Based on the practical experience of the winter wheat-summer maize multiple cropping model in Qingyang City,Gansu Province, the key high yield cultivation techniques were systematically summarized and its economic benefits were analyzed in this paper. For variety selection, early-maturing varieties with strong stress resistance and a requirement of ≤2 100℃ effective accumulated temperature, such as Kewo028, KWS7340, and KWS6333, were preferred. In terms of production management, emphasis was placed on timely land preparation and sowing with haste, with sowing should be completed by June 30 at the latest; integrated mechanical sowing combining “no-tillage, fertilization, and seeding” was adopted. Planting density was optimized, and 2-3 seeds per hole was recommended for mechanical sowing. Scientific fertilization was implemented, with a one-time application of 20 kg of pure nitrogen and 12 kg of pure phosphorus per 667 m⊃2;. Weed control was conducted via unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying of herbicides such as 6 g of 30% topramezone and 180 g of 25% mesotrione-terbuthylazine per 667 m⊃2;. Integrated pest and disease control was achieved through a combination of agricultural (selection of pest-and-disease-resistant varieties and implementation of scientific crop rotation), biological (introduction of natural enemies, etc.), and chemical (application of 7% cyantraniliprole suspension concentrate, 75% trifloxystrobin-tebuconazole water-dispersible granules, etc.) measures to manage pests and diseases including Spodoptera frugiperda and Setosphaeria turcica. A three-level prevention and control system consisting of “meteorological early warning, field monitoring, and emergency response” was established to reduce the risk of meteorological disasters, and timely harvesting was carried out during October 20-30. Economic benefit analysis shows that suitable varieties (Kewo028) can achieve a net profit of 320 yuan/667 m⊃2;. At present, the disaster resistance and mitigation capacity of this model need further improvement, and the technical systems such as agricultural machinery adaptation, agronomic integration, and variety breeding also require continuous refinement. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure and promote the transformation of high-standard farmland; establish a technical service network to facilitate technology transfer. This study provides a reference for similar crop cultivation in relevant regions.

To reveal the spatial differentiation patterns of yield ratios (PIR, PDR, IDR) among different cultivated land types (paddy field, irrigated land, dryland) for winter wheat and summer maize in Henan, the paper analyzed their coupling mechanism with cultivated land grade and terrain conditions, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivated land irrigation use efficiency and optimizing cultivated land resources management. Based on the cultivated land grade database and township-level grain yield data (2031 towns for winter wheat, 2000 towns for summer maize) of Henan, 8 grading factor indicator zones (excluding the Huainan hilly and mountainous region) were selected as the study objects. The yield ratios were calculated using the area-weighted method. The correlation between cultivated land grade and IDR was fitted using trend analysis, and the spatial differentiation characteristics of IDR were interpreted with terrain classification. The results showed that: (1) at the indicator zone level, the volatility of yield ratios for both winter wheat and summer maize followed the pattern: IDR>PIR>PDR. The IDR showed the largest difference (0.55 for winter wheat and 0.48 for summer maize), indicating that the yield difference between irrigated land and dryland was most significantly affected by regional conditions; (2) at the provincial level, the regional differences in yield ratios were reduced and the patterns were weakened due to the area-weighted average neutralizing regional heterogeneity; (3) a positive correlation was found between cultivated land grade and IDR (the better the cultivated land quality, the larger the IDR). The sensitivity of winter wheat IDR to cultivated land quality (absolute slope value 0.030) was higher than that of summer maize (0.011); (4) under the same cultivated land grade, terrain ruggedness was positively correlated with IDR (IDR in mountainous and hilly areas was higher than that in plains and basins). The yield ratios among cultivated land types of winter wheat and summer maize in Henan exhibit the significant regional differences and scale dependence. Winter wheat shows a stronger dependence on irrigation conditions. It is suggested to prioritize enhancing the irrigation guarantee capacity for winter wheat on high-quality cultivated land; while for low-quality cultivated land, it requires synergistic improvements in both soil conditions and irrigation infrastructure to improve grain yield.

Wheat flour is one of the important raw materials in food processing, and its processed steamed bread is the staple food for people in the north. In order to analyze the relationship between the rheological fermentation characteristics of wheat dough and the processing quality of steamed bread, this study used 30 different gluten wheat varieties, such as ‘Shiyou 17’, ‘Shiyou 20’ and ‘Shimai 19’, as materials, and analyzed them using correlation and path analysis methods. The results showed that the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of TPA of steamed bread had extremely significant negative correlation with dough maximum expansion height (Hm), dough height at the end of the trial (h) and the time when dough began to leak carbon dioxide gas (Tx). The adhesiveness of steamed bread was extreme significantly positively correlated with the ratio of retained volume to total volume of released gas (Vr/Vt), extreme significantly negatively correlated with the time to reach the curve peak (T₁), Vt and Vr, and had positive correlation with (Hm-H)/Hm. The adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience of steamed bread demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with Vr/Vt and a highly significant negative correlation with Vt. The parameters that had a positive effect on the steamed bread sensory score from large to small were: P value (maximum pressure P value), Ie value (elasticity index), weakening degree, flour quality index, T₁ and Vr, and the parameters that had a negative effect were W value (deformation energy) and ratio of P/L (curve shape ratio).

【Objective】Low molecular weight gluten subunits (LMW-GS) are crucial components in determining the end-use quality of common wheat. Elucidating the diversity and impact on flour quality of LMW-GS is essential for genetic improvement in wheat.【Method】A collection of 421 Shanxi wheat accessions was utilized to identify allelic variations in the Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 using 18 specific markers. The polymorphism, genetic diversity, and cluster analysis of these alleles in Shanxi wheat was then conducted. Additionally, the effects of these alleles on the physicochemical quality, farinograph and extensograph properties, as well as dough viscosity characteristics of flour were investigated.【Result】The allelic variations in the Glu-A3, by frequency, are Glu-A3b, Glu-A3c, Glu-A3g, Glu-A3d, Glu-A3f, Glu-A3a, and Glu-A3e. At the Glu-B3, the identified allelic variations are Glu-B3g, Glu-B3a, Glu-B3d, Glu-B3i, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3h, Glu-B3e, Glu-B3c, and Glu-B3f. The genetic distance range for Shanxi wheat is 0.000 to 0.667, with a mean value of 0.253. It was observed that cultivars exhibited a greater genetic distance than landraces. Geographical distribution and irrigation/dryland types also influenced the genetic diversity of LMW-GS. Correlation analysis revealed that six LMW-GS allelic variations significantly correlated with five physicochemical quality traits. Glu-A3b, Glu-A3d, and Glu-B3i had negative effects on protein content, while Glu-A3b and Glu-B3i had positive effects on starch content. Glu-A3d and Glu-B3i showed positive effects on fiber content, and Glu-B3i increased the whiteness value of flour by 2.10%. Fifteen LMW-GS allelic variations were identified as significantly correlated with 12 processing quality traits, with Glu-A3e and Glu-B3d increasing extensibility by 36.71 and 19.91 mm, respectively. Glu-A3a, Glu-B3b, and Glu-B3e had positive effects on improving development time, stability time, stretch area, extension resistance, stretch ratio, and farinograph quality. Five LMW-GS subunits were significantly correlated with dough viscosity characteristics, with Glu-A3a increasing peak viscosity by 183.19 cp and the pad abort value by 67.79 cp.【Conclusion】LMW-GS alleles in Shanxi wheat exhibited high polymorphism. Geographical distribution and accession types affected the genetic diversity at the Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 loci. Six, fifteen, and five LMW-GS allelic variations were identified as showing significant correlations with flour physicochemical, processing quality, and dough viscosity traits, respectively.

