Multiple planting of soybeans after wheat harvest can fully utilize the remaining light, hot, and water resources after wheat harvest, achieve two crop intercropping in one year. The planting practice was combined of wheat and soybean in Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, the light, simple, and efficient cultivation techniques for winter wheat and high yield cultivation techniques for multiple cropping of soybeans were summarized and analyzed, at the same time, corresponding yield improvement strategies were proposed by focusing on the key aspects of intercropping soybeans after wheat. The cultivation techniques for light, simple, and efficient winter wheat include selecting high quality, high yielding, disease resistant, and early maturing wheat varieties; before sowing, rotary tiller and rake flat, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer; reasonably determine the broadcasting schedule and quantity; check and supplement seedlings, and timely carry out “one spray and three prevention” measures; timely harvest and clean up residual debris. The high yield cultivation techniques for multiple cropping of soybean varieties include selecting early maturing varieties with strong stress resistance and high and stable yield; plow and weed before sowing, and apply appropriate amount of base fertilizer; timely sowing of moisture and reasonable planting density; combining tillage weeding with chemical weeding, applying fertilizer while the soil is moist, and implementing rational control measures; seize the critical window period for disease and pest control and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures; remove from drying and store in the warehouse. The key points to focus on in the research area for wheat multiple cropping soybean include wheat harvest period, planting efficiency, soil preparation quality, and mechanization level. Therefore, reasonable crop rotation and good crop rotation connection were proposed; promote high yield cultivation techniques, and improve planting efficiency; strategies include fine soil preparation, improving soil fertility, introducing new machinery, and expanding the area of intercropping. This article provides a reference for achieving high yields by multiple cropping soybeans after wheat in Shangluo and related areas.

To explore the comprehensive effects of liquid nitrogen fertilizer on wheat growth characteristics, yield, and its soil nutrients, urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) was used to replace urea in equal amounts, and compared with the conventional application of urea (CK), wheat agronomic traits such as total stem number, yield components such as panicle number, soil nutrients such as alkali-hydrochloric nitrogen, nitrogen partial productivity, etc were measured. The results showed that the total stem number, leaf area index and flag leaf SPAD of UAN increased by 31.9%, 9.9%, and 2.4%～3.5% compared with CK, respectively. Compared with CK, panicle number, grain number per spike, thousand grain weight, and yield were increased by 19.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, and 22.2%, respectively. UAN could increase the nitrogen partial productivity of wheat by 99.2% compared with CK. The content of soil available nutrients after application of UAN was generally higher than CK. Compared with CK, wheat output value and yield increased by 22.2% and 89.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of UAN can promote the growth and development of wheat, increase the yield, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the nitrogen partial productivity, with better economic and ecological benefits.

To explore the effect of alginate enhancing solution on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat, four different concentration treatments were set during the regreening stage, jointing stage and booting stage of winter wheat, which were 0 mg/kg (CK), 30 mg/kg (N30), 60 mg/kg (N60) and 90 mg/kg (N90). The indexes such as chlorophyll content, grain filling rate, dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics and yield among different treatments were studied. The results showed that spraying alginate enhancing solution could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of wheat flag leaves and the grain filling rate, especially in the late stage of flowering, it still maintained a significant advantage compared with CK. The dry matter accumulation of stem sheath + leaves, ear shaft + glume, grain and distribution ratio were significantly higher than those of CK, among which the advantage of N30 treatment at the jointing stage was the most obvious. In photosynthesis, spraying alginate enhancing solution significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves, reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) of flag leaves, keeping the crops at a high photosynthetic rate all the time. In terms of yield and composition factors, there were no significant differences in the number of spikes and grains per spike among different concentration treatments compared with CK, but the thousand grain weight and yield were significantly higher than CK. Among them, spraying alginate enhancing solution at 30 mg/kg at the jointing stage had the best yield-increasing effect, with a yield of 8811.96 kg/hm², which was 12.01% higher than that of the CK treatment in the same growth period. In summary, spraying alginate enhancing solution at 30 mg/kg at the jointing stage is a more reasonable fertilization scheme.

To further understand the production characteristics and applicable value of the wheat variety ‘Hemai 26’, its yielding ability, yielding stability and adaptability as well as resistibility and quality characteristic were analyzed with ‘Zhoumai 18’ as the contrast using the regional tests of wheat varieties in southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region consisted of institutions and enterprises during 2016-2018 and production tests in 2018-2019. The results showed that the yield of ‘Hemai 26’ increased by 4.5%, 11.53% and 5.28% respectively compared with that of ‘Zhoumai 18’ during 2016-2019, and reached a significant level. Coefficient of variation (CV) of ‘Hemai 26’ was slightly smaller, the high stability coefficient (HSC) was larger and adaptability was higher than that of ‘Zhoumai 18’. The average yield of each experimental variety showed linear regression with the average yield of ‘Hemai 26’ in different test sites, and the regression coefficient tended to 1. ‘Hemai 26’ has strong lodging resistance and general disease resistance. ‘Hemai 26’ has good grain uniformity, high grain bulk density and good quality. ‘Hemai 26’ has outstanding yielding ability, good yielding stability, wide adaptability and excellent quality, which has good promotion and utilization value in Southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region.

【Objective】 Common wheat, as an important food crop, plays a crucial role in global food security. Identifying the gene regulatory networks involved in wheat grain protein synthesis and determining key candidate genes will provide theoretical support for quality breeding and improvement of wheat. 【Method】 The study used wheat grains at six developmental stages (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days post-anthesis) as research materials to summarize the pattern of protein accumulation in wheat grains. Transcriptome data and grain protein content phenotypic data were analyzed using the WGCNA (Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis) method to construct weighted gene co-expression networks and identify key hub transcription factor (TFs) genes.【Result】 The accumulation of protein content in wheat grains showed a trend of initial decline followed by an increase, reaching its lowest value (12.16%) at 25 days post-anthesis, with significant differences in protein content between adjacent developmental stages. A total of 25 427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between adjacent developmental stages. Cluster analysis divided these DEGs into five groups (A-E), with group B containing the highest number of DEGs (10 906). A total of 1 022 transcription factors (TFs) from 49 families were identified, with the NAC family containing the most TFs (107). WGCNA analysis identified five co-expression modules significantly associated with protein content. The turquoise module showed the highest positive correlation with protein content (r=0.80, P=1×10^-⁴). By integrating differentially expressed genes and weighted gene co-expression networks, six positively regulated hub TFs from the MIKC-MADS, TCP, TALE, and CPP families were identified in two modules (turquoise and blue). Further correlation analysis between the protein content phenotype of Huaimai 48 and gene expression levels at different time points revealed that the expression levels of five hub TFs were significantly positively correlated with the protein content phenotype. Specifically, TraesCS5B03G0740100 and TraesCS7D03G0590500 showed specific high expression in spike and grain tissues.【Conclusion】 The study identified important modules (turquoise and blue) related to wheat protein content accumulation, screened six hub TFs, and identified that the expression levels of two hub TFs are significantly positively correlated with protein content and are specifically highly expressed in spike and grain tissues. These genes can serve as candidate genes for regulating protein accumulation in wheat grains.

