Through pot experiments, the effects of single application of lime based conditioners and combined application of biochar on the physical and chemical properties of fallow soil, and the growth and nutrient absorption of wheat seedlings were investigated, aiming to provide references for rapidly reducing acidity, improving quality, and enhancing crop yield in refarmed acidified soil. The results showed that compared with the control (without the application of conditioner), the application of conditioners in acidic soil (pH 5.35) increased the soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium content, with increases of 0.15%-7.93%, 2.38%-8.34% and 6.68%-21.33%, respectively. It also increased the fresh and dry root weight of wheat on acidic soil, with increases of 2.78%-15.63%, 1.14%-15.23%, respectively. The total root length, root volume and total surface area of single application of limestone powder increased 10.75%, 13.65% and 11.98% compared to CK. The application of lime conditioner alone and combined with biochar increased the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium content in the above-ground wheat, with increases of 2.78%-12.92%, 2.27%-7.70% and 5.37%-9.44%, respectively. The increase in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content in wheat roots ranged from 18.82%-24.27%, 12.24%-22.37%, respectively. The application of biochar alone had a promoting effect on soil alkaline nitrogen and available potassium content; the combination of lime based conditioners and biochar could promote the increase of soil available phosphorus content, wheat biomass, and soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients.

The rapid and real-time acquisition of soil moisture in a large range can provide powerful data support for dealing with drought. In this paper, three drought index models, namely perpendicular drought index (PDI), modified perpendicular drought index (MPDI) and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI), were constructed to discuss the accuracy and applicability of soil moisture inversion in the winter wheat planting area in Dingxing and Yixian of Hebei based on multi-spectral remote sensing data Landsat-8 and field measured soil moisture data. Three drought index models indicated that the study area was dry, and the spatial distribution of different drought indices was different, among which the difference between PDI and the other two drought indices was the biggest. All the three drought indices were negatively correlated with measured soil moisture, and MPDI, TVDI had obvious linear correlation with soil moisture. MPDI had the highest fitting degree and was used to invert the soil moisture. The inversion results showed that the soil moisture in the study area was relatively low, mainly ranging from 12% to 15%, and the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture were consistent with that of land cover. Our study indicated that the MPDI index had great potential for drought monitoring in the winter wheat planting area in winter.

It is of great significance to grasp the occurrence and development law of wheat dry hot wind disaster and take targeted defensive measures to ensure food security. According to the meteorological industry standard of wheat dry-hot wind, using the daily meteorological observation data of 9 national meteorological stations and 114 regional automatic stations in agricultural areas in Bazhou from May to June from 1981 to 2023, the data of wheat development period and geographical basic information of agricultural meteorological observation stations, combined with ArcGIS10.8 technical mapping, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of wheat dry-hot wind days and processes in Bazhou were analyzed, and the risk zoning and evaluation were carried out. The results showed that the number of dry hot wind days and weather process showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing slowly, and then increasing obviously after decreasing slowly. The trend tendency rate was 2.2 d/10a and 1.2 meta/10 a, respectively in recent 43 years. In the 1980s, the decrease was more obvious, in the 1990s and 2010s, it showed an increasing trend, and after 2011, it increased significantly, which had the characteristics of time stages, and 2017 and 2022 were the years of high dry hot wind. From the proportion of three different degrees of dry-hot wind, the number of days and processes of light dry-hot wind are the most, and the trend of light process is significant; the number and process of medium and heavy dry-hot wind days did not change significantly. The number of dry hot wind days and the number of dry hot wind weather processes are similar in spatial distribution, that is, the desert oasis area in the southeast margin of the Taklimakan Desert is frequent and high occurrence area, the Bosten Lake waters and Yanqi Basin are less occurrence area, and other areas are secondary occurrence area, showing the spatial distribution characteristics of ‘more in the southeast and less in the northeast’ with obvious regionalism. The risk zoning results are divided into four levels of dry hot wind risk areas: heavy, heavier, moderate and mild (no), which can provide reference for disaster prevention in different risk planting areas.

A high-efficiency mode of high-low seedbed cultivation (HLSC) has been listed as the main agricultural technology to increase land utilization ratio and grain yield in Shandong province, China.  However, little information is available on the optimized water and nitrogen management for yield formation, especially the grain filling process, under HLSC mode.  A three-year field experiment with four nitrogen rates and three irrigation rates of HLSC was conducted to reveal the response of grain-filling parameters, grain weight percentage of spike weight (GPS), spike moisture content (SMC), and yield of winter wheat to water and nitrogen rates.  The four nitrogen rates were N1 (360 kg ha^-1 pure N), N2 (300 kg ha^-1 pure N), N3 (240 kg ha^-1 pure N), and N4 (180 kg ha^-1 pure N), and three irrigation quotas were W1 (120 mm), W2 (90 mm) and W3 (60 mm).  Results showed that the determinate growth function generally performed well in simulating the temporal dynamics of grain weight (0.989<R²<0.999, where R² is the determination coefficient).  The occurrence time of maximum filling rate (T_max) and active grain-filling period (AGP) increased with the increase in the water or nitrogen rate, whereas the average grain filling rate (G_mean) had a decreasing trend.  The final thousand-grain weight (FTGW) increased and then decreased with the increase in the nitrogen rates and increased with the increase in the irrigation rates.  The GPS and SMC had a highly significant quadratic polynomial relationship with grain weight and days after anthesis.  Nitrogen, irrigation, and year exerted highly significant effects on the T_max, AGP, G_mean, and FTGW.  Particularly, the AGP and FTGW were insignificantly different between high seedbed (HLSC-H) and low seedbed (HLSC-L) across the water and nitrogen levels.  Moreover, the moderate water and nitrogen supply was more beneficial for grain yield as well as spike number and grain number per hectare.  The principal component analysis indicated that the combination of 240-300 kg N ha^-1 and 90-120 mm irrigation quota could improve grain filling efficiency and grain yield for the HLSC-cultivated winter wheat. 

