To study the impact of climate change on dry farming grain in eastern Gansu tableland, the climate factor data of 60 years from 1961 to 2020 were used, the linear regression, polynomial function and climate tendency rate methods were used to analyze the characteristics of agroclimatic resource change and the effect on winter wheat and maize under 80% guarantee rate. The results showed that the first day of average daily temperature stabilized at 0℃ and 10℃ showed an earlier trend, while the last day showed a later trend, and the duration increased significantly. Under the guarantee rate of 80%, during the period that the average daily temperature was stable through 0℃ and 10℃, the precipitation showed a decreasing trend with the advancing of years, accumulated temperature ≥0℃ and ≥10℃ showed an increasing trend with the advancing of years, and sunshine duration showed a decreasing trend. The change of agroclimatic resources caused wheat sowing delay and ripening advance, the shortening of the growth period was mainly reflected in the shortening of overwintering period, and the effective growth period was guaranteed. The increase of heat resources in summer ensured the growth of maize, and the earlier maturity period gained time for the autumn sowing after the harvest of early autumn crops, which effectively expanded the planting area of crops. In eastern Gansu tableland, there was a significantly positive correlation between the climatic yield of wheat and maize and the precipitation during the growing period. Water affected the whole process of grain yield, and water shortage was the limiting factor of crop growth. Average temperature had non significantly negative effect on wheat and maize, and temperature was an important factor. The effects of effective accumulated temperature and sunshine hours on wheat and maize were different, and maize was more affected by climate uncertainty than wheat.

Based on the climatic data of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province from 1988 to 2018, the authors used the Thornthwaite Memorial model to calculate the climate production potential and study the change mechanism and temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the climate production potential. The results showed that the climate production potential of Guangdong Province showed a decreasing trend from 1988 to 2018, and the climate tendency rate was 18.4 g/m² per decade. In terms of spatial variation characteristics: the climate production potential was distributed in a step-like pattern, decreased from the coast to the inland. The first EOF vector analysis showed that the change trend of climate production potential had the distribution characteristics of more or less climate production potential in the whole province at the same time. The second eigenvector exhibited a zonal dipole spatial distribution. There was a strong positive correlation between climate production potential and precipitation, but temperature had little influence. The warm-humid type increased climate production potential, but the cold-dry, cold-wet and warm-dry types reduced it. The climate production potential of Guangdong Province will show an increasing trend in the next 10 years.

In order to introduce and popularize fig cultivation in the mountainous area of Wulian County in Shandong Province, the climatic suitability analysis of fig cultivation in Wulian was carried out based on the local meteorological data over the years. In the study, we took the biological characteristics of fig into consideration, discussed the climate suitability of fig cultivation in Wulian, as well as common meteorological disasters and their prevention measures, and analyzed the influence of main local climate conditions on the growth of fig. The results show that the climate conditions of Wulian can basically meet the growth and development of fig if proper prevention measures are taken against meteorological disasters. This study provides reference for popularizing fig cultivation, preventing meteorological disasters and revitalizing rural economy in Wulian County.

The phenological changes of plants are sensitive indicators of meteorological and hydrological changes, and the climate change is an important parameter that affects the structure and function of ecosystems. Studying the response of plant phenological changes to climate warming can provide reference for ecological environmental protection, large-scale agricultural structure adjustment and tourism development. Based on the spring phenological data of Salix matsudana and Ulmus pumila, as well as the local temperature data in western Liaoning Province from 1980 to 2020, the phenological characteristics of Salix matsudana and Ulmus pumila in spring and their responses to temperature changes were studied by the methods of linear trend and linear regression. The results showed that from 1980 to 2020, the annual average temperature in the study area showed a significantly upward trend, with a trend rate of 0.365°C/10a, and the average temperature increasing trend of January-March was 0.609°C/10a. The phenological period of Salix matsudana and Ulmus pumila in spring was significantly advanced. The initial leaf-expanding period and the peak flowering period of Salix matsudana were earlier by -2.642d/10a and -2.966d/10a respectively in tendency rate; while the peak flowering period and the initial leaf-expanding period of Ulmus pumila were earlier by-4.008d/10a and -5.242d/10a respectively in tendency rate. The temperature in March and February-March was significantly correlated with the leaf-expansion period and the peak flowering period of Salix matsudana and Ulmus pumila in spring, and was the main factor affecting the phenological period. When the average temperature changed by 1°C, the leaf-expanding period and peak flowering period of Salix matsudana were 0.8-1.5 days earlier, and the leaf-expanding period and peak flowering period of Ulmus pumila were 0.7-1.4 days earlier. The research results can provide reference for farming season forecast and agricultural management.

In this study, the dynamic yield prediction model of Brassica juncea var. tumida was established. Based on the climatic suitability index and the meteorological yield index, the supply and demand relationship between light, temperature, water and the key growth periods of Brassica juncea var. tumida was coupled by the dynamic yield prediction model. The meteorological data of different growth periods before the prediction date was used as reference data set. The results showed that the correlation between climatic suitability index and meteorological yield index from seedling stage to stem enlargement stage was better than the analysis results of the stem enlargement stage was considered only. The dynamic yield prediction model established by reference data set from seedling stage to stem enlargement stage had higher accuracy than that by reference data set of the stem enlargement stage. The average prediction accuracy of yield was 92.0%, the normalized root-mean-square-error was 0.196, and the average accuracy rate of the yield trend was 68.2% at different predication starting time. It indicated that the climatic suitability index considering the meteorological factors at seedling stage could better explain the influence of meteorological conditions on the yield formation, and the climatic suitability at seedling stage had a certain contribution to the yield formation. To test the dynamic yield prediction model based on the data from 2017 to 2019, the prediction accuracy of each year’s yield of Brassica juncea var. tumida was basically more than 90%. The dynamic yield prediction method based on climate suitability index could be used to predict the yield of Brassica juncea var. tumida with high accuracy and stability.