【Objective】 Under the background of global warming, this paper explored the physiological mechanism of anthocyanin content in colored wheat in response to high temperature stress in the middle of grain filling, so as to lay a theoretical basis for further coping with the high-quality cultivation of functional colored wheat varieties under climate warming. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Hefei High-tech Agricultural Park in the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 growing seasons. Six colored wheat varieties with different colors were selected and subjected to high temperature stress treatment (T) for 5 days at the middle stage of filling, with the same materials grown under ambient temperature as the controls (CK). 【Result】 Under high temperature stress after anthesis, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), dry matter partition, soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase activity, anthocyanin content, anthocyanidin synthase activity, chalcone synthase activity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of colored wheat were significantly reduced, and the yield of six varieties of colored wheat decreased by 9.10% to 16.94%, 1000-grain weight decreased by 7.84% to 16.94%, and anthocyanin content decreased by 7.18% to 14.17%. The yield, photosynthetic intensity, SPAD value, dry matter partition, soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase activity, anthocyanin content, anthocyanidin synthase activity, chalcone synthase activity, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of different varieties of colored wheat were: Qinbai 1>Qinlü 3>Qinzi 1>Xinchun 36>Qinhe 2>Qinlan 1, and the anthocyanin content was: Qinhei 2>Xinchun 36>Qinzi 1>Qinlü 3>Qinlan 1>Qinbai 1. The yield of heat-resistant wheat varieties of Qinbai 1, Qinlü 3 and Qinzi 1 decreased significantly less than that of heat-sensitive wheat varieties Qinhei 2, Xinchun 36 and Qinlan 1. The decreases in photosynthetic intensity, SPAD value, dry matter fraction, soluble sugar content, sucrose synthase activity, anthocyanin content, anthocyanidin synthase activity, chalcone synthase activity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity of color wheat varieties Qinhei 2, Xinchun 36 and Qinzi 1 with high anthocyanin content were smaller than those of Qinlü 3, Qinlan 1 and Qinbai 1 with low anthocyanin content. Correlation analysis showed that the yield of each color wheat variety was significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight, sucrose content, sucrose synthase activity, flag leaf net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and SPAD value, anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with soluble sugar content, and yield was negatively correlated with anthocyanins, but the correlation was not significant. After high temperature stress after anthesis, the decomposition of sucrose bound to free anthocyanins decreased, and the decomposition of anthocyanins in grains increased, which supplemented the growth and development of wheat.【Conclusion】 The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins helped crops resist external stress, and the decline of various indexes of color wheat varieties with higher anthocyanin content was comparable to that of color wheat varieties with lower anthocyanin content under high temperature stress after anthesis, the anthocyanin content was significantly positively correlated with soluble sugar content. In conclusion, the accumulation of anthocyanin content could respond to high temperature stress, reduce the decrease of soluble sugar content, and increase the heat resistance of colored wheat.

Determining the safety threshold of heavy metals in soil is an important measure to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products in China. By studying the accumulation and transportation characteristics of five heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in different organs of corn and wheat in the cities of Jinchang, Zhangye and Baiyin in Gansu Province and establishing the relationship between the effective content of Cr, Cd, Pb, As, and Hg in soil and crop grains, this study identified the safety threshold of effective heavy metals in soil for corn and wheat systems. This study employed the method and principles of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and derived the safety threshold of effective heavy metals in soil for corn and wheat planting systems based on the cumulative probability distribution curve of the Logistic function distribution model. The results showed that the accumulation pattern of Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in wheat plants was consistent, namely, roots>stems>grains, and similarly, the accumulation pattern of Cr, Pb, As and Hg in corn plants was roots>stems>grains, while the accumulation pattern of Cd was stems>roots>grains. Utilizing the Logistic function distribution model to fit the cumulative probability distribution curve based on the effective content of heavy metals, the safety thresholds of effective Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in wheat soil were determined to be 0.019, 0.771, 35.294, 2.777 and 0.133 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the safety thresholds of effective Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in corn soil were determined to be 0.296, 7.90, 52.363, 12.462 and 0.119 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study indicate that estimating the safe threshold of effective heavy metal content based on the cumulative probability distribution curve method was scientific, providing a scientific basis and support for the safe planting and risk control of wheat and corn.

This study explores the changes in nitrogen application rate and the effects of increased CO₂ concentration on wheat yield and biomass in semi-arid areas under different sowing dates. This article used the adjusted APSIM model to set up three different sowing dates of early sowing ESW (March 3rd), normal sowing NSW (March 19th), and late sowing LSW (March 31st), five nitrogen application treatments of N1(0 kg/hm²), N2(52.5 kg/hm²), N3(105 kg/hm²), N4(157.5 kg/hm²), and N5 (210 kg/hm²), and five CO₂ concentrations of C1 (370 ppm), C2 (420 ppm), C3 (470 ppm), C4 (520 ppm), and C5 (570 ppm) for simulation experiments. The results indicated that the APSIM model had good applicability in the experimental area; both nitrogen application rate and CO₂ concentration had an impact on the yield and biomass of dryland spring wheat, and the effects varied under different sowing dates. As the sowing date was delayed, both nitrogen application rate and CO₂ concentration had a positive effect on wheat yield and biomass, with nitrogen application rate having a much greater impact than CO₂ concentration; under specific nitrogen application rates and CO₂ concentrations, the choice of sowing date had a significant impact on yield and biomass. Higher yields were typically achieved during normal sowing periods, while late sowing was beneficial for biomass accumulation. When climate and soil conditions change, adjusting the sowing date can optimize wheat production. When the nitrogen application rate was N4 and the CO₂ concentration was C1, the wheat yield was highest under normal sowing, and the wheat biomass was highest under late sowing. This study holds significant importance in guiding wheat production in semi-arid regions. In practical production, based on local climate and soil conditions, parameters such as sowing dates, nitrogen application rates, and CO₂ concentrations can be adjusted to optimize wheat production and enhance both yield and biomass. Especially in the context of global climate change and the numerous challenges faced by agricultural production, this research provides robust support for the sustainable development of wheat production in semi-arid areas.

To examine the impact of compound oligosaccharides on crop yield in Shandong, we conducted an experiment with various treatments, including mixing wheat seeds with compound oligosaccharides and spraying compound oligosaccharides at different stages, as well as soaking corn seeds and spraying with compound oligosaccharides at different stages. In Daiyue District, Shandong Province, wheat spraying at the flowering + regreening period under seed-mixing conditions exhibited superior efficacy compared to spraying solely at the flowering or regreening period, but the difference was not significant. In Huantai County, under seed-mixing conditions, spraying at the regreening period, flowering period, and regreening + flowering period outperformed seed-mixing treatment, with the most favorable outcome observed with seed-mixing + spraying at the flowering period. Conversely, without seed mixing, spraying at the regreening period, flowering period, regreening + flowering period all surpassed the control, with the highest yield increase achieved through spraying at the flowering period. Spray treatment of compound oligosaccharides resulted in higher yields compared to non-soaking methods, with Daiyue District and Huantai County achieving the highest yield and economic benefit during the flowering + filling period and filling period, respectively. When seeds were soaked, the combination of spray treatment during the flowering and filling period yielded the best results in Daiyue District, while the seedling and filling period were most effective in Huantai County. Compound oligosaccharides can substantially enhance crop yield and economic returns. In this region, wheat benefits from seed mixing with compound oligosaccharides combined with spraying at the flowering stage, while maize shows improved outcomes with spraying during the seedling or flowering + filling period, following seed soaking treatment.

Early diagnosis and comprehensive prevention and control techniques were explored for wheat disease, and strategies to improve the effectiveness of wheat disease prevention and control were proposed. Early diagnosis techniques include disease symptom recognition techniques that rely on disease symptom maps, deep learning algorithms, and remote sensing technology, and molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and gene chips. Comprehensive prevention and control techniques include establishing and applying disease prediction models based on meteorological data, as well as disease prediction and warning systems; applying reasonable crop rotation systems, optimizing sowing time and density, and other agricultural operation techniques. The strategies to improve the effectiveness of wheat disease prevention and control include the research and promotion of new diagnostic technologies such as nanotechnology and biosensors, as well as the integration and application of comprehensive prevention and control technologies such as agricultural control, physical control, and chemical control, to promote the innovation of diagnosis and control technologies; the measures such as conducting on-site demonstrations, remote teaching, and organizing experience exchange meetings, and establishing demonstration bases to strengthen farmer education and technical training. The application of relevant techniques provides a reference for improving the scientific and timely prevention and control of wheat disease.

