Low temperature is an abiotic stress that could affect plant growth and vegetation distribution. Once the environmental temperature is continuously lower than the optimal temperature for plant growth, the plant would suffer low temperature stress, including chilling injury and freezing injury. Chilling injury refers to the damage on plant caused by low temperature of zero degree or above. The cells do not freeze at this temperature, but the cold will have physiological obstacles for thermophilic plants, causing injury or death. Freezing damage refers to the phenomenon that plants are damaged or die because of the low temperature below the freezing point. Previous studies mainly focused on the regulation mechanism of low temperature stress on plants, including the process in plants from the perception of low temperature signal to the expression of functional genes, and to the resistance to low temperature stress. This article reviews the research on cold stress on plants in recent years, analyzes the research status from the aspects of signal perception, signal transduction, functional gene expression, cold-induced physiological and cellular regulatory mechanism, and discusses the prospect of the research on plant cold resistance. It will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating new cold-resistant plant germplasms.

To elaborate the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants and understand the various factors affecting anthocyanin synthesis as well as their interaction, we summarize the internal and external regulatory factors and concluded the environmental factors such as light, temperature, carbohydrate and hormone. Around the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, the structural genes in the pathway and its upstream transcription factors are described and analyzed. This study concludes that in plants, all kinds of external and internal factors regulate structural genes through the main transcription factors, affect the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in plants, and maintain the dynamic balance of anthocyanins in plants. This regulation includes both positive and negative regulation. In summary, metabolic pathway of anthocyanins is gradually improved, at the same time, novel structural genes and transcription factors will be evaluated and used in genetic engineering improving the characteristics of ornamental plants.

Waterlogging stress is an important factor that affects the distribution, growth and development of plants. The research on plant waterlogging tolerance is critical to improving plant tolerance in order to cope with the increasingly severe extreme weather and the large-scale production management. In order to carry out researches on plant waterlogging tolerance and explore the regulation mechanism of different plants in response to waterlogging stress, we summarized the effects of waterlogging stress on plant growth, the regulation mechanism of plant in response to waterlogging stress, and analyzed the effects of waterlogging stress on plant phenotypic traits, biomass, photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species accumulation, sugar content as well as biological membrane in detail. In addition, the regulation mechanism of ethylene signal molecule, reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanism, osmotic regulation, morphological regulation, molecular and metabolic regulation of plant in response to waterlogging stress were also analyzed. Finally, it is proposed that further in-depth study should be focus on the development of exogenous regulatory substances to improve plant waterlogging tolerance.

Iron (Fe) is the earliest discovered and most abundant essential microelement in plants, which is involved in many physiological processes and metabolic pathways, Fe deficiency will seriously affect the growth, development, yield and quality of plants. Fe in plant-derived food is the main source for animal and human to obtain Fe, and insufficient Fe uptake can damage their health. In order to fully understand the metabolic physiology of Fe in plants, and promote the cultivation of iron-rich plants and the development of iron-rich food, in this review, the contents, forms and proportions of Fe in soil and plants were summarized, the distribution and function of Fe in plants were concluded, the different efficient absorption strategies of plants in small amount of soluble Fe environment were compared, and the regulation mechanisms of Fe transport in cells and long-distance in plants were analyzed. Based on the above, some research prospects were discussed in view of the previous research, it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the differences and molecular mechanisms of Fe metabolic pathways among different plant species, the Nramp family genes regulating approach of the docytotic mechanism of Fe deficiency in plants, the oxidation precipitation and reduction release mechanisms of ferritin (Fer) in the plastids, and the biofortification measures for increasing Fe content and bioavailability in plants.

In order to further study the role of endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) in the regulation of plant growth and development, this review summarized the structures and mechanism of XTH, the functions of XTH in plant leaves, roots, stems, flowers and fruits, and the XTH expression in response to plant hormone and environmental factors. Meanwhile, the authors recognized XTH as a key enzyme in cell wall remodeling, which could loosen and strengthen cell wall, and participated in cell wall degradation and synthesis. At last, several potential problems in XTH gene research field were put forward, and the future research directions were suggested.

