To screen out the most efficient combination of control agents for the prevention and control of wheat diseases in the middle to late stages, 7 new agents such as 18.7% propyrimidin suspension（Yangsui） and 6 conventional agents such as 50% benzoyl propiconazole aqueous emulsion（Yingyue） were applied at jointing booting stage, heading and flowering stage and blooming stage, respectively, with no application of drugs as blank control. The prevention and control effects of Fusarium head blight in the middle to late stage of wheat were investigated, and the safety and yield of wheat were observed. The results showed that each treatment combination was safe for wheat growth under experimental doses, had good control on scab, powdery mildew and rust in the middle to later stages of wheat, and had good yield increase effect. Among them, the T₂ treatment (Jointing and booting stage used Yangsui 750 mL/hm²+ Licheng 300 mL/hm²+ Alika 150 mL/hm²+ Yishibang 750 mL/hm²; Heading and flowering used Maitian 900 mL/hm²+ Maitian partner 600 mL/hm²+ Alika 150 mL/hm²+ Yishiduojin 750 mL/hm²; Flowering used Maitian 900 mL/hm²+ Maitian partner 600 mL/hm²+ Yishiduojin 750 mL/hm²) had the best control effect and the highest wheat yield. In conclusion, different agents were used in the common areas of wheat Fusarium head blight could effectively control wheat disease and delay the development of its drug resistance.

Wheat basal rot is a disease that has occurred in wheat fields in recent years, particularly in corn-wheat continuous cropping fields, where it has shown a trend of increasing severity, causing a reduction in this plant yield and quality to some extent. To understand the occurrence characteristics of this disease and effectively control its spread and minimize damage, based on the wheat production practice in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, the occurrence, damage symptoms, disease characteristics, and influencing factors of this disease rot were analyzed through years of field investigations and a review of relevant literature. On this basis, the health cultivation as the basis were proposed, including the selection of resistant varieties, crop rotation, appropriate deep plowing, removal of straw from the field, precision seeding, and balanced fertilization. Additionally, seed treatment with chemicals during the wheat sowing period, the use of highly effective and low-toxicity pesticides for green control during the regreening stage, and an integrated control technology combining “one spray for three preventions” during the heading stage to manage wheat basal rot were recommended.

To study the soil carbon sequestration potential, a long-term monitoring site of wheat and maize double-cropping farmland in Xiangcheng County, Henan Province was selected as the research object. The Century model was used to simulate the dynamic change process of soil organic carbon during the monitoring period (2010-2023), and the applicability of the Century model was verified by comparing with the measured data. At the same time, one basic agricultural management measure and four optimized agricultural management measures were selected to simulate and predict the soil carbon sequestration potential in the next 20 years (2024-2043) by using the Century model. The simulation results showed that during the monitoring period, soil organic carbon density at the monitoring sites increased by 0.31 mg/hm² annually, showing a “carbon sink” status, mainly due to the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. The results of Century model validation found that the model had good applicability in simulating and predicting the dynamic change of soil organic carbon. Under the condition of basic agricultural management measures, the soil carbon sequestration potential was low, and the state was weak and stable. Under the condition of agricultural management measures combining less tillage and 50% straw returning, the soil carbon sequestration potential was the highest, which was the most effective agricultural management measure. Therefore, the implementation and popularization of optimized agricultural management measures in the wheat and maize double-cropping farmland area of Henan Province is an important means to enhance soil carbon sequestration capacity, which is of great significance for alleviating greenhouse effect and realizing national food security.

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of farmland and increase the wheat yield per unit area, wheat sowing production experiment of the ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ was carried out through the transformation of the ‘narrow sowing in narrow rows’ wheat sower, and a designed experiment was conducted for checking the wheat yield change in 15 cm narrow row with sowing belt increased. The results showed that the ‘narrow sowing in narrow rows’ wheat sower’s opener could be transformed into the ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ sower’s opener, and the sowing belt increased from 2.6, 2.9 cm to 7.6 cm, and the area of the sowing belt increased by 176% on average. Within a limited row, the wheat yield per unit area increased with the increase of sowing belt width; the ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ yield increased by 11.3% to 17.3% than the ‘narrow sowing in narrow rows’. The direct cause of the yield increase per unit area of ‘wide sowing in narrow row’ is that the area per plant, the number and proportion of large plants increased, the number and proportion of small plants decreased, and the yield of small plants increased. ‘Narrow sowing in narrow row’ wheat sower needs to be reformed to improve the utilization efficiency of wheat land and develop efficient wheat farming.

To explore the effect of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the growth of wheat seedlings under cadmium (Cd)stress, this experiment took wheat of Womai 99 as the research object, and adopted the method of indoor temperature tank hydroponics to stress wheat with 100 µmol/L concentration of Cd. Leaf surface was sprayed with different concentrations of MT (0, 10, 100 and 1 000 µmol/L), and the plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll, SOD activity, POD activity and MDA content of wheat were measured respectivly. The results showed that under Cd stress, the plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, POD and SOD activities of wheat were increased, and the MDA content of wheat was decreased after different concentrations of MT were sprayed compared with blank control. In conclusion, under Cd stress, MT spraying could promote wheat growth and enhance the stress resistance of wheat seedlings, and 100 µmol/L MT had better effects on plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content and SOD activity, and 1 000 µmol/L MT had better effects on increasing POD activity and decreasing MDA content.

Wheat straw resource utilization is one of the important ways to promote the sustainable development of agricultural production. Taken Anhui Province as an example, the current situation of wheat straw resource utilization, the practical significance of its forage utilization and the links to be further improved were analyzed, and the use pattern and strategies of wheat straw forage utilization were explored, to provide a reference for the efficient forage utilization of wheat straw resources. Wheat straw forage utilization showed a deepening transformation from traditional utilization to high-technology and high value-added direction. As an important direction of wheat straw resource utilization, forage utilization could not only effectively improve the utilization rate of resources, reduce the waste of resources and environmental pollution, but also help to improve the economic benefits of aquaculture, and its utilization ways mainly included sodium hydroxide treatment, ammoniation treatment, biological treatment and granulation technology, etc. At present, wheat straw forage utilization temporarily exist challenges such as nutritional value, digestibility, utilization efficiency and forage benefit to be further improved. Based on this, the effective measures to promote wheat straw forage utilization were analyzed from the economic level, supporting level, scientific research level, application level and technical level, and the development trend of wheat straw forage utilization in the future showed the characteristics of diversification and high technology.

Nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer are key factors affecting wheat yield. Different nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer have important effects on the number of tillers and yield components at different growth stages of wheat. Exploring the optimal combination of nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer can effectively improve wheat yield. A two-factor design was used in this study. Four different nitrogen application rates were set for the main treatment, including F₁ 120 kg/hm², F₂ 180 kg/hm², F₃ 24kg/hm² and F₄ 300 kg/hm². Six different base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer were set for secondary treatment, including N₁ 3:7, N₂ 4:6, N₃ 5:5, N₄ 6:4, N₅ 7:3 and N₆ 10:0. Nitrogen topdressing was carried out at the jointing stage. The number of internal tillers was investigated at seedling stage, overwintering stage, jointing stage, booting stage and maturity stage. The 1000-grain weight was measured at the filling stage. Effective spike number, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight were measured at the maturity stage. The results showed that the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ was significantly affected by nitrogen application rate, base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, and their interaction. Among them, F₃ effectively increased the population number of wheat, F₂ reduced the tiller loss rate at the heading stage, and F₂ had the greatest effect on the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’, increasing yield by 9.74%-33.58%. Wheat yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer proportion in the base fertilizer. Compared with N₁, N₂ and N₃, wheat yield decreased significantly under N₅ and N₆. Under the interaction of nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer, F₂N₁ had the highest wheat yield, with a maximum increase of 52.12% compared to other treatments. The results showed that nitrogen application rate and base-topdressing ratios of nitrogen fertilizer affected the yield of ‘Zhengmai 369’ by affecting the effective spike number and 1000-grain weight. Among the treatments, the wheat yield under the interactive treatment of F₂N₁ reached the highest. This study provided an important theoretical basis for optimizing high-yield cultivation measures of ‘Zhengmai 369’.

The aim was to explore the effects of different new urea on yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the application of new urea in practical production. Using common urea as a control, six new types of urea were applied for 5 consecutive years to measure the yield of wheat-maize rotation, analyze the effect of new urea on the composition of the yield, and at the same time, determine the nitrogen uptake of plants and seeds, and account for the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, bioproductivity, and production benefits of the new types of urea. The results showed that compared to the ordinary urea, continuous application of the new urea all significantly increased the yield of wheat-maize rotation system (P<0.05), with the range of yield increase from 7.08% to 11.77%, of which 9.02% was increased by the loss-control urea in the wheat season, and 15.52% was increased by the zinc-containing urea in the maize season; there was no significant difference in nitrogen absorption and utilization of the new urea during the wheat season, while the average nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency of loss-control urea fertilization and zinc containing urea in the corn season reached 9.49 kg/kg and 10.63 kg/kg, respectively. From the perspective of production efficiency, the net benefit of using loss-control urea in batches and zinc (manganese) containing urea was the highest. Under the conditions of this experiment, it was recommended to apply loss-control urea or zinc (manganese) containing urea in the winter wheat-summer corn rotation system in the North China.

【Objective】Taikemai33, derived from a cross between Zhengmai366 and Huaiyin9908, is a new released wheat cultivar with high quality, high yield, and excellent disease resistance, which has a broad genetic base, and a high potential for application in wheat production. The objective of this study is to dissect the genetic composition of Taikemai33 to provide information for parental selection to use this cultivar to develop more new wheat cultivars. 【Method】Taikemai33 and its pedigree parents including Zhengmai366, Huaiyin9908, Yumai47, PH82-2-2, Yumai13, Yumai 2 hao, Bainong3217, Yanda24, Xiannong39, Fengchan 3 hao and Funo were screened using the 55K wheat SNP chip to dissect the genomic composition of Taikemai33 to evaluate the genetic contributions of each parental line to Taikemai33. 【Result】The similarity coefficient between Taikemai33 and its pedigree parents ranged from 0.72 to 0.93, and the genetic composition of Taikemai33 was highly similar to Zhengmai366, the pedigree mother parent, with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.93. SNP marker analysis showed that the pedigree parents contributed different proportion to the genome of Taikemai33, with the pedigree mother contributed 66.57%, whereas the pedigree father contributed 33.43%, indicating that Taikemai 33 inherits more genetic materials from the maternal lineage. Furthermore, the pedigree mother contributed 71.0%, 85.0% and 49.4% to subgenome A, B and D of Taikeimai33, whereas those were 29.0%, 15.0% and 50.6% contributed by the pedigree father. For each chromosome, the pedigree mother contributed more on chromosome 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 7A, 1B to 7B, 1D and 2D, whereas the pedigree father contributed more on chromosome 5A, 4D, 6D and 7D. The contributions of the pedigree parents on 6A, 3D and 5D were equal. Taikemai33 genotype map showed that the contribution loci of the pedigree mother were distributed in clusters on chromosome 1A, 5A, 7A, 2B, 7B, 2D, with those from the pedigree father were on chromosome 4A, 5A, 6D, 7D. Interestingly, among the polymorphic SNP loci, between Zhenmai366 and Huaiyin9908, Taikemai33 showed 109 loci that were absent in both parents, distributing on 19 chromosomes except 1A and 6A. Chromosome 4A, 2B, 6B and 7D of Taikemai33 confer most of the polymorphic SNPs in clusters with cluster number of 10, 9, 11, and 9. 【Conclusion】We constructed the genotype map and dissected the genetic composition of Taikemai33, determined the loci contributed by the pedigree parents and identified that Taikemai33 inherited more genetic materials from the pedigree mother and conferring some specific loci different with the pedigree parents.