The wheat above-ground biomass (AGB) is an important index that shows the life activity of vegetation, which is of great significance for wheat growth monitoring and yield prediction.  Traditional biomass estimation methods specifically include sample surveys and harvesting statistics.  Although these methods have high estimation accuracy, they are time-consuming, destructive, and difficult to implement to monitor the biomass at a large scale.  The main objective of this study is to optimize the traditional remote sensing methods to estimate the wheat AGB based on improved convolutional features (CFs).  Low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) were used as the main data acquisition equipment.  This study acquired RGB and multi-spectral (MS) image data of the wheat population canopy for two wheat varieties and five key growth stages.  Then, field measurements were conducted to obtain the actual wheat biomass data for validation.  Based on the remote sensing indices (RSIs), structural features (SFs), and convolutional features (CFs), this study proposed a new feature named AUR-50 (Multi-source combination based on convolutional feature optimization) to estimate the wheat AGB.  The results show that AUR-50 could more accurately estimate the wheat AGB than RSIs and SFs, and the average R² exceeded 0.77.  AUR-50_MS had the highest estimation accuracy (R² of 0.88) in the overwintering period.  In addition, AUR-50 reduced the effect of the vegetation index saturation on the biomass estimation accuracy by adding CFs, where the highest R² was 0.69 at the flowering stage.  The results of this study provide an effective method to evaluate the AGB in wheat with high throughput and a research reference for the phenotypic parameters of other crops.

【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the impact of wheat bran polysaccharide on the physical properties and microstructure of surimi gel, and to elucidate the mechanism by which the concentration of wheat bran polysaccharide affects surimi gel characteristics, so as to provide the theoretical support for enhancing surimi gel quality through the utilization of wheat bran by-products.【Method】Different concentrations of wheat bran polysaccharide were added to threadfin bream (Nemipterus virgatus) surimi to prepare composite gels. The effects of wheat bran polysaccharide on the characteristics and structures of surimi gel were investigated using texture analysis, rheological test, molecular interaction measurement, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).【Result】The impact of wheat bran polysaccharide on the macroscopic physical properties and microstructures of surimi gel exhibited a pronounced concentration dependence. As the amount of wheat bran polysaccharide increased, the rheological parameters (G' and G" values), water holding capacity, texture profile analysis (TPA) values, gel strength, and water distributions of the blended system were all initially elevated and then declined, achieving the maximum improvement at the addition level of 1.0%. FTIR revealed that the secondary structure of proteins during the heat-induced gelation of surimi was closely related to the polysaccharide content: with increasing polysaccharide content, the α-helix content gradually decreased, while β-turn and β-sheet content showed an upward trend (P<0.05). However, when the polysaccharide addition exceeded 1.0%, the α-helix content gradually increased again, while β-turn and β-sheet content exhibited downtrends. This may be due to the concentration-dependent effect of polysaccharides on the disulfide bonds and electrostatic interactions, which were the primary intermolecular forces within the protein gel, leading to the changes in its secondary structure. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that when the polysaccharide addition was over 1.0%, the actin (AC) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) bands became significantly lighter, with dark bands accumulating at the top of the stacking gel. SEM observations of the microstructure of surimi gels revealed that as the polysaccharide added, the pore size within the surimi gel network gradually reduced. When the polysaccharide addition reached 1.0%, the surimi gel network structure was the most compact, with the fractal dimension (D_f) reaching a maximum value of 2.8657. Further addition of the polysaccharide leaded to phase separation in the gel system, and extensive self-aggregation of polysaccharides disrupted the surimi protein gel network, resulting in a decrease of D_f.【Conclusion】Wheat bran polysaccharide with the concentration of 1.0% to the surimi could be used as a filler as well we water retention agent in the three-dimensional network structure of surimi protein, and induce the formation of a more uniform and dense gel matrix, which could effectively improve the gel quality of surimi.

【Objective】The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical and technical support for the innovation of green, high-yield, high-quality and high-efficient unmanned cultivation technology system of wheat. 【Method】 According to the situation of accelerating land transfer and large-scale operation, decreasing labor force engaged in agricultural production, and more efficient and comfortable farming methods, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat was put forward through the integration study of “agronomy-machinery-intelligence”, that is, using new technology, new product and new equipment to simplify and integrate the whole process of wheat production, and complete wheat production with the least number of operations, the least number of machines and unmanned operations. On the basis of exploratory experimental research, the integrated unmanned cultivation technology of wheat (IU) and conventional mechanized high-yield cultivation techniques of wheat in experimental area (CK) were set up as treatments in Dazhong Farm of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in 2019-2020, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, to study the traits and differences of wheat yield formation among different technology treatments, analyze the high-yield traits of IU, and put forward the technical approaches of IU. 【Result】 The IU increased wheat yield by 3.0%-5.9% compared with CK, and significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons. In terms of yield components, the spike number was IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), the grains per spike were IU>CK (P>0.05), the total grains were IU>CK (P<0.05), and the 1000-kernels weight was IU<CK (P>0.05), indicating that the IU increased wheat yield by stabilizing the grains per spike and 1000-kernels weight, and increasing the spike number. In the production of photosynthetic matter, the culm number, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages, the leaf area duration and crop growth rate in the main growth periods, and the culm fertility and grain leaf ratio were all expressed as IU>CK (significant differences were observed between treatments of some varieties or some growing seasons), which laid a material foundation for the yield increase of the IU. This paper not only summarized the technical approaches and basic technologies of IU but also discussed the development of IU from the aspects of integrated cultivation, unmanned cultivation, “agronomy-machinery-intelligence” fusion degree, key agronomy technology and comprehensive evaluation. 【Conclusion】 The yield under IU was equivalent or significantly increased to that under CK. And the high-yield cultivation of wheat was realized with less agricultural machinery and labor and unmanned operation, which was an effective way for the development of agricultural modernization production. In the future, multi-faceted collaborative innovation and investment should be strengthened to accelerate the application and large-scale promotion of this technology.

【Objective】This study aimed to examine changes in seed vitality and physiological mechanisms under natural aging conditions in winter wheat, to analyze how different storage durations affect seed germination vitality, root growth, and antioxidant capacity, and to identify key physiological indicators of seed aging, so as to provide a basis for breeding winter wheat varieties with improved storability. 【Method】 The newly bred winter wheat cultivars, including Annong1589 (AN1589), Annong1687 (AN1687), and Annong179 (AN179), were used as experimental materials. The seeds were stored at room temperature to simulate natural aging condition. Samples were taken from seeds stored for 6 months, 18 months, and 30 months to measure seed vigor indices, such as germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, field emergence rate, and seedling root characteristics. Additionally, those key physiological indicators during the seed and seedling stages were analyzed, including electrical conductivity (Con), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline (Pro), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and the content of soluble sugars and soluble proteins in the seeds.【Result】Genotype had a significant effect on seed vigor and physiological indicators within the same storage period, with the interaction of cultivar and aging time having a notable impact on seed vigor. As storage time increased, the germination potential and root vigor of winter wheat seeds significantly declined. Germination index, vigor index, field emergence rate, and seedling stage indicators such as seedling height, fresh weight, and root fresh weight also showed a decreasing trend. Germination potential decreased most rapidly, with all three cultivars maintaining over 90% germination potential after 6 months of storage. After 18 months, the germination potential of AN1589, AN1687, and AN179 declined to 85.88%, 81.70%, and 88.58%, respectively. After 30 months of storage, the germination potential of all cultivars dropped below 80%, to 75.42%, 74.04%, and 79.17% of AN1589, AN1687, and AN179, respectively. This indicated a significant decline in seed vigor during natural aging. The study found that as the aging process progressed, the three cultivars continuously accumulated MDA and Pro, indicating increasing oxidative damage to the seed cell membranes. The initial MDA content in AN1589 was the lowest among the three cultivars, at 0.0427 μmol·g^-1. Moreover, AN1589 had the smallest increase in Pro content after 30 months of storage, at 22.43%. The activities of antioxidant enzymes of SOD, CAT, and POD, as well as the contents of soluble sugars and soluble proteins, decreased with increasing aging, indicating a gradual loss of antioxidant capacity and consumption of internal substances to support seed germination and seedling growth. 【Conclusion】Under natural aging conditions, the vigor of winter wheat seeds gradually decreased, closely related to the consumption of internal substances, increased oxidative damage, and weakened antioxidant capacity. The increase in MDA content and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were important physiological indicators reflecting seed aging. AN1589 exhibited relatively stable vigor and physiological indicators under natural aging conditions, indicating strong storage tolerance.