Based on the geographical location and climatic characteristics of Tianmen City, Hubei Province, the efficient and high quality cultivation model of watermelon and cauliflower intercropping with wheat was explored and summarized. Through rational crop sequencing, the model achieved orderly coordination of the three crops: wheat was sown from late October to early November and harvested in early to mid-May of the following year; watermelon was grafted and nursery-raised from late March to early April, transplanted in late April, and harvested from late June; cauliflower was nursery-raised in mid-July, transplanted in early to mid-August, and harvested in mid-to-late October. The key cultivation techniques for watermelon and cauliflower were emphasized. For watermelon cultivation, high quality disease resistant varieties (Lyushang, Meidu) were selected, and grafting using pumpkin rootstocks was adopted. Before transplanting, sufficient base fertilizer was applied, and ridging and film mulching were implemented. Vine management during wheat harvesting was coordinated to avoid damage. Two-vine pruning was applied, and vines were timely pressed. Irrigation and topdressing were carried out according to growth stages. For pest and disease control, agricultural methods (selecting resistant varieties, rational crop rotation), physical methods (hanging insect traps), and biological methods (spraying Bacillus thuringiensis) were prioritized, supplemented scientifically with low-toxicity chemical agents (25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was conducted at the appropriate time, and field sanitation was maintained. For cauliflower cultivation, an efficient technology system centered on the “five modernizations” (intensive seedling raising, mechanized operations, integrated water-fertilizer management, green pest control, and post-harvest commercial handling) was adopted. Suitable disease-resistant varieties (Taisong 65 day) were selected, and intensive seedling raising in plug trays was implemented. Mechanized operations were applied for land preparation, ridging, and fertilization. Integrated water-fertilizer management was implemented during the growth period, and leaf folding for shading during the curd stage ensured quality. Green pest control principles were followed, combining agricultural, physical, and biological methods, supplemented with efficient and low-toxicity chemical agents (80% ethylicin, 25% azoxystrobin). Harvesting was performed when curds were compact, and straw was returned to the field. This model effectively improved the multiple cropping index and resource utilization efficiency, beneficial for the green and high quality development of agriculture.

The paper aims to address the issues of wheat variety selection and corresponding pest and disease control in different regions. Firstly, a data corpus with 3481 wheat variety data and 312 pest data was constructed. According to the characteristics of the corpus, the knowledge system model layer of wheat variety and pest control was defined in a fine grained manner. Secondly, the comparative advantages of Bert and Word2vec word - embedding models on small and medium-sized datasets were verified on public datasets and constructed datasets respectively, and then the attribute knowledge of wheat varieties and pests was extracted by using models suitable for each scale datasets. The experimental results showed that the F₁ value of Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model was 0.1499 higher than that of Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model in breed datasets. Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model was superior to Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model in pest datasets.

To gain in-depth insights into the research progress and cutting-edge trends of high-gluten wheat in the fields of agriculture and food science, a visual analysis was conducted using CiteSpace 6.3.R1, based on the 2014-2024 literature data retrieved from the CNKI database (1496 papers) and Web of Science (WOS) database (3661 papers). The results showed that from 2014 to 2024, the number of publications on high-gluten wheat in the CNKI and WOS databases exhibited a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The two databases reached their peak publication outputs in 2020 (218 papers for CNKI) and 2021 (514 papers for WOS), respectively, and the global research enthusiasm shifted from a phase of rapid growth to an adjustment period. China ranked first in terms of publication quantity with 1012 papers (accounting for 27.6% of the total publications in WOS) and established close collaborative networks with countries such as the United States, India, and Italy (collaborating with more than 30 countries), which demonstrated robust scientific research vitality. Within China, a tight-knit academic community was formed, represented by scholars including Zhao Guangcai and Chang Xuhong, who made outstanding contributions to the research on high-gluten wheat. Institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences achieved high academic standards in this field. In the WOS database, scholars such as Gao Xin, Zhu Kexue, Ma Sen, and Arendt Elke K focused their research on quality molecular breeding, wheat stress-resistant genes, wheat adaptability, flour processing, and nutritional health. Meanwhile, collaborative alliances were formed among institutions including Northwest A&F University, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Murdoch University, and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Keyword analysis revealed that variety breeding, quality improvement, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation, and flour processing remained consistent research hotspots. The research content shifted from early cultivation techniques to processing quality and comprehensive evaluation, and the research focus extended to food processing and nutritional health. In conclusion, the research on high-gluten wheat boasted broad prospects and great application potential. It was suggested that in the future, efforts should be directed toward strengthening interdisciplinary research, advancing genetic improvement and molecular breeding technologies, expanding its application in food processing, and developing food products with health benefits to meet market demands.

Thinopyrum ponticum (2n=10×=70), a wild relative of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is considered an invaluable genetic resource for wheat improvement due to its abundance of genes conferring resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.  This study focused on the CH97 line, derived from the BC₁F₇ progeny of a cross between wheat cv. 7182 and Th. ponticum.  Cytological evidence showed that CH97 has 42 chromosomes, forming 21 bivalents at meiotic metaphase I, with the bivalents subsequently separating and moving to opposite poles during meiotic anaphase I.  Through a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), multicolor GISH (mc-GISH), and liquid array analysis, it was determined that CH97 comprises 40 wheat chromosomes and two alien chromosomes from the E^e genome of Th. ponticum, featuring the absence of a pair of 5D chromosomes and variations in 1B, 6B, and 7B chromosomes.  These findings confirm that CH97 is a stable wheat-Th. ponticum 5E (5D) alien disomic substitution line.  Inoculation experiments revealed that CH97 exhibits high resistance to wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust throughout the growth period, in contrast to the highly susceptible common wheat parent 7182.  Compared to 7182, CH97 displayed improvements in thousand-kernel weight and kernel length.  Additionally, utilizing specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology, chromosome 5E-specific molecular markers were developed and validated, achieving a 33.3% success rate, facilitating marker-assisted selection for disease resistance in wheat.  Overall, the CH97 substitution line, with its resistance to diseases and improved agronomic traits, represents valuable new germplasm for wheat chromosome engineering and breeding.

To improve the yield and quality of colored wheat in southwest Shandong, this study explored the effects of different proportions of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer nitrogen on dry matter accumulation, yield and quality of colored wheat, aiming to clarify the optimal fertilization scheme for colored wheat in this area. A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023, to systematically study the effects of no fertilizer (CK), single chemical fertilizer (CF), 25% (M25), 50% (M50) and 75% (M75) organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation, grain yield, quality of two colored wheat varieties (A1 ‘Shannongzimai 1’ and A2 ‘Jilanmai 1’). The results showed that compared with CK treatment, different fertilization treatments could increase grain yield, quality and the dry matter accumulation of wheat at wintering, regreening, flag-picking and maturity stages to varying degrees. In term of dry matter accumulation at the maturity stage, there was no significant difference between organic fertilizer and CF in A1 cultivars, and M25 was the highest; compared with CF, both M25 and M50 were much higher in A2 variety, and there was no significant difference with M75. The variation law of grain yield of the two varieties under different fertilization treatments was basically the same, with the increase of the proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, grain yield were gradually decreased. Compared with CF, M25 and M50 treatments could increase the grain yield, with a range of 1.01% to 3.76% for variety A1 and 3.48% to 5.0% for variety A2. M75 treatment reduced grain yield. In M25 treatment, the crude protein content of the two varieties increased by 3.14% and 1.81%, the content of wet gluten increased by 1.70% and 2.46%; the ductility increased by 1.10% and 0.79%, respectively. With the increase of organic fertilizer replacing nitrogen fertilizer, the crude protein content and wet gluten content decreased, volume weight and the ductility of A2 variety were no significant difference. In summary, M25 treatment could effectively improve grain yield, quality of colored wheat in the wheat planting area of southwest Shandong.