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen application amount on the yield composition, economic benefit of summer sowing intercropping crops and the yield of winter wheat. 【Method】From 2022 to 2023, the representative farmlands were selected in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, which was the main extension area of maize-soybean strip intercropping. Maize monoculture (Nitrogen application rate: 225 kg·hm^-2), soybean monoculture (Nitrogen application rate: 45 kg·hm^-2), maize-soybean intercropping with full nitrogen application (Nitrogen application rate: 270 kg·hm^-2), maize-soybean intercropping with reduced nitrogen application (Nitrogen application rate: 135 kg·hm^-2) were set up in summer sowing season, and the subsequent crops were planted with wheat without fertilizer treatment. The effects of different summer sowing treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, agronomic traits, economic benefits and yield of subsequent wheat were analyzed. 【Result】Both planting pattern and nitrogen application amount had significant effects on crop growth and development. Compared with maize monoculture, the chlorophyll content, P_n, G_s, C_i and T_r of maize leaves were significantly decreased by intercropping reduced nitrogen application (135 kg·hm^-2). However, the P_n, G_s and T_r of leaves of intercropping full nitrogen maize (270 kg·hm^-2) were significantly increased by 8.8%, 10% and 11.6%, respectively. Intercropping system resulted in decreased chlorophyll content of soybean, inhibited leaf P_n, G_s, and T_r. In terms of agronomic characteristics, stem length increased, pod number per plant decreased, and yield decreased by 65.1%-68.4%. There was no significant difference in the agronomic characteristics and yield of maize under the intercropping system with full nitrogen application, and the economic benefit was the highest under this system, reaching 22 607 yuan/hm², while the agronomic characteristics such as ear length, grain number per ear and hundred-grain weight of maize under reduced nitrogen application significantly decreased, and the yield decreased by 14.8%. However, in general, the land equivalent ratio of both maize and soybean treatments was also greater than 1. Economic benefit and nitrogen uptake were increased by 4.8%-11.5% and 19.7%-38% compared with monocrop. When winter wheat was not fertilized, the grain yield and crop nitrogen uptake of aftercrop winter wheat with full nitrogen application in summer sowing were higher than that under other treatments, and there was no significant difference between the yield of winter wheat with reduced nitrogen application between summer sowing seasons and that of winter wheat with summer sowing maize. 【Conclusion】Therefore, from the comprehensive analysis of agronomic characteristics, yield and economic benefits as well as the effects on aftercrop, the effect of total nitrogen application in intercropping was better than that of reduced nitrogen application in intercropping. However, considering the yield, economic and environmental benefits, the amount of nitrogen application in intercropping should be further optimized.

【Objective】To clarify the effects of catch crop decomposition liquid on the growth and blight of continuous pepper seedlings, and to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for wheat and broad bean catch crop to alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles of peppers. 【Method】 Pepper and pepper continuous cropping soil were used as the research object. Firstly, seven catch crop treatments were set up, including wheat (A), broad bean (B), large-leafed skunk cabbage (C), wheat and broad bean mixture (AB), wheat and large-leafed skunk cabbage mixture (AC), broad bean and large-leafed skunk cabbage mixture (BC), and wheat, broad bean and large-leafed skunk cabbage mixture (ABC), and the non-catch crops were used as the control (CK). Study the effects of different treatments on the pepper growth and blight. Secondly, in order to ascertain the role of its catch crop decomposition liquid in promoting growth and disease control, four treatments with different concentrations of wheat and broad bean mixture straw decomposition liquid (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 g·mL^-1) were set up to investigate different treatments the effects on the growth and blight of pepper seedlings, using distilled water as the control (CK). 【Result】 When transplanting for 20 and 30 d, the fresh weight of the whole plant, dry weight of the whole plant and plant height of pepper after mixed catch crop treatment of wheat and broad bean were significantly higher than those no-catch crops treatments, and the incidence and disease index were significantly lower than those no-catch crops treatments. The disease index of the wheat and broad bean mixed catch crop treatment was significantly lower than that of all other treatments. The whole plant fresh weight of pepper was significantly increased at 20 d and 30 d of treatment with wheat and broad bean mixed straw decomposed liquids. At 30 d, the dry weight of the whole pepper plant was significantly increased except for 0.01 g·mL^-1 treatment. Compared with distilled water treatment, 0.03 g·mL^-1 treatment significantly increased the root length, average diameter of roots, root surface area, root volume, root tip number and leaf peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities of pepper (P<0.05). The mycelial diameter, zoospore germination rate and sporulation yield of Phytophthora capsici treated with different concentrations of wheat and broad bean mixture straw decomposed liquids were significantly lower than those of distilled water treatment (P<0.05). The mycelial diameter and zoospore germination rate of 0.03 g·mL^-1 treatment were significantly lower than those of other treatments, and the inhibition effect of 0.03 g·mL^-1 treatment on phytophthora blight and blight was the best. 【Conclusion】The mixed catch crop of wheat and broad bean had a growth-promoting and disease-inhibiting effect on continuous cropping pepper seedlings, and its straw decomposed liquids played an important role in which the decomposed liquids concentration of 0.03 g·mL^-1 when the best effect, and its role was closely related to the direct inhibition of the phytophthora blight and improved the activity of the plant defense enzymes.

Through pot experiments, the effects of single application of lime based conditioners and combined application of biochar on the physical and chemical properties of fallow soil, and the growth and nutrient absorption of wheat seedlings were investigated, aiming to provide references for rapidly reducing acidity, improving quality, and enhancing crop yield in refarmed acidified soil. The results showed that compared with the control (without the application of conditioner), the application of conditioners in acidic soil (pH 5.35) increased the soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium content, with increases of 0.15%-7.93%, 2.38%-8.34% and 6.68%-21.33%, respectively. It also increased the fresh and dry root weight of wheat on acidic soil, with increases of 2.78%-15.63%, 1.14%-15.23%, respectively. The total root length, root volume and total surface area of single application of limestone powder increased 10.75%, 13.65% and 11.98% compared to CK. The application of lime conditioner alone and combined with biochar increased the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium content in the above-ground wheat, with increases of 2.78%-12.92%, 2.27%-7.70% and 5.37%-9.44%, respectively. The increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content in wheat roots ranged from 18.82%-24.27%, 12.24%-22.37%, respectively. The application of biochar alone had a promoting effect on soil alkaline nitrogen and available potassium content; the combination of lime based conditioners and biochar could promote the increase of soil available phosphorus content, wheat biomass, and soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients.