Yangmai 24 as the test material, the incidence of wheat head blight in the field in 2020, 2021 and 2024 was investigated, and the influence of climate factors on it was analyzed. To explore the effects of growth stage node (early flowering and flowering stage), 200 g/L fluzoyl hydroxylamine SC and other agents, and application frequency (1 and 2 times) on the disease spike rate, disease index, disease prevention efficiency and disease finger control efficiency of wheat head blight, and observe the safety of different agents on wheat. The results showed that continuous rainy weather with average daily temperature higher than 15 ℃ was conducive to the occurrence of wheat head blight. In 2020, it was mild; in 2021, it was severe; and in 2024, it was pandemic. The applied agents had good safety for wheat growth,the application of 200 g/L fluzoyl hydroxylamine SC had a certain effect on the sensory properties of wheat. The comprehensive field control effect showed that 200 g/L fluzoyl hydroxylamine SC had a relatively prominent control effect on wheat head blight, in 2020, the disease spike rate, disease index, disease prevention effect, and disease finger control effects of the late application at the early flowering stage were 1.33%, 86.05%, 0.33 and 86.05%, respectively. When applied once at the early flowering stage, the disease spike rate, disease index, disease prevention effect, and disease finger control effects were 6.41%, 85.33%, 1.68 and 90.45% in 2021, and 11.04%, 85.20%, 3.22 and 89.93% in 2024, respectively. In conclusion, the overall window period of wheat head blight control in light years was longer, and the early flowering stage was the key period forwheat head blight control. Better control effect could be achieved by applying appropriate agents once during this period. In actual production, at the early flowering stage, it is recommended to apply 200 g/L fluzoyl hydroxylamine SC 900 mL/hm² to control wheat head blight

【Objective】The GRAS family constitutes a unique class of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in plant development and stress response. To elucidate the function of GRAS family genes in wheat heat tolerance，which can provide genetic resources and theoretical foundation for wheat heat-resistant breeding.【Method】A potential heat stress-responsive transcription factor gene, TaGRAS34-5A, was identified through transcriptome analysis of TAM107 and Chinese spring wheat seedlings under high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, a bioinformatics analysis was performed on TaGRAS34-5A, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate its molecular characteristics. The expression pattern of TaGRAS34-5A under various stresses, including high temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The subcellular localization of the TaGRAS34-5A protein was determined using wheat protoplast transient expression technique. Furthermore, the heat tolerance function of TaGRAS34-5A was validated using the heterologous expression system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the BSMV:VIGS (Barley stripe mosaic virus: Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) silencing technique. potential interacting proteins of TaGRAS34-5A were screened using yeast two-hybrid technology, and the heat tolerance function was verified, providing preliminary insights into its heat tolerance mechanism.【Result】TaGRAS34-5A, equipped with a characteristic GRAS domain and belongs to the GRAS transcription factor family, is localized to both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the TaGRAS34-5A promoter contains a large number of hormone response elements and light response elements, and it is most closely related to TaSCL14, OsGRAS23, and AtSCL14 in terms of phylogenetic relationships, suggesting its potential function in responding to oxidative stress. Its expression is upregulated under high-temperature, ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, peaking at 4, 6, 0.5, and 12 hours post-treatment, respectively, with the most significant induction observed under heat stress and SA. Functional assays in yeast demonstrated that heterologous expression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of the yeast. The results of BSMV:VIGS transient silencing experiment showed that after the 42 ℃ high-temperature treatment, TaGRAS34-5A silenced plants exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, reduced POD enzyme activity, increased cellular peroxidation, and decreased heat tolerance compared to the control. Preliminary studies on the heat tolerance mechanism suggest that TaGRAS34-5A exhibits strong transcriptional self-activation activity.it may modulate wheat heat tolerance by interacting with proteins such as the bZIP family transcription factor HBP-1b and the E3 ubiquitin ligase hel2, thereby regulating cellular redox homeostasis and detoxification processes, positively influencing the heat tolerance of wheat.【Conclusion】TaGRAS34-5A is induced by heat, ABA, ETH, and SA, and its encoded protein is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous overexpression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Silencing TaGRAS34-5A in wheat plants increases cellular peroxidation, decreases chlorophyll content, and reduces heat tolerance. TaGRAS34-5A may regulate the heat tolerance of wheat by modulating cellular redox state and detoxification processes.

In order to clarify the effects of adjusting sowing date on the yield and quality of spring wheat in Ningxia, 20 main spring wheat varieties (lines) in Ningxia irrigation areas were used as the experimental materials. A two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted with sowing date as the main plot and different wheat varieties as the subplot. The differences in wheat yield and quality under different sowing dates were compared and analyzed. The results showed that compared with the normal sowing date, the growth period of the tested varieties was shortened by 8-14 days after the sowing date was delayed by 20 days. The yield, effective panicle number, and thousand-grain weight were significantly reduced by 18.8%, 7.22%, and 3.54% respectively, while the number of grains per panicle did not change significantly; the hardness, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, stability time, and maximum tensile resistance increased significantly by 9.21%, 3.66%, 14.13%, 55.92%, and 160.56%, respectively, while the content of protein decreased significantly by 19.30%. There were no significant changes in bulk density and water absorption. The analysis using the membership function method revealed that under late sowing conditions, the varieties with better comprehensive performance in terms of yield and quality were 'Ningchun 52', 'Ningchun 61', 'Yongliang 15', 'Ningchun 54', 'Ningchun 53', 'Ningchun 48', and 'Ningchun 56'. Among these, 'Ningchun 52' and 'Ningchun 61' had the highest comprehensive evaluation values, which was 0.8. Delayed sowing date had a significant impact on the yield and quality of spring wheat.

To explore the effects of mixed planting of different gluten strength wheat varieties on quality characteristics and yield traits, 'Jimai 44' and 'Jimai 23' were used as materials for field mixed sowing. The quality characteristics, food processing quality, and yield-related traits were studied. The results showed that the grain protein content of mixed culture exceeded 15.0% and was significantly higher than that of monoculture of 'Jimai 23' (T₂₃). The wet gluten content, gluten index and dry gluten value were all higher than the lower value of monoculture. The development time, stability time, degree of softening and farinograph quality index were all significantly better than that of T₂₃. The water absorption exceeded 63.0% and was higher than that of monoculture of 'Jimai 44' (T₄₄), both reaching the level of strong gluten. The color, texture and crumb structure of bread core, the increased neck length and total score were not significantly different from T₄₄, but were significantly better than T₂₃. The appearance, hardness, viscoelasticity, smoothness and total score of noodles were not significantly different from those of monoculture, and taste was similar to that of T₄₄, but the color was significantly different from that of T₄₄. The qualities of both bread and noodles reached an excellent level. At the same time, the changes of yield traits such as maximum total number of stems, number of spikes per hectare, heading ratio and grain weight of plot were all higher than those of monoculture. In summary, the reasonable mixed culture of 'Jimai 44' and 'Jimai 23' at a ratio of 60-70 to 40-30 not only improved the quality characteristics and food processing properties but also increased the yield. The results could provide the scientific and technnological support for the production of special end-use flour by reasonable mixed planting.

