Wolfiporia cocos a fungus in the genus of Wolfiporia Ryv. & Gilbn, Polyporaceae. It is rich in a variety of chemical compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, volatile oils, proteins, amino acids and trace elements, etc. Among these chemical compounds, triterpenoids and polysaccharides are major active components in W. cocos. Polysaccharides of W. cocos are usually isolated from sclerotium, mycelium and fermentation broth. Thesepolysaccharides have a variety of pharmacological effects, including immunoregulation, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-depression. This review article summarized research progress on monosaccharide composition, structural characteristics and pharmacological effects of W. cocos polysaccharides, with emphasis on regulation of macrophage function, T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte, induced expression of related cytokines, as well as the signal pathway of the immunomodulatory effect. Prospects of W. cocos polysaccharides in food and drug industry were also discussed. This study provides a useful reference for applications of W. cocos polysaccharides.

Lentinula edodes is favored by consumers for its unique flavor derived from a variety of volatile and non-volatile compounds. Flavor synthesis, flavor regulation mechanism during drying process and flavor perception are focuses of L. edodes flavor research. The anabolic pathways of characteristic flavor substances (both volatile and non-volatile) of L. edodes, key factors for characteristic flavor formation in the course of cultivation and postharvest processing, and mechanisms of characteristic flavor substance perception were reviewed. The prospects of L. edodes flavor research and development of L. edodes flavor products were discussed in terms of directional regulation and enrichment of L. edodes flavor substances, so as to provide a reference for understanding the signal transduction mechanism of L. edodes flavor substances and flavor product development.

A codon-optimized cas9 expression plasmid pMD-EXP-cas9 was constructed, and then transformed to monokaryotic strain L1 of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ cultivar by polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated transformation to yield L1-cas9 that contained the complete expression cassette of cas9. Using T7 promoter, expression plasmids psgRNA-1 and psgRNA-2 targeting ura3 were constructed, and then sgRNA 1 and sgRNA 2 were obtained by in vitro transcription. Through PEG-mediated transformation, sgRNA 1 and sgRNA 2 were transformed into protoplasts of L1-cas9. For the first time, a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was constructed in G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ cultivar, and the gene editing efficiency for ura3 was four mutants per 10⁷ protoplasts. Using 0.006% Triton X-100, the PEG-mediated transformation system was optimized, and the editing efficiency increased to greater than 18 mutants per 10⁷ protoplasts. This study provided an efficient tool for studying gene function and molecular breeding in G. lucidum.

Mycelia of Lentinula edodes were cultured under light illumination (200-300 Lx white light 12 h·d^-1) and in the dark (control) for 14 d, respectively. Then mycelial phenotype was observed, and transcriptome data were analyzed. The results showed that mycelia cultivated under light appeared denser and whiter than those in the dark group. There were 112 up-regulated and 99 down-regulated differentially expressed genes between the two groups of different light conditions. GO functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes of polysaccharide decomposition, mycotoxin metabolism, and mycotoxin biosynthesis, in cell components of extracellular region, external encapsulation structure and cell wall, and in molecular functions of cell wall structural constituent, cellulose binding and peroxidase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in MAPK signaling pathways, glycerophospholipid metabolism, histidine metabolism. Fourteen important differentially expressed genes related to mycelial growth were identified, and five of them were then verified by qRT-PCR. Compared with the dark group, the light group showed a higher laccase activity in mycelia. It appeared that light signal may regulate the expression of downstream transporters of a MAPK signaling cascade, and then regulate the expression and activity of lignin-degrading enzymes, thereby improving the accumulation of nutrients in mycelia and vegetative growth of L. edodes.

Morchellamushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure. Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control. Based on the field investigation and disease studies, combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms, the common pathogenesis including pests (e.g. snails, slugs, springtail, sciarid, flies, wood moth larvae, millipede and oribatid) and diseases (bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness, and three common fungal diseases Diplospora longispora, Fusarium spp. and cobweb diseases) in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed. The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided. The land should be pretreated before seeding through lime usage, sun exposure, braise shed, long time flooding and other measures, in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively. Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies. In the whole cultivation process, the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits, therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.

