Laetiporus spp. is a kind of ubiquitous edible and medicinal fungi that has been artificially cultivated in China. The taxonomic status, biological characteristics, artificial cultivation, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and application of Laetiporus spp. were reviewed, and the existing problems and prospects of research and application were discussed.

There are 299 species of Cordyceps sensu lato (Hypocreales) in China, among which at least 40 species produce fruiting bodies or synnemata. Despite a rich Cordyceps s. l. diversity in China, only four species are commercially cultivated currently. The Cordyceps species that can form fruiting bodies or synnemata in China were summarized, and problems in regard to strain, Cordyceps microbiome, and domestication were reviewed. It was suggested that we should strengthen the collection of germplasm resources, research on strains and their degradation mechanisms, study Cordyceps microbiome and its function, strengthen the domestication of wild resources, fully explore the values of Cordyceps s.l. and also promote scientific popularization. For the convenience of the follow-up functional study on Cordyceps microbiome in the future, it was suggested to be simplified into two categories, probiotics in fruiting bodies (PFB) and unbeneficial microbiome in fruiting bodies (UMFB).

Using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), volatile components in fermented mycelia and fruiting bodies of Lepista sordida were analyzed. A total of 116 volatile components were detected, among which 91 volatile components, mainly aldehydes, were identified in mycelia, and 66 volatile components, mainly alkanes, were identified in fruiting bodies. There were 40 volatile components shared by the mycelia and fruiting bodies, such as 1-octene-3-ol, trans-nerolidol, 3-octene-2-one, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, octanal and 2-pentylfuran. Relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis showed that γ-nononolactone was the characteristic volatile component in mycelia, and pentanoic acid, citral and 1-octen-3-ol were the characteristic volatile components in fruiting bodies.

During the production of edible fungi, cultivation substrates are not completely degraded and used, resulting in a large amount of spent residues. If not handled properly, these cultivation residues (spent mushroom substrate, SMS) may cause serious pollution to the environment. In this review article, ratio of mushroom yield (dry weight) to SMS yield (dry weight) in China was analyzed, main nutritional components and SMS utilization approaches were reviewed, current problems and future prospects of SMS utilization were discussed.

Using simultaneous distillation extraction （SDE） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）,10 mycelium samples of Cordyceps militaris collected in seven places in China were measured for their volatile components. A total of 65 volatile components were identified,and they mainly included acids,esters,naphthalenes,alkanes,aldehydes and anthracenes with an average content of 71.16%,10.57%,5.25%,5.13%,4.04% and 1.23%,respectively. Eight components,linoleic acid,palmitic acid,naphthalene,hexanal,massoia lactone,α-pinene,methyl linoleate and 2-pentylfuran,were detected in all samples,and their average contents were 37.41%,29.09%,5.25%,3.26%,2.65%,2.27%,1.53% and 0.65%,respectively. Some typical medicinal volatile substances,such as caryophyllin,a-cadinol,a-cedrene,massoia lactone,were also detected. As shown by principal component analysis （PCA） and clustering analysis （CA）,there were large differences in volatile components of samples from Yunnan and Liaoning. Relative odor activity value （ROAV） analysis showed that aldehydes contributed the most to the odor of C. militaris mycelium,and other key aroma components included hexanal and 2-pentylfuran. There were differences in mycelial odor characteristics of C. militaris from different production regions.

Fruiting bodies of G. lucidum from 13 different places were determined for contents of polysaccharides, total triterpenoids, ganoderic acid C₂, ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid E, ganodermanontriol, ganodermadiol, and selenium by high performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Then these indices were analyzed by entropy-weighted technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to comprehensively evaluate the quality of the G. lucidum samples from different places. The results showed that a highly sensitive and accurate HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify the six triterpenoids. The entropy weight TOPSIS evaluation model was fast, sensitive, effective, and consistent with the conclusions of the principal component analysis evaluation model. It can be used to comprehensively evaluate quality of G. lucidum.

Using peak area of a high relative molecular weight intracellular Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide fraction (26-36 min in HPSEC) as the index, nitrogen source and concentration in the liquid fermentation medium were screened by single-factor experiments. Then 29 fermentation groups were conducted according to a Box-Behnken design to establish a data set, which was then randomly divided into a training set (24 groups) and a testing set (5 groups). The training set was used to construct a BP neural network model and the testing set was used to evaluate the model. The BP neural network fitting results were further iteratively optimized by a genetic algorithm. The results showed that the model fit reached 0.9848, and the optimal medium composition was 29.0 g·L^-1 anhydrous glucose, 3.7 g·L^-1 autolyzed yeast extract, and 0.3 g·L^-1 MgSO₄·7H₂O. Using the optimal medium, the peak area of the high molecular weight intracellular polysaccharide fraction was 1.20×10⁷ mV·s, which was 40.8% greater than that before optimization.