The main objective of this work was to select tartary buckwheat cultivars suitable for sprout production. Twenty-four cultivars were selected from Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture as test materials, those were placed in the climate incubator (25℃, light 16 h/dark 8 h, humidity 75%), and harvested at 10^th day, and then their growth indexes (plant length, stem diameter, fresh weight, the rate of sprout fresh weight and seed dry weight) and quality indexes (total flavonoid, total phenol, soluble protein and DPPH radical scavenging abilities) were determined. The results showed that the longest plant length was recorded in ‘Zhaoku No.2’ (12.34 mm); the widest stem diameter was observed in ‘Xiqiao No.6’ (0.13 mm), the heaviest fresh weight was recorded in ‘Yunku No.1’ (0.252 g/plant). The maximum value was estimated in the rate of fresh sprout weight and seed dry weigh of ‘Xiqiao No.2’ (7.07). The highest content of total flavonoid was recorded in ‘Jiujiangkuqiao’ (16.56 mg/g), and the maximum content of soluble protein was ‘Jinkuqiao No.12’ (129.5 mg/g). The maximum value of total phenol content was recorded in ‘Diku No.1’ (2.66 mg/g), the highest value of DPPH radical scavenging abilities was found in ‘Xiqiao No.4’ (77.6%). And then the growth indexes and quality indexes of 24 tartary buckwheat cultivars were evaluated by the subordinate function value method, the maximum subordinate function value was observed in ‘Jiujiangkuqiao’ (0.7436), the minimum subordinate function value was recorded in ‘Chuanqiao No.1’ (0.2219) in the 24 cultivars. The above results indicate that ‘Jiujiangkuqiao’ has a high overall score and the most suitable for the sprout production, but ‘Chuanqiao No.1’ is not suitable for the sprout production in 24 cultivars.

The study aims to investigate the impact of planting density on the yield and quality of the newly approved high-quality weak gluten wheat variety 'Yunmai 114' in Yunnan, providing a theoretical basis for determining a reasonable planting density for the large-scale promotion of weak gluten wheat varieties in Yunnan. Using 'Yunmai 114' as the experimental material, seven treatments including 900000 plants/hm² (A), 1.35 million plants/hm² (B), 1.8 million plants/hm² (C), 2.25 million plants/hm² (D), 2.7 million plants/hm² (E), 3.15 million plants/hm² (F), and 3.6 million plants/hm² (G) were set up for basic seedlings, with three replicates and incomplete random block arrangement. The yield and yield related traits, grain type traits, quality traits and stem tiller dynamics of the variety were investigated under different planting densities, and variance analysis and correlation analysis were conducted on these traits. The highest number of tillers, effective panicles, and the number of tillers in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leaf stages of 'Yunmai 114' showed extremely distinct differences at 7 planting densities. There were also significant differences in spike rate, grain number, plant height, water absorption rate, protein content, stable time, formation time, and hardness value at each planting density. However, there were no significant differences in theoretical yield, actual yield, thousand grain weight, grain area, grain circumference, grain length to width ratio, and grain length and width among different planting densities. The changes in both theoretical and actual yields showed a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, then increasing, and finally decreasing with the increase of planting density. There was a highly significant positive correlation (r=0.778**, 0.908**, 0.767**, 0.924**, 0.850**, and 0.752**) between the effective panicle, the number of tillers in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leaf stages of the variety and its basic seedlings. The plant height and theoretical yield were significantly positively correlated with their basic seedlings (r=0.536* and 0.520*). There was a significant negative correlation between the number of grains per panicle, protein content and stability time with their basic seedlings (r=-0.450*, -0.449*, and -0.467*), while there was a certain correlation but not significant between actual yield and 16 other traits with the basic seedlings. Planting density could significantly affect the number of tillers in the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh leaf stages, highest tiller number, effective panicle, spike rate, grain number, plant height, water absorption rate, protein content, stability time, formation time, and hardness value of 'Yunmai 114', but it did not significantly affect the theoretical yield, actual yield, thousand grain weight, grain area, grain circumference, and grain length to width ratio, grain length and grain width. Moreover, a low planting density was not conducive to the performance of the yield and quality characteristics of the variety. When the basic seedlings were 1.35 million -3.6 million plants/hm², the yield of the variety remained stable at 14389.50-16078.50 kg/hm², maintaining good yield and stability, as well as maintaining the quality characteristics of weak gluten wheat. These planting densities are suitable for promotion in areas with better water and fertilizer conditions in Yunnan.

The aim was to understand the incidence and resistance performance of black point disease in major cultivated wheat varieties in the Huang-Huai wheat region. A total of 33 wheat varieties from the region were collected, and the rates of black point kernel in grains and diseased index were statistically analyzed for each variety. Disease index was also analyzed, and the resistance to black point disease was categorized. Significant differences in the rate of black point kernel were observed among the tested wheat varieties (lines), with the rate of black point kernel ranging from 6.17% to 63.17%. Varieties such as ‘Bainong 607’, ‘Bainong 207’, ‘Shannong 17’, ‘Shannong 116’, ‘Weilong 169’, and ‘Xinmai 45’ had low rates of black point kernel in grains and a light disease index, all were classified as having a low susceptibility to wheat black point disease; whereas ‘Zhoumai 36’, ‘Zhoumai 28’, ‘Gaomai 6’, ‘Tunmai 127’, ‘Anke 1602’, and ‘Aikang 58’ had high rates of black point kernel in grains and a heavy disease index, all were classified as having a high susceptibility to wheat black point disease. There were significant differences in the rate of black point kernel among different wheat varieties in the Huang-Huai wheat region. The research results provide important information for variety selection and disease management in the region, which will help guide agricultural production practices, reduce the occurrence of black point disease, and improve wheat yield and quality.

To investigate the occurrence of weeds in wheat fields in Changzhou area, Jiangsu Province and their impact on wheat production, a large-scale survey of weed occurrence in wheat fields, as well as surveys of weed occurrence in wheat fields under different tillage methods (deep tillage, shallow rotation) were organized, different chemical treatments were set up (treatment A, 33% fluoxystrobin·furoxime·pyrifluoroacetamide; treatment B, 35% fluoxystrobin·pyrifluoroacetamide; treatment C, 41% fluoxystrobin; treatment D, 60% propiconazole·iprone; treatment E, 20% fluoxystrobin; with water as a control) to explore the effects of each treatment on wheat production, including weed occurrence, yield, etc. The results showed that the occurrence of weeds in wheat fields in the study area showed a gradually increasing trend, the changes of monocotyledonous weeds more obvious. The main dominant species were Poaceae weeds such as Alopecurus japonicus, Alopecurus aequalis, and Beckmannia syzigachne. Compared with shallow rotation, deep tillage tends to exacerbate weed occurrence. All treatments were safe for wheat growth, among them, treatment A had the least weeds in the field and the highest wheat yield; in terms of the impact of weeds on yield, it mainly affected the number of spikes per unit area of wheat, and then affected yield, with the number of monocotyledonous weeds having the greatest impact on spike number 50 days after application. The research provides references for efficient weed control in wheat fields.

