Chinese woad （Isatis indigotica Fort.， 2n=14； Radix Isatidis） is the traditional Chinese medicinal plant widely used in China， and serves as the germplasm resources in crop genetic improvement. This article reviews the progresses in the genomic structure， bioactive compounds and their biosynthesis， as well as distant hybridization with other crop species. The genome size of Chinese woad is about 300 Mb with the tPCK karyotype and 30，000 protein coding genes， and the high quality reference genome reveals the candidate genes and synthesis pathways for main bioactive compounds， indole alkaloids， phenylpropanoids and terpenoids. Through making crosses （male parent） with Brassica rapa and B. napus， the non-classical hybrids containing few chromosomes and fragments of Chinese woad are produced. The somatic hybrids with radish were found with chromosomes of both parents， while they failed to produce seeds by either selfing or backcrossing. The somatic hybrids with B. rapa ssp. chinensis （L.） P. Hanelt show its duplicated chromosomes but male fertile. The somatic hybrids with B. napus derive the whole set of rapeseed-woad additional lines， after successive backcrossing with B. napus. Several lines， if compared to the woad， showed improved resistance against many viruses. The recombinant mitochondria DNA molecule produced during the somatic fusion causes the new cytoplasmic male sterility， and the fertility restoration is realized by the introgression of the gene（s） from one particular chromosome of woad. Finally， we discuss the future genetic study and their utilization based on their novel additional lines.

The beany flavor and potential allergenicity of soybean caused by Lox and 7S globulin limit human consumption. Breeding for soybean varieties with Lox and 7S globulin deficiency or high 11S/7S ratio is， therefore， of interest to improve the nutritional value and process different soybean products. In this study， the protein subunit composition of 2713 soybean germplasms was determined by the optimized soybean protein SDS-PAGE extraction method. The soybean germplasm resources with different protein subunit composition types were excavated， and the genetic and environmental factors affecting the protein subunit content were analyzed. The results identified a significant negative correlation between 7S globulin and 11S globulin. The 11S/7S ratio of local varieties was higher than that of modern varieties. A significant difference on the content and ratio of 7S and 11S globulin were observed in samples harvested from years. There was no significant correlation between 7S and 11S globulin and their subunits and protein and oil content. A total of 15 soybean germplasm resources with specific composition of soybean protein subunits were screened， including four showing 11S/7S ratio greater than 3.0 without subunit structural variation， five with Lox deletion， one with α' subunit deletion， two with α subunit deletion， one with β subunit deletion， one with 11S/7S ratio greater than 3.0 and Lox deletion， and one with complete deletion of 7S subunit. The identification of these germplasms laid a material foundation in breeding of high-quality soybean varieties applicable for different soybean products.

Double haploid techniques have been widely used to accelerate plant breeding， and in recent years， maize （Zea mays L.） lines containing mutations in the membrane protein （DMP） of the functionally unknown domain DUF679 have been used as haploidy-induced lines. In this study， soybean DMP genes with more than 60% homology with maize DMP gene were searched and bioinformatic analysis was performed. The molecular mechanism and biodiversity of GmDMP gene in soybean were investigated by using 2214 resequencing databases. The analysis results show that： GmDMP1 （Glyma.18G097400） and GmDMP2 （Glyma.18G098300） have high evolutionary affinity with maize DMP gene. The full length of genes is 645 bp， the homology rate of amino acid sequence is over 95%， and the number of encoded amino acids is completely consistent with the isoelectric point. The phosphorylation distribution differs at only one site. Both GmDMP1 and GmDMP2 genes have the same domain DUF679， which is more likely to locate in the ER， and both are transmembrane non-secreting hydrophilic proteins. There were 3 and 1 non-synonymous mutations of GmDMP1 and GmDMP2 genes in 2214 germplasm resources， respectively， consisting of 3 and 2 haplotypes. GmDMP1^H3 has been strongly selected during domestication， and the mutation site of the GmDMP1^H1 and GmDMP1^H2 haplotypes is located in the DUF679 domain. It is possible to obtain a haploid inducible line by mutating two DMP genes in soybean， thus shortening the breeding life of soybean.