Using Illumina sequencing and MNP marker screening, 31 strains of Pleurotus eryngii and the main cultivated variety ‘Ple 0100’ in Fujian Province were used to construct a database containing 503 MNP markers for genetic similarity （GS） analysis and variety identification. The results showed that the GS of the 32 strains ranged between 1.79% and 99.60%, among which the GS of DUS16 and DUS17 was 99.60%, that between DUS02 and DUS23 or DUS30 was 99.01%, and that between DUS23 and DUS30 was 99.20%. There was no antagonistic reaction between strains with a high GS, and they may be very similar or the same. MNP markers were used to analyze fruiting bodies, fruiting body tissue isolates, cultivation residue, fruiting body base samples from three P.eryngii production factories, and the results showed that these samples were 100% similar to ‘Ple 0100’, suggesting that MNP markers can be used for variety identification of samples other than mycelium. Five inbred strains and their parents were detected by MNP markers. The results showed that the GS between the inbred strains ranged between 26.84% and 61.43%, and that between the inbred strains and their parents ranged between 28.43% and 78.33%, suggesting that there were extensive chromosome recombination and homologous chromosome exchange during the meiosis of P. eryngii. Tissue isolates of 56 commercial mushrooms from 52 P. eryngii factories in China were detected by MNP markers, and their similarity with ‘Ple 0100’ was 100.00%, indicating that the cultivated varieties of P. eryngii in China were highly consistent. The MNP molecular marker technique in combination with next-generation sequencing can be used to analyze the genetic similarity between P. eryngii strains and identify new strains.

Laetiporus spp. is a kind of ubiquitous edible and medicinal fungi that has been artificially cultivated in China. The taxonomic status, biological characteristics, artificial cultivation, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and application of Laetiporus spp. were reviewed, and the existing problems and prospects of research and application were discussed.

Ganoderma lucidum is an edible and medicinal fungus that contains various bioactive compounds. Its main bioactive metabolites, i.e. triterpenoids, have multiple functions, such as anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory activity, and antihyperglycemic activity. Research progress on G. lucidum triterpenoids were reviewed in terms of isolation and purification, structural identification, biological activities, and breeding of new varieties with a high triterpenoid yield, so as to provide a reference for its application in healthcare food and clinical medicine.

Using peak area of a high relative molecular weight intracellular Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide fraction (26-36 min in HPSEC) as the index, nitrogen source and concentration in the liquid fermentation medium were screened by single-factor experiments. Then 29 fermentation groups were conducted according to a Box-Behnken design to establish a data set, which was then randomly divided into a training set (24 groups) and a testing set (5 groups). The training set was used to construct a BP neural network model and the testing set was used to evaluate the model. The BP neural network fitting results were further iteratively optimized by a genetic algorithm. The results showed that the model fit reached 0.9848, and the optimal medium composition was 29.0 g·L^-1 anhydrous glucose, 3.7 g·L^-1 autolyzed yeast extract, and 0.3 g·L^-1 MgSO₄·7H₂O. Using the optimal medium, the peak area of the high molecular weight intracellular polysaccharide fraction was 1.20×10⁷ mV·s, which was 40.8% greater than that before optimization.

Ganoderma spp. is a kind of large fungi used for both food and medicine. Ganoderma spp. has a variety of potential medicinal uses, such as immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, reducing blood sugar and blood lipid. As a herbal medicine, different varieties of Ganoderma spp. affect the effectiveness and quality stability of the healthcare and pharmaceutical products developed from them, and thus breeding elite varieties is of great importance to the Ganoderma industry. Physical mutagenesis is an important and effective technological approach in industrial breeding nowadays. The application of physical mutagenesis in Ganoderma breeding over the past five years was summarized, and existing problems of Ganoderma breeding by physical mutagenesis were analyzed. Prospects of breeding Ganoderma varieties by physical mutagenesis were discussed so as to provide a reference for Ganoderma breeding in the future.