The rapid and real-time acquisition of soil moisture in a large range can provide powerful data support for dealing with drought. In this paper, three drought index models, namely perpendicular drought index (PDI), modified perpendicular drought index (MPDI) and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI), were constructed to discuss the accuracy and applicability of soil moisture inversion in the winter wheat planting area in Dingxing and Yixian of Hebei based on multi-spectral remote sensing data Landsat-8 and field measured soil moisture data. Three drought index models indicated that the study area was dry, and the spatial distribution of different drought indices was different, among which the difference between PDI and the other two drought indices was the biggest. All the three drought indices were negatively correlated with measured soil moisture, and MPDI, TVDI had obvious linear correlation with soil moisture. MPDI had the highest fitting degree and was used to invert the soil moisture. The inversion results showed that the soil moisture in the study area was relatively low, mainly ranging from 12% to 15%, and the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture were consistent with that of land cover. Our study indicated that the MPDI index had great potential for drought monitoring in the winter wheat planting area in winter.

It is of great significance to grasp the occurrence and development law of wheat dry hot wind disaster and take targeted defensive measures to ensure food security. According to the meteorological industry standard of wheat dry-hot wind, using the daily meteorological observation data of 9 national meteorological stations and 114 regional automatic stations in agricultural areas in Bazhou from May to June from 1981 to 2023, the data of wheat development period and geographical basic information of agricultural meteorological observation stations, combined with ArcGIS10.8 technical mapping, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of wheat dry-hot wind days and processes in Bazhou were analyzed, and the risk zoning and evaluation were carried out. The results showed that the number of dry hot wind days and weather process showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing slowly, and then increasing obviously after decreasing slowly. The trend tendency rate was 2.2 d/10a and 1.2 meta/10 a, respectively in recent 43 years. In the 1980s, the decrease was more obvious, in the 1990s and 2010s, it showed an increasing trend, and after 2011, it increased significantly, which had the characteristics of time stages, and 2017 and 2022 were the years of high dry hot wind. From the proportion of three different degrees of dry-hot wind, the number of days and processes of light dry-hot wind are the most, and the trend of light process is significant; the number and process of medium and heavy dry-hot wind days did not change significantly. The number of dry hot wind days and the number of dry hot wind weather processes are similar in spatial distribution, that is, the desert oasis area in the southeast margin of the Taklimakan Desert is frequent and high occurrence area, the Bosten Lake waters and Yanqi Basin are less occurrence area, and other areas are secondary occurrence area, showing the spatial distribution characteristics of ‘more in the southeast and less in the northeast’ with obvious regionalism. The risk zoning results are divided into four levels of dry hot wind risk areas: heavy, heavier, moderate and mild (no), which can provide reference for disaster prevention in different risk planting areas.

A high-efficiency mode of high-low seedbed cultivation (HLSC) has been listed as the main agricultural technology to increase land utilization ratio and grain yield in Shandong province, China.  However, little information is available on the optimized water and nitrogen management for yield formation, especially the grain filling process, under HLSC mode.  A three-year field experiment with four nitrogen rates and three irrigation rates of HLSC was conducted to reveal the response of grain-filling parameters, grain weight percentage of spike weight (GPS), spike moisture content (SMC), and yield of winter wheat to water and nitrogen rates.  The four nitrogen rates were N1 (360 kg ha^-1 pure N), N2 (300 kg ha^-1 pure N), N3 (240 kg ha^-1 pure N), and N4 (180 kg ha^-1 pure N), and three irrigation quotas were W1 (120 mm), W2 (90 mm) and W3 (60 mm).  Results showed that the determinate growth function generally performed well in simulating the temporal dynamics of grain weight (0.989<R²<0.999, where R² is the determination coefficient).  The occurrence time of maximum filling rate (T_max) and active grain-filling period (AGP) increased with the increase in the water or nitrogen rate, whereas the average grain filling rate (G_mean) had a decreasing trend.  The final thousand-grain weight (FTGW) increased and then decreased with the increase in the nitrogen rates and increased with the increase in the irrigation rates.  The GPS and SMC had a highly significant quadratic polynomial relationship with grain weight and days after anthesis.  Nitrogen, irrigation, and year exerted highly significant effects on the T_max, AGP, G_mean, and FTGW.  Particularly, the AGP and FTGW were insignificantly different between high seedbed (HLSC-H) and low seedbed (HLSC-L) across the water and nitrogen levels.  Moreover, the moderate water and nitrogen supply was more beneficial for grain yield as well as spike number and grain number per hectare.  The principal component analysis indicated that the combination of 240-300 kg N ha^-1 and 90-120 mm irrigation quota could improve grain filling efficiency and grain yield for the HLSC-cultivated winter wheat. 

