; the classification method of suitability index of each element is reasonable, and most areas of Guangxi are suitable for Citrus planting, which is in line with the actual situation. The scale of the model is fine, and the quantitative evaluation has good effect; it could better describe the abnormal weather changes of Citrus climate suitability with seasons and stages, such as extreme high temperature, low temperature, drought, rainstorm, etc.; the spatial distribution characteristics of meteorological elements’ suitability of Citrus in Guangxi are obviously affected by regional climate, the heat condition is sufficient or even too much, while precipitation and sunshine are insufficient in some areas. Therefore, more consideration should be given to precipitation and sunshine in choosing Citrus planting areas in Guangxi.

In order to evaluate effects of climate change on the suitable sowing time of winter wheat in Zhengzhou City, the data of temperature and growth development of wheat were analyzed. The results indicated that: accumulated temperature from October to December were on the rise, and it had significant positive correlation between accumulated temperature and growth of wheat, correlation coefficient were 0.720 and 0.495; meanwhile the last day of suitable temperature for wheat sowing showed to postpone, for the last day of 17℃, 5 days and 6 days to postpone during 2001-2010 compared with 1981-1990 and 1991-2000, respectively. For the last day of 15℃ 5 days and 4 days to postpone during 2001-2010 compared with 1981-1990 and 1991-2000, respectively. So it was considered that, the suitable sowing time of winter wheat was during October 11 to 31.

In order to understand the climatic characteristics of thunderstorm in Linfen City, the thunder and lightning protection and disaster reduction to provide scientific basis for prediction. The author utilized the thunderstorm observation data from the ground meteorological observatory in Linfen nearly 57 years from 1954 to 2011, statistically analyzed the thunderstorm climate characteristic of Linfen City by mathematical statistics, linear fitting, climate trend rate method and M-K- mutations inspection, wavelet analysis and so on. The results showed that annual average days of the thunderstorm was 26.2 days, the year appearing thunderstorm most happened in 1959, while the year appearing least happened in 2009, the thunderstorm months in Linfen City presented a parabolic unimodal change, its peak value happened in July, the average day of beginning thunderstorm on April 29, while average for ending thunderstorm on September 25 in Linfen, the average duration of thunderstorms lasted 148 days, In most cases thunderstorm happened at the same time with precipitation appear, wet thunderstorm accounted for 79% of the total number. It was concluded that the number of thunderstorm had a decreasing trend, there was an obvious seasonal thunderstorm, summer most, winter no thunderstorms, the thunderstorm days happened these years had a wavy change.The thunderstorm months in linfen city present a parabolic unimodal change,its peak value happened in July, the next happened in August.Except January and February,there have thunderstorms from March to November . The most mouths of thunderstorms days occured in July 1974, which lasts for 16 days; The average day of beginning thunderstorm on April 29, while average for ending thunderstorm on September 25 in linfen. The thunderstorm days happened these years have an wavy change, the average duration of thunderstorms lasts 148 days;the position of producing and settleing thunderstorm happened in NW direction most. In most cases thunderstorm happende at the same time with precipitation appear, wet thunderstorm has a percent of 79 of the total number.

In this study, the climate suitability planting map of Orah’s fruit quality grade in Guangxi was compiled, aiming to provide a basis for optimizing the layout of citrus industry. Based on the “3S” technology and the climatic factor suitability index in the critical periods of citrus fruit quality formation, the climatic factor suitability of Guangxi high-quality Orah’s fruit was evaluated. There is no obvious regional difference in climate suitability from the flower bud to the full flowering period and the physiological fruit-falling period, and most areas are of the best or high-quality grade; the climate element suitability of the fruit expansion period to the mature harvest period has obvious regional characteristics. Among them, the climate suitability grade of fruit coloring stage and maturity stage showed a decreasing trend with increasing latitude, which is consistent with the winter temperature decreasing with latitude and unable to meet the caloric conditions required for the fruiting and ripening of Orah’s fruit. The most suitable climatic region for excellent Orah’s fruit quality grade in Guangxi is mainly distributed in the areas near north-link line, Youjiang River valley, southwestern Guangxi, and etc.