Using single factor experiments, the effects of extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and volumetric ethanol concentration on extraction rate and fruiting body polysaccharide content of Clitocybe squamulosa were studied and the results were then used to optimize the extraction process by response surface design. The obtained C. squamulosa fruiting body polysaccharide extract was subjected to structural characterization and functional property study using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and rheometer. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 3.6 h, 80 ℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1∶30 (g∶mL), and volumetric ethanol concentration of 80%. The extraction rate under the optimal conditions was (4.07±0.05)%, which was close to the predicted value of the response surface. The obtained polysaccharide extract was found to be mainly composed of irregular spherical structures with a pyranose ring skeleton; and it has no nucleic acid or protein residue. The relative molecular weight of the polysaccharide extract was found to be 1.948×10⁴, comprising glucose, mannose, galactose and rhamnose at a molar ratio of 1.07∶0.38∶0.11∶0.02. Under different concentrations, temperature and pH, the apparent viscosity of the polysaccharide extract solution decreased with increasing shear rate, suggesting a typical pseudoplastic non Newtonian fluid characteristics. In addition, the polysaccharide extract showed good oil retention property (5.92±0.20) g·g^-1 and emulsibility (94. 92±1.19)%.

筛选黄色金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)色素的提取剂并对色素进行鉴定。结果表明:金针菇色素溶于碱性溶液,不溶于水、酸、氯仿和乙醇;1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液提取效果最好。采用紫外-可见光谱扫描,傅里叶红外光谱扫描初步研究了金针菇色素的基本结构性质,结果表明:金针菇色素属于黑色素,与酪氨酸合成黑色素结构类似,属于3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(DOPA)类黑色素。

Edible fungi are an excellent source of protein. In recent years, fungal protein (mycoprotein) has attracted much interest from both academia and industry. This review article included characteristics and products of fungal proteins, core parameters of manufacturing fungal protein products, applications of fungal proteins in food industry (especially as dietary supplements and animal protein substitutes), current challenges in research and development of fungal protein products, and prospects of development and utilization in the future.

Leccinum rubrum is a subalpine bolete from southwestern China with a strikingly distinguished morphology and potential edibleness. However, its species concept remains unclear and its systematic position is not determined by molecular evidence yet. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 4 gene fragments and morphological observation indicated that this species should be put in the genus Butyriboletus. Therefore, a new combination Butyriboleuts rubrus was proposed. Another species Boletus kermesinus that originally described from Japan can be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Butyriboletus rubrus.

利用猕猴桃枝条部分代替常规培养基质栽培毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha),对毛木耳生长状况、营养成分以及重金属含量的影响进行评价,结果表明:各配方子实体粗纤维含量较对照组增加,粗蛋白含量低于对照组,粗多糖含量与对照组没有显著差异;配方为70%猕猴桃、12%玉米芯、4%棉籽壳、4%杂木屑、8%麸皮、2%石膏时,与对照组相比,毛木耳在菌丝长势、采收时间以及产量方面差异不显著且满袋天数缩短;重金属含量、农药残留含量等均在标准范围内。因此,猕猴桃枝条可以作为毛木耳栽培基质加以利用。

There are 299 species of Cordyceps sensu lato (Hypocreales) in China, among which at least 40 species produce fruiting bodies or synnemata. Despite a rich Cordyceps s. l. diversity in China, only four species are commercially cultivated currently. The Cordyceps species that can form fruiting bodies or synnemata in China were summarized, and problems in regard to strain, Cordyceps microbiome, and domestication were reviewed. It was suggested that we should strengthen the collection of germplasm resources, research on strains and their degradation mechanisms, study Cordyceps microbiome and its function, strengthen the domestication of wild resources, fully explore the values of Cordyceps s.l. and also promote scientific popularization. For the convenience of the follow-up functional study on Cordyceps microbiome in the future, it was suggested to be simplified into two categories, probiotics in fruiting bodies (PFB) and unbeneficial microbiome in fruiting bodies (UMFB).

裂褶菌多糖(Schizophyllan)是裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)的主要活性成分之一。综述了裂褶菌多糖结构、提取纯化工艺和生理活性功能等方面的研究进展。

Phallus spp. are common edible mushrooms in China. Many of them have been cultivated on a large scale. Because of morphological similarity, many sellers on the market label their products as Phallus indusiatus or “bamboo fungus”. After morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS-LSU sequences, most of these so-called “P. indusiatus” or “bamboo fungus” were actually identified as P. rubrovolvatus, P. echinovolvatus, and P. cremeo-ochraceus. The Latin American species P. indusiatus, however, may not be naturally distributed in China.