The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for improving the biosynthesis of flavonol in plant, the growth and development of plant and crop resistance. In this paper, the basic biosynthesis of flavonol was clarified, the key enzymes of flavonols and their functions were concluded, the regulation of flavonols in the transcription level of the biosynthesis was reviewed, and the biological functions of flavonols in plant were also summarized, including the regulating action of flavonols in the growth and development of plant, the abiotic-stress regulation of plant and its functions in plant defense response. At last, the research directions of flavonols in plant were proposed.

To reveal the pathways and mechanisms of the interaction between plants and soil microorganisms, the authors reviews the research progress of the promotion of plant growth and development by rhizosphere beneficial microorganisms and the effects of plant rhizosphere secretions on soil microbes, mainly include the promoting effect of rhizosphere-promoting microorganism PGPM on plant growth and development, the promotion of biocontrol microorganism BCA on plant growth and development, the composition of root exudates, the function of root exudates, and the pathway of root exudates affecting soil microbes, etc. The authors point out that the research on the mechanism of interaction between plants and soil microorganisms is not deep enough. The research on the screening and adaptability of PGPM strains, the ecological adaptability of biocontrol microorganisms and the mechanism of action on target pathogens, the separation of root secretion, the optimization of the identification method and the allelopathic approach all need to be further studied. In the future, the application of modern molecular biology technology in related research should be increased, and the interaction between plant and soil microorganisms should be further revealed by combining molecular biology techniques with traditional culture methods.

The SWEET gene family of plant sugar transporters is a class of important sugar transporters discovered in recent years, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, and resistance to stress by regulating the transport and distribution of sugar in plants. SWEET gene has different biological functions in different species and plays an important role in plant life activities. In this study, we reported the research status of the protein structure, transport mechanism and biological function of the SWEET gene family in plants, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further study on other structures and functions of SWEET gene family.

Cadmium pollution not only affects plant growth, but also threats to human health, which has been the study hotspot of domestic and foreign. This paper reviewed the effect on Cadmium to plant growth, the mechanism of uptake, transport and resistance of plant to Cadmium. And some new ideas for future research directions are put forward.

To explore the regulation mechanism of exogenous substances on plant salt tolerance and to further utilize exogenous regulatory substances to improve plant salt tolerance, we summarized the five categories of traditional plant hormones (auxin, gibberellin, ethylene, abscisic acid, and cytokinin), and exogenous growth regulators such as melatonin, salicylic acid, polyamine, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid on plant growth regulation under salt stress. At the same time, we reviewed the regulation effect of silicon and calcium on plant growth under salt stress, indicated that various exogenous regulatory substances could reduce salt damage by enhancing photosynthesis, increasing osmotic potential, improving protecting enzyme activity and reducing ion toxicity. This study provides a theoretical basis for using the single or compound exogenous regulatory substances to alleviate crop salt damage in the future.

In order to understand the effect and regulatory role of auxin on different organs of plants, this paper summarizes the research progress of auxin in the growth and development of plant roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds in recent years. It mainly included: auxin can promote the germination and growth of lateral roots and adventitious roots of plants; promote cell division, extension and differentiation to promote the elongation of plant stems; promote flower bud germination and affect the morphogenesis and senescence of flowers; promote fruit development and parthenocarpy; and affect fruit enlargement and fruit ripening; promote the accumulation of photosynthetic product and affect the formation of seed embryos. In addition, the physiological characteristics, transport mechanisms, and signal transduction mechanisms of auxin transport were also reviewed. It was learned that the auxin''s regulatory effects in plants were mainly manifested in apical dominance, tissue differentiation, organ formation, tropic reaction, morphogenesis and other aspects. At the same time, the deficiencies of auxin in the regulation of network signals and the allocation of various organs were also proposed, in order to provide reference for further research.