To obtain the sequence information of salt-tolerant genes in castor bean， we conducted a study to explore differentially expressed genes and related metabolic pathways under salt stress. We used seedling leaves of castor bean （cultivar Tongbi No. 5） treated with salt stress （300 mmol/L NaCl） for 0， 12， and 24 hours as experimental materials. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that there were 4822 and 3103 differentially expressed genes at 12 and 24 hours of salt stress， respectively. Co-expression pattern clustering analysis was conducted on the shared 1872 differentially expressed genes， and three expression patterns were identified. KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of three pathways， namely valine， leucine， and isoleucine degradation （ko00280）， plant circadian rhythm regulation （ko04712）， and starch and sucrose metabolism （ko00500）， in the adaptation process to salt stress. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that most differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes， with the highest enrichment in cellular processes （GO：0009987） and response to non-biological stress （GO：0009628）. In addition， a total of 19 transcription factors were found to be involved in the salt stress response of castor bean. In the plant hormone signal transduction pathway， 42 differentially expressed genes were identified， with 97.6% of genes showing upregulated expression at 12 and 24 hours. Furthermore， we identified differentially expressed genes involved in photosynthesis， antioxidant regulation， and Na⁺， K⁺， and Ca²⁺ transport related to salt stress in castor bean seedlings. qRT-PCR results confirmed the reliability of the above experimental results. In conclusion， this study provides a theoretical basis for the exploration of salt-tolerant genes and the analysis of salt stress adaptation mechanisms in castor bean.

Fusarium head blight （FHB） is a devastating disease of wheat， which seriously reduces grain yield and quality. It is an effective way to prevent the damage of FHB by introducing resistant genes into wheat varieties. In this study， the wheat line L06486 that carries the FHB resistance genes Fhb1， Fhb2， Fhb4 and Fhb5， was used as the donor and crossed with the variety Jimai 24， which was high-yield and widely adaptive across the Huanghuai area of wheat planting， but highly susceptible to FHB. Then the acquired plants were crossed with the dwarf wheat line 206A. A large spray facility was used to carry out the fog-way inoculation of spore-fluid through scab on the ears of wheat， across F₃ to F₆ multiple generations and populations. The resistance of the selected F₇ stable lines was validated by floret-inoculation and their resistant genes composition was identified with specific markers for Fhb1， Fhb2， Fhb4 and Fhb5. It showed that 106 F₇ lines had improved resistance to FHB in comparing with the recipient parent Jimai 24. Out of these 106 lines， 98 lines showed a range of moderate susceptible to high resistance， and 105 lines carried 1 to 4 FHB resistance genes each. The frequencies of Fhb1， Fhb2， Fhb4 and Fhb5 presence were 96.23%， 41.51%， 18.87% and 87.74%， respectively. Lines with single or multiple Fhb genes showed higher resistance to FHB than those with none of Fhb gene； the more Fhb genes it carried， the higher resistance to FHB. Altogether， these selected lines will be valuable in improving the FHB resistance in Huanghuai wheat planting region in the future.

Anthocyanins and betalains are both natural water-soluble pigments with similar distribution and functions in plants. Anthocyanins is a type of phenylalanine-derived pigment， and the betalains is a tyrosine-derived pigment that contains the chromophore betalamic acid. Anthocyanins are widely distributed in plants， but in Caryophyllaceae plants， betalains present instead of anthocyanins. It is worth attention that anthocyanins and betalains have never been found in the same plant at the same time. This mutual exclusion may be raised by accident in evolution， or the co-existence of both pigments would bring troubles in plant survival. This article reviewed and discussed the general characters of anthocyanins and betalains， the biosynthetic pathways and their regulations， the cases of induced co-existence of the two pigments， and the possible reasons for the mutual exclusion between the two pigments. In addition， the possible mechanism of the mutual repulsion of the two pigments， the research focuses for the future， and the possible application value in molecular breeding are also prospected. The purpose of this article is to better understand the relationship between anthocyanins and betalains through the review and prospect of previous studies， reveal the mechanisms for their mutual exclusion， as well as provide new ideas and methods for research and application in related fields.