A wild Oudemansiella sp. sample was collected from Guishan National Forest Park, Guishan Town, Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, and then subjected to tissue isolation to yield a pure strain. The pure strain was identified through morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences. Using single factor and orthogonal experiments, the cultivation conditions for solid and liquid culture of mycelia were optimized. Using cultivation bags and casing soil, the pure strain was then domesticated in greenhouse under natural light condition, 20—28 ℃, 40% soil humidity and 80%—90% air humidity. The results showed that the pure strain JF2004 isolated from basidiocarps by tissue isolation was identified as O. submucida. The optimal solid medium for mycelial growth was composed of 20.0 g·L^-1 fructose, 16.0 g·L^-1 agar powder, 2.0 g·L^-1 yeast extract, 0.5 g·L^-1 calcium carbonate, and 0.01 g·L^-1 vitamin B₁ at pH8.0, and the optimal incubation temperature was 26 ℃. The optimal liquid culture medium for mycelial growth was composed of 20.0 g·L^-1 soluble starch, 2.0 g·L^-1 yeast extract, 0.5 g·L^-1 dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.01 g·L^-1 vitamin B₁, and the optimal temperature and pH for liquid culture were 28 ℃ and pH5.0, respectively. About 23 d after inoculation, mycelia grew full of cultivation bags, and then mature basidiocarps formed 24 d after mulching. Compared with wild basidiocarps, cultivated basidiocarps had larger and lighter colored pilei. Wild basidiocarps showed conspicuous annulus whereas cultivated basidiocarps had small or no annulus. Wild basidiocarp stipes appeared darker at the base, whereas stipes of cultivated basidiocarps were white all over.

Macrofungi resources in Mopan Mountain National Forest Park were investigated.Samples were collected randomly and then identified by morphology.For samples that were difficult to be identified to the species by morphology,molecular markers were adopted to assist identification.Preliminary results showed that there were 101 known macrofungal species in the park,and they were categorized to 44 genera and 28 families.Only one of the 101 species belonged to Ascomycota and all the rest were Basidiomycota.

Using eight culture media,cultivable bacteria in 12 stroma,sclerotium and habitat soil samples of Ophiocordyceps bispora from Ailao Mountain of Yunnan province were isolated,classified by morphology and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Based on the origin and taxonomy of the obtained strains,they were randomly selected and tested for antibacterial activity against 25 pathogenic bacteria by the agar well diffusion method. The results showed that a total of 302 strains were isolated,of which 275 strains were sequenced and classified into 65 species,18 genera,18 families,14 orders,and 4 phyla. Among them,Streptomyces,Bacillus,Paenibacillus,Nocardia,and Rhizobium were the dominant endophytic bacterial genera of O. bispora,and B. subtilis,N. nova,S. natalensis,S. angustmyceticus,S. platensis,S. xanthocidicus,N. jiangxiensis,and B. altitudinis were the dominant endophytic bacterial species of O. bispora. The bacteria isolated from habitat soil （57 species,16 genera,and 16 families） were more abundant than that of stroma （17 species,9 genera,and 9 families） and sclerotium （7 species,3 genera,and 3 families）. Among 199 randomly selected strains,99 strains showed antibacterial activity against at least one of the 25 pathogenic bacteria,and the positive rate of primary screening was 49.75%. Among them,eight strains showed broad-spectrum and significant antimicrobial activity against at least four pathogenic bacteria.