[Objective] Acurately determining the suitable sowing date for winter wheat is of great significance for improving wheat yield and ensuring national food security. Traditional visual interpretation method is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also covers a relatively small area. Remote sensing monitoring, belongs to post-event monitoring, exhibits a time lag. The aim of this research is to use the temperature threshold method and accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method to analyze the suitable sowing date for winter wheat in county-level towns under the influence of long-term sequence of climate warming. [Methods] The research area were various townships in Qihe county, Shandong province. Based on European centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data from 1997 to 2022, 16 meteorological data grid points in Qihe county were selected. Firstly, the bilinear interpolation method was used to interpolate the temperature data of grid points into the approximate center points of each township in Qihe county, and the daily average temperatures for each township were obtained. Then, temperature threshold method was used to determine the final dates of stable passage through 18, 16, 14 and 0 ℃. Key sowing date indicators such as suitable sowing temperature for different wheat varieties, growing degree days (GDD)≥0 ℃ from different sowing dates to before overwintering, and daily average temperature over the years were used for statistical analysis of the suitable sowing date for winter wheat. Secondly, the accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method was used to calculate the appropriate date of GDD for strong seedlings before winter by moving forward from the stable date of dropping to 0 ℃. Accumulating the daily average temperatures above 0 ℃ to the date when the GDD above 0 ℃ was required for the formation of strong seedlings of wheat, a range of ±3 days around this calculated date was considered the theoretical suitable sowing date. Finally, combined with actual production practices, the appropriate sowing date of winter wheat in various townships of Qihe county was determined under the trend of climate warming. [Results and Discussions] The results showed that, from November 1997 to early December 2022, winter and annual average temperatures in Qihe county had all shown an upward trend, and there was indeed a clear trend of climate warming in various townships of Qihe county. Judging from the daily average temperature over the years, the temperature fluctuation range in November was the largest in a year, with a maximum standard deviation was 2.61 ℃. This suggested a higher likelihood of extreme weather conditions in November. Therefore, it was necessary to take corresponding measures to prevent and reduce disasters in advance to avoid affecting the growth and development of wheat. In extreme weather conditions, it was limited to determine the sowing date only by temperature or GDD. In cold winter years, it was too one-sided to consider only from the perspective of GDD. It was necessary to expand the range of GDD required for winter wheat before overwintering based on temperature changes to ensure the normal growth and development of winter wheat. The suitable sowing date for semi winter wheat obtained by temperature threshold method was from October 4th to October 16th, and the suitable sowing date for winter wheat was from September 27th to October 4th. Taking into account the GDD required for the formation of strong seedlings before winter, the suitable sowing date for winter wheat was from October 3rd to October 13th, and the suitable sowing date for semi winter wheat was from October 15th to October 24th, which was consisted with the suitable sowing date for winter wheat determined by the accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method. Considering the winter wheat varieties planted in Qihe county, the optimal sowing date for winter wheat in Qihe county was from October 3rd to October 16th, and the optimal sowing date was from October 5th to October 13th. With the gradual warming of the climate, the suitable sowing date for wheat in various townships of Qihe county in 2022 was later than that in 2002. However, the sowing date for winter wheat was still influenced by factors such as soil moisture, topography, and seeding quality. The suitable sowing date for a specific year still needed to be adjusted to local conditions and flexibly sown based on the specific situation of that year. [Conclusions] The experimental results proved the feasibility of the temperature threshold method and accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method in determining the suitable sowing date for winter wheat. The temperature trend can be used to identify cold or warm winters, and the sowing date can be adjusted in a timely manner to enhance wheat yield and reduce the impact of excessively high or low temperatures on winter wheat. The research results can not only provide decision-making reference for winter wheat yield assessment in Qihe county, but also provide an important theoretical basis for scientifically arrangement of agricultural production.

The occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice, the causes of weed damage were summarized and analyzed, and comprehensive control measures was proposed. The occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice was relatively high, and the grass phase was complex. Poaceae weeds and broad-leaved weeds coexist, and weeds compete with wheat for light, water, and fertilizer, which had a significant impact on the yield and quality of rice stubble wheat. The factors that affected the occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice include planting systems, straw returning, and control measures. The methods of combining agricultural measures (improving farmland quality, changing planting structure, and improving field management) with chemical control (closed weeding, stem and leaf control, and post spring supplementary control) was adopted to prevent and control weeds in wheat fields. Scientific weeding plans were proposed for different types of fields, and the closed weeding and stem and leaf removal (“one closed, one weeding”) plan was adopted to solve most of the weeds in the fields. Special fields can adopt the 1 closed weeding and 2 stem and leaf removal (“one closed, two weeding”) plan. The research results provide references for promoting the healthy development of wheat after rice production and improving the planting efficiency of wheat after rice.

【Objective】Analyzing the yield and yield related traits of Sichuan wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020, providing reference for genetic improvement of yield in Sichuan wheat varieties. 【Method】From 2019 to 2022, a community trial design was used to measure the yield and related traits of 145 wheat varieties in Sichuan Province since 2001 to 2016, as well as 60 high-yield wheat varieties (Varieties with top yields in regional trials in Sichuan Province over the years) since 2000 to 2020. This data was used to analyze the trend of yield and yield related trait changes in Sichuan wheat cultivars cultivated from 2000 to 2020. 【Result】145 Sichuan wheat varieties from 2001 to 2016 have an average annual genetic gain of 37.20 kg·hm^-2 or 0.66% in yield. Grain number per spike and effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, while thousand grain weight and plant height showed a decreasing trend. Correlation analysis showed that effective spike number per unit area was positively correlated with yield. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase of effective spike number per unit area (annual increase 0.42×10⁴/hm² or 0.13%) was the main factor for the increase of yield potential of high-yielding varieties. The average annual yield genetic gain of 60 high-yield wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020 was 61.10 kg·hm^-2 or 0.89%, the effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, the plant height showed a decreasing trend, and the grain number per spike and thousand grain weight had almost no change. Correlation analysis shows that there was a significant positive correlation between yield and the number of effective ears per unit area. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase in effective spike number per unit area (with an average annual increase of 1.80×10⁴/hm² or 0.51%) was also a major factor in improving the yield potential of 60 high-yield wheat varieties in Sichuan from 2000 to 2020. 【Conclusion】The improvement and breeding of wheat yield heritage in Sichuan Province has made some progress, especially the improvement effect of high yield breeding is remarkable, and the yield level of wheat varieties in Sichuan Province is gradually increasing. The continuous increase in effective ears per unit area was the main factor for improving the yield potential of Sichuan wheat varieties. High grain number per spike and thousand grain weight are important foundations for high yield in Sichuan wheat, but their genetic improvement is in a bottleneck period. Increasing the effective spike number per unit area is the key to furtherly improve the yield of wheat in Sichuan.

The control effects of Streptomyces costaricanus strain A-m1 on wheat scab were studied in order to lay a foundation for the development of biocontrol agents for wheat production. The effects of A-m1 on spore germination and mycelial growth of wheat scab pathogen were determined, the genetic and enzymatic basis of the bacteriostatic effect of strain A-m1 was analyzed, and the control effect of spraying A-m1 bacterial liquid at flowering stage and applying A-m1 solid bacterial fertilizer at sowing stage on wheat scab was explored. The findings revealed that strain A-m1 exerted a potent inhibitory influence on both the conidial germination and mycelial expansion of Fusarium graminearum. The genomic of A-m1 encoded genes for the synthesis of streptomycin and tetracycline antibiotics, as well as genes such as casein, β-1, 3-glucanase, cellulase, and chitinase. They had the effect of inhibiting or decomposing pathogenic bacteria, and further biochemical analysis verified the secretion of the four enzymes. Spraying A-m1 fermentation broth at wheat flowering stage had a control effect of 52.28 % on wheat scab, a level of efficacy comparable to that of a 1000-fold dilution of 80% carbendazim solution. The application of A-m1 bacterial fertilizer substituting a portion of the traditional compound fertilizer at the sowing stage, led to a marked increase in the activity of defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. At the same time, the content of malondialdehyde was lower, and the control effect on wheat scab was 57.18 %. In this study, the control effect of strain A-m1 on wheat scab was clarified, and the underlying mechanisms of its protective action had been partially dissected. Field experiments also confirmed the control effect of A-m1 fermentation broth spraying and strain A-m1 bacterial fertilizer application on wheat scab during sowing period, which laid a good foundation for the reduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in wheat production.