To avoid the damage of frost to agricultural production, the study used the daily minimum ground temperature data of 46 meteorological stations in southern Shanxi from 1961 to 2020, to analyze the variation characteristics of the first frost day, the last frost day and the frost free period in southern Shanxi by using the methods of linear trend, abruption test and wavelet analysis. The results showed that in the 60 years, the average first frost day and last frost day in southern Shanxi was October 17 and April 17, respectively, and the average frost free period was 184 days. At the rate of 2.18, 2.07 and 4.4 days per decade, there were obvious delay, advance and extension of the average first frost day, the average last frost day and the average frost free period, respectively, and there were obvious abrupt years. The abrupt change year of the first frost day, the last frost day and frost free period was respectively 2005, 2002 and 2001; and there were obvious periodic changes in frost duration. As to the spatial characteristics, the first frost day was early in the northeast and late in the southwest, the last frost day was opposite to the first frost day, early in the southwest and late in the northeast, and the frost free period decreased from southwest to northeast. The occurrence probability of extremely early frost day was higher in the southeast and northwest, and lower in the northeast and southwest, and the occurrence probability of extremely late last frost day was lower in Linyun basin and the river valley at the junction of Linfen and Jincheng, and higher in other areas. Altitude was the key geographical factor affecting the change of the frost period in southern Shanxi, and the minimum ground temperature in spring and autumn was the key climatic factor affecting the change of the frost period. In summary, the change of the frost period has a great impact on agriculture. The frozen area of crops does not change significantly with the change of frost frequency and intensity, and this might be related to the rapid improvement of modern facility agriculture protection measures. But the obvious increase of accumulated temperature could lead to the early development of crops and increase the probability of frost damage.

The agrometeorological index system of Wallace melon sugar content is the basis of quantitatively evaluating the quality of Wallace melon, and also the basis of agrometeorological service for the melon production. This paper explained the connotation of agrometeorological index system of Wallace melon, and compared and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods of agrometeorological indexes comprehensively. Then, based on the general rule, the agrometeorological index system of temperature, moisture, humidity and evaporation in the key growth periods was established. The results showed that 20 indexes passed the 0.01 significance level test, and 6 indexes passed the 0.05 significance level test. The biological significance and agrometeorological significance of the selected indexes were obvious, which accorded with the production practice. In order to facilitate the development of agrometeorological service, all the indexes were divided into the most suitable, less suitable and unsuitable groups. The model passed the significance test of 0.01, and the fitting rate reached 94.4%, showing precise fitting effect. Therefore, the model can be used to evaluate the quality of Wallace melon.

Safe overwintering is an important index to assess the possible impact of climate change on apple planting boundary and variety selection. Based on existing research, four agro-climatic indices were proposed to evaluate the effect of climate change on apple safe overwintering in China. The four agro-climatic indices, respectively, indicate the risk of damage to apple by early winter frost, the risk of the intensity and duration of low freezing temperature, the risk of damage by extreme low temperature, and the risk of damage to developing flower buds by late spring frost. We studied the variation trends and abrupt change characteristics of the four agro-climatic indices across main apple-producing regions of China, including the Loess Plateau, Bohai Bay, Old Course of the Yellow River, Southwest Highlands and Xinjiang, by using statistical methods and the ArcGIS analysis tools based on meteorological observational data from 1961 to 2015. The results showed that temperature significantly increased during the apple overwintering period in main apple-producing regions of China, while the number of annual accumulative frost days and the frequency of extreme low temperature events significantly decreased. The risk of damage to apple by early winter frost was increased due to the shortened interval between first frost and first low temperature in northern Bohai Bay, Old Course of the Yellow River and northern Xinjiang. The risk of the intensity and duration of low freezing temperature during the apple overwintering period decreased, so did the risk of damage by extreme low temperature, especially in high latitude regions. But the frequency of extreme low temperature events was uncertain in the Loess Plateau and Xinjiang producing regions. In addition, the risk of damage to developing apple flower buds by late spring frost increased in the Loess Plateau, Liaoning, western Sichuan and Xinjiang producing regions. To sum up, the risk of the intensity and duration of low freezing temperature and the risk of damage by extreme low temperature decreased, but the risk of damage to apple by early winter frost and the risk of damage to developing flower buds by late spring frost increased.

Climate warming and human activities have brought unprecedented challenges to the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to enhance the Qinghai-Tibet pastoral area’s ability to cope with climate change, rationally utilize alpine grassland resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from natural animal husbandry, and increase herdsmen’s income and livelihood resilience, this research team implemented the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)-World Bank (WB)-Global Environment Facility (GEF) climate-smart grassland management technology research. In Mole Town of Qilian County in Qinghai Province, we worked with herdsmen to implement the natural grassland management technology of non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, monitored grassland vegetation diversity and productivity, calculated the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation in the study area through satellite images, and investigated the social impacts and herdsmen’s satisfaction and economic conditions resulting from climate-smart grassland management. The pilot application and investigation of climate-smart grassland management technology has achieved rich results in Mole Town. Grassland productivity has been increased by 34.1% and 50.0% respectively under non-spring grazing and no-tillage seeding, and both of these two restoration measures have increased the grassland vegetation diversity to a certain extent. NDVI showed that the vegetation growth under the restoration measures is better than that of the control land. In addition, 88.6% of the herdsmen are satisfied with the climate-smart grassland management technology. The implementation of the management technology directly or indirectly increased the income of the project households and herdsmen. And the scientific literacy of about 80.0% of local herdsmen has been improved. Climate-smart grassland management technology can improve the grassland vegetation diversity, productivity and green coverage, increase herdsmen’s income, improve herdsmen’s living environment, promote herdsmen’s scientific literacy, and enhance herdsmen’s ability to cope with climate change, thereby helping the revitalization of pastoral areas.