To explore the response characteristics of spring wheat developmental stages to drought stress and its physiological regulatory mechanisms, and to scientifically address the challenges posed by climate change, ‘Dingxi New 24’ was selected as experimental material, and methods such as curve fitting and correlation analysis were employed to analyze the change characteristics in soil moisture, crop developmental stages, and physio-ecological parameters under two drought stress conditions: field and pot experiments. The results showed that: (1) under continuous drought stress, the booting, heading, and flowering stages of field wheat were shortened by 1 day, 1 day, and 8 days, respectively, while the milk stage was extended by 5 days. The heading stage of potted wheat was delayed by 2 days, and the flowering stage was shortened by 6 days. (2) The soil moisture stress factor, constructed based on exponential and linear models, could effectively simulate the developmental stages changes caused by drought stress. (3) When the soil relative humidity was between 45% and 53%, the photosynthetic physiological parameters and leaf water status indicators exerted a reverse regulatory effect on the advancement of the jointing-to-flowering stages in field wheat. When the soil relative humidity dropped below 45%, both factors then synergistically promoted an earlier milk stage. For potted wheat subjected to drought starting from the booting stage, all leaf physiological indicators worked together to prolong the heading stage. These findings provide a scientific basis for the dynamic monitoring, prediction, and impact assessment of drought in spring wheat in semi-arid regions.

In this paper, the effects of different foliar fertilizer on photosynthesis, yield composition and quality of dryland wheat were studied to provide reference for high quality and efficient wheat cultivation. A field experiment was carried out in Songming, Yunnan Province in 2022, using the newly approved wheat varieties ‘Yunmai 80’ and ‘Yunmai 83’ as the research materials. Five foliar fertilizer treatments (potassium dihydrogen phosphate, brassinolide, sodium nitrate, yield-increasing agent and their mixture) and water control (three replicates) were set up, spraying at the early heading stage according to the instructions. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of ‘Yunmai 80’ was higher than that of ‘Yunmai 83’ under different foliar fertilizer treatments, and the difference of net photosynthetic rate between the two varieties was significant to extremely significant. The highest net photosynthetic rate was observed in KH₂PO₄ treatment, while the lowest was in auxin treatment. The chlorophyll content of ‘Yunmai 83’ was slightly higher than that of ‘Yunmai 80’, and the overall chlorophyll content decreased under the treatment of foliar fertilizer. Without considering the variety factor, foliar fertilizer spraying significantly affected the number of fertile spikelets, degenerate spikelets and effective spikelet, and had little effect on the number of grains per spike and yield. However, all foliar fertilizers increased wheat yield. KH₂PO₄, brassinolactone, sodium complex nitrate and augmentol increased the yield by 10.02%, 9.56%, 9.35% and 15.11% when applied individually. In contrast, foliar fertilizer KH₂PO₄ + brassinolactone + sodium nitrate + augmentol mixed spraying led to a yield reduction of 6.74%. For ‘Yunmai 80’, the yield increases were 19.01%, 10.77%, 9.66% and 23.59% for the individual foliar fertilizers, with a 1.98% increase for the mixture. For ‘Yunmai 83’, the yield increases were 1.40%, 8.40%, 9.06% and 6.93% for the individual foliar fertilizers, with a 15.10% yield reduction for the mixture. Foliar spraying generally reduced the protein content and increased the hardness index. However, mixed spraying increased the protein content and decreased the hardness index. The effects on water absorption, stable time, wet gluten content and sedimentation value varied due to differences between varieties, with both positive and negative effects observed for foliar fertilizers. In summary, spraying single foliar fertilizer at heading stage can promote wheat growth and development, increase yield and improve quality indicators by enhancing photosynthesis. In this study, the comprehensive effects of several common foliar fertilizers on Yunnan dryland wheat were systematically compared for the first time. The results emphasized that the appropriate foliar fertilizer should be selected according to the variety characteristics and avoid blind mixing. This study provides an important theoretical and practical basis for the precise foliar fertilization management of dryland wheat in Yunnan under winter and spring drought conditions, which is helpful to improve the drought resistance, yield and quality of regional wheat production.

【Objective】Wheat starch mainly consists of amylose and amylopectin. Long-term consumption of refined flour products increases the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, whereas consuming flour with a high content of resistant starch has a positive effect on regulating blood glucose levels. Given the generally positive correlation between resistant starch and amylose, increasing the amylose content in wheat germplasm has become a goal for quality improvement breeding research. 【Method】Four gene fragments of starch branching enzyme (TaSBEIIb) were selected to successfully construct a high-efficiency dsRNA expression vector. A gradient optimization based on culture medium components significantly enhanced dsRNA yield. Based on this, the effects of naked dsRNA and dsRNA encapsulated with the nanocarrier hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HACC) on wheat starch metabolism were explored through foliar spraying. Utilizing a wheat seedling culture system, the impact of dsRNA spraying on the amylose content in wheat seedlings and the expression of starch-related genes was observed. Furthermore, a field trial analyzed the effects of dsRNA spraying on the amylose content in mature wheat grains. The protective effect of chitosan quaternary ammonium salt-coated dsRNA and its influence on amylose content in mature wheat grains were also investigated. 【Result】Four recombinant plasmids (pRNAI-TaSBE1-pRNAI-TaSBE4), expressing dsRNA were successfully constructed. The optimized fermentation medium increased the dsRNA yield from 26.54 mg·L^-1 to 50.65 mg·L^-1, representing a 91% increase compared to the initial medium. Spraying dsRNA interfered with the expression of the target genes, with the highest interference efficiency observed on day 7 for the TaSBEIIb1 fragment. After interference with the four fragments, the expression of TaSBEIIb was reduced by an average of 47.73%. Additionally, the interference of TaSBEIIb affected the expression of other genes in the starch synthesis pathway, including TaSSII, TaSSIV, and TaSBEIIa1 with peak interference efficiencies occurring on days 3, 7, and 3, respectively. Their expression levels decreased by an average of 54.53%, 59.94%, and 47.64%. The 2023 field trial indicated that spraying naked dsRNA increased the amylose content in wheat grains by 17.2%-36.5% after 7 days of treatment, although the effect diminished to 0.2%-8.3% by the maturity stage. In the 2024 field trial, multiple applications of both naked dsRNA and chitosan quaternary ammonium salt-coated raised the amylose content in mature wheat grains from 27.72% to 30.37%, about 10% increase compared to the control. 【Conclusion】Exogenous spraying of TaSBEIIbs-dsRNA effectively increases the amylose content in starch.

【Objective】The smallholder farming model has proven inadequate in meeting the demands of modern agricultural development, with large-scale planting emerging as a crucial pathway for agricultural modernization that facilitates sustainable agriculture development. This study aimed to investigate the current situation of wheat fertilization, irrigation, pest control, yield and economic benefits under different planting scales in Henan Province. Furthermore, it elucidated the impact of scale farming on wheat production, thereby providing a theoretical foundation and practical references for achieving sustainable wheat production. 【Method】A field investigation was conducted in Henan Province to examine the current situation of wheat production and its economic benefits from October 2023 to June 2024. By integrating yield with fertilizer use efficiency, this study systematically analyzed the variations in field management, wheat yield, fertilizer efficiency, and economic performance across different cultivation scales. 【Result】There were significant differences in wheat production among farmers with different cultivation scales. The majority of wheat cultivation areas in Henan Province fell within the range of 6.67-20.00 hm², with the Zhengmai wheat series being the predominant cultivar. The most common seeding rate was 225 kg·hm^-2. The application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus as basal fertilizers were lower in farms with 6.67-20.00 hm² compared with other planting scales. Phosphorus and potassium applied during topdressing were also lower than that of other planting scales ≤33.33 hm². Most surveyed farmers irrigated their fields three times, with the highest irrigation frequency observed in farms ranging from 20.00-33.33 hm². Pesticide use primarily involved insecticides and fungicides, with the highest application frequencies for both observed in the 6.67-20.00 hm² scale. Yields and partial factor productivity of fertilizers were significantly higher in farms sized 6.67-20.00 hm² and 20.00-33.33 hm² than in other scales. Wheat yields in these two groups were significantly increased by 3.57%-20.80%, and by 6.03%-23.67%, respectively, compared with other planting scales. Similarly, partial factor productivity improved by 15.87%-43.02%, and by 10.26%-36.10%, respectively. The output-input ratio was significantly higher in fields ≤6.67 hm² compared with other scales, while the highest net returns were observed at farm sizes ≤33.33 hm². 【Conclusion】Substantial variations in wheat management practices were observed across different farm scales in Henan Province. Comprehensive evaluation of yield, fertilizer partial factor productivity, net returns, and output-input ratio identified 6.67-33.33 hm² as the optimal cultivation scale. Substantial efficiency gaps were observed among large-scale wheat growers, indicating considerable potential for optimization through improved management practices. The adoption of more efficient management measures could significantly enhance the operational efficiency of different planting scales.