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of plant diseases has seriously affected the production and development of China’s agriculture. In order to improve plant disease resistance, this paper summarized the application of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabonomics in plant disease resistance research. At the same time, it summarized the methods of breeding disease-resistant varieties, biological control and plant disease monitoring technology to reduce plant diseases, analyzed different plant disease resistance mechanisms at molecular level, and revealed the close relationship between related disease resistance genes and their growth and development. This paper pointed out the shortcomings of omics technology application in plant disease resistance. There are still some functional proteins with low abundance or low molecular weight that have not been identified. Some suggestions were put forward, such as improving the sensitivity of detection technology, and perfecting gene and metabolic database. The continuous development and innovation of omics technology has brought new opportunities for the prevention and control of plant diseases. It will be helpful for breeding resistant varieties, detection and control of pathogenic bacteria, and improvement of plant resistance, so as to promote plant growth and increase crop yield.

To have an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of plant E3 ubiquitin ligase in response to abiotic stress, the authors reviewed recent studies on the involvement of E3 in abiotic stress in Arabidopsis, rice, wheat and other plants. The pathways and types of E3 ubiquitin ligase are introduced, and the relevant research progress of E3 ubiquitin ligase in response to abiotic stress in plants is summarized. In view of the research status, the authors pointed out the research problems of functional redundant E3 and the problem of using high-throughput technology to find the target protein, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for improving the E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in abiotic stress regulation mechanism.

Alternative splicing is widespread in plants and is the main source of transcriptome and proteome diversity in organisms. With the development of science and technology, the research methods of alternative splicing have gradually become simple, convenient and efficient, and more and more alternative splicing events have been discovered in plants. The article mainly introduces the mechanism and research methods of alternative splicing in plants, as well as the latest research progress of alternative splicing in several plants, and puts forward suggestions on the research direction in the future.

Botanical insecticides are secondary metabolites produced by plants, which provide rich resources for research and development of insecticides because of their specific biological activities. They are alternatives to organic synthetic chemical pesticides. In this study, a brief history and current status of plant-based insecticides, and their active ingredients and modes of action were reviewed in detail, and the problems and development prospects of plant-based insecticide research were discussed. This study will provide reference for the development of more botanical insecticides.

Pests are an important factor that seriously affects the yield and quality of crops. An in-depth study on the interaction between plants and pests can provide theoretical reference for practitioners to explore the suitable measures for insect resistance in agricultural production. Based on reviewing relevant research literature, this article analyzes the defense mechanism of plants against pests and the specific measures taken by insects to adapt to plant defense responses, and reviews the research status of plant resistance physiology against insects. (1) Plants can reduce their attractiveness to pests by changing their nutrient content, and nutrients can also participate in the defense response to improve plant’s resistance against insects. (2) Plant secondary metabolites have insect-resistance role, which affect the behavior, feeding and digestion of pests, and achieve the resistance against pests. (3) Plant defense enzymes are involved in the occurrence of insect resistance reactions and maintain the normal growth and metabolism balance in the plant to improve plant resistance to insects. (4) Plant hormone signal pathways contribute to the expression of plant defense genes, the occurrence of defense responses, and the production of insect-resistance substances, thereby enhancing the resistance of host plants against insect. (5) Insects can use their own secretions and carry pathogens to adapt to plant cell walls and inhibit the expression of plant defense responses. In addition, the insect's own detoxification system can also reduce the adverse effects of insect-resistance substances produced by plants. At last, the existing problems and future research directions are also discussed in this paper.

Based on the needs of agricultural science and technology innovation, to provide support and refence for the effective allocation of agricultural science and technology resources, the research analyzed the current status and trend of global plant science research from the perspective of bibliometrics. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to construct a search strategy, based on the Web of Science database and bibliometric analysis tools, bibliometrics analysis was carried out on the number of articles published, the countries, institutions, journals, and authors influence with high publication numbers. The main results indicate that the number of articles published from 1995 to 2018 shows a steady growth trend as a whole. The United States and China are main contributors to the articles, but the number of citations per article contributed by the United States and European countries is higher than that of China. Chinese scientific research institutions have an advantage in the number of articles, while German Max Planck features highly the number of citations per article. The content analysis was carried out on Top10 articles with high citations published from 2016 to 2018, and the visual analysis of the topic clustering of high-frequency word co-occurrence was conducted. The results show that ‘plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress’, ‘gene editing technology’, ‘genomic analysis’, ‘plant reproductive development regulation’ are important research directions that have been given growing attention in recent years. The subject content is in accordance with the preliminary needs research. The research proves that these research directions will play an important role in promoting the development of agricultural innovation.