The purpose of the study is to reveal the change trend of woody plants’ phenophase and its response to climate change in the forest-pasture ecotone, and provide meteorological reference for guiding the ecological restoration projects of sand fixation and wind prevention. The phenophase observation data of three kinds of woody plants, Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii Carr and Syringa oblate, and simultaneous meteorological data from Ewenki meteorological experimental station in Inner Mongolia from 1994 to 2019 were used to analyze the influence of climate change on the phenophase of woody plants in the forest-pasture ecotone at the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains by linear tendency estimation, Pearson correlation coefficient, scatter diagram and other methods. The results showed that in the 26 years, the temperature increased significantly in the plant growing season in this region, and the change trend of precipitation was not obvious. The flowering period of Ulmus pumila, Populus simonii Carr and Syringa oblate was earlier, and the late abscission period was postponed by 9.6, 7.5, and 8.5 d every 10 years, respectively. The growing season was prolonged significantly, and the average growing season was 160-164 d. The air temperature was the key meteorological factor affecting the flowering period in spring and the late abscission period in autumn. The advanced flowering period of the three woody plants had a significantly negative correlation with the rise of temperature in spring, and the postponing of the late abscission period was significantly and positively correlated with the rise of temperature. In conclusion, under the background of climate warming, the earlier flowering period and the delayed late abscission period of the three woody plants have been observed, and the growth period is extended. The postponing days of the late abscission period are more than the earlier days of the flowering period, indicating that climate change has a more obvious impact on the late abscission period of woody plants, and the late abscission period has a greater contribution to the extension of the growing season. The phenophase change of woody plants is mainly influenced by temperature and has little correlation with precipitation in the forest-pasture ecotone at the western foot of the Great Khingan Mountains.

In order to study the influence of climate change on the growth and development of spring maize in Qingyang City, and take full advantage of favorable sowing time and climate resources to avoid disasters, ‘Longdan 339’, ‘Damin 3307’ and ‘Longsheng 5’ were taken as materials in Xifeng District Seed-multiplication Farm from 2018 to 2020 to conduct the experiment. Four sowing dates (April 12, April 22, May 2 and May 12) were designed for sowing by stages. By means of field investigation and meteorological data observation, the data related to the growth and development period, growth status, growth amount and meteorological elements were obtained. The results showed that when the sowing time was delayed, the growth period of ‘Longdan 339’, ‘Damin 3307’ and ‘Longsheng 5’ were shortened by 17, 17 and 11 days, respectively. The leaf area index reached the maximum during the heading to milk ripening stage, and there was significant difference among the varieties. Among them, the leaf area index of ‘Longdan 339’ was the largest, that of ‘Longsheng 5’ ranked the second, and that of ‘Damin 3307’ was the smallest. The dry matter accumulation was more in maize with suitable sowing time or by appropriately earlier sowing. With the postponing of the sowing date, the growth period of maize was shortened and the dry matter accumulation was insufficient, which could affect the yield formation. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt to local conditions and climate, and take proper early sowing to cope with the impact of climate change, so as to avoid the harm of drought in summer, increase the yield, ensure food production safety, and provide a scientific basis for exerting resource endowment and rural revitalization.

The tamarisk phenological and temperature data from 1988 to 2020 obtained by Menyuan National Basic Meteorological Station were used, and the change characteristics of Menyuan tamarisk and their response to climate change in spring and autumn (bud opening, leaf spreading, flowering, leaf discoloration and defoliation) were studied by correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1) the phenological phase in spring had an earlier trend, the flowering period was earlier obviously, and the phenological phase in autumn presented a delayed trend; (2) the average growing period of Menyuan tamarisk was 168 days, and the growing period showed a significant lengthening trend with the changing rate of 13 d/10 a; (3) from 1988 to 2020, the annual and seasonal average temperature in Menyuan County had an increasing trend, which was consistent with global warming, the climate tendency rate of the annual average temperature change was 0.54℃/10 a, indicating that the annual average temperature increased by about 1.7℃ in 32 years; (4) the tamarisk phenological phase in spring was very sensitive to the change of temperature, getting earlier with the rising of temperature; (5) during 1988 to 2020, the annual average temperature of Menyuan and the phenological phase of tamarisk did not change abruptly. In summary, Menyuan tamarisk was sensitive to climate change. Therefore, the study on the response of Menyuan tamarisk to climate change in Qilian Mountains’ ecological vulnerable areas has certain reference value for ecological environmental monitoring and management.

To improve the economic benefits of pear cultivation in Guide of Qinghai Province, this study selected Guide soft pear with Geographical Indication Products Certificate from the local high-quality agricultural products, and carried out the ‘Agricultural Products with Good Climate Indicators’ identification on its agricultural product climate quality, to determine the evaluation indexes of Guide soft pear. Taking the comprehensive authentication method, we analyzed the proportion of the indicators including ecological adaptability affecting the growth of agricultural products, the climate condition of the study year, the level of orchard management and the fruit quality of the study year, and gave different weights to each indicator. Then, we determined the composite score by analyzing and grading the indicators. In addition, we selected the soft pears from Guide County Horticulture Farm in 2020 to evaluate the identification indicators. The results showed that Guide County Horticulture Farm in 2020 had rich light and heat resources, suitable moisture condition, good light, heat and water configuration, and obvious climate advantages, which were conducive to high-quality soft pear production. The climate quality grade of Guide soft pear produced in 2020 was ‘extra excellent’.

Dongshan town in Wuzhong District of Suzhou is one of the four traditional loquat production areas in China, and loquat is an important cash crop in Wuzhong District. However, the annual yield of loquat is unstable because its growth and development are easily affected by meteorological conditions. Therefore, using meteorological data to analyze the influence of meteorological conditions on loquat is conducive to the scientific development of loquat industry and the promotion of meteorological services for agriculture. Based on the method of mathematical statistics, this paper analyzed the loquat yield and meteorological conditions from 2019 to 2021 in Wuzhong. The results showed that the overall meteorological conditions were relatively suitable for loquat growth from 2019 to 2021, but disastrous weather also existed at the same time. The main adverse meteorological conditions of loquat in 2019 were abnormally less sunshine at florescence and young fruit stage, excessive precipitation at florescence, and low temperature and the snow. The main adverse meteorological condition in 2020 was more sunshine in fruit expansion stage. In 2021, the main adverse meteorological conditions were low temperature and two cold wave processes at florescence and young fruit stage of loquat. According to loquat growth and yield at the same time, the main cause of blossom blight was continuous rainy days during flowering period, which could be characterized by the abnormally more precipitation and less sunshine. The anomaly percentage of sunshine less than -50% in two periods of ten days could be taken as the threshold value of loquat blossom blight. In addition, the low temperature, rain and snow caused by the cold wave process were the main reasons of the freezing damage on loquat flowers and corky bark on young fruits in 2021.