Based on the disaster theory, this study is designed to research the effects of four extreme weather events (drought, flood, wind & hail and low temperature) on crops in Guangxi from 1978 to 2017 through the trend analysis method of mathematical statistics, so as to reduce the loss of crop yield and economy caused by extreme weather events. In this study, the response frequency of climate factors of extreme weather events was used to approximate the probability of extreme weather occurrence in a certain region. Then, through the damage assessment of the extreme weather events from 1978 to 2017, the temporal and spatial analysis of drought, flood, wind & hail and low temperature disasters in Guangxi was carried out to reveal their temporal and spatial variation trend. The results showed that: (1) in terms of the damage degree to crops, the four disasters were in the order of drought > floods > low temperature > wind & hail; (2) the affected areas and disaster areas of crops caused by drought in Guangxi showed a downward trend, and the severely damaged areas gradually shifted from the central and western regions to the southwest and northeast regions; (3) the affected areas and disaster areas of crops caused by floods showed an increasing trend, and the severely damaged areas gradually shifted from the south to the central and western regions; (4) the damage areas and disaster areas of crops caused by wind & hail disaster showed a downward trend, and the damage areas gradually shifted from the north and south to the central and more south regions; (5) the affected areas and disaster areas of crops caused by low temperature disaster showed an increasing trend, and the damage areas were mainly in the north of Guangxi.

To systematically understand the carbon dynamics of farmland ecosystem in arid area and its response to climate change, the authors simulated the spatio-temporal changes of net primary productivity (NPP) of farmland ecosystem in Xinjiang during 1979-2009 by using a new process-based dynamic global vegetation model (Agro-IBIS), and revealed the response of farmland NPP to the changes of different climatic factors and CO2 concentration through the correlation analysis. The results showed that: the average NPP of farmland in Xinjiang was 723.78 g C/(m2·a), while the average total carbon storage was 237.15 Tg C, the average annual net exchange of carbon in agroecosystem (NEE) was -63.36 g C/(m2·a), overall playing as carbon sink during 1979-2009. In terms of the spatial variation of farmland NPP in Xinjiang, the overall change showed a gradual increasing trend except for a slight decrease of NPP in oasis farmland of the Tianshan Mountains. In past 31 years, the correlation between total annual NPP and the average annual temperature was higher than that between it and the average annual precipitation in Xinjiang farmland, indicating that irrigation had much more effects than natural precipitation on oasis agricultural productivity in arid areas of Xinjiang. It was verified that the results of Agro-IBIS model were reasonable in simulation of the carbon budget of farmland ecosystem in Xinjiang, which could provide scientific basis for the simulation and prediction of potential carbon sequestration of farmland ecosystem in the arid area of northwestern China and the scientific formulation of regional carbon management policies.

In order to make effective utilization of climate resources, avoid disadvantages caused by climate change, and ensure the safety of food and characteristics crops growing, based on the climate data from 1971 to 2010 of 9 representative meteorological stations of Guangdong Province, the features had been analyzed about the spatial and temporal variation of temperature, precipitation and sunshine in recent 40 years. The results indicated that the average temperature had increased in each climatic zone of Guangdong Province since 1976 by an obvious trend, and the mutation point appeared in 1989, the average temperature had been declining since 2007; the average temperature also rose in four seasons, especially in winter and autumn, from north to south, the average temperature increased mostly in winter, and changes were small in summer; the heat resources increased significantly after 1990. The annual precipitation showed a decreasing trend, the precipitation gradually reduced in winter and spring from north to south, and increased in summer and autumn. Potential evapotranspiration was the lowest in the 1980s and was the highest in the early 21st century, the increasing was most obvious in winter. The change of the sunshine percentage decreased for 40 years. Climate change had a certain impact on crop growing, production, quality, plant layout and meteorological disasters, such as drought.