[Objective] Acurately determining the suitable sowing date for winter wheat is of great significance for improving wheat yield and ensuring national food security. Traditional visual interpretation method is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also covers a relatively small area. Remote sensing monitoring, belongs to post-event monitoring, exhibits a time lag. The aim of this research is to use the temperature threshold method and accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method to analyze the suitable sowing date for winter wheat in county-level towns under the influence of long-term sequence of climate warming. [Methods] The research area were various townships in Qihe county, Shandong province. Based on European centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis data from 1997 to 2022, 16 meteorological data grid points in Qihe county were selected. Firstly, the bilinear interpolation method was used to interpolate the temperature data of grid points into the approximate center points of each township in Qihe county, and the daily average temperatures for each township were obtained. Then, temperature threshold method was used to determine the final dates of stable passage through 18, 16, 14 and 0 ℃. Key sowing date indicators such as suitable sowing temperature for different wheat varieties, growing degree days (GDD)≥0 ℃ from different sowing dates to before overwintering, and daily average temperature over the years were used for statistical analysis of the suitable sowing date for winter wheat. Secondly, the accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method was used to calculate the appropriate date of GDD for strong seedlings before winter by moving forward from the stable date of dropping to 0 ℃. Accumulating the daily average temperatures above 0 ℃ to the date when the GDD above 0 ℃ was required for the formation of strong seedlings of wheat, a range of ±3 days around this calculated date was considered the theoretical suitable sowing date. Finally, combined with actual production practices, the appropriate sowing date of winter wheat in various townships of Qihe county was determined under the trend of climate warming. [Results and Discussions] The results showed that, from November 1997 to early December 2022, winter and annual average temperatures in Qihe county had all shown an upward trend, and there was indeed a clear trend of climate warming in various townships of Qihe county. Judging from the daily average temperature over the years, the temperature fluctuation range in November was the largest in a year, with a maximum standard deviation was 2.61 ℃. This suggested a higher likelihood of extreme weather conditions in November. Therefore, it was necessary to take corresponding measures to prevent and reduce disasters in advance to avoid affecting the growth and development of wheat. In extreme weather conditions, it was limited to determine the sowing date only by temperature or GDD. In cold winter years, it was too one-sided to consider only from the perspective of GDD. It was necessary to expand the range of GDD required for winter wheat before overwintering based on temperature changes to ensure the normal growth and development of winter wheat. The suitable sowing date for semi winter wheat obtained by temperature threshold method was from October 4th to October 16th, and the suitable sowing date for winter wheat was from September 27th to October 4th. Taking into account the GDD required for the formation of strong seedlings before winter, the suitable sowing date for winter wheat was from October 3rd to October 13th, and the suitable sowing date for semi winter wheat was from October 15th to October 24th, which was consisted with the suitable sowing date for winter wheat determined by the accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method. Considering the winter wheat varieties planted in Qihe county, the optimal sowing date for winter wheat in Qihe county was from October 3rd to October 16th, and the optimal sowing date was from October 5th to October 13th. With the gradual warming of the climate, the suitable sowing date for wheat in various townships of Qihe county in 2022 was later than that in 2002. However, the sowing date for winter wheat was still influenced by factors such as soil moisture, topography, and seeding quality. The suitable sowing date for a specific year still needed to be adjusted to local conditions and flexibly sown based on the specific situation of that year. [Conclusions] The experimental results proved the feasibility of the temperature threshold method and accumulated thermal time requirements for wheat leaves appearance method in determining the suitable sowing date for winter wheat. The temperature trend can be used to identify cold or warm winters, and the sowing date can be adjusted in a timely manner to enhance wheat yield and reduce the impact of excessively high or low temperatures on winter wheat. The research results can not only provide decision-making reference for winter wheat yield assessment in Qihe county, but also provide an important theoretical basis for scientifically arrangement of agricultural production.

The occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice, the causes of weed damage were summarized and analyzed, and comprehensive control measures was proposed. The occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice was relatively high, and the grass phase was complex. Poaceae weeds and broad-leaved weeds coexist, and weeds compete with wheat for light, water, and fertilizer, which had a significant impact on the yield and quality of rice stubble wheat. The factors that affected the occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice include planting systems, straw returning, and control measures. The methods of combining agricultural measures (improving farmland quality, changing planting structure, and improving field management) with chemical control (closed weeding, stem and leaf control, and post spring supplementary control) was adopted to prevent and control weeds in wheat fields. Scientific weeding plans were proposed for different types of fields, and the closed weeding and stem and leaf removal (“one closed, one weeding”) plan was adopted to solve most of the weeds in the fields. Special fields can adopt the 1 closed weeding and 2 stem and leaf removal (“one closed, two weeding”) plan. The research results provide references for promoting the healthy development of wheat after rice production and improving the planting efficiency of wheat after rice.

【Objective】Analyzing the yield and yield related traits of Sichuan wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020, providing reference for genetic improvement of yield in Sichuan wheat varieties. 【Method】From 2019 to 2022, a community trial design was used to measure the yield and related traits of 145 wheat varieties in Sichuan Province since 2001 to 2016, as well as 60 high-yield wheat varieties (Varieties with top yields in regional trials in Sichuan Province over the years) since 2000 to 2020. This data was used to analyze the trend of yield and yield related trait changes in Sichuan wheat cultivars cultivated from 2000 to 2020. 【Result】145 Sichuan wheat varieties from 2001 to 2016 have an average annual genetic gain of 37.20 kg·hm^-2 or 0.66% in yield. Grain number per spike and effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, while thousand grain weight and plant height showed a decreasing trend. Correlation analysis showed that effective spike number per unit area was positively correlated with yield. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase of effective spike number per unit area (annual increase 0.42×10⁴/hm² or 0.13%) was the main factor for the increase of yield potential of high-yielding varieties. The average annual yield genetic gain of 60 high-yield wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020 was 61.10 kg·hm^-2 or 0.89%, the effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, the plant height showed a decreasing trend, and the grain number per spike and thousand grain weight had almost no change. Correlation analysis shows that there was a significant positive correlation between yield and the number of effective ears per unit area. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase in effective spike number per unit area (with an average annual increase of 1.80×10⁴/hm² or 0.51%) was also a major factor in improving the yield potential of 60 high-yield wheat varieties in Sichuan from 2000 to 2020. 【Conclusion】The improvement and breeding of wheat yield heritage in Sichuan Province has made some progress, especially the improvement effect of high yield breeding is remarkable, and the yield level of wheat varieties in Sichuan Province is gradually increasing. The continuous increase in effective ears per unit area was the main factor for improving the yield potential of Sichuan wheat varieties. High grain number per spike and thousand grain weight are important foundations for high yield in Sichuan wheat, but their genetic improvement is in a bottleneck period. Increasing the effective spike number per unit area is the key to furtherly improve the yield of wheat in Sichuan.