Fragrance volatile organic compounds play key role on exploitation and utilization in ornamental plants. In this study， headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-MS） was used to determine and quantify the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in five rose petals. Ninety-one VOCs were identified and classified into nine types： terpenes， alcohols， esters， aldehydes， alkanes， phenols， ketones， ethers， acids. Forty-five components were detected in R. centifolia； 52 components including five exclusive compositions were detected in R. ‘Morocco’； 40 compounds including two exclusive compositions were detected in R. ‘de Grasse’； 57 compounds including eight exclusive compositions were detected in R. ‘Duc de Fitzjames’； 63 compounds including 11 exclusive compositions were detected in R. × damascena. The compounds 2-Phenylethanol， Geraniol， β-Citronellol， and Geranyl acetate were predominant in five rose petals. R. × damascena had the highest content of VOCs， reaching 3622.68 ng/g， and the contents of VOCs in R. ‘Morocco’， R. ‘Duc de Fitzjames’， R. ‘de Grasse’， R.centifolia were 2507.07 ng/g， 2445.9 ng/g， 1394.54 ng/g， 883.38 ng/g， respectively. Heatmap cluster analysis and cluster analysis showed that R. × damascena was closely related to R.‘Duc de Fitzjames’， and the content of terpenes were significantly different in petals of five rose. Collectively， this study provided reference for future exploitation and utilization of Rosa genus resources.

The growth， leaf morphology， chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic parameters in diploid and triploid Passiflora edulis Mantianxing were measured. The results showed that： （1） Compared with triploid plants， the triploid plants showed shorter stalk and petiole， narrower leaves and shorter distance between than that of diploid leaves， and the content of carotenoid was no significant difference. （2） The total content of chlorophyll， chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b synthesized by triploid leaves was higher in triploid. （3） During the diurnal process of photosynthesis， both diploid and triploid had a lunch break and the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）， transpiration rate （Tr）， stomatal conductance （Gs） and intercellular CO₂ concentration （Ci） of triploid plant were higher than those of diploid plant， which were increased by 9.5%， 6.9%， 4.5% and 3.9%， respectively. （4） The variation trend of monthly photosynthesis in diploid and triploid was similar， both reaching the highest value in August and falling to the lowest value in December， both of which are single-peak curves. The Pn， Tr and Gs of triploid Mantianxing are superior to diploid. （5） There was correlation between the indexes of the two ploidy plants， which indicated that the traits influenced and promoted each other to make the plant grow normally. The size， opening and closing of stomata significantly affected the Pn and Tr of plant leaves. These results showed that the photosynthetic capacity and light energy utilization capacity of triploid Mantianxing were enhanced with the increase of gene dose， and the accumulation of chlorophyll synthesis content of triploid Mantianxing was increased.

Improving the fragrance characteristics through hybridization is an important way of fragrant flower breeding. In this study， Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry （HS-SPME-GC-MS） was employed to determine the volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in blooming petals of the rose variety Mantingfanghua and its parents. Comparison analysis of VOCs showed that 25， 36 and 22 VOCs were identified in the blooming petals of Mantingfanghua， its paternal species Rosa beggeriana Schrenk and maternal variety Queen Elizabeth， respectively. The totally identified 59 components can be sorted to 8 major compounds based on their chemical structures， including alcohols， terpenes， esters， hydrocarbons， ethers， aldehydes， ketones and acids. Mantingfanghua has 10 components in common with Rosa beggeriana Schrenk， while 13 in common with Queen Elizabeth； Mantingfanghua has the VOCs composition in higher similarity to its maternal variety. The total VOCs content in Mantingfanghua was 579.70 ng/g， which was lower than that in its paternal species （13939.42 ng/g） and its maternal variety （1157.10 ng/g）. The contents of terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids were lower in Mantingfanghua than those in its parents； in opposite， the contents of sesquiterpenoids in Mantingfanghua were higher than those in its parents. Meanwhile， the content of fatty acid derivatives in Mantingfanghua fell in between those in their parents. Principal component analysis showed that the β-Cubebene， β-Cadinene， β-Caryophyllene were the main VOCs that may affect the fragrance from Mantingfanghua. This study provides insights for the genetic improvement of rose floral fragrance metabolism， which has important value for both theoretical and practical purpose.