It is of great significance to quantitatively assess the spatial distribution pattern, evolution characteristics and influence mechanism of climatic potential productivity in highland barley production area of different climatic zones in Tibetan plateau for studying the changes of highland barley growth environment and the sustainable development of the industry. Based on the series of observation data from 7 meteorological stations, we analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of climatic potential productivity in highland barley production areas of Tibetan plateau and its response to climate change by using statistical analysis methods, such as Miami model, Thornthwaite Memorial model, climate trend rate, and Mann-Kendall mutation test. The results showed that: NPP_t of each station in highland barley areas during 1961-2018 showed an extremely significant increase trend, NPP_r showed a significant increase trend, and NPP_e and NPP_b showed an increasing trend with fluctuation; the limiting factor of NPP_b in the eastern main highland barley areas of Tibetan plateau and along the Yarlung Zangbo River was precipitation, while the limiting factor of NPP_b in the cold northern region was temperature or evapotranspiration. NPP_t, NPP_r, NPP_e and NPP_b all showed inter-decadal increase trend, which had a mutation from 1980s to 1990s, and became more significant in the early 21 ^st century. The transition to “warm and humid” climate is conducive to improving the climatic potential productivity of local highland barley during 1961-2018, the production of highland barley depends not only on climate resources, but also on the allocation and utilization of water resources.

To grasp the climatic characteristics of snowfall in Heilongjiang for better forecast and disaster prevention and mitigation, based on the daily precipitation data and daily weather phenomenon data of 62 stations in Heilongjiang from 1961-2015, we analyzed the snowfall characteristics and climatic trend. The results showed that: the increase tendency of annual mean snowfall in most regions of Heilongjiang was obvious, but the decrease tendency was obvious in the east of the Greater Khingan Mountains; the days of moderate snow and heavy snow and snowstorm all increased, among them, the increase tendency of moderate snow days and heavy snow days were obvious and that of snowstorm days was not obvious, but the light snow days decreased obviously; the average beginning date of snowfall was mainly from late September to October, showing a slightly late trend; however, the average ending date of snowfall was generally from mid-April to early May and was earlier gradually.

To master climatic characteristic of hail weather variations in Shanxi Province can provide reference resources for meteorological forecast and industrial and agricultural production. The author carried out the study by using observations of 71 stations in Shanxi Province from 1960 to 2010 based on statistics methods, such as liner trend, slide test and wavelet analysis. The results showed that hail days were more in the north and in the east, fewer in the southwest. The total hail days of 71 stations presented a declining trend from 1960 to 2010 without remarkable periodicity and mutability. The annual hail days at most stations had a declining trend. Hail mainly occurred from June to August in summer, and accounted for 67% of the total number of hail in a year. The spatial distribution characteristics of monthly hail days were different. Hail emerged most easily at Wutaishan station. Monthly hail days change is larger in the mountain areas than in the basin areas. The daily variation trend of beginning and completed hail was similar to parabola,The high time were both mainly concentrated in 11:00-20:00 and accounted for 93%. Hail lasting for less than an hour accounted for 99.6%. In an hour, hail lasting for less than 10 min for 80.6%.

Based on the soil moisture data which were observed in forage growing season (April to September) in Hezuo of Gannan, Gansu Province from 1994-2013, we analyzed the depth variation characteristics of soil moisture in the area. The results show that the soil moisture in Hezuo exhibits an increasing trend during forage growing season, especially in the surface layer of 10 cm. And the trend weakens as the depth increases. In terms of seasonal change, the soil moisture of the whole layers is low in mid-June and mid-August, and high in mid-July, late July and September. The mutation detection analysis indicates that the moisture of both 20cm and 40cm soil layer in Hezuo present a jump increase. Soil moisture during summer is positively correlated with summer air temperature and precipitation in Hezuo, and the correlation with precipitation is more significant, showing a good consistency in the variation trend. The biomass of forage in each month in the growing season is closely related to previous soil moisture, which means that the soil moisture has positive contribution to forage yield.

To understand the relationship of natural grassland forage yield and climate of Guoluo in Qinghai, using the temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours data from 1967 to 2017 and the forage yield data from 2003 to 2017 of six counties of Guoluo, we analyzed the variation characteristics of temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours and their influence on forage yield. The results showed that: the annual average temperature presented a significantly warming trend, the precipitation presented a trend of increase, and the annual sunshine hours presented a trend of decrease. The forage production is mainly determined by the production of August, there was a significantly positive correlation between the herbage production in August and the air temperature, precipitation, and a significantly negative correlation between the herbage production in August and the sunshine hours in growing period.