In order to investigate the change rule of cotton phenology under the background of climate change, the parameters of the cotton growth model COSIM were adjusted and verified to achieve localization. Using mathematical statistics and crop model simulation methods, the response and sensitivity of cotton phenological periods to climate change were analyzed. The results showed that from 1980 to 2019, the date of emergence, budding and flowering of cotton in Xinjiang were earlier by 0.5-7.0 d/10a, 0.1-5.8 d/10a, and 0.3-3.9 d/10a, respectively, and the date of boll opening was delayed by 0.1-4.7 d/10a. COSIM was used to simulate phenological changes of cotton, and the results were consistent with the actual changes. The RMSE of the actual and simulated values of the date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening was 0.9 d, 0.7 d, 0.6 d and 0.7 d, respectively. Under warmer climate (simulated warming 0.5℃, 1℃, 1.5℃ and 2℃ compared with the base climate condition of 1981—2010), the rate of growth and development of cotton increased and each phenological period became earlier. The date of emergence, budding, flowering and boll opening were earlier by 0-2 d, 1-9 d, 2-12 d and 3-31 d, respectively; the vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage were shortened by 0-6 d and 2-22 d, respectively. Therefore, through variety selection and technology adjustment, climate warming can give more potential productivity to cotton by utilizing the advantage of heat and avoiding disaster risk in the key phenological periods, in order to achieve high yield and efficiency of cotton production.

Through the comparative analysis of agronomic characters and quality of three soybean varieties on five sowing dates in northeast Inner Mongolia, the best sowing dates were obtained for the three soybean varieties with high yield and high quality. The best sowing date of high fat variety ‘Mengdou-12’ was May 15, and its yield and quality were the best. The best sowing date of high protein variety ‘Mengdou-13’ was April 27, and the sum of theoretical yield, the content of crude protein, crude fat and total fat in protein were higher than those at the normal sowing date. The best sowing date of high yield variety ‘Mengdou -15’ was April 27 and May 5, and the yield of one-week early sowing was basically the same as that of two-week early sowing, so late sowing was not proper, and the grain quality of early sowing was better than that of late sowing. The comprehensive performance of the three varieties showed that they could be sown early in rainy years. Moreover, the differences of temperature, precipitation and daily temperature range were compared between the best sowing dates and the normal sowing dates, and the effects of climatic conditions at different sowing dates on yield and quality of different varieties were analyzed. Low air temperature and increasing daily temperature range from sowing stage to fruiting stage and less precipitation in the whole growth period are not conducive to the yield formation of ‘Mengdou-12’, but they are beneficial to the yield formation of ‘Mengdou-13’ and ‘Mengdou-15’. Subnormal air temperature from sowing stage to fruiting stage and large daily temperature range in the whole growth period are beneficial to increasing the content of crude fat, crude protein and protein and oil.

The variation characteristics of main climate suitability factors affecting the flue-cured tobacco planting in Sanmenxia were analyzed in order to provide meteorological services for tobacco production by using climate resources more effectively. Methods of climate inclination rate, trend coefficient, coefficient of variation and R/S analysis were used to analyze the variation characteristics and future trend of climatic suitability factors for flue-cured tobacco cultivation in Sanmenxia. The results showed that the annual average sunshine duration of flue-cured tobacco field period in Sanmenxia was 824.4 h and decreased significantly at a rate of 36.4 h/10 a from 1960 to 2018; the average annual precipitation in the flourishing period was 120.2 mm and decreased at a rate of 2.7 mm/10 a, and the fluctuation of precipitation increased significantly from year to year; the annual average temperature of mature period was 23.1℃ and increased slowly at a rate of 0.03℃/10 a. The Hurst index of the three climate impact factors was 0.839, 0.611 and 0.641, respectively. The multi-year average of each climate suitability factor was within the optimal range of quantitative index, suitable for the cultivation of high-quality tobacco, and its future trend of change is consistent with the past, with the variation trend of sunshine hours being the strongest.

To clarify the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of vegetation covers in the Changtang National Nature Reserve during the growing season and their responses to climate change, based on the MODIS NDVI and the meteorological data of the same period, the variation trend and stability of NDVI and their response to climate factors during vegetation growing season from 2000 to 2020 in the Changtang National Nature Reserve were caculated. The results showed that: (1) the average NDVI in the growing season of vegetation in the Changtang National Nature Reserve was 0.02-0.55, and the average value was 0.138, which showed a spatial distribution characteristic that gradually decreased from southeast to northwest; (2) in 86.39% of the Changtang National Nature Reserve, the NDVI in the vegetation growing season (June to September) showed a slow upward trend, and reached a significant level in most areas (P<0.05), while the remaining 13.61% of the area showed a declining trend, and there was a significant trend in only a few areas (P<0.05); the overall vegetation status showed an improving trend with time; (3) since 2000, the stability of NDVI in the growing season of the Changtang National Nature Reserve was relatively poor, most of the areas with NDVI≤0.1 were in low stability, the low and medium stability areas were the main type, which accounted for 86.66% of the Changtang National Nature Reserve; (4) the climate in the Changtang National Nature Reserve was getting warmer and wetter during the vegetation growing season; NDVI was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation as a whole during the growing season. The research conclusions could provide a scientific basis for the ecological protection of vegetation in this region under the background of climate change.

By using the meteorological data of Qingpu national meteorological station from 1968 to 2018, we selected the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) to analyze the evolution characteristics and the frequency of drought and flood in flowering stage, fruiting stage and maturity stage of blueberry in Qingpu. The results showed that: (1) the average temperature was 16.2℃ and increased significantly, the precipitation had obvious fluctuation, the temperature in different growth stages of blueberry had an upward trend, the precipitation showed an increasing trend in flowering and maturation stage, and a decreasing trend in fruiting stage; (2) an obvious interannual variation of drought and flood was observed in Qingpu, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2010s, the climate was wet, however, the climate in the 1970s and 2000s was relative dry; meanwhile, the evolution characteristics of drought and flood were different during different seasons, the alternation of drought and humidity was observed in the 1970s; in the 1980s, alternation of drought and humidity was found in spring and winter, while summer and autumn were generally humid; from 1990s to 2000s, the change from humidity to drought was observed in spring, summer and autumn, while the change from drought to humidity was found in winter; in the 2010s, summer, autumn and winter were wet, while spring had the alternation of drought and humidity; (3) the frequency of drought was 27.5%, 25.5% and 21.6% in flowering stage, fruiting stage and maturity stage of blueberry, and the frequency of humidity was 29.4%, 27.5% and 27.5%, respectively. The study suggests that in Qingpu, there is a tendency towards drought in flowering stage and fruiting stage of blueberry, while a tendency towards humidity in maturity stage, the frequency of humidity is more than that of drought on the whole.