按照国家标准,采用离子色谱法及电子舌技术对浙江庆元产地的7种干香菇(Lentinula edodes)(花菇、冬菇、金钱菇、香信、黑面菇、厚菇和椴木花菇)进行主要营养成分、可溶性糖和滋味分析。结果表明:花菇、金钱菇和黑面菇中总糖、粗纤维和灰分3种主要营养成分含量均较高且粗脂肪含量较低,其中黑面菇中粗蛋白含量也较高。可溶性糖检测到5种(岩藻糖、葡萄糖、甘露醇、海藻糖和阿拉伯糖醇),总量以香信中最高(223.61±3.29mg/g),其次为冬菇、椴木花菇;甘露醇含量以香信中最高(86.62±2.25 mg/g)。利用电子舌技术进行滋味分析且可将七种香菇明显区分,且其甜味传感器响应值与甘露醇含量响应值相关系数为0.548,具有正相关性。

Using Illumina sequencing and MNP marker screening, 31 strains of Pleurotus eryngii and the main cultivated variety ‘Ple 0100’ in Fujian Province were used to construct a database containing 503 MNP markers for genetic similarity （GS） analysis and variety identification. The results showed that the GS of the 32 strains ranged between 1.79% and 99.60%, among which the GS of DUS16 and DUS17 was 99.60%, that between DUS02 and DUS23 or DUS30 was 99.01%, and that between DUS23 and DUS30 was 99.20%. There was no antagonistic reaction between strains with a high GS, and they may be very similar or the same. MNP markers were used to analyze fruiting bodies, fruiting body tissue isolates, cultivation residue, fruiting body base samples from three P.eryngii production factories, and the results showed that these samples were 100% similar to ‘Ple 0100’, suggesting that MNP markers can be used for variety identification of samples other than mycelium. Five inbred strains and their parents were detected by MNP markers. The results showed that the GS between the inbred strains ranged between 26.84% and 61.43%, and that between the inbred strains and their parents ranged between 28.43% and 78.33%, suggesting that there were extensive chromosome recombination and homologous chromosome exchange during the meiosis of P. eryngii. Tissue isolates of 56 commercial mushrooms from 52 P. eryngii factories in China were detected by MNP markers, and their similarity with ‘Ple 0100’ was 100.00%, indicating that the cultivated varieties of P. eryngii in China were highly consistent. The MNP molecular marker technique in combination with next-generation sequencing can be used to analyze the genetic similarity between P. eryngii strains and identify new strains.

A codon-optimized cas9 expression plasmid pMD-EXP-cas9 was constructed, and then transformed to monokaryotic strain L1 of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ cultivar by polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated transformation to yield L1-cas9 that contained the complete expression cassette of cas9. Using T7 promoter, expression plasmids psgRNA-1 and psgRNA-2 targeting ura3 were constructed, and then sgRNA 1 and sgRNA 2 were obtained by in vitro transcription. Through PEG-mediated transformation, sgRNA 1 and sgRNA 2 were transformed into protoplasts of L1-cas9. For the first time, a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was constructed in G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ cultivar, and the gene editing efficiency for ura3 was four mutants per 10⁷ protoplasts. Using 0.006% Triton X-100, the PEG-mediated transformation system was optimized, and the editing efficiency increased to greater than 18 mutants per 10⁷ protoplasts. This study provided an efficient tool for studying gene function and molecular breeding in G. lucidum.

A homogeneous polysaccharide named INP was extracted from Inonotus hispidus through optimizing the extraction conditions by single-factor and response surface experiments. Then INP was studied for its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. Three doses of INP, low dose INP at 125 μg·mL^-1, medium dose INP at 250 μg·mL^-1, and high dose INP at 500 μg·mL^-1 were set up. Contents of NO, IL-6, TNF-α were determined by ELISA. RT-PCR was used to determine gene expression levels of inflammatory factors, and Western blotting was used to determine protein expression in p38MAPK/NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways. The results showed that the optimized polysaccharide extraction conditions were material-liquid ratio 1:18 (g:mL), extraction temperature 80.5 ℃, and extraction time 1.9 h. Under these conditions, the polysaccharide yield was (0.612±0.057)%. Both NO and TNF-α were decreased in the medium dose (P<0.05) and high dose (P<0.01) INP groups compared with those in the model group. IL-6 content and IL-6 expression were decreased in the high dose INP group. Both medium and high INP doses significantly (P<0.01) down regulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Low dose INP decreased the expression of p-Erk1/2 (P<0.001) and p-AKT (P<0.001). Medium dose INP decreased the expression of p-p38 (P<0.01), IκBα (P<0.01), and p-AKT (P<0.001). High dose INP decreased the expression of p-p38 (P<0.01), p-Jnk1/2 (P<0.001), p-Erk1/2 (P<0.001), p-p65 (P<0.01), IκBα (P<0.01), and p-AKT (P<0.01). INP alleviated LPS-induced cell inflammatory damage, and thus provided a reference for development and utilization of polysaccharides from I. hispidus in the future.