Climate warming and human activities have brought unprecedented challenges to the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to enhance the Qinghai-Tibet pastoral area’s ability to cope with climate change, rationally utilize alpine grassland resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from natural animal husbandry, and increase herdsmen’s income and livelihood resilience, this research team implemented the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)-World Bank (WB)-Global Environment Facility (GEF) climate-smart grassland management technology research. In Mole Town of Qilian County in Qinghai Province, we worked with herdsmen to implement the natural grassland management technology of non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, monitored grassland vegetation diversity and productivity, calculated the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation in the study area through satellite images, and investigated the social impacts and herdsmen’s satisfaction and economic conditions resulting from climate-smart grassland management. The pilot application and investigation of climate-smart grassland management technology has achieved rich results in Mole Town. Grassland productivity has been increased by 34.1% and 50.0% respectively under non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, and both of these two restoration measures have increased the grassland vegetation diversity to a certain extent. NDVI showed that the vegetation growth under the restoration measures is better than that of the control land. In addition, 88.6% of the herdsmen are satisfied with the climate-smart grassland management technology. The implementation of the management technology directly or indirectly increased the income of the project households and herdsmen. And the scientific literacy of about 80.0% of local herdsmen has been improved. Climate-smart grassland management technology can improve the grassland vegetation diversity, productivity and green coverage, increase herdsmen’s income, improve herdsmen’s living environment, promote herdsmen’s scientific literacy, and enhance herdsmen’s ability to cope with climate change, thereby helping the revitalization of pastoral areas.

To quantitatively assess the meteorological conditions for Qinglong chestnut growth, and obtain scientific and reliable fruit certification results, based on the measured data of meteorological station in Qinglong from 1971 to 2018, the temporal variations of climate factors including temperature, sunlight and water were analyzed, and a comprehensive meteorological evaluation index C (0C≤1) was established by DTOPSIS method. Taking 2008 to 2018 as examples, the chestnut climate quality was certified and compared with the C value. The results showed that from 1971 to 2018, the variation of temperature had a significantly increasing trend, precipitation and sunshine hours were decreased, January was the coldest with the least precipitation, July was the hottest with the most precipitation; 45.8% of the years had C≥0.5, the larger the C value, the more suitable the meteorological conditions for chestnut. There was a positive correlation between the quality grade of chestnut and the C value, which had a good indication for the evaluation and prediction of chestnut fruit in the future.

In order to understand and evaluate the dynamic changes of soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in wetland under the background of climate change. We reviewed the role of soil enzymes in wetland ecosystem and their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, and discussed the effects of temperature rise, precipitation change, greenhouse gas emissions increase, and nitrogen nutrient environment change on soil enzyme activities. Based on this, it is concluded that soil enzymes play an important and complex role in wetland ecosystem; climate change significantly affects soil enzyme activities, and further affects the cycling process of carbon and nitrogen in wetland soil.