The study discussed the distribution law of climate suitability of tomato in Ningxia, and aimed to provide reference for the regional planning of tomato cultivation. Based on the growth data of tomato provided by the Agricultural Technology Center of Huinong and the meteorological data provided by 24 meteorological observation stations, including the data of temperature, precipitation, and sunshine from 1981 to 2016, climate suitability models were established to analyze the variation characteristics of the suitability of meteorological factors. The results showed that the sunshine suitability was the most favorable meteorological factor for tomato growth in Ningxia, whose spatial distribution was high in the north and low in the south. The precipitation suitability decreased from south to north, but it could be compensated by the irrigation of the Yellow River, its high inter-annual variability made it the key factor affecting the inter-annual change of the climate suitability. The temperature suitability varied remarkably in different growth periods, and was the main meteorological factor that restricted tomato cultivation in Ningxia, and it gradually changed into a favorable condition. The suitability of the 4 cities in northern and central Ningxia was relatively high, and the meteorological condition in Guyuan was not conducive to the tomato growth and development. From the distribution of climate suitability, the climate suitability of tomato planting in the northern and central Ningxia is the best, and its overall climate condition is the most conducive to the growth of tomato.

To explore the coordinated relationship between crop planting structure and climate change in Sichuan Province, based on the climate data and crop planting area data of the province, this study analyzed the climate change, crop planting structure change and their coordination relationship from 2000 to 2018. The results showed that: from 2000 to 2018, the precipitation and accumulated temperature ≥10℃ in Sichuan showed a significantly upward trend, the climate tendency rate of precipitation was 53.5 mm/10 a, and the climate tendency rate of accumulated temperature≥10℃ was 123.7℃/10 a; the planting area of maize, oil crops, legumes and fruits increased significantly, the planting area of potato remained relatively stable, and the planting area of rice, wheat and other crops decreased significantly, and the proportion of planting structure of main crops changed significantly. The top three crops in Sichuan Province were rice, maize and potato, with an average proportion of 21%, 17% and 13%, respectively, and the proportion of rice was relatively stable among all kinds of crops; the proportion of wheat was decreasing year by year. The crop planting structure change and climate change in Sichuan Province from 2000 to 2018 were compatible with each other, and the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree were high.

Climate change has a direct impact on crop yield. Breeding new crop varieties according to production practice and climate characteristics is of great significance to food security in China. In this paper, we used the data of meteorological stations and grain yield from 1979 to 2014 in China’s main grain producing areas and northwest to clarify the characteristics of grain yield and climate change through statistical analysis. The results showed that the annual mean temperature increased in northeast China, the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the Yangtze River Basin and northwest China, and the increase rate was 0.30℃/10 a, 0.37℃/10 a, 0.38℃/10 a and 0.48℃/10 a, respectively, which was significantly correlated with grain yield. The annual mean temperature decreased from south to north and east to west. Due to the uneven distribution of heat resources, the change of annual precipitation rate in different regions was significantly different, but had no significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, grain crop breeding should be based on the principles of high quality, high yield, multiple resistance, and suitability for mechanized production, and a breeding strategy combining traditional breeding and modern molecular biology techniques should be adopted. We should focus on improving the water logging tolerance and lodging resistance of rice varieties in the northeast, the high-temperature tolerance of rice varieties in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Yangtze River Basin, the low-temperature tolerance of late-season rice varieties in the northwest, and the drought tolerance of wheat and maize varieties in all regions.

Based on data from 17 observatory stations of Guannan grape planting area in Lianyungang from 2008 to 2017, including the ten-day, monthly and yearly temperature, precipitation and sunshine, we used GIS to convert 1:250000 basic geographical background data of Lianyungang into a high-resolution (100 m×100 m) digital terrain model. By adopting geographic information system and analytic hierarchy process, we combined the climatic conditions with meteorological disasters and preventive measures during the growth period of grape, and obtained the zoning index of grape climate suitability. The results showed that the temperature during the budding period of the grapes in April, and precipitation during flowering period in May, and rainfall value during fruit ripening in August could be selected as the research indexes of climatic suitability, and scored by experts, their weight coefficients were 0.4, 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. These indexes were divided into 3 levels: suitable, sub-suitable and unsuitable, to determine the climatic and ecological conditions for commercial grape cultivation. The results show that the most suitable climatic areas for grape cultivation are in central and northern Guannan, including Zhangdian, Beichenji and Sankou; the sub-suitable areas are Mengxingzhuang, Tanggou and Liji; the unsuitable areas are in southern and eastern Guannan, such as part of Xinji, Xin’an, Huayuan, Bailu, and etc. This research method could provide reference for the safe layout of various cash crops in Lianyungang.

To study the climate characteristics of strong cool summer and the impacts on agriculture, the data of precipitation, temperature, sunshine, development period and yield of spring maize in the summer of 2020 (June to August) in east Gansu Province were analyzed. The results showed that the summer in 2020 was a typical regional strong cool summer. In 2020, the average temperature in summer was lower than that in the same period of previous years, except that the temperature of the first ten days of June was slightly higher than that in the same period of previous years, and the temperature of the first ten days of July and the first ten days of August were slightly high. The average temperature in summer was generally lower than that of the previous years in all counties, except Huanxian and Xifeng, whose temperature was slightly lower than the normal values in the same period over the years. Zhenyuan and Huachi recorded the second lowest average temperature of summer in historical records. The precipitation in summer was more than that in the same period over the years, and there were more rainy days; the precipitation amount of Zhengning and the rainy days of Huanxian were the second in history. The sunshine in summer was less than that in the same period of previous years, and Xifeng and Ningxian had the least summer sunshine in history. Strong cool summer caused the extension of the growth period of crops in autumn, which was about 12 days longer than that in previous years on average. 2020 was not a high yield year, although climate yield was a positive effect. The main reasons for the decrease of yield were the low temperature and less sunlight in the later stage of reproductive growth and high soil moisture. However, the sufficient precipitation, especially soil moisture at the key maize development stage, and the particularity and adaptive adjustment of spring maize growth, were still the main factors for the climate yield to be positive effect.