The control effects of Streptomyces costaricanus strain A-m1 on wheat scab were studied in order to lay a foundation for the development of biocontrol agents for wheat production. The effects of A-m1 on spore germination and mycelial growth of wheat scab pathogen were determined, the genetic and enzymatic basis of the bacteriostatic effect of strain A-m1 was analyzed, and the control effect of spraying A-m1 bacterial liquid at flowering stage and applying A-m1 solid bacterial fertilizer at sowing stage on wheat scab was explored. The findings revealed that strain A-m1 exerted a potent inhibitory influence on both the conidial germination and mycelial expansion of Fusarium graminearum. The genomic of A-m1 encoded genes for the synthesis of streptomycin and tetracycline antibiotics, as well as genes such as casein, β-1, 3-glucanase, cellulase, and chitinase. They had the effect of inhibiting or decomposing pathogenic bacteria, and further biochemical analysis verified the secretion of the four enzymes. Spraying A-m1 fermentation broth at wheat flowering stage had a control effect of 52.28 % on wheat scab, a level of efficacy comparable to that of a 1000-fold dilution of 80% carbendazim solution. The application of A-m1 bacterial fertilizer substituting a portion of the traditional compound fertilizer at the sowing stage, led to a marked increase in the activity of defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. At the same time, the content of malondialdehyde was lower, and the control effect on wheat scab was 57.18 %. In this study, the control effect of strain A-m1 on wheat scab was clarified, and the underlying mechanisms of its protective action had been partially dissected. Field experiments also confirmed the control effect of A-m1 fermentation broth spraying and strain A-m1 bacterial fertilizer application on wheat scab during sowing period, which laid a good foundation for the reduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in wheat production.

Winter wheat is one of the main food crops in China. The enrichment characteristics and potential risks of heavy metals were discussed to provide reference for rational planting of wheat and grain safety and quality. The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni in soil and wheat grain samples collected from typical farmland in northern Henan were determined, and the pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals were evaluated. The results showed that the average contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni in soil were 11397.33, 287.83, 23.33, 7.41, 31.41 and 8.56 mg/kg, respectively. Most of the elements showed a significant positive correlation; the single pollution evaluation and comprehensive pollution evaluation of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni were clean. The average contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni in wheat grains were 30.42, 61.75, 23.17, 1.52, 0.28 and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between individual elements. The contents of Fe, Zn, Cu were lower than the maximum tolerable content of wheat, and the content of Mn was higher than the maximum tolerable content of wheat. The comprehensive pollution evaluation of Cr was mild pollution, and the pollution evaluation of Ni was clean. There was a synergistic or antagonistic effect between heavy metals in the soil-wheat system. The enrichment coefficient of wheat grain to soil heavy metals was Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Fe. The risk of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in northern Henan is low.

To investigate the effect of combined application of livestock manure and desulfurized gypsum on improving coastal saline-alkali soil, this study used coastal saline-alkali soil in Jinghai District, Tianjin as the experimental object. Through setting up field plot experiments, the effects of different application rates of cow manure and desulfurized gypsum on soil pH, total salt, soil ion composition, wheat plant height, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike and yield were analyzed to provide technical reference for the treatment of coastal saline-alkali land. The results showed that all 9 different combinations of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure could reduce soil pH, with LDLG, LDMG and LDHG treatments having the best effect, reducing pH by 2%-5%. Compared with the ion composition of CK, under the same application amount of cow manure, the contents of Na⁺, HCO^3- and Cl^- in LDLG, LDMG and LDHG were significantly reduced, while the contents of K⁺, SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ showed increasing trends. Na⁺ decreased by 15.71%-24.21% compared with CK; Ca²⁺ increased by 110.69%-880.67%. Mg²⁺ increased by 133.41%-525.31%; HCO^3- decreased by 22.91%-59.01%; Cl^- decreased by 35.51%-48.22%; K⁺ increased by 16.41%-70.02%; SO₄^2- increased by 123.21%-351.19%, and SAR value decreased by 65.59%-89.81%. The application of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure could significantly increase wheat plant height and yield, with plant height increasing by 4.78%-14.79%, and HDLG treatment reaching the maximum plant height of 64.67 cm; yield increased by -11.37%-19.55%, reaching the maximum value in LDMG. The study showed that the amount of desulfurized gypsum was significantly positively correlated with soil total salt content, and the amount of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. Under a fixed amount of cow manure, the soil total salt content showed an increasing trend with the increase of desulfurized gypsum application; under a fixed amount of desulfurized gypsum, the soil total salt content decreased with the increase of cow manure application.