In the context of China’s rapid economic development and rapid urbanization, the problem of soil heavy metal pollution becomes more and more serious, and the potential impact on plant growth and ecosystem health has aroused widespread concern in academia. As the main food crop in China, the safe production of wheat is very important to national food security. In this study, the pollution status of farmland soil and the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in various organs of winter wheat at maturity in the rural-urban area of Anyang City were analyzed by field investigation and indoor analysis. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cr and Pb in farmland soil were 0.87, 8.29 and 16.21 mg/kg, respectively. The single factor pollution indexes of Cd, Cr and Pb were 1.45, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. The total accumulation of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pb in wheat plants was 0.75, 29.61 and 7.08 mg/kg, respectively. There were differences in the absorption and transport capacity of different heavy metals in wheat plants. In wheat plants, the enrichment ability of roots to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, and the enrichment ability of grains was relatively weak. The transport capacity of stems to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, followed by leaves and shells, and the transport capacity of grains was the weakest. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the absorption, accumulation and transport of different heavy metals in wheat plants, which affected the overall response of wheat to heavy metals. The overall pollution status of farmland soil in the rural-urban area remained at a good level, and no obvious heavy metal pollution was found.

This paper systematically reviews the technical system of straw returning, the development status of machinery and equipment, and the practice mode of machinery-agronomy integration in rice–wheat annual rotation area, and put forward the prospect of machinery-agronomy integration. Straw returning technology, including crushing rotary tillage, mulching, ploughing and reverse rotary stubble crushing, have been widely promoted in the region, and a series of mechanical equipment such as crushing and returning machines, deep ploughing and returning machines, no-till and mulching seeders, as well as multi-functional integrated machinery have been developed in conjunction. In the process of straw returning, typical models of the machinery-agronomy integration involved “crushing and returning to the field + no-till sowing”“straw crushing + deep loosening and land preparation + wide and narrow row planting”“partial returning to the field + utilization of straw as fertilizer”“straw returning to the field + formula fertilization + comprehensive prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds”, etc. In terms of key technologies, the coordinated combination of straw crushing by machinery and agronomic mulching control helps ensure the smooth emergence of seedlings, the integration of straw crushing and returning to the field with the application of composting agents and organic fertilizers can promote the recycling of nutrients, through measures such as uniform mulching and optimizing the crop rotation system, comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests that may be caused by straw returning to the field can be achieved, the combination of “coarse crushing + fine crushing” with the use of water regulation and microbial bacteria agents is conducive to enhancing the efficiency of humification. The machinery-agronomy integration still faces challenges in practical application, such as insufficient adaptability to terrain, low efficiency in straw treatment, prominent soil compaction problems caused by repetitive mechanical operations, and the possible aggravation of the occurrence of pests, diseases and weeds due to straw mulching and returning to the field. In the future, the following aspects should be improved: develop lightweight, multi-functional and modular agricultural machinery, as well as integrate high-power multi-functional integrated machinery with economical and lightweight machinery; improve the crushing device and accelerate the iterative upgrading of integrated machinery for crushing, turning and sowing; optimize agronomic parameters and conduct systematic research on typical integration models; pay attention to the coordinated cooperation between agricultural machinery, agronomic measures and ecological processes. This study provided reference for the optimization of straw returning technology in rice-wheat rotation area.

Wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is an important disease worldwide. Detection of latent infection of leaves by the pathogen in late autumn is valuable for estimating the inoculum potential to assess disease risks in the spring. We developed a new tool for rapid detection and quantification of latent infection of seedlings by the pathogen. The method was based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) coupled with an end-point detection via lateral flow device (LFD). The limit of detection is 100 ag μL^-1 of Bgt DNA, without noticeable interference from either other common wheat pathogens or wheat material (Triticum aestivum). It was evaluated on wheat seedlings for this accuracy and sensitivity in detecting latent infection of Bgt. We further extended this RPA-LFD assay to estimate the level of latent infection by Bgt based on imaging analysis. There was a strong correlation between the image-based and real-time PCR assay estimates of Bgt DNA. The present results suggested that this new tool can provide rapid and accurate quantification of Bgt in latently infected leaves and can be further development as an on-site monitoring tool.

China is one of the four major centers of agricultural origin in the world, where two distinct agricultural systems were established: the rice-based system represented by the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the dryland farming system represented by the Yellow River basin. Historical records and archaeological evidence indicate that as early as the Shang Dynasty, oracle bone inscriptions already mentioned crops such as millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), wheat, rice, and soybeans. During the pre-Qin period, the concept of the ‘Five Grains’ was established, and in The Book of Songs (Shijing), the broader term ‘Hundred Grains’ also appeared as a general reference to food crops. However, it is noteworthy that buckwheat, a crop native to China, has long been absent from these documented grain systems. This omission is inconsistent with the fact that buckwheat is an indigenous Chinese crop with high genetic diversity, significant local variation, and a long history of cultivation and domestication in cold mountainous regions. This study conducts a systematic review of the literature related to the origin, evolution, and spread of buckwheat, integrating recent findings in archaeobotany and genetic diversity analysis. Following internationally accepted principles for identifying crop origin centers, and drawing on historical texts, biological characteristics, and distribution patterns, the study presents comprehensive evidence supporting the hypothesis that southwestern China-particularly Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and the southern fringe of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-is the center of origin, genetic diversity, and domestication for Fagopyrum species. There are 23 species of Fagopyrum identified in China, including three cultivated species-common buckwheat (F. esculentum), tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum), and golden buckwheat (F. cymosum)-and 20 wild species, the majority of which are concentrated in southwestern China. This region is not only the native habitat of the ancestral subspecies of common and tartary buckwheat (F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale and F. tataricum ssp. potanini), but also the area with the richest diversity of Fagopyrum, strongly indicating its status as the origin center. Furthermore, molecular markers and phylogenetic studies confirm close genetic relationships between wild and cultivated buckwheat species in this region, providing key evidence for reconstructing domestication pathways. With advancements in modern research, buckwheat has gained recognition not only for its short growth cycle, broad adaptability, and resilience to poor soils and cold climates, making it suitable for cultivation in remote and mountainous areas, but also for its grain's rich content of proteins, flavonoids, and functional sugar alcohols. As a highly promising functional coarse grain crop, buckwheat is particularly suited to the development of characteristic agriculture in central and western China. It holds significant potential for ecological sustainability, nutritional health, and high-value agricultural development, and is expected to play an important role in China’s national nutrition strategy and food diversity conservation. This study provides theoretical and empirical evidence to support the scientific designation of China as the center of origin and domestication of buckwheat, laying a solid foundation for future work in germplasm conservation, variety improvement, and industrial development.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rates on chlorophyll content, agronomic traits, and yield of wheat in the Yili River Valley region, and to further elucidate the relationship between agronomic traits and yield. Eight widely cultivated wheat varieties in the region were selected as experimental materials, and three nitrogen levels were established: N1 (180 kg/hm²), N2 (270 kg/hm²), and N3 (360 kg/hm²). Field trials and indoor seed inspection data were integrated with statistical methods, including correlation analysis and grey relational analysis, to examine the relationships among nitrogen application rates, agronomic traits, and yield. The results indicated that nitrogen application had the greatest effect on chlorophyll content during the late grain-filling stage. Within the range of 180-270 kg/hm² nitrogen application, agronomic traits such as plant height, spike number, spikelet number per spike, as well as yield, increased with nitrogen rate, except for grain weight per main spike and 1000-grain weight. Among all traits, spike number exhibited the strongest positive correlation with yield, whereas 1000-grain weight showed a negative but non-significant correlation. The order of grey correlation degree between agronomic traits and yield was main spike length (0.66) > spikelet number (0.62) > plant number (0.58) > aboveground biomass (0.57) = flag leaf SPAD value (0.57) > main spike grain weight (0.54) = plant height (0.54) > effective tiller number (0.52). The order of grey correlation degree between yield components and yield was spike number (0.74) > 1000-grain weight (0.56) > grain number per spike (0.47). Both correlation analysis and grey relational analysis consistently demonstrated that spike number was the most influential factor affecting yield. Under the N2 treatment, chlorophyll content, agronomic performance, and yield of wheat were collectively optimized.