Caohai is the largest natural freshwater lake in Guizhou Province as a typical representative of the lakes in the Karst Plateau. In this study, monthly temperature and precipitation data from 1951 to 2016 of Weining were collected and accumulated anomalies analysis, Mann-Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimation method and wavelet analysis were used to reveal the characteristics of the regional climate change. The results showed that the climate of Caohai has developed into a warmer and drier trend from 1951 to 2016, the annual mean temperature increased significantly at the rate of 0.14℃/10 a, the increase rate in different seasons followed the order of autumn > winter > summer > spring, the annual precipitation declined obviously at the rate of 21.46 mm/10 a, the order in different seasons was autumn > summer > spring > winter. The temperature of Caohai showed a downward trend in the 1950s to 1970s and then continued to rise from the point of decadal variability, the beginning of warming in summer and winter was earlier than the beginning of warming in spring and autumn. The abrupt change of annual mean temperature occurred in 2002 to 2003, which were inconsistent in different seasons, and the abrupt change of annual and seasonal precipitation occurred around 1983. The Morlet wavelet analysis showed that the annual average temperature of Caohai had three evident characteristic time scales, with 29, 14 and 6 years, while four evident characteristic time scales in precipitation with 30, 20, 9 and 4 years. These results could provide a scientific basis for ecological and environmental protection and sustainable development of Caohai, and also provide data support for formulating strategies addressing global warming for the lake region on the Karst Plateau.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the change trend of woody plants’ phenophase and its response to climate change in the forest-pasture ecotone, and provide meteorological reference for guiding the ecological restoration projects of sand fixation and wind prevention. The phenophase observation data of three kinds of woody plants, Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii Carr and Syringa oblate, and simultaneous meteorological data from Ewenki meteorological experimental station in Inner Mongolia from 1994 to 2019 were used to analyze the influence of climate change on the phenophase of woody plants in the forest-pasture ecotone at the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains by linear tendency estimation, Pearson correlation coefficient, scatter diagram and other methods. The results showed that in the 26 years, the temperature increased significantly in the plant growing season in this region, and the change trend of precipitation was not obvious. The flowering period of Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii Carr and Syringa oblate was earlier, and the late abscission period was postponed by 9.6, 7.5, and 8.5 d every 10 years, respectively. The growing season was prolonged significantly, and the average growing season was 160-164 d. The air temperature was the key meteorological factor affecting the flowering period in spring and the late abscission period in autumn. The advanced flowering period of the three woody plants had a significantly negative correlation with the rise of temperature in spring, and the postponing of the late abscission period was significantly and positively correlated with the rise of temperature. In conclusion, under the background of climate warming, the earlier flowering period and the delayed late abscission period of the three woody plants have been observed, and the growth period is extended. The postponing days of the late abscission period are more than the earlier days of the flowering period, indicating that climate change has a more obvious impact on the late abscission period of woody plants, and the late abscission period has a greater contribution to the extension of the growing season. The phenophase change of woody plants is mainly influenced by temperature and has little correlation with precipitation in the forest-pasture ecotone at the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains.

In order to study the regional differences in climate change and rational development and utilization of climate resources, better improve agricultural production environment. Based on the observation data of 15 meteorological stations from 1963 to 2012 in Xinzhou City, the spatio-temporal changes of temperature and precipitation trends were analyzed. Results showed that: (1) Hequ, Wutai, Wuzhai regression coefficient was negative for the downward trend in annual average precipitation, and Xinfuqu, Fanshi average annual precipitation in regression coefficients were expressed as an upward trend. (2) The temperature mutations had occurred in the 90’s of the last century in Xinzhou City, and it temperatures showed an upward trend.

The paper aims to reduce the cost brought from the extreme climatic events. Based on the disaster theory and with the help of the trend analysis of mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, multiple regression etc, so as to analyze the influences which the Xinjiang crops suffered disaster and damage because of the extreme climatic events such as drought, flood, hailstorm, chilling damage etc during 1978-2014. Meanwhile, using the relevant data obtained from the Xinjiang crops production inputs-outputs and expanded Cobb-Douglas production function (C-D) for establishing non-linear model to reveal the influences of different input elements on crop output. The results indicated that: (1) the drought, flood, hailstorm, chilling damage etc extreme climatic events caused the Xinjiang crops suffered disaster, no matter was damaged area or disaster area, and showed the rising trend with different range in the past 37 years; (2) the direct economic loss of Xinjiang crops was 9.3772 billion RMB due to the all kinds of meteorological disaster, among in which the drought loss accounted for 29.7% of the total meteorological disaster, and the freezing accounted for 14.64%, others accounted for 28.4%; (3) the factors which affected the crops output unit area in Xinjiang, the disaster rate was the highest factor affected crops output, the crops output in unit area would reduce 3.37% when the disaster rate increased 1%.

