Five stems of rapeseed with abundant black microsclerotia were collected from Huangyuan County of Qinghai Province, China, and fungal isolates were obtained from the stems. They were identified based on morphology,molecular features and specific PCR detection. The results showed that the 10 fungal isolates belonged to Verticillium longisporum lineage A1/D3. One of the 10 isolates(HW7-1) was tested for virulence on three species of rapeseed, including B. napus Zhongshuang 9, B. rapa Qingyou 9 and B. juncea Tayou 2 by conidia inoculation of HW7-1 on roots of young seedlings. Control seedlings were inoculated with V. dahliae conidia or water alone. The seedlings of these treatments were transplanted in culture mix and incubated in a growth chamber(20°C). Results suggested that the control seedlings of three cultivars appeared quite healthy, while the seedlings inoculated with HW7-1 turned yellowing leaves, seedling stunting or even death after 22 days post-inoculation. V. longisporum was re-isolated from he yellow leaves, thus fulfilling Koch?s postulates. Moreover, compared to the control treatments,inoculation with HW7-1 caused flowering delay and seed yield reduction on Tayou 2 with production of microsclerotia on the stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. longisporum lineage A1/D3 on rapeseed in northwestern China.

Both rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis) and marjoram(Origanum majorana) are abundant in phenolic compounds,exhibiting exceptional antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the impact of rosemary and marjoram extracts on the stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating. Sunflower oil supplemented with herbal extracts or butylated hydroxytoluene(BHA) at a concentration of 200 ppm was stored for six months under light and dark conditions at room temperature. Peroxide value(PV), p-anisidine value(An-V), and total oxidation(TOTOX) value were measured to monitor lipid oxidation progression. A significant difference(P < 0.05) was observed between light and dark storage for all studied samples regarding oxidation parameters. The ethanolic extract of rosemary exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to BHA and other extracts. Furthermore,sunflower oil supplemented with the ethanolic extract of rosemary underwent weekly treatment at 100°C for 30min over four consecutive weeks. Although all oxidation indicators increased during repeated heating, the addition of rosemary and marjoram extracts as well as BHA significantly reduced these indicators. These findings demonstrate that both rosemary extracts and marjoram extracts can serve as natural antioxidants in edible oils.

High oleic acid rapeseed oil offers superior nutritional and health benefits, but its mass production is limited due to poor resistance and slightly lower yield. Photosynthesis serves as the foundation of biological survival and closely correlates with crop resistance to stresses, yield, and quality. To identify photosynthesis-related genes,transcriptome sequencing was conducted on high oleic acid rapeseed Gaoyousuan No. 1 and low oleic acid rapeseed Xiangyou 15 resulting in the identification of a total of 9396 differentially expressed genes(4669 upregulated and 4727 down-regulated). From these genes nine candidate genes were screened using GO and KEGG analysis with BnGLO4 being selected for cloning purposes. The BnGLO4 gene fragment has a length of 1161bp with an ORF sequence of 1092 bp encoding a theoretical isoelectric point of p I 7.60; it encodes an unstable lipid-soluble protein localized in peroxisomes without transmembrane structural domains or signal peptides. Its amino acid sequence homology was highest with that of Bna A01G0355200ZS, Bna A01G0355600ZS,Bna A05G0410400ZS, Bna C01G0441800ZS, and Brassica rapa(XP＿0091171 45.1), Brassica napus(CDY39100.1),Brassica cretica(KAF3533604.1) and Brassica oleracea var. oleracea(XP＿0136106 44.1) belonging to the same cruciferous family.The BnGLO4 gene may be associated with responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, and temperature extremes along with photosynthesis and growth in rapeseed plants. The expression levels of the GLO4 gene(Bna A01G0355200 ZS) were highest in filaments while being higher at each stage in seeds and siliques with the highest expression level at day 14 in seeds. Expression was significantly upregulated after 3 h of salt stress treatment, reaching a maximum at 12 h before slightly decreasing at 24 h. The findings of this study lay a foundation for further investigation on photosynthesis and stress response in high oleic rapeseed.

The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanutproducing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China. The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a 1.09–1.70 fold increase in the number of nodules in the treatment group at the demonstration site compared to the control group. Moreover, the nodule weight in the treatment group was 0.80–3.32 times higher than that of the control group, and nitrogenase activity per plant showed a significant enhancement by 1.00–2.83fold compared to controls. Additionally, notable improvements were observed in terms of increased fresh weight of whole plants, well-filled pod numbers, and enhanced growth performance; ultimately resulting in a harvest yield increase ranging from 9.46% to 49.04%.The abundance of Aspergillus flavus in rhizosphere soil was determined by the dilution spread plate method, and the inhibition rate was up to 86.7%. The application of ARC-BBBE in the significant peanut-producing areas of Huang-huai-hai has effects of promoting growth, nodulation, and increasing production. At the same time, it has the effect of inhibiting and controlling soil Aspergillus flavus, which provides a new green and low-carbon way to promote the high-quality development of the peanut industry.

To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content(TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions in China. The results showed that walnuts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids was close to the recommendation of Chinese Nutrition Society. Moreover, walnuts contain high contents of tocopherols(331.20–414.71 mg/kg), phytosterols(97.17–110.35 mg/100 g) and phenols(38.51–48.08 mg GAE/kg). Significant chemical differences exist among walnuts from three production regions. The highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in walnuts from the northern China, the highest content of tocopherols in walnuts from southwest China, and the highest contents of phytosterol and TPC in walnuts from northwest China.However, there was no significant difference in the tocopherol, phytosterol and TPC content of walnuts between the Northern China and Northwest China. The above results provide important references for manufacturers and consumers to select suitable walnut scientifically and reasonably.