Using Cyclocybe chaxingu strain Baicha 6 as the parent, monospore inbreeding of new varieties was carried out. After preliminary and secondary screening, a hybrid strain named ZJCXG001 was selected for pilot and demonstrative production. The results showed that ZJCXG001 had higher uniformity of fruiting bodies compared with Baicha 6. ZJCXG001 showed moderate pileus diameter [(4.40±0.15) cm], long stipes [(12.11±0.51) cm], a high yield, and a biological efficiency of 86.3%. The harvesting time for the first tide of ZJCXG001 was short, which was (50.5±1.3) d after inoculation. On Oct 20, 2022, ZJCXG001 passed the identification of non-major crop varieties in Yunnan Province and was named ‘Zhongjunbaicha 1’.

Ophiocordyceps gracilis, an entomophagous fungus, is a traditional Kazakh medicine with important edible and medicinal values. It has been used as a substitute for Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The recent research progresses of O. gracilis were reviewed in this paper, including distribution, habitat, morphological characteristics, phylogenetic classification, bioactive compounds, pharmacological effects, mycelium culture and host insect. The future prospects in the research approaches of O. gracilis are also discussed, which provide references for further exploitation and application of O. gracilis.

The underlying mechanism of mycelium degeneration of Morchella esculenta in the process of subculture was studied through comparative transcriptome analysis. Mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 were successively subcultured for seven passages, and then mycelial growth rate was calculated for different passages. The mycelia of the first （M1） and the sixth （M6） passage were collected, sequenced and then compared for transcriptome data through GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Eventually, seven differentially expressed genes （DEGs） related to mycelium degeneration were selected, and they were cel1, lac2, cah, png1, zpr1, did2 and Hsp31. These genes were then verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 failed to proliferate at the seventh passage. There were 575 DEGs between M1 and M6, among which 198 DEGs were up-regulated and 377 DEGs were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in reactive nitrogen species metabolic process, nitrate metabolic process, nitrate assimilation, and ‘De novo’ IMP biosynthetic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in pentose phosphate pathway, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, biosynthesis of biotin cofactors, biotin metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The relative expression levels of the seven selected DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome analysis.

以樟芝(Taiwanofungus camphoratus)子实体、液体发酵菌丝体和固体培养菌丝体为研究对象,分别利用石油醚、氯仿和正丁醇有机溶剂进行萃取,获得相应的萃取物,测定其抑菌和抗氧化活性。结果表明:子实体氯仿和正丁醇萃取物以及固体发酵菌丝体氯仿萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)有较好的抑制效果;子实体石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇萃取物和固体发酵菌丝体氯仿萃取物对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)有较好的抑制效果,并且子实体氯仿萃取物对供试菌的抑菌效果均好于其它萃取物;子实体氯仿、正丁醇萃取物和固体发酵菌丝体氯仿萃取物具有超氧阴离子清除能力,清除超氧阴离子的IC50值分别为5.94、1.32和1.97mg/mL;子实体石油醚、氯仿和正丁醇萃取物具有过氧化氢的清除能力,清除过氧化氢的IC50值分别为0.13、0.11和0.18mg/mL。

After fungus scratching, Hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation bottles were placed under different wavelengths of LED lights, including blue light (B), red light (R), green light (G), green-blue light (GB), red-green light (RG), red-blue light (RB), red-green-blue light (RGB), and dark environment (D), respectively. Using factory produced H. marmoreus as the control (CK), fruiting bodies of H. marmoreus produced under different light quality were measured for number of fruiting bodies per bottle, yield per bottle, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, stipe diameter, stipe length. They were also determined for pileus and stipe color (L^*, a^*, b^*, c^*) by colorimetric analysis, and then determined for hardness, adhesion, elasticity, chewiness, adhesiveness and cohesivenes by using a texture analyzer. The results showed that number of fruiting bodies per bottle was the greatest under D, and there was no significant difference between other light conditions. The yields of RB and GB were high, whereas the yield of R was low. Pilei developed under D were thin, whereas those developed under RB were thick. R and D resulted in a small pileus diameter, whereas CK, RGB and B resulted in a large pileus diameter. Stipe diameter was small under CK, GB, and G, whereas that under R and D was large. Stipes of CK were short, whereas stipes of D were longer than other groups. The commercial properties and taste of GB treated fruiting bodies were of high quality. The results provided a reference for adjusting industrial production technologies of H. marmoreus.