To investigate the effects of rice straw returning on soil fertility enhancement and wheat yield in a rice-wheat rotation system, a field plot experiment was conducted. This study examined the correlations among soil aggregate structure, chemical properties, and wheat yield in the 0-20 cm topsoil layer under different straw incorporation methods and two decomposer treatments: 1/3 straw incorporation (JB), 1/3 straw incorporation with decomposer (JBF₁ and JBF₂), full straw incorporation (JQ), and full straw incorporation with decomposer (JQF₁ and JQF₂). The results showed that, compared with JB, JQ or treatments with decomposer (JBF₁ and JBF₂) significantly increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), aggregate stability indicators (R_0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Simultaneously, JQ or treatments with decomposer (JBF₁ and JBF₂) significantly enhanced soil electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) compared to JB. The increase in soil OM was primarily associated with higher levels of heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and readily oxidizable carbon (ROC). Compared to 1/3 or full straw incorporation alone, applying decomposer increased wheat yield by 16.8%-26.4% and 10.1%-20.6%, respectively, with the JQF1 treatment achieving the highest wheat yield. It was found that under the condition of full returning to the field, the effect of Hubei decomposer (JQF₁) was significantly better than that of Shandong decomposer (JQF₂), which significantly increased the content of >0.25 mm macroaggregates by 8.3% and wheat yield by 5.2% compared with JQF₂ (P<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that wheat yield was significantly influenced by the proportion of >0.25 mm aggregates, aggregate stability, and the contents of soil OM, TN, and AN. In conclusion, straw incorporation combined with decomposer application achieved a synergistic effect of soil fertility improvement and crop yield increase. Specifically, the content of soil > 0.25 mm macroaggregates, OM and AN increased by 15.2 %, 8.7 % and 10.3 %, and the wheat yield increased by 12.5 %, respectively, compared with JB treatment. Straw incorporation combined with decomposer application is a suitable farming practice for rice-wheat rotation areas.

To clarify the effects of different exogenous organic matter additions on soil enzyme activities, bacterial diversity, and crop yield in the sandy soil area of the Yellow River old course, this study conducted a field experiment based on the full straw return mode with no application of exogenous organic matter as the control (CK), and three treatments were set up: additional application of nitrogen fertilizer and biological agents (NM), additional application of organic fertilizer (F), and additional application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additives (FE). Indicators such as soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial diversity and wheat yield components after adding different exogenous organic matters were analyzed. The results showed that: application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive (FE treatment) significantly increased soil pH by 2.28% compared to CK, but had no significant effect on soil organic matter and total nitrogen. The addition of different exogenous organic materials significantly promoted the activities of soil enzymes α-glucosidase (AG), β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and β-xylosidase (XYL), with the FE treatment showing the best performance. Compared to CK, the enzyme activities in the FE treatment increased by 83.09%, 75.47%, 186.43%, 112.01% and 67.83%, respectively. There were significant differences in microbial composition between different treatments. The addition of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive significantly affected the bacterial richness indices Chao1, ACE, and Shannon, which increased by 3.43%, 1.95% and 2.26% respectively, compared to CK. The nitrogen fertilizer and bio-inoculant treatment (NM) increased the relative abundance of Bacillus and Flavobacterium in the soil bacteria, while the organic fertilizer treatment (F) significantly increased the relative abundance of Kouleothrix. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and bio-inoculant effectively promoted the increase of wheat single-spike grain weight and grains per spike. The addition of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive significantly increased the number of wheat spikes number, thousand-grain weight, and yield. The spike number, thousand-grain weight and yield of FE treatment were 7.50 %, 9.67 % and 11.46 % higher than those of CK, respectively. The NM treatment had 9.72% higher single-spike grain weight and 6.09% more grains per spike compared to CK. In summary, the application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive can promote soil pH, increase soil enzyme activity, improve soil bacterial diversity and community richness, and increase wheat yield, providing a theoretical basis for rational fertilization and high and stable yield of crops in the Yellow River floodplain agricultural system.

This study investigated the effects of coconut coir mulching on wheat growth, soil physical and chemical properties, and bacterial community structure in saline-alkali environments, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for wheat cultivation under such conditions. Using ‘Yangmai 29’ as the test material, a field experiment was conducted with four treatments, including blank control (no fertilization, rice straw removed from the field), conventional control [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm², jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm², rice straw removed from the field], straw cover [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm², jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm², rice straw cover thickness 2 cm], and coconut coir cover [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm², jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm², coconut coir cover thickness 2 cm]. The effects of coconut coir mulching on wheat yield, soil physical chemical properties, and soil bacterial community structure were analyzed. The results demonstrated that coconut coir mulching significantly reduced soil water evaporation, thereby mitigating surface salt accumulation. It enhanced soil nutrient availability and organic matter content, and the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter were 4.44%, 2.26%, 1.22% and 4.51% higher than those of the conventional control, respectively. At the same time, the soil structure was significantly improved. Compared with the conventional control treatment, the emergence rate (31.57%) and yield (11.54 %) of wheat were significantly increased under coir mulching treatment, showing a significant effect of controlling alkali and inhibiting salt. In addition, the coconut coir mulching treatment changed the soil bacterial community structure, significantly increased the abundance of plant growth promoting bacteria (GPA) with nitrogen fixation function, and reduced the abundance of some functional bacterial groups (FBA, CTA) that may be involved in denitrification and other processes, thus potentially improving the nitrogen fixation capacity of the soil. In summary, coconut coir mulching is a feasible agricultural measure to effectively improve saline-alkali soil and promote wheat yield, and has important application prospects.

According to the wheat dry-hot wind disaster grade (QX/T 82—2019) standard, the number of dry-hot wind days, the weather process, the annual type and occurrence time of dry-hot wind in this period were investigated. The occurrence law of dry and hot wind disasters in Zhaoyuan and its impact on winter wheat were summarized, and the corresponding defensive methods were put forward. Based on the meteorological observation data and wheat growth period observation data from 1978 to 2023 in Zhaoyuan City, the dry hot wind of high temperature and low humidity type from May 21 to June 10 and the dry hot wind of post-rain green type from June 1 to June 10 were studied using Mann-Kendall mutation test and linear regression. The results showed that wheat dry hot air was mainly light type, both annual and internal changes showed periodic oscillations, the linear trend showed a slow decline, the mutation point was 2004, and it rose linearly to the highest value and then decreased. The integrated technology of green, high quality and efficient production of wheat with the goal of improving fertilizer and water control ability, crop resistance ability and dry hot air defense ability can reduce the harm of dry hot air to wheat and provide technical support for wheat production in Zhaoyuan.