In order to identify, introduce and breed winter wheat varieties suitable for Southern Xinjiang, 8 experimental sites were set up in the area, induding Zepu(D₁)、Xinhe(D₂)、Nongyishi(D₃), etc, Xindong 60 (CK₁) and Xindong 20 (CK₂) were used as control variteies, and 20 wheat varieties, including Xinliang 809, Anongdong 9, Xinliang 807, Xinliang 808, Jiushenghe D1809 and Jinfengyuanmai 3 were compared. The population structure, panicle formation characteristics of tillers, main panicle characters and agronomic characters, yield and stability were analyzed. The results showed that the population structure and comprehensive performance of tillering and panicle formation of Jiushenghe D1809, Pubingzi 017, Xinliang 807, and Xinliang 808 were relatively good, the average yield of 9 varieties, including Jinfengyuanmai 3, Anongdong 9, Xinliang 807, Xinliang 809, and Jiushenghe D1809 etc., increased by more than 5% significantly compared to the control varieties Xindong 20 and Xindong 60. Moreover, Jinfengyuanmai 3, Xinliang 807, Xinliang 809, and Jiushenghe D1809 had good high and stable yield, and could be further demonstrated and planted in this region.

The study aims to investigate the effects of straw returning and basal/topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer on winter wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency, and to determine the optimal nitrogen fertilization pattern under straw returning conditions. The experiment used the wheat variety ‘Jimai 22’ as test material, and employed a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of two straw treatments: no straw returning (S₀) and straw returning (S₁). Sub-plots included three nitrogen fertilizer ratios: 7:3 (T₁), 5:5 (T₂) and 3:7 (T₃), with a nitrogen application rate of 240 kg/hm². Nitrogen blank controls were set up with no nitrogen fertilizer applied under both straw returning and no straw returning conditions. The results indicated that compared with no straw returning, straw returning increased nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of winter wheat, with the largest increase observed in the T₁ treatment, reaching 11.08% and 5.21% respectively. When straw returning was combined with a higher proportion of base fertilizer, the yield was higher than that of no straw returning, with an increase of 13.36%. Conversely, when combined with a lower proportion of base fertilizer, the yield was lower than that of no straw returning, with the highest yield achieved with a nitrogen fertilizer ratio of 7:3. It is suggested that in regions similar to the conditions of this experiment, increasing the proportion of base fertilizer under straw returning conditions is a feasible approach to balancing yield and environmental considerations.

To study the effects of different planting years and planting methods on the yield and component factors of shoal wheat, and clarify the dynamic changes of soil salinity, pH and moisture during the growth of shoal wheat, the wheat planting experiment with planting years and planting methods were carried out from November 2021 to June 2022 in the cultivation reclamation area of tidal flats. Two planting years including wheat planting in the first year (1Y) and the second year (2Y), and two planting methods including 25 cm continuous row spacing conventional tillage (N) and 30 cm+15 cm wide and narrow row tillage (T) were set up in the experiment. The results showed that (1) the dynamic changes of soil salinity of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm under 1Y-T, 1Y-N, 2Y-T and 2Y-N treatments were relatively stable from December to February of the next year. The salinity reached the lowest value in late March, and then the salinity returned with the increase of temperature. At the same time, the salinity of 0-40 cm soil layer under T treatment was higher than that under N treatment, and the salinity of 0-40 cm soil layer under 1Y treatment was higher than that under 2Y treatment. (2) Soil pH values of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layer under each treatment had similar seasonal variation characteristics during wheat planting. At the same time, the pH value of 0-20 cm soil layer was lower than that in 20-40 cm soil layer, and the moisture content of 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in 20-40 cm soil layer. (3) Overall, the wheat yield under 2Y treatment was increased by 2.68% compared with that under 1Y treatment. The plot yield and theoretical yield under T treatment were decreased by 6.71% and 8.03% compared with that under N treatment (P<0.05). From the analysis of yield components, the panicle number of wheat under 2Y treatment was increased by 5.29% (P<0.05) compared with that under 1Y treatment, and the panicle number of wheat under T treatment was decreased by 9.67% (P<0.05) compared with that under N treatment. However, there were no significant differences in the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight under different planting years or planting methods. The wheat yield will increase with the decrease of soil salinity in the reclamation area, and the main reason for the increase of wheat yield is the increase of the number of ears in tidal flat cultivation reclamation area.

The Huang-Huai-Hai region is a significant production area for winter wheat and summer maize in China. Currently, the limiting factors include poor maize seeding quality due to no-tillage planting after wheat harvesting, difficulty in irrigation during the sowing to emergence period, untimely irrigation and fertilization, and poor farming techniques. Further enhancement of the use efficiency of radiation, temperature, water and fertilizer resources is the crucial way to achieve high grain yield and sustainable, green agricultural development in this region. To addresses these challenges, since 2018, we have innovated a comprehensive solution integrating several new technologies including the “four to one narrow-wide strip planting” for winter wheat, satellite-guided precision planting, annual shallow subsoil drip irrigation for synchronizing water-fertilizer-pesticide management. The corresponding modern agricultural machinery and information technology have been also matched. The integrated technique is called “Green water-fertilizer-pesticide synchronizing technology characterized of ‘four to one narrow-wide strip planting’ plus shallow subsoil drip fertigation for winter wheat-summer maize cropping system”. The field demonstration experiments conducted between 2010 and 2013 indicated that this novel comprehensive technology effectively addressed the aforementioned challenges and achieved both high yield and efficient resource utilization. Compared with traditional farmer practice, the new technology increased grain yield by 9%-17% in winter wheat and by 12%-14% in summer maize. The new technology also saved water input by 450-750 m³/hm², fertilizer input by 20%, and labor cost by 2250-3000 yuan/hm². This comprehensive technology provides a novel feasible solution for the green and high-yielding production of winter wheat and summer maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.