Based on the temperature data of 50 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2018 and the investigation data of winter wheat growth periods from 1997 to 2017 in central and northern Shaanxi, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of heat resources before the turning green stage of winter wheat under the background of climate change and their potential effects on winter wheat, by using the linear trend estimation, Mann-Kendall test and GIS technique. Meanwhile, the correlations between the key development periods of winter wheat and critical temperature were studied. The results showed that: (1) in central and northern Shaanxi, there were significant correlations between the sowing date of winter wheat and the final day ≥14℃, between the beginning date of winter wheat overwintering stage and the final day ≥0℃, and between the turning green date and the initial day ≥0℃; (2) the average sowing date of Guanzhong plain was 10 days later than that of Weibei plateau, the ten-day average temperature and the accumulated temperature ≥0℃ before winter had an increasing trend in the two regions, the suitable sowing date of winter wheat was gradually postponed with the delaying of the final day ≥14℃, and the delaying trend was particularly obvious in the late 1990s; (3) the beginning date of winter wheat overwintering stage in the southern region was earlier than that in the northern region, but the turning green date showed the opposite distribution; the turning green date of winter wheat had an obvious advance in recent 58 years, but the beginning date of winter wheat overwintering stage had no obvious change; (4) the duration and the negative accumulated temperature during overwintering decreased with the climate warming, while the annual minimum temperature showed an evidently increasing trend in Guanzhong plain. These changes are beneficial to reducing the freezing injury risk of winter wheat, but could weaken the cold resistance of winter wheat and raise the base of overwintering diseases and insect pests.

To study the climatic suitability of cauliflowers and disaster prevention in Duolun County, taking three cauliflower greenhouses as the research objects (No. 15 village of Dabeigou town, Niuyan village of Xigangou town and Paotai village of Caimushan town), we observed the daily and hourly average temperature in the greenhouses from April 28th to May 31st in 2020. Combined with the meteorological data of three nearby regional stations, and the temperature, humidity and sunshine data of the national benchmark climate station of Duolun County, we adopted linear trend fitting, correlation test and other mathematical statistics methods to analyze the correlation of temperature inside and outside the greenhouse during cauliflower seedling raising period, and the daily variation law and quantitative relationship of temperature inside and outside the greenhouse under different weather types. The results showed that there was a significantly positive correlation of the daily average temperature, daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature between the inside and the outside of greenhouse during cauliflower seedling raising period, and the correlation coefficient was 0.8576, 0.6061 and 0.9154, respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between sunshine hours and daily average temperature inside the greenhouse, and the correlation coefficient was 0.5167. The relationship between the average temperature inside the greenhouse and weather condition under different weather types was: sunny day> cloudy day> rainy day, indicating that the sunny day had the greatest impact on the average temperature inside the greenhouse. The suitable meteorological indexes in different growth periods of cauliflower were established, and the main meteorological disasters, diseases and pests in the growth period of cauliflower were analyzed. The study could provide comprehensive and systematic meteorological support for cauliflower planting, enable farmers to effectively prevent meteorological disasters, and lay a foundation for agricultural multi-variety meteorological service in the future.

In this paper, the meteorological suitability indexes at key growing stages of seed maize in Zhangye were studied, the meteorological conditions and meteorological factors were examined and the climate quality certification technology of seed maize in Zhangye was discussed. Based on the data of air temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration from the Zhangye National Reference Climatological Station, the effects of meteorological factors in 2020, including heat, light, precipitation and etc., on the growth of seed maize were analyzed, and the assessment of the climate quality grade certification of seed maize in Zhangye was carried out. The results showed that the temperature and sunshine in 2020 were conducive to the growth and quality formation of seed maize; the summer drought and diseases had certain influence on the development of seed maize, and the cultivation base of seed maize should take steps to reduce the hazard degree. According to the geographic regionalization index of seed maize, the climatic conditions of maize growth of the year and the production management of seed maize enterprises, the climate quality grade of seed maize in the certified region is excellent.

The climatic elements of Yunnan’s 115 stations and 6 representative stations of different climate zones from 1961 to 2018 are used to analyze the spatial and temporal change characteristics of light energy, thermal energy and water resources in the whole province and in each climate zone. The results suggest that: (1) the change of light energy resources mainly show a decreasing trend, and there are considerable mutations, the change of solar radiation in each climate zone may cause the change of the maximum center and minimum center of Yunnan solar radiation, the obvious increase of radiation since 2009 could lead to new change trends and mutation points of solar radiation; (2) the thermal resources are consistently and significantly increased, the active accumulated temperature and duration of accumulated temperature of cool climate crops and thermophilic crops and the length of frost-free period all increase significantly, there is a trend that the beginning date of frost-free period is advanced while the ending date is postponed, which is beneficial to the growth of crops; (3) water resources generally show a decreasing trend, especially since the beginning of this century, warming and drying are prominent in subtropical zones, and the drought risk is high.

The paper aims to make full use of climate resources and rationally arrange the agricultural and animal husbandry production. Based on the meteorological data of 4 counties and stations in Huangnan Prefecture from 1961 to 2018, we estimated the climatic potential productivity of local natural grassland by Miami model and Tharnthwaite Memorial model, analyzed the main influencing factors and simulated the response of climatic potential productivity under different climate backgrounds. The results show that: Tongren with better water-heat coordination is the area with the greatest climate potential productivity in Huangnan Prefecture, the smallest climate potential productivity is in Zeku with the worst water-heat coordination, the climate potential productivity is mainly limited by temperature in southern Huangnan and precipitation in northern Huangnan. When the climate changes to warm and wet, it is advantageous to increase the climatic productivity of grassland in Huangnan; when the climate changes to cold and dry, it is extremely disadvantageous to increase the climatic productivity of grassland in Huangnan.