To investigate the effects of manure application on wheat yield, economic benefits, and soil fertility, an experiment was conducted using the wheat variety Yannong 19. 7 treatments were set up: blank control (T1), conventional fertilization (T2), optimized conventional fertilization (T3), 15% replacement of inorganic fertilizer with manure (T4), 30% replacement of inorganic fertilizer with manure (T5), 15% replacement of nitrogen fertilizer with manure (T6), and 30% replacement of nitrogen fertilizer with manure (T7). Wheat yield and soil fertility under each treatment were evaluated. The results showed that the manure replacement treatments (T4-T7) increased the number of effective panicles by 4.6%-5.3% and the number of grains per panicle by 2.7%-4.5% compared to T2. The yield of T4-T7 ranged from 9 217.5 to 9 442.5 kg/hm⊃2;, with T6 achieving the highest yield (9 442.5 kg/hm⊃2;). The economic benefits of T4-T7 ranged from 11 993 to 13 439 yuan/hm⊃2;, representing an increase of 5.5%-18.2% compared to T2, with T4 showing the best economic performance (13 439 yuan/hm⊃2;). In terms of soil fertility, the pH values showed little variation across treatments. The average soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents in T4–T7 treatments were 26.2 g/kg, 1.300 g/kg, 123.5 mg/kg, 15.7 mg/kg, and 198 mg/kg, respectively, all of which were higher than those in T1, indicating that partial replacement of inorganic or nitrogen fertilizer with manure can effectively enhance soil nutrient retention and fertility. This study provides a reference for promoting green and sustainable wheat production.

The current situation of gramineous weeds in wheat fields was examined in Mengcheng County, Bozhou, Anhui Province, the reasons for their increasing prevalence were analyzed, and integrated control measures were proposed. Over the past decade, gramineous weeds in the study area, including Avena fatua L., Aegilops tauschii Coss, and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds, have spread rapidly. The exacerbating factors include the contamination of wheat seeds with weed seeds, insufficient deep plowing or tillage in field management, improper use of combine harvesters and straw balers, the decline in broadleaf weed communities, and the strong vitality of the weeds. Based on these findings, integrated control measures for gramineous weeds are proposed. These include avoiding the introduction of wheat seeds from areas with high weed infestation to prevent the spread of weed seeds via contaminated seeds; implementing deep plowing or tillage (to a depth of over 25 cm) to suppress weed growth; thoroughly cleaning combine harvesters and balers to reduce the spread of weed seeds by machinery; and adhering to the principle of “combining pre-emergence control with post-emergence treatment, along with scientific herbicide application.” Recommended practices include soil sealing with herbicides such as flufenacet before wheat emergence after sowing, and around 15 days after sowing (at the 1-leaf and 1-heart stage of wheat seedlings) before frost and temperature drop, using herbicides like isoproturon for combined pre-and post-emergence control. After the wheat reaches the 4-5 leaf stage in winter, herbicides such as clodinafop-propargyl can be selected for stem and leaf treatment. This study provides a reference for the control of gramineous weeds in wheat fields.

Based on the survey data of wheat scab (Fusarium head blight) in Xuanzhou region from 2014 to 2024, the disease’s occurrence patterns and influencing factors were systematically analyzed, and prevention and control suggestions were put forward. Surveys on the pathogen-carrying rate of rice stubble and disease incidence were carried out in major wheat-producing areas, and the diseased ear rate and disease index were measured and classified in accordance with standards. The results showed that wheat scab occurred in Xuanzhou region every year, with the initial symptom appearance period concentrated from late March to early April. The severity of the disease varied significantly among different years, and the number of rainy days in April was the key meteorological influencing factor. Moreover, the final severity of the disease was not related to the timing of symptom appearance. The main disaster-causing factors included the increase in environmental pathogen sources due to full straw incorporation, the high coincidence between the wheat flowering period and the peak period of spore release, and the limited disease resistance of the planted varieties. In conclusion, to minimize the damage caused by wheat scab, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be adopted, such as deep ploughing to eliminate stubble, sowing at the appropriate time, selecting disease-resistant and -tolerant varieties, and scientifically applying pesticides during the flowering period. This study provides a theoretical reference for the subsequent prevention and control of wheat scab in related regions.

This study investigated how different irrigation regimes affect yield and quality traits of new dryland wheat varieties with distinct genotypes, providing theoretical support for cultivar selection and cultivation practices. A randomized block design with three replications was adopted, incorporating two factors: variety (four genotypes) and irrigation regime (E₁ wintering water only; E₂ wintering + jointing water; E₃ wintering + jointing + flowering water). Significant genotype (G), irrigation (E), and genotype × irrigation interaction (GE) effects were detected across all yield and quality traits. The contribution rates varied as follows: G (1.34%-82.73%), E (3.73%-83.10%), and GE (0.79%-29.60%). The E₂ treatment (wintering + jointing water) showed the greatest improvements in both yield and quality among the tested irrigation regimes. For yield-oriented production, cultivar performance ranked: ‘Taikemai 32’> ‘Taikemai 30’> ‘Luohan 7’> ‘Lumai 21’. ‘Taikemai 30’ emerged as the optimal cultivar balancing high yield with superior quality. Where water resources permit, jointing-stage irrigation (E₂) is recommended to simultaneously boost both yield and grain quality.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether Cd absorbed by wheat shoot can be transported to the roots, and its effects on the uptake of Cu, Mn, and Zn by the plant, and whether leaf-tip cutting could promote Cd absorption by the leaves. Wheat seedling shoots were immersed in Cd solutions (0, 50, and 100 mg/L) for 24 hours, and an additional treatment with one-third of the leaf tips cut for the 50 mg/L treatment was set up. Wheat samples were collected at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after Cd exposure to analyze shoot and root length, biomass, as well as the concentration and accumulation of Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn in the shoots and roots. The results showed that, under Cd treatments, Cd concentrations in shoots and roots ranged from 216-614 mg/kg and 3.24-13.2 mg/kg, respectively. On all four sampling dates, Cd concentrations in roots under Cd treatments were significantly higher than the control (P<0.05). The proportion of Cd accumulated in roots relative to total plant accumulation ranged from 0.164% to 0.487%, and no significant differences were observed across the four sampling times for root Cd accumulation. No significant differences (P>0.05) in Cd concentration or accumulation of shoot and root were found between the two 50 mg/L treatments (intact vs. cut leaves). Only on 14^th day, the Cd concentration of the 100 mg/L treatment was significantly greater than the 50 mg/L treatment (P<0.05). At certain sampling times, Zn concentration in shoots and roots, as well as Cu concentration in roots of the Cd treatments were significantly lower than the control (P<0.05). These results indicated that Cd applied to wheat shoot was transported to the roots as early as on 1^st day after the exposure. However, after the Cd exposure ended, Cd accumulated in the shoots was no longer transported to the roots. Leaf-tip cutting did not enhance Cd absorption in the shoots. Moreover, Cd transported from shoots to roots inhibited Zn and Cu uptake by the roots.

To improve disease resistance and yield of spring wheat in the Qinghai Plateau, an F₄ population was constructed using the elite local cultivar 'Gaoyuan 448' as the female parent and the CIMMYT disease-resistant germplasm 'Mucuy' as the male parent. Systematic analysis of 145 families revealed abundant variation in agronomic traits, with coefficients of variation for plant height, tiller number, spike length, spikelet number per spike, and grain number per spike being 11.67%, 54.09%, 14.74%, 11.58%, and 27.14%, respectively; among grain traits, grain area and perimeter showed variations of 24.54% and 9.39%. Correlation analysis indicated highly significant positive correlations (P<0.01) between grain number per spike and grain size traits (area r=0.55, perimeter r=0.57) as well as spikelet number (r=0.37). Principal component analysis extracted four principal components (cumulative contribution rate 83.117%), with grain morphology indicators contributing 46.824%. Based on comprehensive membership function values, 25 elite lines (comprehensive index >5.0) were selected, combining field evaluation for adult-plant resistance to stripe rust, seven lines were developed that integrate the high-yield spike architecture of 'Gaoyuan 448' (with >16 spikelets per spike and >44 grains per spike) and the disease resistance characteristics of 'Mucuy'. This study provides novel germplasm resources and theoretical support for breeding disease-resistant and high-yielding wheat cultivars in Qinghai.