The bHLH transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants. In order to understand the functions and structure features of plant bHLH transcription factors, we clarify the structure features of bHLH transcription factors, and summarize the functions of plant bHLH transcription factors, including bHLH transcription factors regulating signal transduction, bHLH transcription factors regulating plant development, and bHLH transcription factors taking part in plant stress resistance. But the next step is still to systematically classify and analyze the functions of the gene family, in particular, the study of bHLH transcription factors in other non-model organisms should be strengthened.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a simple and efficient targeted gene editing technology, which has important application value in plant genetic improvement and crop genetics and breeding. This research mainly introduced the principle and construction method of CRISPR/Cas9, discussed the application and research progress of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant gene function and gene expression regulation, plant genome site-specific editing and crop molecular breeding in recent years. We analyzed the main influencing factors and the optimizing methods of this gene editing technology, as well as problems in its application and the solutions to the problems, and discussed the future development direction of the technology, thus providing reference for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant genome editing and crop genetics and breeding.

The main active ingredient of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is the flavonoid silymarin, which can inhibit damage, treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and has antitumor effect. It is especially effective in liver injury treatment. In this study, the current research progress of the medicinal plant Silybum marianum L. Gaertn is reviewed in terms of botanical characteristics, cultivation techniques, active ingredients and pharmacological effects. The study aims to provide reference for further improving the cultivation technology and developing the medicinal value of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. It is found that Silybum marianum L. Gaertn can regulate plant growth and development under abiotic stress by affecting secondary metabolites, antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content. In addition, the application of exogenous plant growth hormone can resist the external stress and promote the plant growth and development of Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. Moderate abiotic stress such as drought and salinity and alkalinity can improve the accumulation of active ingredients in Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.

It is of great significance to study the responses of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration of plants to photosynthetic active radiation, to evaluate the utilization efficiency of light energy and water and the plant growth under different light conditions. In the present study, three vine plants (Vinca major, Passiflora caerulea and Campsis grandiflora) were used to measure their gas exchange and chlorophyll content under different light levels. The photosynthetic parameters were estimated according to non-rectangular hyperbola model. The results showed that: the light saturated point and the maximum net photosynthetic rate of P. caerulea were 1850 μmol CO₂/( m²·s) and 10.9 μmol CO₂/(m²·s), respectively, significantly higher than those of V. major and C. grandiflora. V. major was strongly resistant to weak light with a lower light saturation point of 580 μmol CO₂/( m²·s), significantly lower than that of the other two plants. There was no significant difference in apparent quantum yield among the three plants, indicating they had similar ability to use weak light. The chlorophyll content of V. major was significantly higher than that of P. caerulea, but P. caerulea had a higher ratio of chlorophyll a/b than V. major. P. caerulea had a wide range of light adaptation and stronger utilization of low and high light. Therefore, the photosynthetic capacity of P. caerulea is higher than that of V. major and C. grandiflora.

Based on the leaf and root economic spectrum, we analyzed the plant economic spectrum, and further analyzed the correlation between underground and aboveground about plant economic spectrum, in the meantime, we evaluated its correlation research. Based on the existing research results, we elaborated the plant economic spectrum though the functional traits covariation consist of leaf lifespan, specific leaf area, photosynthetic rate, respiration rate, nitrogen and phosphorus concentration. And we researched the functional traits covariation consist of the root diameter, root dry matter content, specific root length, carbon and nitrogen content, water soluble compounds, cellulose and lignin concentration, in order to explain the root economic spectrum in detail. Meanwhile, by the summary of the functional traits covariation, the correlation of the plant economic spectrum between the underground and aboveground was worked out. In order to further understand the plant economic spectrum, the following contents were put forward: increase the species and community of the plant economic spectrum, analyze and integrate the functional traits parameters of the whole plant, establish global plant economic spectrum model, explore the impact of environmental factors on plant economic spectrum. Through the plant economy spectrum was detailedly analyzed and discussed , which can provide technical support for this new research direction.