The complete gene sequence of the gl26016 gene of Ganoderma lingzhi was cloned, with a full length of 1 169 bp and an open reading frame of 1 107 bp. Protein sequence analysis showed that gl26016 encodes a Cys₂His₂ (C₂H₂) type transcription factor. To investigate the function of gl26016, a 483 bp fragment was deleted in gl26016 by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and the gl26016 disrupted mutant strain was verified by PCR and sequencing. The results showed that the gl26016-disrupted strain (△GL26016) was successfully obtained. Both the wild-type strain (WT) and the △GL26016 strain showed similar dry mycelium weight and mycelium morphology. However, the accumulation of ganoderic acids in △GL26016 was higher than that in WT. On the 6th day of liquid static culture, the contents of GA-Mk, GA-S and GA-Me in △GL26016 were (5.09±0.36), (5.36±0.11), and (3.45±0.26) μg·mg^-1, respectively, which were 1.51-folds, 1.47-folds and 1.93-folds of those in WT, respectively. These results suggested that GL26016 plays an important role in GA biosynthesis in G. lingzhi.

In China, the growing edible fungi industry has been the most innovative productivity of agricultural economy. It is undergoing a transition toward an eco-friendly production mode with high quality and efficiency. Upon reflections on strategies for modernization of both the traditional edible fungi production and factory production of edible fungi, major technical paths were described to facilitate finding measures for the high-quality and sustainable development of the edible fungi industry in China.

在中国西南地区的野生食用菌市场上,一类与印度块菌复合群(Tuber indicum complex)形态相近的黑块菌,一直倍受人们的关注。此种"黑块菌"即为以前在我国曾报道记载过的夏块菌(T.aestivum)。2009年,笔者采到其子实体,通过形态学及nrDNA-ITS序列的比对和分析,发现中国的夏块菌与欧洲夏块菌不是同一个种,为姊妹种关系,并命名为中华夏块菌(Tuber sinoaestivum)。在本文中,笔者对其生态环境包括土壤、海拔、共生树种、地理分布等进行了调查分析。结果表明,中华夏块菌主要发生在海拔1800~2800m的亚热带针叶林下的弱碱性(pH 7~8)、疏松钙质的土壤中,与华山松(Pinus armandii)形成菌根,为共生关系。在云南大理、丽江、保山、昭通等地野生菌市场时有发现其踪迹;但迄今为止,仅在四川省境内的会东县采集到自然状态下的子囊果;故而,其自然地理分布情况不详。

A pathogenic bacterium was isolated from fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata with soft rot disease. The pathogen was verified by Koch's postulates, and identified through morphological observation,physiological and biochemical index tests, 16S rDNA and multilocus sequence analyses. Then the pathogen was studied for its putrescence, sensitivity to different antibiotics and the corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration for each tested drug. Effects of temperature, pH and NaCl on the growth of the pathogen were also determined. The results showed that the isolated pathogen S7 and identified as Pantoea sp..The optimal growth temperature, pH and NaCl concentration for S7 was 35 ℃, 5 and 2.5%, respectively. S7 caused both Flammulina velutipes and potato to rot. Among the tested antibiotics, S7 had the highest sensitivity to streptomycin with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 18.75 μg·mL^-1.

The development characteristics of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) consumption market in China were investigated through field research and telephone interview. The results showed that the shiitake mushroom industry in China has developed rapidly and the output increased continuously over the past few years due to national policy support, institutional guarantee, mode optimization, technological innovation and industrial chain extension. Despite short term shrinkage due to the COVID-19 pandemic and drought, the scale of the shiitake mushroom consumption market in China is improving in the long run. The market price of shiitake fluctuated periodically and the actual price decreased year by year. The shiitake mushroom consumption market can be subdivided into family market, catering market, processing market and gift market, accounting for 30%, 35%, 30% and 5% of the total consumption, respectively. The market segments showed a steady decline in the family market, structural adjustment in the catering market, steady growth in the processing market and sluggish demand in the gift market. Based on the high price elasticity and development experience of the Japanese shiitake consumption market, it is predicted that the consumption of shiitake in China will expand, older people will be major consumers, and the market structure will be adjusted in the future. We suggest to strengthen the support and guidance of governments at all levels, improve the public welfare service ability of industry associations, improve the ability of new business entities to reduce costs and increase efficiency, and improve technological innovation ability of scientific research institutions.