An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of rice straw returning and tillage methods on wheat growth, the wheat variety Yangmai 30 was used as the material. 5 treatments were designed: full amount of rice straw returned to the field followed by deep tillage + shallow rotary tillage (T1), full amount of straw returned to the field followed by shallow rotary tillage (T2), no-tillage with full amount of straw returned to the field (T3), all rice straw baled and removed from the field followed by deep tillage + shallow rotary tillage (T4), and all straw baled and removed from the field followed by shallow rotary tillage (T5). The emergence of wheat seedlings, occurrence of weeds in wheat fields, the entire growth period of wheat, and yield factors under various treatments were determined. The results showed that the emergence rates of the treatments, in descending order, were T4 > T5 > T1 > T2 > T3. The total weed occurrence, in descending order, was T2 > T5 > T4 > T1 > T3. The growth progress was generally consistent, with a full growth period of 199 days for all treatments. In terms of yield, the yields of the treatments ranged from 6 108.8 to 6 603.3 kg/hm², in descending order: T4 > T1 > T2 > T5 > T3. The economic benefits, in descending order, were T3 > T2 > T5 > T4 > T1. Overall, T3 and T2 were associated with higher economic benefits, while T4 achieved the highest wheat yield. Different regions can select suitable straw management methods based on local conditions to enhance wheat yield while improving economic benefits. This article provides a reference for efficient planting of rice stubble and wheat.

After sowing winter wheat, suitable temperatures and sufficient fertilizer can lead to overly vigorous seedling growth, which may negatively affect its lodging resistance and later grain filling ability. Based on practical winter wheat production in the Yellow River Flood Plain, the main factors affecting the control of excessive wheat growth were summarized, and integrated field management measures were analyzed. The factors influencing the control effect included the absence of soil compaction and deep hoeing, improper timing of chemical regulation, excessive nitrogen application or inappropriate fertilization timing, and inadequate pest, disease, and weed control. The integrated field management measures included mechanical compaction, which was carried out on sunny days after the three-leaf stage, with 1 to 4 rounds of compaction depending on the severity of overgrowth. It was noted that compaction should not be applied in waterlogged, compacted, or saline-alkali fields. Deep hoeing to break roots was performed at the end of the tillering stage at a depth of 10-15 cm, followed by leveling and topdressing. Chemical regulation involved the application of agents such as paclobutrazol during the green revival period, with attention paid to concentration of pesticide application. Fertilizer and water management included reducing nitrogen fertilizer, increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application, and adopting delayed nitrogen fertilization techniques. In spring, light and frequent irrigation was applied based on soil moisture conditions, followed by timely intertillage. For disease and pest control, the rotational application strategy was adopted to prioritize the control of diseases such as crown rot and pests including wheat mites. Weed control adhered to the principle of “managing spring weeds in autumn” and appropriate agents were selected based on the weed species. This study provides a reference for controlling excessive growth of wheat seedling growth and promoting healthy crop development.

To screen the suitable herbicides for weed control of grass and broadleaf weeds in spring wheat fields, the Jimai 22 was used as the material, a clear water control was set up, along with the following treatments: treatment 1 (56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm²), treatment 2 (70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm²), treatment 3 [56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm² + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm²], treatment 4 [70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm² + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm²], and treatment 5 [56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm² + 70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm² + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm²]; then, the safety of different treatments on wheat growth was observed, the species of weeds were investigated, and the weed density and control effect were calculated. The results showed that all herbicide treatments were relatively safe for wheat growth under normal dosage and application methods, the dominant weed species in the wheat field mainly belonged to Poaceae, Rubiaceae, and Brassicaceae; the plant height inhibition rates of treatment 5 reached 21.35% and 25.18%, respectively at 7 days and 15 days after herbicide application. The plant control effect of treatment 5 was 64.85% at 7 days after application. Both the fresh weight control effect and plant control effect of treatment 5 exceeded 85% at 15 days after application, compared with treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, and treatment 4, the fresh weight control effect of treatment 5 increased by 22.92, 29.53, 14.24, and 15.51 percentage points, respectively, and the plant control effect increased by 58.27, 43.09, 13.28, and 18.43 percentage points, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to use the combination of 56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm² + 70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm² + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm² for weed control in spring wheat fields. This article provides a reference for selecting suitable pesticides for weed control in wheat fields.

Based on the wheat production practices in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, the causes of Fusarium head blight were analyzed, and integrated management strategies for this disease were explored. The pathogens of wheat Fusarium head blight were primarily spread through air currents, rainwater, insects, seeds, soil, and farming operations. The occurrence and severity of the disease were exacerbated by improper straw return, uneven or shallow land preparation, poor varietal resistance, unsuitable planting patterns, rainy weather during heading and flowering stages, and improper water and fertilizer management. The control of this disease requires an integrated management strategy. Agricultural control measures include the removal or pulverization and incorporation of straw into the field, mechanical deep plowing and land preparation (20–25 cm), crop rotation, sowing at appropriate times, selection of disease-resistant varieties such as Zhongke 166, establishment of an early warning system, and optimization of cultivation practices. Biological control involves the use of beneficial microbial agents such as Bacillus spp. to inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens through competition, antagonism, or induction of resistance. For chemical control, efficient compound agents such as cyanacrylame + tebuconazole were applied using machinery such as plant protection drones during the initial heading and flowering stages, with emphasis on rotating chemicals to ensure effectiveness. This study provides a reference for the integrated control of wheat Fusarium head blight.

【Objective】Spike-related traits constitute a key factor influencing wheat yield. This study conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on wheat spike-related traits to identify significant loci controlling these traits, thereby providing theoretical references for research on genetic improvement of wheat spike-related traits. 【Method】Using a panel of 261 winter wheat varieties (lines), we measured spike-related phenotypic traits and performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with the wheat 90K SNP array, employing the Fixed and Random Model Circulating Probability Unification (Farm CPU) model. Stable and significant loci identified through this analysis were further subjected to haplotype analysis. 【Result】Under three environmental conditions, all 11 panicle-related traits exhibited extensive phenotypic variation, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 3.63 to 64.29. The heritability estimates for these traits varied between 0.42 and 0.84. Highly significant differences (P<0.001) were observed among genotype, environment, and genotype × environment interactions. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 171 loci significantly associated with the 11 traits (P<0.001), including 20 pleiotropic loci detected in two or more environments. These loci were associated with eight panicle traits: panicle length (3 loci), peduncle length (7 loci), sterile spikelet number (1 locus), fertile spikelet number (2 loci), total spikelet number (2 loci), grains per panicle (1 locus), grain weight per panicle (2 loci), and thousand-grain weight (2 loci). The phenotypic contribution rates of these loci ranged from 0.95% to 18.54%. A pleiotropic locus (Ra_c10072_677) significantly associated with both grain weight per panicle and grains per panicle was identified on chromosome 7B, demonstrating phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 2.62% to 6.16%. The marker wsnp_Ex_rep_c69639_68590556, which showed consistent association with peduncle length across two or more environmental conditions (explaining 5.94% of the genetic variation), was selected for haplotype analysis. Three haplotypes (Hap1, Hap2, and Hap3) were characterized, with distribution frequencies of 77.40%, 13.70%, and 8.80%, respectively. Phenotypic analysis revealed that 261 winter wheat cultivars (lines) carrying haplotype Hap3 (30.58 cm) exhibited significantly greater peduncle length (P<0.001) compared to those with Hap1 (28.67 cm) and Hap2 (27.49 cm). The haplotype distribution frequencies showed significant geographic divergence: Hap1 predominated in the Northern Winter Wheat Region, Hap2 was more prevalent in the Huang-Huai Winter Wheat Region, while Hap3 displayed no substantial frequency (>5%) across all winter wheat regions. For stably detected loci across three environments, candidate gene mining identified four genes associated with panicle development. These genes, functionally annotated as encoding MYB transcription factors and F-box domain-containing proteins, represent key candidates influencing panicle architecture. 【Conclusion】The spike traits of wheat exhibited significant variation across different genotypes. A total of twenty stably associated loci were identified across two or more environments. Three distinct haplotypes significantly associated with the peduncle length were detected on chromosome 7B, and four candidate genes potentially related to spike traits were screened out.