In this paper, the composition of the ubiquitin proteasome system, the structure of monoubiquitin, polyubiquitin, and ubiquitin-like gene and the role of ubiquitin system in plant growth and development, and the function of E3 ligase in response to biotic and abiotic stress were reviewed. In view of the existing related research, it is proposed that there are few studies on the target protein itself, few reports on the HECT family of E3 ligase, and the timing site of E3 regulatory network and ubiquitination is still unclear. The future research on ubiquitin, such as strengthening the research on cloning related genes and gene interaction, strengthening the research on target protein information and E3 molecular mechanism, is expected to provide references for the research on plant ubiquitin system, the structure and function of ubiquitin genes.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a type of beneficial bacteria that can effectively alleviate the damage of salinity to plant, promote the absorption of mineral nutrients by plants and have a significantly antagonistic effect on pathogenic bacteria. Rational application of PGPR has extremely important application potential in stress resistance mechanism of plant, soil ecological remediation and breeding strategy improvement. In this review, we summarize the research progress of PGPR in promoting plant nutrient absorption, regulating plant hormone homeostasis and alleviating the damage of salinity to plant, and provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the application prospect of PGPR in future breeding improvement research.

The purpose of this review is to gain an in-depth understanding of the absorption mode and transport mechanism of sulfur in plants. The importance of sulfur to plants, the symptoms of plant sulfur deficiency and the mechanism of sulfur absorption and transport of plants in recent years are summarized. The study focuses on the transport mechanism and active process of sulfate, expounds that the process of sulfate entering the plant includes activation, reduction and cysteine synthesis. Research on the changes of sulfate in plant at home and abroad, and the utilization mechanism of various existing forms of sulfate are concluded. Overall, the study lists existing problems in the research field and discusses future research priorities.

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis is a physiological stress that occurs in all plants, not only under high light stress, but also under other environmental stresses including low temperature, drought, flooding, salt stress and high CO2 concentration. In recent years, many research achievements have been reported on the nature and the mechanism of photoinhibition. In this article, the authors summarize the photoinhibition mechanism of Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII); review the development of photoinhibition; analyze the defensive mechanisms against photoinhibition, e.g. heat dissipation, electron transfer, activated oxygen clearance, improved photosynthetic capacity and etc. Furthermore, the authors elaborate on the factors affecting photoinhibition, including the low temperature stress, light exposure intensity, water stress, salt stress, CO2 concentration and etc. Taken together, the authors discuss the problems and the future directions of the research.

In the growth process, the plants would be unavoidably regulated by environmental signals and encounter kinds of stresses. Many stress responded proteins were discovered and studied in plants' response to environmental stresses. Germin-like proteins (GLPs) are important proteins which take part in every kind of stress. This group of proteins has similar sequence to wheat germin and is soluble glycoproteins located in extracellular matrix, which exists in all of the beings. The proteins have a variety of biological functions, for instance, they have important roles in the plant growth phase and response to the biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we introduced the main features of plant GLP proteins from plant GLPs classification and structure. At the same time, we reviewed the research progress at home and abroad on the GLPs and the genes that resistant to biotic stress and abiotic stress, and provided a reference for the future research.