Dry direct seeding method can effectively reduce human/resource consumption. Mesocotyl length （ML） affects the emergence and seedling vigor of dry direct seeding rice. Cultivating long ML varieties is the most economical and effective way to promote the popularization of the dry direct seeding method. Dry direct seeding has been popularized in Indica rice areas in South Asia and Southeast Asia， but less in Japonica rice areas. A number of candidate genes related to mesocotyl elongation have been found， but their reliability and applicability remain yet to be verified. Based on 97 identified candidate genes that modulate the mesocotyl elongation， we carried out candidate genes association analysis in two natural populations of Japonica rice， TROP and TEMP. Four significant candidate genes were identified， and each explained 4.7%-6.3% and 5.4%-6.7% phenotypic genetic variation in TROP and TEMP， respectively. Of these， three genes LOC_Os01g44130， LOC_Os03g50560 and LOC_Os05g27790 were identified in both populations， while LOC_Os11g10990 and LOC_Os10g20860 were detected in the TROP and TEMP populations， respectively. The deduced proteins are annotated mainly involving in plant hormone synthesis and metabolism， signal transduction and plant growth process. Six and three superior haplotypes with potential used for molecular marker assisted breeding were further identified in TROP （LOC_Os05g27790-Hap3 and LOC_Os05g27790-Hap6， LOC_Os03g50560-Hap1， LOC_Os01g44130-Hap1 and LOC_Os11g10990-Hap1 and LOC_Os11g10990-Hap3） and TEMP （LOC_ Os05g27790-Hap6， LOC_Os01g44130-Hap1 and LOC_Os10g20860-Hap5） populations. Collectively， these genes and their corresponding superior haplotypes identified in this study can be applied to the molecular breeding of rice varieties with long mesocotyl.

The Northeast Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is an important soybean production area of in China, and is also an experimental area of genetically modified soybeans. In order to understand the local wild soybean resources? situation and provide reference for safe cultivation of the genetically modified soybeans，we investigated the distribution of wild soybean populations in 61 discontinuous field plots in Zhalantun and Arun of Hulunbuir，as well as Keyouqian of Xingan League. Fifty-four plots（88.52%）were found to have soybeans，including three types： the wild populations，mixed populations of both wild and semi-wild soybeans，and a population of entirely semi-wild soybeans which was discovered for the first time. The sizes of most populations in this region were relatively small，showing ca. 72.2% of the populations being ≤ 1000 m²，and ca. 59.3% being ≤500 m². The frequencies of wild soybean quadrats were above 80%，40%-60% and below 20% for ca. 46%, 41% and 13% of the plots. From the seeds of 836 single plants collected from 54 wild soybean populations，six seed-coat color types（black，bicolor，brown，brown-green，green and yellow-green）and three leaf-shape types （long oval， oval and lanceolate）were observed. The 100-seed weight of wild soybeans was relatively small，accounting for 84.57% for the type of ≤1.5 g in the total sample，with an average of 1.19±0.49 g. It was estimated that approximately 17.92%，29.48%，and 40.10% of the remaining idle lands may have potential distribution of wild soybeans. We found that the advanced agricultural ecosystem would reduce the density of wild soybeans in populations. The semi-wild soybean was found with higher probability in the long-term soybean growing area. This article also discussed the measures on safe cultivation of genetically modified soybeans in the Northeast Inner Mongolia in the future，as well as the protection of wild soybean resources.