【Objective】To develop high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivars in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Zone (YHWZ), simultaneously improving of yield and resistance was conducted in this study.【Method】Using the elite parent dwarf male sterile (DMS) wheat combined with double haploid (DH) technology and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) of Fhb1 (DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy), DH lines were developed using Sumai 3 as a donor (FHB- resistant parent) and Zhoumai 16’s DMS wheat, Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136 and Lunxuan 6 as recipient parents. The agronomic traits (plant height, heading date, yield, etc.) and FHB resistance were evaluated for these DH lines.【Result】A total of 51 Fhb1-DH lines characterized by facultative growth habit, semi-dwarf and white grains were selected using this strategy. The average number of infected spikelets of 51 lines were 5.7 and 7.3 at the 2020Henan and 2020Beijing sites, respectively, and average disease severities were 27.7% and 35.2%, which is not different from moderately susceptible control Huaimai 20. There was no significant difference in grain yield per hm² between the mean performance of the 51 lines and the control Zhoumai 18. DH116 (Lunxuan 20), a promising line from the 51 lines, was further evaluated for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in multiple environments. The resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB was significantly improved, and no significant difference was found in the number of infected spikelets or disease severity between Lunxuan 20 and moderately or highly resistant controls at four sites. Lunxuan 20 showed slightly greater grain yield per hm², and significantly higher number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight (P<0.05), earlier heading date and shorter plant height (P<0.05) than the control Zhoumai 18 in two environments. The grain yield per hm² of Lunxuan 20 was 4.6% and 1.7% higher than the control cultivar Bainong 207 in the two list trials of Henan Province, and 3.5% higher than Bainong 207 in the demonstration trial. Resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB ranged from moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance in two-year list tests using the single-floret injection and spray inoculation methods. Lunxuan 20 carries the semi-dwarfing gene Rht-D1b at the Rht-D1 locus, and the recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1 associated with the winter growth habit at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Based on the wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 64.7% of the SNPs were shared by Lunxuan 20 and its parents, and the direct genetic contributions of Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136, Lunxuan 6 and Sumai 3 to Lunxuan 20 were 69.8%, 12.6%, 6.1% and 11.5%, respectively.【Conclusion】A high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Lunxuan 20 was bred using the DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy.

Based on the current situation of wheat production in the Dabie Mountains of West Anhui Province, and the aspects of wheat production needs to be further improved were summarized and analyzed, including high-quality varieties, mechanization level, green high-yield and efficient cultivation technology system, and wheat brand influence. Based on these links, measures were proposed to strengthen independent breeding of varieties, improve the efficiency of mechanized operations, promote high-yield and efficient cultivation technology systems, and develop brands of green agriculture, providing references for the sustainable and high-quality development of the wheat industry in the research area.

In order to give full play to the role of organic manure in nutrient balance, improve the application effect of chemical fertilizer, improve the quality of cultivated land, and better utilize organic manure resources nearby and locally, the organic nitrogen equivalent test of wheat decomposed manure was carried out. It was divided into three treatments: no nitrogen treatment (PK), inorganic nitrogen treatment (N₁PK) and 100% nitrogen replacement of equal nitrogen content decomposed manure (MN₂PK) to determine the organic nitrogen isopotency equivalent of wheat decomposed manure and its effects on wheat yield, composition factors, quality, nutrient uptake and utilization rate and soil quality. The results showed that compared with inorganic nitrogen treatment, wheat yield, yield components and nitrogen utilization rate of decomposed manure treatment had a decrease trend. The organic nitrogen equivalent of decomposed manure with chicken manure as the main raw material was 0.89. Compared with inorganic nitrogen treatment, the application of decomposed manure increased wheat protein content, soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and pH. The results showed that decomposed manure could improve wheat quality, soil physicochemical properties and cultivated land quality.

Fusarium crown rot of wheat caused by various fungus such as Fusarium is a typical fungal soil-borne disease. In recent years, the frequency and severity of the disease are increasing, which poses a serious threat to wheat production and food security. The occurrence characteristics, regularity and causes of Fusarium crown rot of wheat were reviewed, and the comprehensive control measures combining agricultural control, chemical control and biological control were put forward, in order to provide some technical references for the comprehensive control of Fusarium crown rot of wheat.

【Objective】 Starch is the main component of wheat kernel and plays an important role in processing. The gelatinization characteristic of starch is an important index to evaluate its quality. The genetic variation of starch gelatinization was studied to provide basis for improving wheat quality. 【Method】 Seven starch gelatinization traits, including gelatinization temperature, peak time, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, decay value and recovery value, were phenotypically determined in 205 winter wheat varieties. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 90K chip, and haplotype analysis was performed on the stable and significant sites found. 【Result】 The seven characteristics, such as pasting temperature, showed abundant variation in different environments, and the coefficient of variation of attenuation value was the largest (29.31%-31.14%). There were significant differences among genotype, environment and genotype × environment, and the generalized heritability was 0.69-0.86. Through genome-wide association analysis, we found 198 loci that showed significant associations with seven traits. It was distributed in 20 other linked groups except 6D chromosome. There were 58 sites that were stable in 2 or more environments, involving all 7 traits, such as pasting temperature (10), peak time (5), peak viscosity (12), trough viscosity (10), final viscosity (7), break down (4) and set back (10), which could explain 5.54%-22.21% of genetic variation, twenty-one new sites were identified. By haplotype analysis of multiple effector sites that exist in multiple environments and have high phenotypic contribution, Four haplotypes, Hap1 (66.84%), Hap2 (16.84%), Hap3 (9.70%) and Hap4 (6.63%), were found at Kukri_c17417_407 on chromosome 4A, which were significantly related to peak viscosity and break down. Where Hap2 is the peak viscosity and high break down. (P<0.0001). The distribution frequency of varieties (lines) containing haplotype Hap2 in different ecological regions was from high to low as Huanghuai winter wheat region>foreign varieties>Southwest winter wheat region>Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River winter wheat region>Northern winter wheat region. There were 11 single cause multieffect sites, among which there were 3 multiple effect sites associated with final viscosity, set back, peak time and trough viscosity. Jagger_c4026_328 and other 11 stable genetic loci located on 1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B and 6B were mined, and 11 candidate genes that might be related to wheat starch gelatinization traits were screened. 【Conclusion】 In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. 58 stable loci were detected that were significantly associated with starch gelatinization traits, and 4 different haplotypes were identified on chromosome 4A that were significantly associated with peak viscosity and break down, and 11 candidate genes related to starch gelatinization were screened, which could provide help for marker-assisted high-quality wheat breeding.