Wolfiporia cocos a fungus in the genus of Wolfiporia Ryv. & Gilbn, Polyporaceae. It is rich in a variety of chemical compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, volatile oils, proteins, amino acids and trace elements, etc. Among these chemical compounds, triterpenoids and polysaccharides are major active components in W. cocos. Polysaccharides of W. cocos are usually isolated from sclerotium, mycelium and fermentation broth. Thesepolysaccharides have a variety of pharmacological effects, including immunoregulation, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-depression. This review article summarized research progress on monosaccharide composition, structural characteristics and pharmacological effects of W. cocos polysaccharides, with emphasis on regulation of macrophage function, T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte, induced expression of related cytokines, as well as the signal pathway of the immunomodulatory effect. Prospects of W. cocos polysaccharides in food and drug industry were also discussed. This study provides a useful reference for applications of W. cocos polysaccharides.

Lentinula edodes is favored by consumers for its unique flavor derived from a variety of volatile and non-volatile compounds. Flavor synthesis, flavor regulation mechanism during drying process and flavor perception are focuses of L. edodes flavor research. The anabolic pathways of characteristic flavor substances (both volatile and non-volatile) of L. edodes, key factors for characteristic flavor formation in the course of cultivation and postharvest processing, and mechanisms of characteristic flavor substance perception were reviewed. The prospects of L. edodes flavor research and development of L. edodes flavor products were discussed in terms of directional regulation and enrichment of L. edodes flavor substances, so as to provide a reference for understanding the signal transduction mechanism of L. edodes flavor substances and flavor product development.

Ganoderma lucidum is an edible and medicinal fungus that contains various bioactive compounds. Its main bioactive metabolites, i.e. triterpenoids, have multiple functions, such as anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory activity, and antihyperglycemic activity. Research progress on G. lucidum triterpenoids were reviewed in terms of isolation and purification, structural identification, biological activities, and breeding of new varieties with a high triterpenoid yield, so as to provide a reference for its application in healthcare food and clinical medicine.

The catalase (CAT) genes of Lepista sordida were cloned and analyzed for bioinformatics characteristics. Then L. sordida strains LS01 and LS02 were measured for mycelial CAT activity, H₂O₂ content, expression of identified catalase genes at different cultivation time (5, 10, 15, and 20 d) and under heat stress of 35 ℃ for 3 h and 48 h, respectively. The results showed that four CAT genes （Lscat1-Lscat4） were cloned, and they encoded 527-729 amino acids. The identified CAT genes of LS01 and LS02 encoded the same number of amino acids with some genetic differences and similar gene structures. With the increase of cultivation time, the intracellular H₂O₂ content in mycelia of both strains increased gradually, whereas the CAT activity in both strains remained stable. The expression levels of Lscat1-Lscat4 at different cultivation time were different in the two strains. For both strains, there was no significant difference in intracellular H₂O₂ content between the control and heat stress at 35 ℃ for 3 h. When stressed at 35 ℃ for 48 h, intracellular H₂O₂ content was significantly increased in LS01 but significantly decreased in LS02. Heat stress at 35 ℃ for 3 h resulted in increased CAT activity in both strains. However, the CAT activity of both strains decreased after 48 h under heat stress. Compared with the control, Lscat1, Lscat2 and Lscat3 were down-regulated in both strains stressed at 35 ℃ for 3 h. As the heat stress time increased to 48 h, Lscat2 and Lscat3 were down-regulated in LS01, but Lscat1, Lscat2 and Lscat3 were up-regulated in LS02. After being stressed at 35 ℃ for 3 h, the expression of Lscat4 remained the same as the control in LS01, but was down-regulated in LS02. On the other hand, Lscat4 was significantly up-regulated in both strains after heat stress at 35 ℃ for 48 h. This study provided a reference for further functional studies of L. sordida catalase genes.

In order to screen superior Auricularia auricula strains with high polysaccharide yield, A. auricula Heiwei danpian was subjected to atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis for three rounds. Then mutant strains with high polysaccharide yield were selected out of mutants showing fast mycelial growth. The selected mutant strains were then subcultured for five passages rate to determine the stability of mycelial growth rate. Antagonism between the selected strains were observed by antagonistic experiment, and the genetic variances of the selected strains were analyzed by ISSR markers. The results showed that compared with the starting strain Heiwei danpian, the biomass and polysaccharide content of the mutant strain D3-56 increased by 15.02% and 48.40%, respectively; the biomass and polysaccharide content of the mutant strain D3-60 increased by 13.15% and 60.83%, respectively; and the polysaccharide yields of D3-56 and D3-60 increased by 70.69% and 81.97%, respectively. After five subcultures, D3-56 and D3-60 showed stable mycelial growth and genetic differences with Hewei danpian.