qPh-3D is a major quantitative trait locus （QTL） regulating plant height （PH） in wheat. This locus could be repeatedly identified in datasets at 14 different environments in the recombinant inbred line （RIL） population derived from the cross between Kenong 9204 and Jing 411 （denoted as KJ-RILs）. qPh-3D was mapped to the chromosomal region of KN3D：515.08-539.08 Mb， and the allele from parent Jing 411 could reduce PH. In this study， we aimed to further characterize the genetic mechanism of PH reduction caused by qPh-3D and clarify its genetic effects on yield-related traits， using the KJ-RILs population containing 187 lines as well as a natural mapping population consisting of 316 breeding varieties （advanced lines）. In KJ-RILs， the qPh-3D allele from Jing 411 can significantly reduce PH via reducing all internode lengths without significant effect on spike length （SL）， whereas it can reduce kernel yield per plant （KYPP） at certain level. Two markers AX-110160363 and AX-111109273， which closely link with qPh-3D， were used for genotyping in the natural mapping population with the yield-related phenotypic datasets. The qPh-3D allele with decreased PH was found with a positive effect on SL， but a significant negative effect on KYPP. Based on the breeding selection effect analysis at the qPh-3D locus， the qPh-3D allele with decreased PH was present in a higher proportion in wheat varieties released from Beijing and Shanxi in China， but lower in Shandong， Qinghai， Sichuan and the foreign countries. This allele was detected in a lower proportion in earlier varieties， while its presence in modern varieties was detected increasingly. In addition， a closely linked PCR-based InDel marker targeting the qPh-3D locuswas developed. Collectively， the findings of this study will provide theoretical guidance for future applications of qPh-3D in molecular breeding programs in wheat.

The study aimed to analyze the degree of variation， heterosis and genetic tendency of floral traits in hybrid progenies of Camellia oleifera. 322 hybrid progenies and their parents （DY2×HS） were analyzed at eight characters， including flower transverse diameter， flower longitudinal diameter， petal number， anthers number， style dehiscence number， stamens group length， style length and pistils length， followed by the genetic variation analysis， test of normality and probability grading， heterosis analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that： （1） The coefficient of variation ranged from 11.74% to 22.10%， with an average of 16.26%. （2） The normal distribution was observed at the flower transverse diameter， flower longitudinal diameter， anthers number and stamens group length， the bi-modal distribution was detected at the number of petals and style length， and the skewness distribution was detected at style dehiscence number and pistils length. The class III showed highest proportion of frequency distribution with an average of 43.05%， while grade V accounted for the lowest proportion， with an average of 8.07%. （3） The mid-parent heterosis of floral organs ranged from –28.48% to 5.65%， the ultra-high parent heterosis ranged from –49.29% to –9.12%， and the ultra-low parent heterosis ranged from –18.06% to 29.12%. Except for the ultra-high parent heterosis was all negative which suggested a certain degree of heterosis decline， the other two indicators showed a trend of positive and negative bidirectional distribution， among which the style dehiscence number and anthers number were positive in the mid-parent heterosis and the ultra-low parent heterosis， and the advantages were obvious and stable； the style length and the pistils length are positive in the ultra-low parent heterosis. The results of relative heritability showed that the male parent was superior than the female parent in number of anthers and style dehiscence， and the progenies had a paternal tendency. For the remaining 6 quantitative traits， female parent was more dominant and the progenies had a maternal characteristics. （4） The test materials were divided into three groups by cluster analysis， among which the group II had the best comprehensive performance and heterosis utilization value. These results demonstrate that hybrid progeny populations have a high degree of genetic variation and the heterosis of significance， which can provide a reference basis for enriching the comprehensive evaluation system of C. oleifera and screening of excellent individuals early.

Panicle apical abortion is often observed in rice production， which impairs the number of grains per panicle， the seed setting rate and the yield of single plant， and should be avoided in breeding practice. The dense and erect panicle is a plant type adaptable to dense planting. It is of importance to isolate the genes related to these two traits in molecular design breeding. Here， we present the research result of a rice panicle mutant zhao1， which displays the dense panicle and panicle apical abortion. Either dense panicle or panicle apical abortion was segregated independently in the F₂ population derived from zhao1 crossed with IRAT129. Genetic analysis showed that the dense and erect panicle trait is controlled by a single dominant gene， while the panicle apical abortion trait may involve no more than two pairs of genes. Based on the linkage analysis and map-based cloning at both traits respectively， the gene DEP1 was found to be the candidate for the dense panicle trait in zhao1 which carries the identity mutation as the dep1. The linkage mapping and map-based cloning to the trait of panicle apical abortion finally delimited the candidate gene to the physical interval of 6.85-6.93 Mb on chromosome 3， where 8 putative genes are annotated. The gene LOC_Os03g12790 was observed with the most significant decrease on transcriptional profile， and served as the best candidate for the panicle apical abortion phenotype. Collectively， our results laid the foundation for the future cloning of the functional gene in rice.