【Objective】 The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is a typical annual rotation area of winter wheat and summer maize in China, and the effect of pre-season tillage on the yield of summer maize in this area was studied, so as to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the tillage mode under the wheat-maize double cropping system to improve the high and stable yield of summer maize. 【Method】 Based on the 6-year long-term positioning experiment, three pre-sowing tillage modes of winter wheat were set up, including Deep tillage (DT), No-tillage (NT), and Rotation tillage (RT) with deep tillage for one year and two years, to explore the tillage mode with the greatest potential for increasing summer maize yield. 【Result】 RT and DT treatments significantly increased the soil water storage of 0-40 cm soil in tillage disturbance during the tillage period of summer maize at the grain filling stage, which was 4.89% to 11.02% (2022) and 4.43% to 6.06% (2023) higher than that under DT treatment, and 8.16% to 16.69% (2022) and 6.78% to 17.23% (2023) higher than that under NT treatments, respectively. RT treatment could maintain a high leaf area index at the maize grain filling stage, and the leaf area index under RT treatment increased by 1.41% to 14.28% (2022) and 9.03% to 14.46% (2023) compared with DT treatment before and during the grain filling stage, respectively and increased by 14.80% to 27.56% (2022) and 21.25% to 29.39% (2023) compared with NT treatment, respectively. Compared with DT and NT treatments, the contribution rate of dry matter transfer after anthesis to grain under RT treatment increased by 3.77%, 40.36% (2022) and 7.26%, 19.91% (2023), respectively. The results of logistic equation simulation showed that the parameters of the 3 grain filling stages were roughly in the order of rapid growth stage>gradual growth stage>slow growth stage, and the three grain positions showed the lower grain>the middle grain>the upper grain, and the changes of the parameters in the 3 treatments showed RT>DT>NT, in which the RT treatment reached the maximum grouting rate in advance, and the average grouting rate was the highest, thereby increasing the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight. In 2022 and 2023, the yield under RT was significantly increased by 8.92%, 14.15%, 6.25% and 19.45% compared with DT and NT treatments, respectively, and in 2022 and 2023, the 100-grain weight RT and DT treatments were significantly increased by 2.71%, 6.03%, 9.02% and 12.56% compared with NT treatments, respectively. According to the structural equation model of yield formation, the direct effect and indirect effect of 0-40 cm soil water storage on yield were 0.420 and 0.551, respectively. 0-40 cm soil water storage not only directly promoted yield formation, but also affected yield through aboveground biomass and average grain filling rate. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, soil water storage was an important driving factor for increasing yield, and RT could increase soil water storage at summer maize filling stage, thereby increasing leaf area index with higher activity, delaying leaf senescence time, increasing dry matter accumulation, optimizing grain filling characteristics, promoting the increase of dry matter to grain filling rate, and ultimately increasing summer maize yield.

In order to effectively control wheat yellow mosaic disease at seedling stage and reduce the effect on wheat yield, the occurrence of wheat yellow mosaic disease was investigated in the field from 2018, and the regularity of occurrence of wheat yellow mosaic disease was analyzed systematically. From 2022 to 2023 year, three plots were selected to conduct pesticide control experiments at seedling stage, two sprays of 20% moroxydine hydrochloride WP 2250 g + 30% difluorophos WP 750 g + 0.01% brassinolide soluble solution 225 mL + 6% oligosaccharide·Chain protein WP 1200 g + 98% Monopotassium phosphate 2250 g + 750 g water soluble fertilizer containing amino acids were applied to wheat at rising stage, the area was 1333.4, 666.7, 666.7 m2 respectively, and the control was sprayed with water, the area was 1333.4, 666.7, 666.7 m2respectively. The results showed that spraying fungicide could reduce the severity of wheat yellow mosaic disease, and the average control effect was 29.6% and 42.46%, respectively, and the average plant height and fresh weight increased by 3.24 cm and 0.44 g, respectively, the average number of secondary roots per plant increased by 3.17. The yields of the three plots were 5657.85, 6777.12, 7868.37 kg/hm2, respectively, and those of the control were 4776.52, 5435.58, 7223.63 kg/hm2, respectively. The yields of the three plots were increased by 881.32, 1341.54, and 644.75 kg/hm2, respectively, the average yield increase was 955.87 kg and 17.35%. Spraying fungicide at the seedling stage of wheat can reduce the damage degree of the disease and achieve the effect of preventing disease, reducing damage and increasing yield of wheat.

The current distribution of zinc content in farmland soil, the impact of zinc on the nutritional quality of wheat grains, the absorption and accumulation characteristics of zinc by wheat, and the ways to enhance zinc nutrition in wheat grains were summarized and analyzed. The distribution pattern of zinc content in soil was closely related to topography, geological structure, and ecological environment. In some wheat producing areas, the zinc content in soil is relatively low. Zinc is an important trace element that affects the starch and protein content of wheat grains. It was generally absorbed by plant roots and transported to the aboveground part under pressure or transpiration, or horizontally transported to the phloem, where it was transported upwards or downwards and then transported to various tissues and organs. The ways to enhance zinc in wheat include genetic improvement breeding, agronomic improvement, and application biotechnology. The research results provide some new ideas for zinc-rich wheat breeding.

The application of green cultivation and intelligent precision management technology were summarized and analyzed in promoting wheat production, providing references for achieving efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable agricultural development. This technology utilized modern technologies such as sensors, remote sensing, and the Internet of Things to achieve real-time monitoring and precise control of wheat growth and environmental conditions. Through various means such as planting management, water and fertilizer management, pest control, and integrated harvesting and storage, it improved wheat production efficiency and product quality, while reducing resource waste and environmental pollution. The application of this technology was helpful for the rational planning of the cultivation scheme and the precise control of the whole process of crop growth and the environment. The purpose was to promote green cultivation and intelligent precision management technology to improve the yield and quality of wheat.