【Objective】 The study aims to measure the iron (Fe) concentration in the grain, flour, and bran of newly developed high-yielding wheat varieties (lines) in major wheat production regions of China. It investigates the impact of yield, yield components, and soil factors on Fe absorption and distribution within the wheat, and determine the effects of these variables on Fe concentrations in its different parts. The objective is to provide a basis for grain Fe nutritional fortification in wheat. 【Method】A study was conducted on 104 newly developed wheat varieties (lines) through multi-point trials across 17 provinces in major wheat production regions of China. The research analyzed Fe concentration in wheat grain, flour and bran, along with yield, yield components, Fe absorption and distribution, soil physicochemical properties, and fertilizer application rates during the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 growing seasons, to study the Fe concentration in different parts of the grain of newly developed wheat varieties (lines) in China, as well as the absorption and distribution of Fe and environmental influencing factors. 【Result】Significant variations for Fe concentrations were observed in the wheat grain, flour and bran among new varieties (lines) in the major wheat production regions of China,with the range of 20.2-57.1, 2.1-37.5, and 31.2-144.5 mg·kg^-1, and the average of 34.6, 10.8, and 72.8 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Wheat varieties (lines) in the southern wheat regions exhibited higher Fe concentrations in grains and its different parts compared to that in the northern regions, and the Fe concentration in flour and bran showed a positive correlation with its in grain. For every 1.0 mg·kg^-1 increase in grain Fe, flour saw a 0.2 to 0.3 mg·kg^-1 rise, and bran experienced a 1.9 to 2.3 mg·kg^-1 increase. The Fe concentration in grains was negatively correlated with yield, biomass, and spike number. With each 1.0 t·hm^-2 increase in yield, there was a decrease of 1.2 mg·kg^-1 in grain Fe concentration. For every 100×10⁴/hm² increase in spike number, the grain Fe concentration decreased by 0.3 mg·kg^-1. The flour Fe concentration showed negative relationship with Fe absorption in grain, straw, glume and bran. The grain Fe concentration was negatively correlated with calcium, and positively with manganese, copper, and zinc. The grain Fe concentrations varied over locations, and different locations contributing 39% to 70% to the variation in grain Fe concentration. Soil pH, available phosphorus, Fe and manganese as major environmental factors affecting Fe nutrition in wheat grains. Grain Fe concentrations were negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus. Meanwhile, flour Fe concentrations were negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with soil available iron and manganese. 【Conclusion】High-Fe varieties (lines) were found among the newly developed high-yielding wheat varieties (lines) in China. Maintaining stable spike number, regulating soil pH, increasing grain Fe harvest index, soil available phosphorus, iron, manganese and appropriately applying N, P to enhance soil fertility were conducive to achieving a synergistic enhancement of both yield and Fe concentrations in wheat grain and flour.

【Objective】Aiming at the problems of large amount of nitrogen fertilizer input, low utilization rate and single fertilizer source in traditional spring wheat planting in the oasis irrigation area of Northwest China, the effects of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat on photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and yield of spring wheat under the condition of reduced nitrogen application were studied, with a view to provide the technical support for the construction of a nitrogen-saving and high-yield green planting model of spring wheat in the experimental area. 【Method】The split plot experiment was carried out in the oasis irrigation area of Hexi Corridor from 2021 to 2023. The main area was set up with two planting modes: post-wheat fallow (W) and post-wheat multiple cropping of hairy leaf (W-G), and the split plot was the traditional full nitrogen application of 100% (N1, 180 kg·hm^-2), reduced nitrogen application of 15% (N2, 153 kg·hm^-2) and reduced nitrogen application of 30% (N3, 126 kg·hm^-2). The photosynthetic source, stay-green of leaves, growth characteristics and yield performance related indicators of spring wheat under different treatments were measured and calculated. The Logistic equation of dry matter accumulation, the correlation between different indicators and the compensation index were constructed. The objective was to explore the compensation effect of multiple cropping green manure on the growth and yield of nitrogen-reduced spring wheat. 【Result】Post-wheat multiple cropping of green manure could compensate for the loss of photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and yield caused by nitrogen reduction to a certain extent. Among them, the compensation effect was the best under the condition of multiple cropping green manure after spring wheat combined with 15% nitrogen reduction (W-GN2), which showed super compensation and equal compensation effect. Multiple cropping of green manure significantly increased leaf area index, leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves in spring wheat at the late reproductive stage. Compared with the traditional post-wheat fallow total nitrogen fertilization (WN1), W-GN2 increased the average leaf area index, leaf area duration and stay-green of leaves by 17.7%, 17.5% and 7.6% on the 75-90 days after seedling, respectively. W-GN2 optimized the growth characteristics of spring wheat. Compared with WN1, the average dry matter accumulation, the maximum growth rate of dry matter and crop growth rate under W-GN2 increased by 6.2%, 6.9% and 5.1%, respectively, and the net assimilation rate decreased by 6.2%. Due to the compensation of multiple cropping green manure for photosynthetic source and growth characteristics, the photosynthesis, population growth and material accumulation rate of spring wheat remained high in the late growth stage, which was conducive to the improvement of grain yield. The grain yield under W-GN2 was 14.7% higher than that under WN1, which was mainly attributed to the compensation of the spike number, 1000-grain weight and harvest index by multiple cropping green manure, and W-GN2 was 6.5%, 6.9% and 13.2% higher than that under WN1, respectively. According to the correlation analysis, it was found that W-GN2 treatment had better performance in photosynthetic source, growth characteristics and grain yield formation, and mainly promoted the formation of yield by compensating the photosynthetic source of spring wheat. 【Conclusion】Multiple cropping of hairy vetch after spring wheat with 15% reduction of nitrogen application could be used as a perfect production technology to regulate the photosynthetic source and growth characteristics of spring wheat in the northwest oasis irrigation area to achieve nitrogen saving and yield increase.

To screen for safe and efficient herbicides for the control of gramineous weeds in winter wheat fields, a comparative efficacy trial was conducted using 5 commonly used herbicides, including 3% mesosulfuron-methyl SC, and others. The trial analyzed the impact of these herbicides on wheat safety, weed control efficacy (plant control efficacy and fresh weight control efficacy, immediate and delayed effectiveness of the herbicides, and the types of weeds controlled), and the rate of loss recovery. The results showed that the application rates of the 5 tested herbicides were safe for the growth of wheat in the 4-5 leaf overwintering stage. The weed control and pest suppression effects of 3% mesosulfuron-methyl SC, 5% pinoxaden EC, and 75% flucarbazone-sodium WG were the best, with plant control efficacies of 94.01%, 83.03%, and 74.65%, respectively, 110 days after application, the fresh weight control efficacies were 94.97%, 88.56%, and 82.97%, respectively. Among them, 5% pinoxaden EC and 7.5% pyroxsulam WG had better immediate control effects, while 3% mesosulfuron-methyl SC and 5% pinoxaden EC had longer-lasting effects. 5% pinoxaden EC was the most effective in controlling Alopecurus aequalis and Alopecurus japonicus, while 3% mesosulfuron-methyl SC was the most effective in controlling Beckmannia syzigachne. Compared with the control plots, the recovery rates of wheat loss under 3% mesosulfuron-methyl SC, 5% pinoxaden EC, and 75% flucarbazone-sodium WG were 29.28%, 25.18%, and 22.40%, respectively. In practice, herbicides with different action mechanisms should be used alternately to control weeds in wheat fields.

Starting from the wheat production practice in Yushan District, Ma’anshan, Anhui Province, the causes, main disease symptom, hazards, and prevention and control measures were summarized and analyzed of scab in this crop. Wheat scab is one of the important diseases affecting wheat production caused by Fusarium spp., and is a typical climatic disease. The research area belongs to the transitional zone of the northern subtropical monsoon, and the climatic conditions are favorable for the infection of Fusarium; at the same time, the high-amount of fungal sources in the field, weak resistance of planting varieties, improper cultivation methods and management can exacerbate the occurrence and spread of the disease to a certain extent. This disease can cause a large-scale reduction in wheat yield, and the toxins in the diseased ears can also cause harm to humans and livestock. Based on this, the strategies were proposed to establish a monitoring and early warning system to timely grasp the dynamic occurrence of diseases; improve cultivation and management techniques such as timely and appropriate sowing, scientific fertilization, and field management; standardize straw returning, application of base fertilizer, and introduction of biological control bacteria to reduce the base of pathogenic bacteria in the field; breeding and planting disease resistant varieties using molecular markers and other techniques; adopt scientific chemical prevention and control measures such as seed mixing with pesticides, appropriate timing of medication, alternating and rotating medication, and selecting suitable machinery; timely harvesting, drying, and storage, as well as strengthening collection and storage management for preventing and controlling wheat scab, provides references for comprehensive prevention and control of scab in wheat production in related area.