Ganoderma lucidum G0119, G0154 and their hybrid strain GZ36 were cultured by liquid fermentation under the same conditions, and then compared for extracellular polysaccharide content at different fermentation time ( 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h ), average weight molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition and immune activity. The results showed that there were two peaks (P1 and P3) in the extracellular fluid of the three strains at 21-26 and 34-44 min, respectively. The hybrid strain GZ36 had a third peak P2 at 26-33 min. In the experimental range, contents of polysaccharides in the three strains increased with the extension of fermentation time. At 72 h, The weight average molecular weights of P1, P2 and P3 were 5.193×10⁶-8.957×10⁶, 4.437×10⁶ and 6.033×10⁴-8.148×10⁴ g·mol^-1, respectively. Compared with the 60% ethanol precipitation fraction (60E) of the extracellular polysaccharides, the 20% ethanol precipitation fraction (20E) had a higher yield. The 20E yield of GZ36 (0.46 g·L^-1) was greater than that of G0119 and G0154, and its polysaccharide content (82.96%) was also higher. For 60E, GZ36 and G0154 had relatively high yields, reaching 0.13 g·L^-1and 0.14 g·L^-1, respectively. The 60E of GZ36 also had a high polysaccharide content (78.76%). GZ36 resembled G0154 in monosaccharide composition and proportion of 20E (mainly composed of glucose) and 60E (mainly composed of xylose). Compared with the negative control, the 20E of the three strains stimulated Dectin-1, and the 60E of the three strains induced macrophages to release NO. The 60E activity of GZ36 was higher than that of the parental strains at 200 µg·mL^-1. These results provided a reference for understanding the similarities and differences of extracellular polysaccharides between parental and hybrid strains of G. lucidum.

Using qRT-PCR, the 10 laccase genes in the genome of Pleurotus eryngii were determined for relative expression level at different developmental stages (mycelium, knot, primordium, young mushroom and fruiting body). Laccase activity and relative lignin content in the culture substrate of P. eryngii at the five different developmental stages were also measured. The results showed that lignin content in the culture substrate initially decreased and then increased. The lowest lignin content was found in the knot stage at 6.49%, and the lignin contents at the young mushroom and fruiting body stages were 7.43% and 7.52%, respectively. Laccase activity was relatively high during the fruiting body stage at 3.72×10⁴ U·mL^-1 and there was no significant difference in laccase acitivity among the rest four stages. At both the mycelium and fruting body stages, the expression of Lac5 and Lac6 were higher than other laccase genes. For the knot, primordium and young mushromm stages, laccase genes with the highest expression level were Lac10, Lac9 and Lac3, respectively.

Two commercially available Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP),WSK and BETA, were determined for total sugar content, uronic acid content, structural characteristics, weight-average molecular weight (M_w), and then studied for their anti-aging effect at a dose of 100 mg·kg^-1 in aging mice established by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg·kg^-1 D-galactose. WSK and BETA were obtained by hot water-enzyme extraction and hot water extraction, respectively. Each treatment group was measured for contents of hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid in mouse skin, antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA concentration in mouse serum, liver and heart, levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum, intestinal pH, and concentrations of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results showed that the total sugar contents (dry weight) of WSK and BETA were 91.2% and 89.5%, respectively. The uronic acid contents of WSK and BETA were 20.2% and 19.3%, respectively. The M_w of WSK and BETA were 10.83×10⁶ and 3.59×10⁶, respectively. Neither of the two polysaccharides contained triple helix structure. Compared with WSK, BETA increased hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid contents (P<0.01), SOD activity in serum (P<0.05) liver and heart (P<0.01), and GSH-Px activity in liver and heart (P<0.01). In contrast, BETA decreased MDA levels in liver and heart (P<0.01), and IL-1β and TNF-α levels in serum (P<0.01) compared with WSK. Both WSK and BETA partially reversed the changes of pH in colon and total SCFAs concentration due to aging. The results suggested that BETA showed better anti-aging effects on skin aging, tissue oxidative stress and inflammation than WSK.