Lipoxygenase (LOX) catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to further produce oxylipins via the enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathway, thereby participating in the processes of regulation of growth and development, and stress response. To deeply understand the function and mechanism of LOX for plants under stress conditions, this study summarizes recent research progress on the functions of LOX in biotic and abiotic stress responses in such model plants and crops as Arabidopsis thaliana and corn; reveals functions of LOX family members in response to abiotic (e.g., mechanical wounding, drought, and salt stress) and biotic stress (e.g., Verticillium wilt, Aspergillus flavus infection, nematode invasion, and aphid bite); analyzes how these members share out the work and cooperate with one another, and even antagonize each other during the stress response, along with the “cross-talk” between 13-LOX pathway and 9-LOX pathway; and points out that LOX activity and regulation of transcriptional expression are important parts of regulation of oxylipin synthesis and stress responses, as well as potential targets for genetic improvement of crops. The expression regulation and mechanism of LOX, and the identification and detailed study of a series of downstream metabolites in the lipoxygenase pathway will be research focuses in this field in the future.

In order to explore single-cell transcriptome sequencing technology (scRNA-seq) application in plant research, this review summarized the development status of scRNA-seq, and introduced its applications in embryonic development, immune cells, tumors and plant research. Secondly, this article analyzed the key technologies of scRNA-seq (ie. single-cell separation, single-cell whole transcriptome cDNA amplification technology and high-throughput sequencing). Finally, this article summed up the scRNA-seq applicable to plants based on the characteristics of plant cells, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the better use of the method in plant research.

Protoplasts without cell walls are capable of forming new cell walls and therefore provide a unique model and perspective for the study of cell wall biosynthesis. The process of cell wall regeneration from plant protoplast is extremely complex, involving a lot of signal transduction pathway, thus, it is difficult to thoroughly study the molecular network of the whole regeneration wall process by using common research methods. To understand the intrinsic characteristics of the new regenerated cell wall from plant protoplasts, and promote further understanding of the molecular mechanism of protoplast regeneration, three parts were comprehensively discussed in this review, including a detailed elaboration about different types of protoplast culture, the cytobiological evidence of cell wall regeneration and the molecular mechanism of cell wall regeneration combined with key omics techniques. In addition, the main influencing factors of different plant protoplast culture such as the limitation of plant materials, culture medium and culture methods were analyzed. Two kinds of dyes commonly used in the visualization of regenerated cell wall and the transcriptome, proteome and more intricate nuclear proteome and phosphoproteome used in the construction of cell wall molecular networks were summarized. At the same time, the further study of mechanism of cell wall regeneration was prospected.

Phragmites australis is a typical perennial gramineous plant with superior reproductive capacity, This study was based on the summary of the ecological habit characteristics of P. australis, the effects of water and salt on the physiological morphology of P. australis were analyzed, and the ecological function of reed in coastal wetlands was clarified from the aspects of anti-wind and wave elimination, purification of water quality and adsorption of heavy metals. And the research progress of reed breeding technology was summarized, the aim is to provide scientific basis for making full use of the application of reed community in coastal wetland vegetation restoration and ecological construction.

Dicer was an endonuclease, which was a member of the RNaseⅢ family. Its homologous protein was called Dicer-like (DCL) in plants. Generally, Dicer was composed of six domains, DEAD box, helicase-C, DUF283, PAZ, RNase III, and dsRBD. The six domains contacted closely to each other and worked together. In order to improve the understanding of the functions of DCL in plants, this article summarized the protein domains of DCL, their crucial roles in small RNA synthesis and the biochemical function in several model plants, demonstrated that different types of DCL proteins showed relatively independent and closely linked relationships in small RNA production. DCL could discern the kind of RNA substrates and the exact cut sites, and would be the focus of biochemical function study of Dicers.

The role of plant endogenous hormones lies in regulating plant growth and development and improving crop yield and quality, and its accurate determination has important implications for the regulation of plant growth and development, the genetics and breeding of crop, the promotion of cultivation technology and the identification of hormone residues. This article will summarize three aspects of plant hormones: the physiological action, the molecular mechanisms, the regulation of production and quality and the determination method, in order to provide reference index for the study of plant hormones.