In order to optimize wheat sowing date in the Jianghan Plain, enhance the adaptability to climate change, and promote wheat yield and quality, the temporal and spatial characteristics of meteorological suitability in winter wheat were compared based on the meteorological suitability evaluation model. Results showed that, climate change could increase the temperature suitability and precipitation suitability, but reduced that of sunlight. Delaying the sowing date could appropriately improve the meteorological suitability. Among them, November 11^th was the best sowing date, next was November 21^st and November 1^st, by enhancing the temperature and precipitation suitability from the jointing to maturity stage. Compared with the traditional sowing date (October 21^st), delaying sowing for about 20 days (November 11^th) is beneficial for improving the meteorological suitability in the Jianghan Plain.

Nitrogen (N) uptake is regulated by water availability, and a water deficit can limit crop N responses by reducing N uptake and utilization.  The complex and multifaceted interplay between water availability and the crop N response makes it difficult to predict and quantify the effect of water deficit on crop N status.  The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) has been widely used to accurately diagnose crop N status and to evaluate the effectiveness of N application.  The decline of NNI under water-limiting conditions has been documented, although the underlying mechanism governing this decline is not fully understood.  This study aimed to elucidate the reason for the decline of NNI under water-limiting conditions and to provide insights into the accurate utilization of NNI for assessing crop N status under different water–N interaction treatments.  Rainout shelter experiments were conducted over three growing seasons from 2018 to 2021 under different N (75 and 225 kg N ha^–1, low N and high N) and water (120 to 510 mm, W0 to W3) co-limitation treatments.  Plant N accumulation, shoot biomass (SB), plant N concentration (%N), soil nitrate-N content, actual evapotranspiration (ET_a), and yield were recorded at the stem elongation, booting, anthesis and grain filling stages.  Compared to W0, W1 to W3 treatments exhibited NNI values that were greater by 10.2 to 20.5%, 12.6 to 24.8%, 14 to 24.8%, and 16.8 to 24.8% at stem elongation, booting, anthesis, and grain filling, respectively, across the 2018–2021 seasons.  This decline in NNI under water-limiting conditions stemmed from two main factors.  First, reduced ET_a and SB led to a greater critical N concentration (%N_c) under water-limiting conditions, which contributed to the decline in NNI primarily under high N conditions.  Second, changes in plant %N played a more significant role under low N conditions.  Plant N accumulation exhibited a positive allometric relationship with SB and a negative relationship with soil nitrate-N content under water-limiting conditions, indicating co-regulation by SB and the soil nitrate-N content.  However, this regulation was influenced by water availability.  Plant N accumulation sourced from the soil nitrate-N content reflects soil N availability.  Greater soil water availability facilitated greater absorption of soil nitrate-N into the plants, leading to a positive correlation between plant N accumulation and ET_a across the different water–N interaction treatments.  Therefore, considering the impact of soil water availability is crucial when assessing soil N availability under water-limiting conditions.  The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the factors contributing to the decline in NNI among different water–N interaction treatments and can contribute to the more accurate utilization of NNI for assessing winter wheat N status.

The trade-off between yield and environmental effects caused by nitrogen fertilizer application is an important issue in wheat production.  A reduction in fertile florets is one of the main reasons for the lower yields under low nitrogen application rates.  Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been found to play a role in nitrogen-induced rice spikelet degeneration.  However, whether BRs play a role in wheat floret development and the mechanisms involved are not clear.  Therefore, a nitrogen gradient experiment and exogenous spraying experiment were conducted to investigate the role and mechanism of BRs in wheat floret development under low nitrogen stress.  The results showed that as the nitrogen application decreased, the endogenous BRs content of the spikes decreased, photosynthesis weakened, and total carbon, soluble sugar and starch in the spikes decreased, leading to a reduction in the number of fertile florets.  Under low nitrogen stress, exogenous spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promoted photosynthesis, and stimulated stem fructan hydrolysis and the utilization and storage of sucrose in spikes, which directed more carbohydrates to the spikes and increased the number of fertile florets.  In conclusion, BRs mediate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat floret development, and under low nitrogen stress, foliar spraying of 24-epibrassinolide promotes the flow of carbohydrates from the stem to the spikes, alleviating wheat floret degeneration.

【Objective】Based on the long-term experiment in the North China Plain (NCP), the differences in soil nutrient and aggregate nutrient distribution between diversified crops and wheat-maize rotation systems were investigated. Additionally, it provided a comprehensive evaluation of soil quality indices (SQI), offering a scientific basis for enhancing soil quality and productivity in the NCP. 【Method】Four diversified crop rotation systems were evaluated, including spring sweet potato-winter wheat-summer maize (Psw-WM), spring peanut-winter wheat-summer maize (Pns-WM), spring sorghum-winter wheat-summer maize (Ps-WM), with winter wheat-summer maize (WM-WM) serving as the control. The soil samples from the 0-40 cm depth were collected during the second rotation in 2022, at the flowering and harvesting stages of winter wheat. The soil enzymes activities, aggregate stability, organic matter, and concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soil and aggregates of different sizes (>2.00 mm, 0.50-2.00 mm, 0.25-0.50 mm, and <0.25 mm) were assessed. The SQI for each crop rotation system was then comprehensively evaluated. 【Result】Compared with WM-WM, the three other crop rotations increased soil inorganic nitrogen content. Psw-WM significantly enhanced organic matter in the 0-20 cm layer, total nitrogen in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), and organic matter in soil aggregates (>2.00 mm and 0.50-2.00 mm, 0-10 cm), which also increased cellulase, catalase, and alkaline protease activities. Pns-WM improved organic matter in the 20-40 cm layer and available potassium in soil aggregates (0.25-0.50 mm and >2.00 mm, 10-20 cm), as well as organic matter in soil aggregates (0-10 cm, >2.00 mm and 10-20 cm, >0.50 mm), which also increased sucrase, urease, and alkaline protease activities. Psw-WM improved the stability of 0-10 cm soil aggregates, while Pns-WM improved the stability of 0-30 cm soil aggregates. Both Pns-WM and Psw-WM significantly improved the SQI, with Pns-WM showing a higher improvement than Psw-WM. The path analysis revealed that the average weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates was a direct and significant affecting SQI. It also had a significant indirect positive effect on SQI by influencing inorganic nitrogen. Additionally, the increased organic matter led to a higher proportion of large aggregates, which significantly affected SQI indirectly. 【Conclusion】Legume (peanut) and root crop (sweet potato) rotations with wheat-maize rotations could significantly improve soil quality and enhance the soil nutrient supply capacity in the NCP.

【Objective】 This study was to clarify differences of zinc (Zn) concentration in wheat grain and flour and the corresponding affecting factors over major wheat production regions, with the purpose to provide the theoretical basis for improving the Zn nutritional quality of wheat grain in China. 【Method】During 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 wheat growing seasons, 421 wheat and soil samples were collected from major wheat production regions in 17 provinces and autonomous regions of China, to explore the relationship of Zn concentration in wheat grain, flour and bran with wheat yield, yield components and soil properties.【Result】The average Zn concentration of the wheat grain, flour and bran was 28.1, 10.8 and 60.6 mg·kg^-1, respectively, with 94.8% of grain and 89.5% of flour samples could not meet with the recommended Zn concentration of 40 mg·kg^-1 for grain and 15 mg·kg^-1 for flour by nutritionists. The highest grain Zn concentration was observed in rice-wheat region (RW), followed by that in wheat-maize regions (MW) and dryland wheat region (DW), and the lowest was in spring-wheat region (SW). In rice-wheat region, the lower pH promoted the activation of soil Zn, and its availability was significantly higher than that in other regions, the lowered phosphorus fertilizer application rate was also conducive to Zn absorption and its translocation from root to the aboveground, and the average Zn concentration in wheat grains and flour was therefore as high as 31.5 and 12.2 mg·kg^-1, respectively. In wheat-maize region, the soil fertility was higher, so that the yield was significantly greater than that in other wheat regions, resulting in relatively lower Zn concentrations in wheat grains and flour, which were 27.1 and 10.3 mg·kg^-1, respectively. In dryland wheat region, the higher soil pH limited soil Zn availability and wheat Zn absorption, leading to the grain and flour Zn concentration being relatively lower as 26.5 and 10.1 mg·kg^-1, respectively. In spring-wheat region, since the soil available Zn concentration was significantly lower than that in other wheat regions, which was not conducive to Zn absorption by wheat and its accumulation in grain, and therefore the Zn concentrations in grain and flour were the lowest as 24.6 and 9.4 mg·kg^-1, respectively, while Zn concentration decreased significantly with the increase of 1000-grain weight.【Conclusion】 Therefore, in order to improve the Zn concentration of wheat grains and flour, it was not only necessary to improve the soil pH, available Zn level and reasonable nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application, but also jointly to optimize the yield components to improve the wheat yield and grain and flour Zn concentration.