Winter wheat is one of the main food crops in China. The enrichment characteristics and potential risks of heavy metals were discussed to provide reference for rational planting of wheat and grain safety and quality. The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni in soil and wheat grain samples collected from typical farmland in northern Henan were determined, and the pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals were evaluated. The results showed that the average contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni in soil were 11397.33, 287.83, 23.33, 7.41, 31.41 and 8.56 mg/kg, respectively. Most of the elements showed a significant positive correlation; the single pollution evaluation and comprehensive pollution evaluation of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni were clean. The average contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni in wheat grains were 30.42, 61.75, 23.17, 1.52, 0.28 and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between individual elements. The contents of Fe, Zn, Cu were lower than the maximum tolerable content of wheat, and the content of Mn was higher than the maximum tolerable content of wheat. The comprehensive pollution evaluation of Cr was mild pollution, and the pollution evaluation of Ni was clean. There was a synergistic or antagonistic effect between heavy metals in the soil-wheat system. The enrichment coefficient of wheat grain to soil heavy metals was Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Fe. The risk of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in northern Henan is low.

To investigate the effect of combined application of livestock manure and desulfurized gypsum on improving coastal saline-alkali soil, this study used coastal saline-alkali soil in Jinghai District, Tianjin as the experimental object. Through setting up field plot experiments, the effects of different application rates of cow manure and desulfurized gypsum on soil pH, total salt, soil ion composition, wheat plant height, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike and yield were analyzed to provide technical reference for the treatment of coastal saline-alkali land. The results showed that all 9 different combinations of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure could reduce soil pH, with LDLG, LDMG and LDHG treatments having the best effect, reducing pH by 2%-5%. Compared with the ion composition of CK, under the same application amount of cow manure, the contents of Na⁺, HCO^3- and Cl^- in LDLG, LDMG and LDHG were significantly reduced, while the contents of K⁺, SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ showed increasing trends. Na⁺ decreased by 15.71%-24.21% compared with CK; Ca²⁺ increased by 110.69%-880.67%. Mg²⁺ increased by 133.41%-525.31%; HCO^3- decreased by 22.91%-59.01%; Cl^- decreased by 35.51%-48.22%; K⁺ increased by 16.41%-70.02%; SO₄^2- increased by 123.21%-351.19%, and SAR value decreased by 65.59%-89.81%. The application of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure could significantly increase wheat plant height and yield, with plant height increasing by 4.78%-14.79%, and HDLG treatment reaching the maximum plant height of 64.67 cm; yield increased by -11.37%-19.55%, reaching the maximum value in LDMG. The study showed that the amount of desulfurized gypsum was significantly positively correlated with soil total salt content, and the amount of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. Under a fixed amount of cow manure, the soil total salt content showed an increasing trend with the increase of desulfurized gypsum application; under a fixed amount of desulfurized gypsum, the soil total salt content decreased with the increase of cow manure application.

In order to identify, introduce and breed winter wheat varieties suitable for Southern Xinjiang, 8 experimental sites were set up in the area, induding Zepu(D₁)、Xinhe(D₂)、Nongyishi(D₃), etc, Xindong 60 (CK₁) and Xindong 20 (CK₂) were used as control variteies, and 20 wheat varieties, including Xinliang 809, Anongdong 9, Xinliang 807, Xinliang 808, Jiushenghe D1809 and Jinfengyuanmai 3 were compared. The population structure, panicle formation characteristics of tillers, main panicle characters and agronomic characters, yield and stability were analyzed. The results showed that the population structure and comprehensive performance of tillering and panicle formation of Jiushenghe D1809, Pubingzi 017, Xinliang 807, and Xinliang 808 were relatively good, the average yield of 9 varieties, including Jinfengyuanmai 3, Anongdong 9, Xinliang 807, Xinliang 809, and Jiushenghe D1809 etc., increased by more than 5% significantly compared to the control varieties Xindong 20 and Xindong 60. Moreover, Jinfengyuanmai 3, Xinliang 807, Xinliang 809, and Jiushenghe D1809 had good high and stable yield, and could be further demonstrated and planted in this region.

The study aims to investigate the effects of straw returning and basal/topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer on winter wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and to determine the optimal nitrogen fertilization pattern under straw returning conditions. The experiment used the wheat variety ‘Jimai 22’ as test material, and employed a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of two straw treatments: no straw returning (S₀) and straw returning (S₁). Sub-plots included three nitrogen fertilizer ratios: 7:3 (T₁), 5:5 (T₂) and 3:7 (T₃), with a nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/hm². Nitrogen blank controls were set up with no nitrogen fertilizer applied under both straw returning and no straw returning conditions. The results indicated that compared with no straw returning, straw returning increased nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of winter wheat, with the largest increase observed in the T₁ treatment, reaching 11.08% and 5.21% respectively. When straw returning was combined with a higher proportion of base fertilizer, the yield was higher than that of no straw returning, with an increase of 13.36%. Conversely, when combined with a lower proportion of base fertilizer, the yield was lower than that of no straw returning, with the highest yield achieved with a nitrogen fertilizer ratio of 7:3. It is suggested that in regions similar to the conditions of this experiment, increasing the proportion of base fertilizer under straw returning conditions is a feasible approach to balancing yield and environmental considerations.