Deep eutectic solvents were used in ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Clitocybe squamulosa （D-CSFP）. Single factor experiments and response surface design were carried out to optimize the extraction process, and the derived D-CSFP was measured for extraction rate and polysaccharide content, analyzed for structure and studied for its rheological properties. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for D-CSFP were follows： extraction time 40 min, extraction temperature 75 ℃, and solid-liquid ratio 1∶24 （g∶mL）. Under these conditions, the extraction rate, yield and polysaccharide content were （5.31±0.09）%,（6.52±0.29）%,and （81.42±0.59）%,respectively. The weight average molecular weight （M_w） and number average molecular weight （M_n） of D-CSFP were 35312 and 24494, respectively. D-CSFP was composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine hydrochloride and xylose in the molar ratio of 6.53∶2.04：1.23∶0.1∶0.09. D-CSFP showed good rheological properties, and thus can be used as a new hydrocolloid in the food, medicine and cosmetics industries. This study provided a reference for green extraction of edible fungi polysaccharides, and a basis for the development of D-CSFP products.

In order to study the effects of preharvest treatment on the quality of Agaricus bisporus during postharvest storage, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg·mL-1 extract of Lentinula edodes spent residue (LR-UE) and salicylic acid (SA) solution were evenly sprayed on fruiting bodies at 250 mL·m^-2 before harvest, respectively. The same amount of tap water was used as the control. After 24 h, fruiting bodies of different treatments were harvested, packaged and stored at room temperature. Fruiting bodies sampled within 1 h after picking were taken as 0 d storage group, and then fruiting bodies of different treatments were sampled every day to be determined for appearance, whiteness, hardness, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, total phenol content, and activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) until the fruiting bodies rotted, turned brown or produced a peculiar odor. The results showed that fruiting bodies sprayed with 1.0 mg·mL^-1 LR-UE or SA maintained a good appearance, whiteness and hardness during storage. Compared with the control group, spraying with LR-UE or SA before harvest effectively reduced MDA concentration and total phenol content, inhibited PPO and PAL activities, and the variation of total phenol content with time paralleled that of PAL activity.

Using morel cultivars QJ-2, QJ-3, QJ-6, QJ-8 and QJ-9, fruiting body nutrients and soil nutrients of different cultivars were compared, and correlations between morel nutritional components and soil nutrients were studied by partial least square regression analysis (PLS). At the maturation stage, six quadrats of 1 m×1 m were sampled per cultivar, and four fruiting bodies were picked per quadrat. Nutrients in the sampled fruiting bodies were measured. Soil samples surrounding the base of fruiting bodies were also collected and then measured for soil nutrients. The results showed that fruiting bodies of different cultivars had significant differences in vitamin B₁ content, cellulose content and hemicellulose content. Except organic matter and available phosphorus, the rest soil nutrient indicators were significantly different between different cultivars. Total amino acid content, vitamin B₂ content and crude polysaccharide content of fruiting bodies were positively correlated with soil total phosphorus content, total potassium content, water-soluble organic carbon content, available phosphorus content and available potassium content, but not with total nitrogen content. The results of this study provided a reference for scientific cultivation and quality control of morels.

Three zinc cluster transcription factors in Flammulina filiformis, FVZCP1, FVZCP2, and FVZCP3, were analyzed for basic properties, zinc cluster domain and phylogeny by bioinformatics tools, and then determined for their expression in mycelium, primordium, stipe, and pileus by qRT-PCR. The results showed that Fvzcp1, Fvzcp2, and Fvzcp3 distributed in different contigs, and contained 9, 14, and 10 exons, encoding 2 553 bp, 2 634 bp, and 1 743 bp, respectively. The corresponding proteins, FVZCP1, FVZCP2, and FVZCP3, were 93 763.19 Da, 98 333.89 Da, and 64 251.26 Da, respectively. Their theoretical pI are 7.10, 6.54, 6.64, respectively. They were predicted to be unstable hydrophobic proteins and localized in the nucleus. All of them had a typical zinc cluster domain, albeit in different types. In terms of expression level, Fvzcp1 was relatively higher in primordium and pileus than in mycelium; Fvzcp2 was relatively higher in primordium and stipe than in mycelium; Fvzcp3 was higher in stipe than in mycelium. Their expression levels were significantly higher in the elongation region than those in the non-elongation region.