Plateau inland lakes, as an indicator of their sensitivity to climate change, are often used to analyze the trend of climate change in this region, providing scientific data support for climate prediction and ecological meteorological services. Based on the 1975 Guozhacuo topographic map, TM/ETM+ in 1992 to 2018 and satellite remote sensing image data, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in recent 40 years and the lake area with climate response were analyzed. The results showed that (1) Guozhacuo area was shrinking in a fluctuant way, by 3.22 km² with the rate of 1.30%, and the shrinking area mainly located in the outlet of Tianshui River and Chongce River; (2) the change of lake area and annual average temperature comprehensively reflected that the climate trend of the region before the 1990s was warm and wet, then changed to warm and dry; (3) the annual average temperature was the main influencing factor for the shrinking of the lake, the hysteresis of the annual average precipitation affected the glacier, and then indirectly influenced the lake area, and the annual average evaporation change responded obviously to the significant variation of the lake area.

To calculate the climatic potential productivity of typical solar greenhouse in Heilongjiang Province and analyze its spatial and temporal distribution characteristic for making full and efficient use of limited climatic resources and providing a scientific basis for stable and high yield of facility agriculture, based on the observed data inside and outside greenhouse, the temperature prediction model was set up to simulate the temperature in the greenhouse during 1961 to 2020. The models of the photosynthetic productivity (PP) and light-temperature productivity (LTP) in solar greenhouse were established by revising the estimation model of Huang Bingwei’s photosynthetic production potential. The climatic potential productivity of different regions from 1961 to 2020 was calculated and its distribution rules were analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows: during the study period, the weather types of Lindian and Youyi were mostly sunny, followed by overcast and cloudy days. The average temperature prediction models of typical solar greenhouse were established and all of them passed the reliability test (P≤0.05). The PP and LTP of solar greenhouse during 1961 to 2020 were basically the same, which increased gradually from northeast to southwest, and decreased year by year, with the highest value in May and the lowest value in December. The minimum of PP appeared in 2015, and the maximum appeared in 2020. The minimum of LTP appeared in 1995, and the maximum appeared in 2020. In this study, the climatic potential productivity of typical solar greenhouses in different regions of Heilongjiang Province from 1961 to 2020 is obtained to lay a basis for the production layout of local solar greenhouses.

In order to make rational use of climate resources, give full play to the role of meteorology in serving agriculture, and scientifically plan the development of oat industry in Ningxia. Based on the production and meteorological data of oats in central and southern Ningxia from 2017 to 2018, the climatic suitability zoning index of oats was determined by correlation analysis method. According to the climate data and geographic information data of 23 surface meteorological stations in Ningxia from 1981 to 2010, the spatial distribution of zoning indexes was simulated. Based on the weight of each index, the climate suitability zoning map of oats was obtained by raster calculation. The results showed that the climate suitable area was mainly distributed in the cold mountain area in the south of Ningxia, the secondary suitable area was mainly distributed in the arid and rainless area in the middle of Ningxia, and the unsuitable area was mainly distributed in the Yellow River Plain in the middle and north of Ningxia. The study could provide a scientific basis for the rational planning of the industrial layout, introduction and popularization of new varieties of oats in Ningxia.

To establish a daily scale suitability model of temperature, precipitation, sunshine and comprehensive elements in Guangxi, and apply it to the classification of Citrus climate suitability grade and the analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of climate suitability over the years. Based on the daily meteorological data of 87 national automatic weather stations in Guangxi from 1961 to 2018 and the climate habit of Citrus growth, the fuzzy mathematical method was used to establish the model, and the model was verified by using the abnormal weather in typical years and stages. The results show that: the regression fitting effect of daily meteorological elements of the model is good, and the determination coefficient is above 0.89; the classification method of suitability index of each element is reasonable, and most areas of Guangxi are suitable for Citrus planting, which is in line with the actual situation. The scale of the model is fine, and the quantitative evaluation has good effect; it could better describe the abnormal weather changes of Citrus climate suitability with seasons and stages, such as extreme high temperature, low temperature, drought, rainstorm, etc.; the spatial distribution characteristics of meteorological elements’ suitability of Citrus in Guangxi are obviously affected by regional climate, the heat condition is sufficient or even too much, while precipitation and sunshine are insufficient in some areas. Therefore, more consideration should be given to precipitation and sunshine in choosing Citrus planting areas in Guangxi.

Taking the 7 d daily average temperature during the coldest period of winter as the main indicator and precipitation as the auxiliary indicator, the revised Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici overwintering meteorological index and geographic information system (GIS) were used to carry out overwintering climatic zoning of wheat area in eastern Gansu Province. The 6 main overwintering areas were southern Longnan, northern Longnan, Weihe River basin and Guanshan area, southern Longdong Loess Plateau, northern Qingyang City and southern Longzhong. The 7 d average temperature during the coldest winter period of 6 main overwintering areas was 0.6, -4.1, -6.5, -8.3, -9.0 and -9.8℃, respectively, which generally occur in the first and second ten-days period of January, and the lower limit of the altitude that could not be overwintered was respectively 2500, 2000, 1800, 1600, 1200 and 1800 m. Compared with the 1980s, the upper limit of the altitude rose 200-400 m in Longdong and most of Longnan, and extended west and north to the southern Longzhong below 1800 m and the northern Qingyang City below 1200 m. The easy overwintering areas were mainly distributed in the Bailong River basin below 2100 m in southern Longnan and eastern Gannan Prefecture, 1600 m in northern Longnan and 1400 m in Weihe River of Tianshui City. The overwintering area was between easy overwintering and non-overwintering, the largest area was the southern Longdong Loess Plateau, and the least areas were northern Qingyang City and southern Longzhong.

To grasp the microclimate environment in the cotton population structure, the influence of different cotton densities on yield was determined. Six different densities were designed to determine agronomic traits, and the microclimatic elements in the field of different cotton densities were measured by selecting the flowering bloom period with the highest cotton density. The results showed that the agricultural traits of cotton varied greatly with density, and the climatic factors such as light, temperature, and humidity changed considerably among the groups. With the increasing of density, agricultural traits of cotton, including plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of fruiting branches, number of buds and bolls, and boll weight, were significantly and negatively correlated with the gradient temperature difference between cotton plants, while positively correlated with the light transmittance. The gradient temperature difference between cotton plants of the optimal density group should be less than 0.3-0.4℃, and the light transmittance between cotton plants should be above 5.5%. The density of 225000 plants/hm² showed the best yield performance, followed by 270000 plants/hm², and then 180000 plants/hm². Under the current cultivation and management level, the planting density of early maturing cotton in northern Xinjiang should be designed at 200000-250000 plants/hm².