【Objective】In precision agriculture, the detection of crop seedlings can be interfered with by factors such as soil weeds, occlusion between seedling leaves, and multi-scale datasets. Based on the object detection algorithm, this paper improved the YOLOv8s algorithm and designed the wheat leaf tip detection model YOLO-Wheat to solve problems, such as leaf occlusion of wheat seedlings in the field, interference from soil weeds, and multi-view data with multiple scales, thereby enhancing the accuracy of wheat seedling leaf detection and providing a theoretical basis for wheat seedling detection at the seedling stage in precision agriculture. 【Method】Close-up and distant images of wheat seedlings were collected respectively through mobile phone cameras and on-board RGB cameras during the emergence period to construct a crop image dataset. In the network model, a pyramid structure of multi-scale feature fusion (high-level screening-feature fusion pyramid, HS-FPN) was adopted. This structure used high-level features as weights, filters low-level feature information through the channel attention module, and combined the screened features with the high-level features. Enhancing the feature expression ability of the model could effectively solve the problem of multi-scale data. Integrate the efficient local attention (ELA) local attention mechanism in the network model was used to enable the model to focus on the leaf tip information of wheat and to suppress the interference of soil background factors of weeds. Meanwhile, the loss function of YOLOv8s (complete IoULoss, CIoULoss) was optimized, and the inner-Iou Loss auxiliary bounding box loss function was introduced to enhance the network's attention to small targets and to improve the positioning accuracy of wheat leaf tips. In terms of training strategies, transfer learning was employed. The model was pre-trained using close-up images of wheat leaf tips, and then the parameters of the model were updated and optimized using distant images. 【Result】The YOLO-Wheat model was compared with five object detection models, namely Faster-RCNN, YOLOv5s, YOLOv7, YOLOv8s, and YOLOv9s. The YOLO-Wheat model was the best in wheat leaf tip detection, with a recognition accuracy rate of 92.7% and a recall rate of 85.1%, respectively. The mean Average Precision (mAP) values were 82.9%. Compared with the Faster-RCNN, YOLOv5s, YOLOv7, YOLOv8s and YOLOv9s models, the recognition accuracy mAP values of YOLO-Wheat have increased by 17.1%, 13.6%, 11.0%, 8.7% and 3.8% respectively; the recall rates increased by 13.1%, 6.7%, 4.5%, 1.8% and 1.3%, respectively. Compared with the Faw-RCNN, YOLOv5s, YOLOv7, YOLOv8s and YOLOv9s models, the mAP values of YOLO-Wheat have increased by 16.2%, 9.8%, 5.0%, 5.9% and 0.7%, respectively. 【Conclusion】This method could effectively solve the problem of multi-scale data, achieve precise detection of small targets at the leaf tips of wheat seedlings in complex field environments using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, and provide technical support and theoretical reference for intelligent leaf counting of wheat seedlings in complex fields.

The breeding process of Aihemai No.6 was summarized. Based on its performance in the regional trials of the Wanhuai Wheat Variety Test Consortium in Anhui Province, its agronomic traits, yield, and comprehensive resistance were analyzed, and its high yield cultivation techniques were explored. The variety was developed as a new semi-winter wheat through multiple years of hybridization using the intermediate material of Yannong 19/Zhoumai 22 as the female parent and Bainong 207 as the male parent, followed by pedigree selection. It was approved by the Anhui Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024, with the approval number Wanshenmai 2024L002. In the regional trials of the Wanhuai Wheat Variety Test Consortium in Anhui Province, the full growth period of this variety was recorded as 222.3 d, and the plant height was measured as 84.3 cm. The average yield was 9 331.5 kg/hm², which represented a 6.34% increase compared to the control variety Jimai 22. The grain bulk density was 824.5 g/L, the wet gluten content was 35.35%, and the crude protein content was 14.22%. The key points of its high yield cultivation techniques included: pre-sowing preparation (seed treatment, deep plowing, land preparation, and scientific fertilization), sowing at the appropriate time (October 10-25), rational dense planting (2.25-2.70 million plants/hm²), and uniform shallow sowing (3-5 cm). Field management focused on split fertilization, timely chemical weeding (before winter and before jointing), and comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests such as sheath blight and Fusarium head blight (seed treatment, release of natural enemies, rotation of pesticide application, etc.). The wheat was harvested at the appropriate time (from mid to late wax ripening), and the grains were stored when the moisture content was below 13%. This study provides a reference for further promotion and cultivation of this variety.

The breeding process and characteristics of wheat variety Qinglin 139 were summarized, and its high yield cultivation techniques in the regions along the Huai River and in Huaibei region were analyzed. This variety was developed through systematic breeding, with Jike 32 as the female parent and Zhoumai 26 as the male parent. In the 2019-2021 regional trials of the semi-winter wheat group in Anhui Province, the total growth period was recorded as 224.0-225.2 d, and its agronomic traits were excellent. The yield ranged from 8 004.0 to 8 292.0 kg/hm⊃2;, representing an increase of 0.66%-5.97% compared to Jimai 22. It exhibited moderate resistance to fusarium head blight, good stem elasticity, and strong lodging resistance. The average grain bulk density was 826 g/L, with a protein content (dry basis) of 13.49%, a wet gluten content of 30.0%, and it was classified as medium-gluten wheat. High yield cultivation techniques included fine land preparation, deep plowing to 25-30 cm followed by leveling and compaction, and straw crushing to less than 5 cm. Base fertilization was primarily based on organic fertilizer, supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc fertilizers. Additional nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the jointing stage based on seedling conditions. The suitable sowing period in the regions along the Huai River and in Huaibei region was from October 15 to 25, with an appropriate seeding rate of 157.5-187.5 kg/hm⊃2;. Key disease prevention measures targeted sharp eyespot disease, using agents such as tebuconazole for seed dressing or spraying, combined with the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to enhance resistance. For mechanical harvesting, the stubble height was kept below 15 cm, and timely sun-drying after harvest was recommended to reduce grain moisture content to below 13%. This study provides a reference for the further promotion and cultivation of this variety.

The occurrence conditions of wheat Fusarium head blight were analyzed in Fengyang, Anhui Province, based on local climatic conditions, and integrated management strategies for the disease were proposed.The study area has an average annual temperature of approximately 14.8 ℃ and an average annual rainfall of 912 mm, with relative humidity ranging between 75% and 80%. The climate is mild with distinct seasonal variations. The soils are predominantly cinnamon, paddy, and sandy loams, characterized by deep layers, good structure, and abundant organic matter, all providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of wheat Fusarium head blight. Furthermore, crop rotation patterns such as maize-wheat and rice-wheat provide suitable overwintering conditions for the pathogen, leading to the annual accumulation of inoculum and increasing the risk of disease outbreaks. In response to the above conditions, the following control measures should be taken: to reduce the accumulation of pathogen sources, the rotation of crops should be adjusted and the treatment of crop residues optimized; to address factors such as temperature, humidity and soil, agricultural measures such as selecting resistant varieties and optimizing water and fertilizer management to reduce field humidity; employing biochemical controls using plant growth regulators and immune inducers; and applying chemical controls, using high efficacy agents like prothioconazole while alternating modes of action to delay resistance development. Post-harvest, rapid drying or sunning of grains to safe moisture levels and enhanced storage management are essential to prevent mold and toxin accumulation, ensuring food safety. Future efforts should focus on leveraging technologies such as gene cloning, functional molecular markers, and remote sensing monitoring to strengthen the breeding of resistant varieties and improve disease surveillance. These advances will enhance the control of wheat scab and promote the sustainable development of the related industry.