In order to establish a method for determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and acidinsoluble lignin in edible fungi substrates, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) method was modified in acid concentration, reaction temperature and reaction container. The NREL reaction system of 0.3 g sample in 87 ml 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid hydrolyzed at 121℃ was adjusted to 0.1 g sample in 10 ml 1.2 mol/L (15.4% w/w) sulfuric acid hydrolyzed at 100 ℃ in this study. The reaction container and heating equipment were changed from pressure tube and autoclave to centrifuge tube and water bath. The improved reaction system avoided overflow of sulfuric acid during heating, and was convenient to achieve solidliquid separation by centrifugation. Using the improved reaction system, the optimal hydrolysis time for substrates of Volvariella volvacea, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus, and Hypsizygus marmoreus were determined to be 1.5 h, and the optimal hydrolysis time for Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum substrates were 2 h. The new method was validated for determination of lignocellulose in edible fungi substrates after comparison of cellulose, hemicellulose, and acidinsoluble lignin contents between the new method and the NREL method.

The genetic diversity of Pleurotus citrinopilestus resources in National Edible Fungi Germplasm Resource Bank （Shanghai） was investigated by analyzing the genomic sequences of 24 strains with 15 inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） makers. Agronomic traits were also measured for the 24 strains, and the correlation between ISSR makers and agronomic traits was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results showed that there were abundant genetic variations in the 24 P. citrinopilestus strains. A total of 72 polymorphic fragments were detected by the ISSR markers, the polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.08-0.72, the Nei’s diversity index gene was 0.22-0.46, and the Shannon’s diversity index was 0.33-0.65. Using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） algorithm, the 24 strains were clustered into seven groups as follows： wild strain P1 was clustered independently in group Ⅰ; wild strains P4, P9, P10 and P11were clustered in group Ⅱ; wild strains P5 and P7 were clustered in group Ⅲ; wild strains P2, P8, and cultivated strains P12, P13 and P14 were clustered in group Ⅳ; cultivated strains P21 and P22 were clustered in group Ⅴ; cultivated strains P15, P17, P19 and P20 were clustered in group Ⅵ; wild strains P3, P6, and cultivated strains P16, P18, P23 and P24 were clustered in group Ⅶ. Wild stains and cultivated strains were generally clustered separately, and the genetic distance between P23 and P24 was very close. The variation coefficients of seven agronomic traits, including the first flush yield, number of fruiting body, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, depth of pileus depression, stipe diameter and stipe length, ranged from 5.03% to 32.20%, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 4.50-4.57. There were seven ISSR markers correlated with the first flush yield, pileus diameter and stipe diameter, among which ISSR 6 and ISSR17 were positively correlated （P<0.05） with first flush yield and stipe diameter.

Using the self-assembly method, nanoparticles of sulfated Hericium erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan （DS-CS NPs） were prepared through electrostatic interaction. The preparation process of DS-CS NPs was optimized by single factor experiments and response surface design with particle size as the evaluation index. The nanoparticles prepared under the optimal process were determined for particle size, morphology and in vitro bioactivity. The results showed that the optimal nanoparticle preparation parameters were as follows： 1 mg·mL^-1 sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan （DS）, 800 r·min^-1 stirring rate, initial pH of chitosan （CS） solution set at pH 4. The resultant DS-CS NPs were 128.41 nm in average with a narrow particle distribution. Compared with DS, DS-CS NPs showed higher antioxidant activity in vitro. DS-CS NPs significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and TNF-α secretion in macrophage RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticles showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Using the ultrasonic-assisted saponification method, ergosterol was extracted from fruiting bodies of Lentinula edodes, and the optimal extraction process was optimized by single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. The purified ergosterol product was characterized, analyzed for photostability, and measured for its activities of scavenging hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals, and lowering cholesterol level. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: solid to liquid ratio 1∶40 ( g∶mL), 0.04 g·mL^-1 KOH, ultrasonic temperature 70 ℃, and ultrasonic time 70 min. Under these conditions, the ergosterol yield was (0.81 ± 0.02) %, and the purity was (86.18 ± 3.49) %. Compared with incandescent light, ultraviolet light resulted in a significant decrease in the retention rate of the purified ergosterol product. Within the experimental range, 1 mg·mL^-1 purified ergosterol product had a high scavenging rate on hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals, and the IC₅₀ of hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals were (12.96 ± 1.36) and (6.68 ± 0.98) mg·mL^-1, respectively. The purified ergosterol product significantly decreased the solubility of cholesterol in micelles. These results provided a reference for the utilization of L. edodes ergosterol.

通过形态、显微结构观察和ITS测序,介绍了白肉灵芝(Ganoderma leucocontextum)的正确学名、宏观形态、显微形态和分子生物学特征。