In the natural environment, there are close relationships and continuous interactions between insects and plants, among which, herbivore insects mainly rely on olfactory recognition of plant volatiles to distinguish between host and non-host plants. The study on the mechanism of herbivore insect olfactory perception of host plant volatiles can reveal the synergistic evolutionary relationship between herbivore insects and host plants, screen out resistant species of plants and develop green pest control technologies. This article reviews the plant volatile species and properties, the response of herbivore insects to plant volatiles, the types and functions of antennal olfactory receptor neurons, and the species of antennal olfactory-related proteins and their functions. Then, it discusses the latest research ideas and methods in insect chemical ecology. The review can provide a theoretical basis for the pollution-free control of pests.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is highly conserved across species, from prokaryotes to fungi, plants, and animals. In this paper, the author summarized the distribution of ADH gene family, ADH protein structure, the role of ADH genes in resistance to waterlogging, chilling, and drought stress in plants, and join in the anaerobic fermentation. Finally, the problems of study about ADH genes at the present stage were proposed, and the prospects were predicted as well.

SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) mediated signal transduction pathway is the study of one of the most clearly mechanisms of salt tolerance, some of the plants under salt stress, six genes of SOS gene family is indifferent time and space to expression caused damage by salt. In this paper, SOS-mediated signal transduction process in six key genes are reviewed.

Ubiquitination modification is an important post-translational modification of proteins, which participates in the regulation of many important life activities in cells. In recent years, with the development of ubiquitinated proteins enrichment technology and mass spectrometry technology, great progress has been made in ubiquitination proteomics. At present, there are many ubiquitination proteomics studies in animals and yeasts, but few in plants. In order to summarize the latest research results of ubiquitination proteomics in plants, the ubiquitination modifications, the identification of ubiquitination sites by mass spectrometry, the enrichment methods of ubiquitination proteins and the application of ubiquitination proteomics in plant light regulation, hormone treatment and stress conditions were reviewed in this paper, which could provide the rationale for the latest research of ubiquitination modifications in plants.

The increasing deterioration of the environment has forced people to abandon the concept of high-fertilizer production and shift to the concept of low-fertilizer green production. This study reviewed different metabolic levels, and morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants from five aspects: enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen assimilation pathways, primary metabolism, secondary metabolism and nitrogen metabolism-related genes under low nitrogen stress, discussed the low nitrogen tolerance strategies of plants at different growth stages, and expounded the enzymes related to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and their regulatory mechanism in the process of resisting nitrogen stress. It is proposed that in the future, according to the differences of low nitrogen tolerance of different plants or different growth periods of the same plant, and the relationship of key gene expression products, the molecular response mechanisms of plants under low nitrogen stress could be systematically and comprehensively studied from multiple disciplines and perspectives, so as to provide theoretical reference for the research on plant nitrogen metabolism involved in low nitrogen stress.

Chitosan has excellent antibacterial activity and natural non-toxicity, good biocompatibility, biodegradability and renewability, and extensive raw material sources. In order to fully understand the effect of chitosan on plant pathogens, this paper summarized four kinds of action modes of chitosan on plant pathogens, namely charge effect, sedimentation, chelation and induction, analyzed the main factors affecting the bacteriostatic effects of chitosan on plant pathogen, including pathogen, chitosan, using conditions and the others. Meanwhile, it pointed out some problems in the research field: various methods, different results, and even opposite conclusion of the research on chitosan acting on plant pathogen at present. Adopting advanced equipment, establishing three-dimensional biological cell model and adopting unified research method or developing research standard were suggested to improve the study of chitosan acting on plant pathogen, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel plant disease control agent with chitosan as the active ingredient.

Proteins containing the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs constitute one of the biggest protein families in plants, which play broad and essential roles in plant development. The N-terminus of most PPR proteins possess mitochondria or chloroplast targeting sequence, making them ideal models for studies in nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions. In this article, the structural feature, subcellular localization, organization and expression characteristic of PPR proteins were summarized. The mechanisms of PPR proteins in mitochondria or chloroplast RNA processing, restoring fertility of CMS and regulating embryo development were reviewed. The evolution of the protein family was analyzed. And the prospect of problems existed and probable research orientations was proposed.