To study the effects of different planting years and planting methods on the yield and component factors of shoal wheat, and clarify the dynamic changes of soil salinity, pH and moisture during the growth of shoal wheat, the wheat planting experiment with planting years and planting methods were carried out from November 2021 to June 2022 in the cultivation reclamation area of tidal flats. Two planting years including wheat planting in the first year (1Y) and the second year (2Y), and two planting methods including 25 cm continuous row spacing conventional tillage (N) and 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow row tillage (T) were set up in the experiment. The results showed that (1) the dynamic changes of soil salinity of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm under 1Y-T, 1Y-N, 2Y-T and 2Y-N treatments were relatively stable from December to February of the next year. The salinity reached the lowest value in late March, and then the salinity returned with the increase of temperature. At the same time, the salinity of 0-40 cm soil layer under T treatment was higher than that under N treatment, and the salinity of 0-40 cm soil layer under 1Y treatment was higher than that under 2Y treatment. (2) Soil pH values of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer under each treatment had similar seasonal variation characteristics during wheat planting. At the same time, the pH value of 0-20 cm soil layer was lower than that in 20-40 cm soil layer, and the moisture content of 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in 20-40 cm soil layer. (3) Overall, the wheat yield under 2Y treatment was increased by 2.68% compared with that under 1Y treatment. The plot yield and theoretical yield under T treatment were decreased by 6.71% and 8.03% compared with that under N treatment (P<0.05). From the analysis of yield components, the panicle number of wheat under 2Y treatment was increased by 5.29% (P<0.05) compared with that under 1Y treatment, and the panicle number of wheat under T treatment was decreased by 9.67% (P<0.05) compared with that under N treatment. However, there were no significant differences in the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight under different planting years or planting methods. The wheat yield will increase with the decrease of soil salinity in the reclamation area, and the main reason for the increase of wheat yield is the increase of the number of ears in tidal flat cultivation reclamation area.

The Huang-Huai-Hai region is a significant production area for winter wheat and summer maize in China. Currently, the limiting factors include poor maize seeding quality due to no-tillage planting after wheat harvesting, difficulty in irrigation during the sowing to emergence period, untimely irrigation and fertilization, and poor farming techniques. Further enhancement of the use efficiency of radiation, temperature, water and fertilizer resources is the crucial way to achieve high grain yield and sustainable, green agricultural development in this region. To addresses these challenges, since 2018, we have innovated a comprehensive solution integrating several new technologies including the “four to one narrow-wide strip planting” for winter wheat, satellite-guided precision planting, annual shallow subsoil drip irrigation for synchronizing water-fertilizer-pesticide management. The corresponding modern agricultural machinery and information technology have been also matched. The integrated technique is called “Green water-fertilizer-pesticide synchronizing technology characterized of ‘four to one narrow-wide strip planting’ plus shallow subsoil drip fertigation for winter wheat-summer maize cropping system”. The field demonstration experiments conducted between 2010 and 2013 indicated that this novel comprehensive technology effectively addressed the aforementioned challenges and achieved both high yield and efficient resource utilization. Compared with traditional farmer practice, the new technology increased grain yield by 9%-17% in winter wheat and by 12%-14% in summer maize. The new technology also saved water input by 450-750 m³/hm², fertilizer input by 20%, and labor cost by 2250-3000 yuan/hm². This comprehensive technology provides a novel feasible solution for the green and high-yielding production of winter wheat and summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.

【Objective】To develop high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivars in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Zone (YHWZ), simultaneously improving of yield and resistance was conducted in this study.【Method】Using the elite parent dwarf male sterile (DMS) wheat combined with double haploid (DH) technology and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) of Fhb1 (DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy), DH lines were developed using Sumai 3 as a donor (FHB- resistant parent) and Zhoumai 16’s DMS wheat, Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136 and Lunxuan 6 as recipient parents. The agronomic traits (plant height, heading date, yield, etc.) and FHB resistance were evaluated for these DH lines.【Result】A total of 51 Fhb1-DH lines characterized by facultative growth habit, semi-dwarf and white grains were selected using this strategy. The average number of infected spikelets of 51 lines were 5.7 and 7.3 at the 2020Henan and 2020Beijing sites, respectively, and average disease severities were 27.7% and 35.2%, which is not different from moderately susceptible control Huaimai 20. There was no significant difference in grain yield per hm² between the mean performance of the 51 lines and the control Zhoumai 18. DH116 (Lunxuan 20), a promising line from the 51 lines, was further evaluated for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in multiple environments. The resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB was significantly improved, and no significant difference was found in the number of infected spikelets or disease severity between Lunxuan 20 and moderately or highly resistant controls at four sites. Lunxuan 20 showed slightly greater grain yield per hm², and significantly higher number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight (P<0.05), earlier heading date and shorter plant height (P<0.05) than the control Zhoumai 18 in two environments. The grain yield per hm² of Lunxuan 20 was 4.6% and 1.7% higher than the control cultivar Bainong 207 in the two list trials of Henan Province, and 3.5% higher than Bainong 207 in the demonstration trial. Resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB ranged from moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance in two-year list tests using the single-floret injection and spray inoculation methods. Lunxuan 20 carries the semi-dwarfing gene Rht-D1b at the Rht-D1 locus, and the recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1 associated with the winter growth habit at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Based on the wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 64.7% of the SNPs were shared by Lunxuan 20 and its parents, and the direct genetic contributions of Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136, Lunxuan 6 and Sumai 3 to Lunxuan 20 were 69.8%, 12.6%, 6.1% and 11.5%, respectively.【Conclusion】A high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Lunxuan 20 was bred using the DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy.

Based on the current situation of wheat production in the Dabie Mountains of West Anhui Province, and the aspects of wheat production needs to be further improved were summarized and analyzed, including high-quality varieties, mechanization level, green high-yield and efficient cultivation technology system, and wheat brand influence. Based on these links, measures were proposed to strengthen independent breeding of varieties, improve the efficiency of mechanized operations, promote high-yield and efficient cultivation technology systems, and develop brands of green agriculture, providing references for the sustainable and high-quality development of the wheat industry in the research area.