【Objective】The study on the effect of nitrogen reduction and water saving on the stem strength and grain quality of spring wheat aims to provide theoretical basis for the sustained and stable yield increase of spring wheat, efficient utilization of irrigate and nitrogen, and improvement of spring wheat’s lodging resistance in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia.【Method】Using Ningchun No.4 as test material, in 2021 and 2022, split-zone field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation treatments (conventional irrigation (400 mm, WC), 20% water saving (320 mm, W1), and 40% water saving (240 mm, W2) and nitrogen application treatments (conventional nitrogen application (270 kg·hm^-2, NC), 25% nitrogen reduction (202.5 kg·hm^-2, NJ), and no nitrogen application, N0) on stem strength, yield and grain quality of spring wheat.【Result】The 25% N reduction and 20% water savings did not significantly reduce spring wheat plant height, stem diameter, or accumulation of aboveground biomass compared to conventional N application. There was no significant difference in stem strength and stem potassium content of spring wheat treated with reduced and conventional nitrogen application levels, but on the basis of reduced nitrogen, stem strength and stem potassium content of spring wheat treated with 20% water saving was significantly higher than that of conventional irrigation treatment. At the filling stage, stem strength increased by 14.9% and 16.3%, and stem potassium content increased by 13.4% and 11.9% in the water-saving 20% treatment compared to the conventional flooding treatment in both years at the reduced nitrogen level, while at the maturity stage, stem strength increased by 19.0% and 8.3%, and stem potassium content increased by 10.5% and 9.0%, respectively. Stem strength of spring wheat showed a decreasing trend as the reproductive process progressed. Correlation analysis showed that stem strength was highly significantly positively correlated with plant height and above-ground biomass, significantly positively correlated with stem potassium content, and not significantly correlated with stem diameter. Among the water-nitrogen treatments, the spring wheat yield was highest in the 20% nitrogen reduction and water conservation treatment, amounting to 8 092 and 5 516 kg•hm^-2 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. At the same nitrogen application, the soluble sugar and protein contents of spring wheat grain showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the decrease of irrigation quota, and the 25% nitrogen reduction and 20% water saving treatment reached the maximum value, which increased by 14.4%, 16.7%, and 25.5%, 23.5%, respectively, compared with the conventional water and nitrogen treatments, while there was no significant difference in starch content among the irrigation and nitrogen treatments. It was further found that stem strength was highly significantly and positively correlated with yield and protein content in grain and not significantly correlated with starch and soluble sugar content in grain.【Conclusion】Water saving of 20% under nitrogen reduction promoted the growth of spring wheat plant height and stem diameter, increased the accumulation of aboveground biomass, and increased the potassium content of stems, which in turn improved the stem strength of spring wheat, reduced the risk of lodging, increased the yield of spring wheat and improved the grain quality. Therefore, it was concluded that 20% water saving under nitrogen reduction conditions is a suitable irrigate and nitrogen management model for spring wheat in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia.

【Objective】1BL·1RS translocation lines are widely used in wheat breeding programs. The genetic effects of 1BL·1RS on yield and quality related traits will be characterized under different backgrounds, and its application in breeding programs will be evaluated. The study will provide therotical references for the selection of high-yield and high-quality wheat varieties.【Method】 The natural mapping population comprised by 244 varieties/advanced lines and the 188 recombinant inbred lines (KJ-RIL-F₈) derived from the cross between Kenong9204 (KN9204) and Jing411 (J411) were used in this study. Their genotypes were detected by the 1RS diagnostic markers. Combining with the phenotypic values, the genetic effects of 1BL·1RS translocation on yield and quality were characterized. The selection and utilization of 1BL·1RS translocation in breeding programs were clarified by analyzing its proportion in the approved varieties among different decades and cultivate locations.【Result】Of the 188 KJ-RILs, 74 were 1BL·1RS translocation lines. The yield-related traits analysis showed that, under both high and low nitrogen conditions, the 1BL·1RS translocation lines significantly prolonged the heading date, increased grain nitrogen content ratio, increased flag leaf length and flag leaf area; while it significantly reduced kernel number per spike. The 1BL·1RS translocation had no significant effect on the spikes number per plant, thousand kerner weight or flag leaf width. Under both high nitrogen and low nitrogen conditions, 1BL·1RS translocation could significantly increase water absorption rate, wet gluten content, protein content and grain hardness; it had no significant effect on testweight, tractility or sedimentation value. Of the 244 varieties/advanced lines in the natural population, 76 were 1BL·1RS translocation lines. The 1BL·1RS translocation could significantly increase kernel number per spike, spike length and spikelet number, but it could significantly reduce plant height. However, it had no significant effect on spikes number per plant, thousand kerner weight, flag leaf length, flag leaf width or flag leaf area. The 244 varieties/advanced lines in the natural mapping population were classified and grouped according to wheat cultivation locations and variety certification time. The results showed that there were significant differences in the proportion of 1BL·1RS among different wheat cultivation locations. The proportion of the 1BL·1RS translocation lines began to increase from the 1990s in breeding programs.【Conclusion】There is no significant difference for the effects of 1BL·1RS translocation on yield and quality traits under high and low nitrogen conditions. The 1BL·1RS translocation showed inconsistent effects on yield related traits in the KJ-RIL mapping population and the natural mapping population, probably due to the different genetic backgrounds among them.