The study aimed to provide theoretical support for identifying the growth characteristics of new wheat strains in Huaibei District, Jiangsu Province, and for new varieties breeding direction and green high-efficiency and high-yield cultivation technology measures in Xuzhou and the same ecological area. Multiple agronomic character data and meteorological data such as temperature, precipitation and light during wheat growth period of 335 new wheat lines in Huaibei wheat regional experiment in Jiangsu Province from 2004 to 2022 were used to analyze the evolution law and their correlation in the past 20 years. The results showed that during the wheat growing period, the total precipitation increased by 2.1451 mm per year, and the total sunshine duration decreased by 5.5074 h per year. In January, February and March, the overall temperature rise was obvious, the overwintering period of wheat was gradually shortened, and the regreen jointing period was advanced. The proportion of increased wheat varieties in the test was fluctuating, but the overall trend was rising. The basic seedlings, maximum tiller, plant height, volume weight, number of ears and grain yield showed an increasing trend, the growth period was slightly shortened; the 1000-grain weight and grans per spike were basically flat, but slightly decreased. The coefficient of variation was the smallest in the growth period (2.71%). The highest number of tillers per hectare was 19.86%. The coefficient of variation of growth period, bulk weight and plant height was less than 10%, and the coefficient of variation of other traits was more than 10%. The results of comparison between the top 10 and the bottom 10 showed that wheat lines with more than 6.2 million panicle number, more than 35 grains per spike, more than 43g 1000-grain weight and more stable agronomic traits were more likely to obtain high yield. The correlation analysis results showed that the three factors of yield were positively correlated with yield, while the effective panicle number was negatively correlated with 1000-grain weight and the number of grains per panicle. Cultivating new varieties with three factors of yield synergistic improvement and matching cultivation measures to cope with climate change is an important way to achieve high and stable yield of wheat in Xuzhou and the same ecological area.

Climatic factors are the main factors affecting crop growth and development, and have a significant impact on crop growth, yield, and quality. In order to explore the characteristics of climate factor changes in northern Henan and their impact on winter wheat production, this study used agrometeorological observation data of winter wheat from 1984 to 2022 in Qinyang County, Henan Province, combined with meteorological observation data from the same period, and used methods such as linear tendency estimation, Mann Kendall test, HP filtering, and correlation analysis to study the quantitative impact of climate factor changes and climate yield during the growth period of winter wheat. The results showed that from 1984 to 2022, the temperature during the growth period of winter wheat showed a significant fluctuation and upward trend, with a climate tendency rate of 0.35℃/10a (P<0.05). There were obvious seasonal changes in temperature during the growth period, and a sudden change in temperature occurred in 1994. In the past 39 years, the accumulated temperature at ≥0℃ had increased, with a climate tendency rate of 53.5℃/10a (P>0.05), and the mutation points were in 2010 and 2021. The precipitation and sunshine hours during the growth period showed a fluctuating decreasing trend, with the linear tendency rates of 13.4 mm/10a (P>0.05) and -43.0 h/10a, respectively. Affected by climate change, the duration of winter wheat growth season was significantly shortened, and the yield was greatly affected by climate factors. Within a certain temperature range, the climate yield of winter wheat increased with the increase of temperature. For every 1℃ increase in temperature, the climate yield increased by 14.53 g/m². The suitable threshold for accumulated temperature of ≥0℃ during the growth period was 2281℃. There are differences in the impact of climate factors on the climate yield of winter wheat in different growth periods. The sunshine hours from tillering to over wintering, booting to heading, booting to heading temperature, heading to flowering, and precipitation throughout the entire growth period are key factors affecting winter wheat yield. This study can provide important references for regional winter wheat response to climate change and agricultural scientific decision-making.

To investigate the effect of fertilization amount on the growth, development, and yield of winter wheat, 2 winter wheat varieties, Zangdong 20 and Shandong 7 were used as materials, and low fertilizer, medium fertilizer, and high fertilizer treatments were set to explore their effects on this plant phenological period, agronomic traits, and yield, to explore the optimal fertilizer application rate. The results showed that under different fertilization treatments, the full growth period of 2 winter wheat varieties was 264-281 days, with the medium fertilizer treatment having the longest full growth period. Under different fertilization treatments, both winter wheat varieties showed better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem diameter, and stem node length under the ear when treated with medium fertilizer. In terms of yield and yield composition, the basic number of seedlings, total number of tillers, fertile spikelets, number of grains per spike, single spike grain weight, single plant grain weight, and yield were higher in the medium fertilizer treatment, while the sterile spikelets were lower, and the highest yield of Zangdong 20 was higher than that of Shandong 7. The medium fertilizer treatment is beneficial for wheat growth and has a higher efficiency in absorbing and utilizing fertilizers. Overall, medium fertilizer treatment can effectively extend the wheat jointing stage to heading stage, allowing it to absorb and accumulate more nutrients, and the agronomic traits showed better performance, with a significant increase in yield. The high-efficiency planting model of winter wheat Zangdong 20 + medium fertilizer level can be adopted.

Anke 1618 is a new semi-winter wheat variety with Shiyou 17 as the mother and Zhoumai 18 as the father. It had the characteristics of high-yield, stable-yield, wide adaptability and strong disease resistance. The breeding process, agronomic traits such as whole growth period, plant height, panicle number and yield of this variety were summarized and analyzed. The average yield of this variety was 8 468.4 kg/hm² in the regional experiment of Wanhuai wheat complex in 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. In the 2020-2021 production test, the average yield was 8 501.3 kg/hm², and the yield increase point rate of multiple tests was more than 60%. Its comprehensive agronomic traits were good, disease resistance was better, quality was superior; high-yield cultivation emphasized uniform seed mixing and selecting suitable sowing dates; reasonable fertilization; field management focused on seedling inspection and supplementation, winter irrigation, comprehensive prevention and control of pests, diseases, and weeds, as well as field impurity removal. The research provides references for the cultivation and popularization of this variety in the north of Huaihe River and Huaihe River region.

In order to explore the potential advantages of ‘Chuanmai 614’, and better serve production and application, this study analyzed its yield performance. Using 3-year regional trial data, the yield, stability and adaptability of ‘Chuanmai 614’ were studied using the analysis method of multi-year and multi-point comparison test and the GGE biplot model. The results showed that the average yield of ‘Chuanmai 614’ was 6031.50 kg/hm², ranking second, with good stability and adaptability to multiple environments. In the production experiment, the average yield of ‘Chuanmai 614’ was 7031.55 kg/hm², which ranked the first, and there was an increase of 8.79% compared to the control. Among the GGE biplot model analysis, the ‘variety with highest yield in different places’ functional diagram indicated that ‘Chuanmai 614’ had high production and good adaptability in Dazhou, Neijiang, Nanbu, Shuangliu, and Zhongjiang; the functional diagram of ‘high yield and stable yield’ showed that among all the varieties, ‘Chuanmai 614’ had the highest yield and good stability. The GGE biplot chart with concentric circles indicated that ‘Chuanmai 614’ had good yield and stability. Overall, ‘Chuanmai 614’ is a new nutrient efficient variety with good yield and stability.