In order to give full play to the role of organic manure in nutrient balance, improve the application effect of chemical fertilizer, improve the quality of cultivated land, and better utilize organic manure resources nearby and locally, the organic nitrogen equivalent test of wheat decomposed manure was carried out. It was divided into three treatments: no nitrogen treatment (PK), inorganic nitrogen treatment (N₁PK) and 100% nitrogen replacement of equal nitrogen content decomposed manure (MN₂PK) to determine the organic nitrogen isopotency equivalent of wheat decomposed manure and its effects on wheat yield, composition factors, quality, nutrient uptake and utilization rate and soil quality. The results showed that compared with inorganic nitrogen treatment, wheat yield, yield components and nitrogen utilization rate of decomposed manure treatment had a decrease trend. The organic nitrogen equivalent of decomposed manure with chicken manure as the main raw material was 0.89. Compared with inorganic nitrogen treatment, the application of decomposed manure increased wheat protein content, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and pH. The results showed that decomposed manure could improve wheat quality, soil physicochemical properties and cultivated land quality.

Fusarium crown rot of wheat caused by various fungus such as Fusarium is a typical fungal soil-borne disease. In recent years, the frequency and severity of the disease are increasing, which poses a serious threat to wheat production and food security. The occurrence characteristics, regularity and causes of Fusarium crown rot of wheat were reviewed, and the comprehensive control measures combining agricultural control, chemical control and biological control were put forward, in order to provide some technical references for the comprehensive control of Fusarium crown rot of wheat.

【Objective】 Starch is the main component of wheat kernel and plays an important role in processing. The gelatinization characteristic of starch is an important index to evaluate its quality. The genetic variation of starch gelatinization was studied to provide basis for improving wheat quality. 【Method】 Seven starch gelatinization traits, including gelatinization temperature, peak time, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, decay value and recovery value, were phenotypically determined in 205 winter wheat varieties. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 90K chip, and haplotype analysis was performed on the stable and significant sites found. 【Result】 The seven characteristics, such as pasting temperature, showed abundant variation in different environments, and the coefficient of variation of attenuation value was the largest (29.31%-31.14%). There were significant differences among genotype, environment and genotype × environment, and the generalized heritability was 0.69-0.86. Through genome-wide association analysis, we found 198 loci that showed significant associations with seven traits. It was distributed in 20 other linked groups except 6D chromosome. There were 58 sites that were stable in 2 or more environments, involving all 7 traits, such as pasting temperature (10), peak time (5), peak viscosity (12), trough viscosity (10), final viscosity (7), break down (4) and set back (10), which could explain 5.54%-22.21% of genetic variation, twenty-one new sites were identified. By haplotype analysis of multiple effector sites that exist in multiple environments and have high phenotypic contribution, Four haplotypes, Hap1 (66.84%), Hap2 (16.84%), Hap3 (9.70%) and Hap4 (6.63%), were found at Kukri_c17417_407 on chromosome 4A, which were significantly related to peak viscosity and break down. Where Hap2 is the peak viscosity and high break down. (P<0.0001). The distribution frequency of varieties (lines) containing haplotype Hap2 in different ecological regions was from high to low as Huanghuai winter wheat region>foreign varieties>Southwest winter wheat region>Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River winter wheat region>Northern winter wheat region. There were 11 single cause multieffect sites, among which there were 3 multiple effect sites associated with final viscosity, set back, peak time and trough viscosity. Jagger_c4026_328 and other 11 stable genetic loci located on 1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B and 6B were mined, and 11 candidate genes that might be related to wheat starch gelatinization traits were screened. 【Conclusion】 In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. 58 stable loci were detected that were significantly associated with starch gelatinization traits, and 4 different haplotypes were identified on chromosome 4A that were significantly associated with peak viscosity and break down, and 11 candidate genes related to starch gelatinization were screened, which could provide help for marker-assisted high-quality wheat breeding.

【Objective】 The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a typical annual rotation area of winter wheat and summer maize in China, and the effect of pre-season tillage on the yield of summer maize in this area was studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the tillage mode under the wheat-maize double cropping system to improve the high and stable yield of summer maize. 【Method】 Based on the 6-year long-term positioning experiment, three pre-sowing tillage modes of winter wheat were set up, including Deep tillage (DT), No-tillage (NT), and Rotation tillage (RT) with deep tillage for one year and two years, to explore the tillage mode with the greatest potential for increasing summer maize yield. 【Result】 RT and DT treatments significantly increased the soil water storage of 0-40 cm soil in tillage disturbance during the tillage period of summer maize at the grain filling stage, which was 4.89% to 11.02% (2022) and 4.43% to 6.06% (2023) higher than that under DT treatment, and 8.16% to 16.69% (2022) and 6.78% to 17.23% (2023) higher than that under NT treatments, respectively. RT treatment could maintain a high leaf area index at the maize grain filling stage, and the leaf area index under RT treatment increased by 1.41% to 14.28% (2022) and 9.03% to 14.46% (2023) compared with DT treatment before and during the grain filling stage, respectively and increased by 14.80% to 27.56% (2022) and 21.25% to 29.39% (2023) compared with NT treatment, respectively. Compared with DT and NT treatments, the contribution rate of dry matter transfer after anthesis to grain under RT treatment increased by 3.77%, 40.36% (2022) and 7.26%, 19.91% (2023), respectively. The results of logistic equation simulation showed that the parameters of the 3 grain filling stages were roughly in the order of rapid growth stage>gradual growth stage>slow growth stage, and the three grain positions showed the lower grain>the middle grain>the upper grain, and the changes of the parameters in the 3 treatments showed RT>DT>NT, in which the RT treatment reached the maximum grouting rate in advance, and the average grouting rate was the highest, thereby increasing the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight. In 2022 and 2023, the yield under RT was significantly increased by 8.92%, 14.15%, 6.25% and 19.45% compared with DT and NT treatments, respectively, and in 2022 and 2023, the 100-grain weight RT and DT treatments were significantly increased by 2.71%, 6.03%, 9.02% and 12.56% compared with NT treatments, respectively. According to the structural equation model of yield formation, the direct effect and indirect effect of 0-40 cm soil water storage on yield were 0.420 and 0.551, respectively. 0-40 cm soil water storage not only directly promoted yield formation, but also affected yield through aboveground biomass and average grain filling rate. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, soil water storage was an important driving factor for increasing yield, and RT could increase soil water storage at summer maize filling stage, thereby increasing leaf area index with higher activity, delaying leaf senescence time, increasing dry matter accumulation, optimizing grain filling characteristics, promoting the increase of dry matter to grain filling rate, and ultimately increasing summer maize yield.