To clarify the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of vegetation covers in the Changtang National Nature Reserve during the growing season and their responses to climate change, based on the MODIS NDVI and the meteorological data of the same period, the variation trend and stability of NDVI and their response to climate factors during vegetation growing season from 2000 to 2020 in the Changtang National Nature Reserve were caculated. The results showed that: (1) the average NDVI in the growing season of vegetation in the Changtang National Nature Reserve was 0.02-0.55, and the average value was 0.138, which showed a spatial distribution characteristic that gradually decreased from southeast to northwest; (2) in 86.39% of the Changtang National Nature Reserve, the NDVI in the vegetation growing season (June to September) showed a slow upward trend, and reached a significant level in most areas (P<0.05), while the remaining 13.61% of the area showed a declining trend, and there was a significant trend in only a few areas (P<0.05); the overall vegetation status showed an improving trend with time; (3) since 2000, the stability of NDVI in the growing season of the Changtang National Nature Reserve was relatively poor, most of the areas with NDVI≤0.1 were in low stability, the low and medium stability areas were the main type, which accounted for 86.66% of the Changtang National Nature Reserve; (4) the climate in the Changtang National Nature Reserve was getting warmer and wetter during the vegetation growing season; NDVI was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation as a whole during the growing season. The research conclusions could provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection of vegetation in this region under the background of climate change.

Based on historical meteorological observation data, satellite remote sensing image data, and the influence of altitude and terrain differences, we used ArcGIS spatial analysis to study the basic situation of climate resources and risk division of major meteorological disasters of ecological conservation area in western Beijing, comprehensively evaluated its climate carrying capacity of climate resources, aiming to provide meteorological references for constructing ecological conservation area, optimizing the protection of resources, and developing ecological tourism. The results show that: (1) in the western Beijing ecological conservation area, the probability of severe cold and extreme heat is relatively low, mountain areas are more suitable for summer tourism; (2) the overall cumulative rainfall is moderate, rain-induced disasters are relatively few, and the habitability is good; (3) ecological conservation area has great potential for climate production and high potential and value for the development of ecological agricultural resources; (4) most of the time in summer, the human body feels comfortable, the whole year travel comfortable period is long, and the area has advantages of climate conditions for leisure, summer, and ecological tourism; (5) the high temperature disaster risk is relatively low, and the area is suitable for building a livable and touring resort, truly practicing the concept of “green mountains is golden mountains” and creating regional economic value; (6) the risk level of waterlogging in the eastern plain is relatively high, so precautions should be taken in advance to avoid the risk in time; the risk level of debris flow is high in deep mountains of central and western areas, so the prevention and control should be strengthened and the hidden risks should be investigated ahead of time to mitigate the disasters in a scientific way.

To reveal the influence of cold wave change and extreme weather on agriculture, the variation and extreme characteristics of cold wave weather in Langfang were analyzed by the linear trend analysis, mathematical statistics and synoptic climatology analysis using the data of cold wave, temperature, precipitation, gale, blowing sand and ground temperature from 1964 to 2017. The results indicated that: (1) The cold wave weather mainly occurred from October to December and from January to April, and was most frequent in October, with the change of years, the number of cold wave days decreased obviously, but it did not reduce obviously in March and October, the beginning and the last day of the cold wave were ahead of schedule, and the last day was obviously earlier; (2) The maximum cold wave days were under the minimum temperature standard in 48 h, while the least were those under the average temperature standard in 24 h, the number of strong cold wave and the extra strong cold wave days showed a decreasing trend with the time went on, but the statistics of strong cold wave days under the standard of 48 h average temperature and the lowest

Plateau inland lakes, as an indicator of their sensitivity to climate change, are often used to analyze the trend of climate change in this region, providing scientific data support for climate prediction and ecological meteorological services. Based on the 1975 Guozhacuo topographic map, TM/ETM+ in 1992 to 2018 and satellite remote sensing image data, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in recent 40 years and the lake area with climate response were analyzed. The results showed that (1) Guozhacuo area was shrinking in a fluctuant way, by 3.22 km² with the rate of 1.30%, and the shrinking area mainly located in the outlet of Tianshui River and Chongce River; (2) the change of lake area and annual average temperature comprehensively reflected that the climate trend of the region before the 1990s was warm and wet, then changed to warm and dry; (3) the annual average temperature was the main influencing factor for the shrinking of the lake, the hysteresis of the annual average precipitation affected the glacier, and then indirectly influenced the lake area, and the annual average evaporation change responded obviously to the significant variation of the lake area.