【Objective】Buckwheat is an important cereal and economic crop. Compared with other crops, buckwheat has strong aluminum tolerance. A transcription factor FtbHLH93 in response to aluminum stress was identified in transcriptome data of aluminum treatment. Exploring the function of FtbHLH93 will provide ideas and clues for solving the problem of aluminum toxicity in acidic soil and molecular breeding of new varieties of buckwheat with aluminum tolerant, and provide theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of tolerance aluminum in buckwheat.【Method】 The cDNA of Pinku1 was used as a template to clone FtbHLH93. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of FTbHLH93 in different tissues of Tartary buckwheat and at different time points after aluminum treatment. Yeast system was used to identify the transcriptional activation activity. The localization of intracellular expression was determined by subcellular localization. The flavonoid content of the overexpressed materials was examined, and SOD and POD activities were measured under untreated and Al-treated conditions. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed by transcriptome analysis, potential downstream target genes were screened, and their promoters were predicted. The dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the results.【Result】The coding region of FtbHLH93 transcription factor was 573 bp in length, encoding 190 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular weight of FtbHLH93 was 21.759 kDa, and its isoelectric point was 8.64. qRT-PCR results showed that FtbHLH93 was highly expressed in roots. The expression level of FtbHLH93 is highest at 24 h after aluminum treatment. FtbHLH93 is localized in the nucleus without self-activating activity. Overexpression of FtbHLH93 in Tartary buckwheat hairy roots enhanced aluminum tolerance, and the activities of SOD and POD were significantly higher than those of the control group. The detection results of flavonoid metabolites in the overexpressed FtbHLH93 hairy roots showed that the contents of rutin, catechin, and fireworks were significantly higher than those of the control group. GO enrichment analysis showed that it was related to metal ion transport and cadmium and manganese ion entries, and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that it was related to ABC transporter. Three genes responsive to aluminum stress may be downstream target genes of FtbHLH93, and co-expression analysis showed that two of the candidate downstream target genes had a similar expression pattern to FtbHLH93.【Conclusion】FtbHLH93 transcription factor may alleviate aluminum toxicity by promoting the accumulation of flavonoids and the increase of SOD and POD activities. FtbHLH93 may act as an upstream regulator to regulate the expression of FtPinG0100930100.01, FtPinG0303102000.01 and FtPinG0403996200.01.

【Background】To determine the safe planting limit of winter wheat based on agricultural climate indicators is crucial for the scientific and rational utilization of resources, avoiding freezing disasters, and ensuring stable and high yields of winter wheat. However, in the north of China, which is located in the sensitive area of winter wheat planting, the fluctuation of safe winter wheat planting has been intensified due to the increase of extreme weather events caused by global climate change. It is urgent to clarify the agroclimatic factors affecting the safe planting of winter wheat on a large regional scale and to determine their threshold ranges. 【Objective】The research on the agricultural climatic factors and their thresholds for the safe planting of winter wheat was conducted to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable production and planning of winter wheat in response to climate change. 【Method】The northern China was selected as the research area, which was highly sensitive to the safe planting of winter wheat. Based on the spatial distribution of winter wheat with medium and high spatial resolution and ground meteorological observation data, this research utilized methods such as kernel density estimation, geographic detector to reveal the spatial pattern characteristics of the actual northern limit of winter wheat planting, to quantitatively analyze the influence of agricultural climate factors on the formation of the actual northern limit of winter wheat planting, and to explore the threshold of key climate factors. 【Result】(1) The actual northern limit of winter wheat planting, with a total length of about 2 200 km, fluctuated from southwest to northeast. However, agricultural climate factors exhibited more significant fluctuations along the line of Pingning-Xunyi-Tongchuan-Baishui- Heyang-Hancheng-Jishan. (2) The negative accumulative temperature during winter, average temperature of the coldest month, extreme minimum temperature of the year, and accumulative temperature before winter were crucial factors (q >0.45) in shaping the actual northern limit of winter wheat planting. Agricultural precipitation factors had a minor effect (q <0.19) on winter wheat planting, but interacted strongly with temperature factors (q >0.57). (3) Specific meteorological parameters for the northern limit of winter wheat safe planting in northern China were established: negative accumulated temperature in overwintering period≥-620 ℃·d, coldest monthly mean temperature≥-8 ℃, annual extreme minimum temperature≥-22 ℃, and accumulated temperature before overwintering≥529 ℃·d. (4) The potential northern limit for winter wheat planting has moved about 107 km northward compared to the actual limit, with approximately 23.39×10³ km² of expansion area. 【Conclusion】This study identified the key agricultural climate indicators and thresholds influencing safe winter wheat planting in northern China, which provided a basis for determining potential safe planting areas for winter wheat. The research results could provide the theoretical reference and technical support for how winter wheat planting could adapt to climate change and adjust agricultural planting layout reasonably.

Aiming at the problem of three-dimensional visualization of wheat leaves which is difficult to realize, the three-dimensional reconstruction of wheat leaves was carried out by NURBS surface algorithm. Specific data such as wheat leaf length, leaf width, stem and leaf angle, leaf sheath length, and leaf sheath diameter were measured. The main vein control point information of the leaves and leaf sheaths was calculated using the main vein control point algorithm. All the control point information was calculated based on leaf width, leaf sheath diameter, and other information. The three-dimensional model of wheat leaves was constructed using OpenGL in visual studio. The wheat leaf model obtained by the research algorithm has a high similarity with real wheat leaves, which better reflects the curvature of the leaves and truly reflects the morphological information of crop leaves. The three-dimensional reconstruction based on NURBS surface has flexible control, convenient use, and simple calculation, which has good application and reference value in the three-dimensional modeling of crops.

Real-time and accurate monitoring of soil moisture content is the foundation of agricultural water management. Exploring the optimal model for soil moisture inversion in winter wheat is of great significance for improving agricultural water efficiency and sustainable development. This study took the soil moisture content in the winter wheat planting area of Jun County, Hebi City, Henan Province as the research object. Using unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing data, satellite remote sensing data and field sampling data, three methods of temperature vegetation drought index model, water cloud model and improved water cloud model were used to perform comparative analysis of soil water content inversion and optimal model selection. The results showed that the inversion accuracy at a depth of 10 cm was higher than that in 20 cm in all three methods, and R² was greater than 0.4. The use of an improved water cloud model method resulted in R² of 0.7055 and RMSE of 0.0209 at a depth of 10 cm, R² of 0.5069 and RMSE of 0.0271 at a depth of 20 cm, which was superior to the inversion effect of water cloud model and temperature vegetation drought index. This indicated that using the improved water cloud model method for wheat field soil water inversion was appropriate and had high inversion accuracy.