The vertical difference of the topography in the Lvliang Mountain area is obvious, and the vegetation is sensitive to climate change. By studying the vegetation phenology change in the Lvliang Mountain area and exploring the response relationship between the vegetation phenology change and the climate, the research can provide reference for vegetation phenology research and ecological management in high altitude mountainous areas. Based on the MODIS NDVI time series data from 2000 to 2015, the vegetation phenology of the Lvliang Mountain area was extracted by dynamic threshold method and the temperature and precipitation were spatially interpolated and then the two key vegetation phenology periods and climatic factors were analyzed for partial correlation. The results showed that: (1) the region with the advanced vegetation SOS accounted for about 85.7%, of which 16.2% was significantly advanced; the region with the delayed vegetation EOS accounted for about 90.6%, of which 33.3% was significantly delayed; (2) the vegetation SOS in 74.8% of the region and 87.7% of the region was negatively related to temperature and precipitation respectively, as the temperature rose or the precipitation increased, the vegetation SOS advanced; vegetation SOS was significantly affected by temperature in April in high-altitude mountainous areas, while by precipitation in April in low-altitude areas; (3) the vegetation EOS in 72.6% of the region and 65.1% of the region was positively related to temperature and precipitation respectively; as temperature rose or precipitation increased, vegetation EOS was delayed; the vegetation EOS in the northern and western regions was significantly affected by the temperature in November while in high-altitude mountainous areas by precipitation in September. From 2000 to 2015, the vegetation phenology in the Lvliang Mountain area changed significantly, and each region had different responses to temperature and precipitation. This study can provide a scientific basis for regional phenology and climate change research and terrestrial ecological management.

Based on the disaster theory, this study is designed to research the effects of four extreme weather events (drought, flood, wind & hail and low temperature) on crops in Guangxi from 1978 to 2017 through the trend analysis method of mathematical statistics, so as to reduce the loss of crop yield and economy caused by extreme weather events. In this study, the response frequency of climate factors of extreme weather events was used to approximate the probability of extreme weather occurrence in a certain region. Then, through the damage assessment of the extreme weather events from 1978 to 2017, the temporal and spatial analysis of drought, flood, wind & hail and low temperature disasters in Guangxi was carried out to reveal their temporal and spatial variation trend. The results showed that: (1) in terms of the damage degree to crops, the four disasters were in the order of drought > floods > low temperature > wind & hail; (2) the affected areas and disaster areas of crops caused by drought in Guangxi showed a downward trend, and the severely damaged areas gradually shifted from the central and western regions to the southwest and northeast regions; (3) the affected areas and disaster areas of crops caused by floods showed an increasing trend, and the severely damaged areas gradually shifted from the south to the central and western regions; (4) the damage areas and disaster areas of crops caused by wind & hail disaster showed a downward trend, and the damage areas gradually shifted from the north and south to the central and more south regions; (5) the affected areas and disaster areas of crops caused by low temperature disaster showed an increasing trend, and the damage areas were mainly in the north of Guangxi.

Based on the soil moisture data which were observed in forage growing season (April to September) in Hezuo of Gannan, Gansu Province from 1994-2013, we analyzed the depth variation characteristics of soil moisture in the area. The results show that the soil moisture in Hezuo exhibits an increasing trend during forage growing season, especially in the surface layer of 10 cm. And the trend weakens as the depth increases. In terms of seasonal change, the soil moisture of the whole layers is low in mid-June and mid-August, and high in mid-July, late July and September. The mutation detection analysis indicates that the moisture of both 20cm and 40cm soil layer in Hezuo present a jump increase. Soil moisture during summer is positively correlated with summer air temperature and precipitation in Hezuo, and the correlation with precipitation is more significant, showing a good consistency in the variation trend. The biomass of forage in each month in the growing season is closely related to previous soil moisture, which means that the soil moisture has positive contribution to forage yield.

Based on linear trend analysis and correlation analysis, we studied the height, coverage, yield, turning green period and yellow withering period of herbage and the influencing factors of climate change on herbage in Qinghai. The results show that the height and coverage of forages increase at different rates from July to August, the herbage production increases at different rates in June and July. The herbage production presents a decreasing trend in August. The rejuvenation period is advanced at a rate of -0.65 d/10 a. The yellow withering period is delayed at the rate of 0.15 d/10 a. The growth period of herbage is prolonged. In Banma, Gande, Jiuzhi, Maqên, Haiyan, Qingshuihe, Tianjun and Tongde, the growing period of herbage is extended, and in other areas, the growing season is shortened. Winter temperature, temperature in late June and wind speed in August are the main factors influencing herbage in the Tuotuo River area. Evaporation in September, the minimum air temperature in autumn and the accumulated temperature in June ≥10℃ are the main factors affecting herbage in Gande area. The air temperature, the ground temperature of 0cm in February and the accumulated temperature of ≥0℃ in September are the main factors affecting the forage in Tianjun area.

Cherries have become a key fruit development object in the southeast mountainous region of Shandong, and the establishment of cherry planting divisions can provide support for fruit farmers to managing cherry orchards. The meteorological conditions such as dormancy, flowering, young fruit, fruit development and maturity were analyzed respectively. The factors were standardized using the maximum value standardization and range standardization methods, and the cherry comprehensive regionalization map of Wulian County was compiled through GIS technology. The results show that the suitability of cherry planting in Wulian County has a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. The suitable areas for cherry planting in Wulian County are mainly distributed in Jietou, Kouguan, Chaohe and Hubu in the southeast. The sub-suitable areas are mainly distributed in Xumeng, Hongning, Songbai, Shichang and other parts of the central and northern regions. The unsuitable areas are mainly distributed in Li Town, Gaoze, Wanghu and Zhongzhi. Meteorological, topographic and soil factors are comprehensively considered, and most areas of the county are suitable for cherry planting. Therefore, cherry planting has a relatively wide regional and strong suitability in Wulian County.