Mycelia of Lentinula edodes were cultured under light illumination (200-300 Lx white light 12 h·d^-1) and in the dark (control) for 14 d, respectively. Then mycelial phenotype was observed, and transcriptome data were analyzed. The results showed that mycelia cultivated under light appeared denser and whiter than those in the dark group. There were 112 up-regulated and 99 down-regulated differentially expressed genes between the two groups of different light conditions. GO functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes of polysaccharide decomposition, mycotoxin metabolism, and mycotoxin biosynthesis, in cell components of extracellular region, external encapsulation structure and cell wall, and in molecular functions of cell wall structural constituent, cellulose binding and peroxidase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in MAPK signaling pathways, glycerophospholipid metabolism, histidine metabolism. Fourteen important differentially expressed genes related to mycelial growth were identified, and five of them were then verified by qRT-PCR. Compared with the dark group, the light group showed a higher laccase activity in mycelia. It appeared that light signal may regulate the expression of downstream transporters of a MAPK signaling cascade, and then regulate the expression and activity of lignin-degrading enzymes, thereby improving the accumulation of nutrients in mycelia and vegetative growth of L. edodes.

In order to study the effects of preharvest treatment on the quality of Agaricus bisporus during postharvest storage, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg·mL-1 extract of Lentinula edodes spent residue (LR-UE) and salicylic acid (SA) solution were evenly sprayed on fruiting bodies at 250 mL·m^-2 before harvest, respectively. The same amount of tap water was used as the control. After 24 h, fruiting bodies of different treatments were harvested, packaged and stored at room temperature. Fruiting bodies sampled within 1 h after picking were taken as 0 d storage group, and then fruiting bodies of different treatments were sampled every day to be determined for appearance, whiteness, hardness, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, total phenol content, and activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) until the fruiting bodies rotted, turned brown or produced a peculiar odor. The results showed that fruiting bodies sprayed with 1.0 mg·mL^-1 LR-UE or SA maintained a good appearance, whiteness and hardness during storage. Compared with the control group, spraying with LR-UE or SA before harvest effectively reduced MDA concentration and total phenol content, inhibited PPO and PAL activities, and the variation of total phenol content with time paralleled that of PAL activity.

Using 64 Auricularia cornea strains as the materials, 20 characteristics, including six mycelium characteristics and 14 fruiting body characteristics, were screened for DUS test. After phenotypic observation and analysis of variance for mycelium growth rate, three mycelium characteristics, mycelium colloids, dorsal color of colonies and cultivation rod color, were eventually selected as DUS test characteristics for mycelium. Two quantitative characteristics, fresh ear piece length and fresh ear piece width, were selected from the 14 fruiting body characteristics for variance analysis of six sampling sizes (20, 40, 60, 100, 150, 200). The results showed that there was no significant difference between these sampling sizes, and thus 40 was selected as the sampling size for fruiting body characteristics. The coefficients of variation for fresh ear piece length, width, thickness, and ratio of dried to wet product ranged from 16.00% to 38.17%, indicating that the genetic variation of these characteristics was rich. Normality test and frequency distribution analysis showed that the four quantitative characteristics generally followed a normal distribution. After comparison of probability grading method, traditional grading method and least significant difference method, the probability grading method was determined as the grading method for the four quantitative characteristics, and every trait was divided into three to five grades. According to cluster analysis, the tested strains were divided into four clusters when the genetic similarity coefficient was 1.82. Predominant ventral color of fresh ear pieces was the representative characteristics of cluster Ⅲ and cluster Ⅳ which contained about 97% of the tested strains, thus making it a suitable grouping trait. Based on the above evaluation and analyses, 17 tested characteristics (three mycelium characteristics and 14 fruiting body characteristics) were suitable for DUS test of A. cornea.

Edible fungi are an excellent source of protein. In recent years, fungal protein (mycoprotein) has attracted much interest from both academia and industry. This review article included characteristics and products of fungal proteins, core parameters of manufacturing fungal protein products, applications of fungal proteins in food industry (especially as dietary supplements and animal protein substitutes), current challenges in research and development of fungal protein products, and prospects of development and utilization in the future.

Morchellamushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure. Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control. Based on the field investigation and disease studies, combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms, the common pathogenesis including pests (e.g. snails, slugs, springtail, sciarid, flies, wood moth larvae, millipede and oribatid) and diseases (bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness, and three common fungal diseases Diplospora longispora, Fusarium spp. and cobweb diseases) in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed. The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided. The land should be pretreated before seeding through lime usage, sun exposure, braise shed, long time flooding and other measures, in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively. Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies. In the whole cultivation process, the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits, therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.

The taxonomic composition of puffball mushrooms on Chinese traditional medicine markets were investigated by taking samples from several major traditional medicine markets in China. Water extracts of Calvatia gigantea, C. lilacina and Bovistella utriformis were compared for their hemostatic activity in vivo. Bleeding time (BT) and coagulation time (CT) were determined by the tail-cutting method and the capillary method, respectively. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB) in plasma were determined by the hemagglutination assay. ELISA kit was used to measure the contents of coagulation factors in mouse plasma. The results showed that 47 random samples were collected from different markets, and only 14 samples (accounting for 30%) were identified to be Calvatia gigantea and C. lilacina, which were recognized puffball mushrooms in Chinese pharmacopoeia. The remaining 33 samples were Lycoperdon perlatums, Mycenastrum corium and Bovistella utriformis, and B. utriformis was the species with the greatest number of samples (accounting for 64%). Compared with the blank group, the water extracts of C. gigantea, C. lilacina, and B. utriformis reduced both bleeding time and clotting time significantly. The PT, APTT and TT of C. gigantea were significantly decreased. The APTT and TT of C. clilacia were significantly decreased. Fibrinogen was significantly increased in C. gigantea and B. utriformis treated mice. Coagulation factor Ⅻ was extremely significantly increased in C. gigantea and C. lilacina treated mice. C. gigantea water extract also resulted in a significant increase in coagulation factor Ⅹ, coagulation factor Ⅶ, PAI-1, and an extremely significant decrease in t-PA. C. lilacina water extract also resulted in a significant increase in coagulation factor Ⅷ and t-PA. B. utriformis also resulted in a significnat increase in coagulation factor Ⅶ. This study provided a reference for standardizing the puffball mushroom markets in China and utilization of puffball mushroom resources.

以8种灵芝三萜标准品为对照,考察栽培生境、栽培方式、采收时期三种因素对我国灵芝主栽品种"沪农灵芝1号"子实体中三萜含量和指纹图谱的影响。结果表明,三种因素对灵芝子实体中的三萜含量具有显著影响,福建栽培所得灵芝子实体中三萜含量较高,代料栽培子实体三萜含量显著高于段木栽培,成熟期灵芝子实体的三萜含量较高;随着孢子粉采收时间的延长,子实体中三萜含量逐渐降低,但是各因素对灵芝子实体中三萜指纹图谱信息无显著影响,相似度均在0.93以上。

Phallus spp. are common edible mushrooms in China. Many of them have been cultivated on a large scale. Because of morphological similarity, many sellers on the market label their products as Phallus indusiatus or “bamboo fungus”. After morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS-LSU sequences, most of these so-called “P. indusiatus” or “bamboo fungus” were actually identified as P. rubrovolvatus, P. echinovolvatus, and P. cremeo-ochraceus. The Latin American species P. indusiatus, however, may not be naturally distributed in China.

The vigorous development of edible fungi industry in China has brought unprecedented development opportunities and challenges for research and practice of breeding. Crossbreeding is an important and major approach for edible fungi breeding. Therefore, it is necessary to review the fundamental genetics and crossbreeding theories of edible fungi. This paper summarized featured achievements in crossbreeding of edible fungi, including characterization and selection of parental strains, haploid gamete acquisition, generation of hybrids and cultivation test of F1 generation. Some scientific problems in crossbreeding were further discussed, including genetic resources of hybrid parents, heterosis and inbreeding decline, male and female roles of monokaryons in the process of hybridization, synergism of dikaryon and dominant nucleus, etc.. Meanwhile, research gaps and directions that are calling attention were pointed out. Finally, it was emphasized that edible fungi breeding in China should take the road of commercial breeding so as to support healthy, high-quality and sustainable development of the edible fungi industry.

裂褶菌多糖(Schizophyllan)是裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)的主要活性成分之一。综述了裂褶菌多糖结构、提取纯化工艺和生理活性功能等方面的研究进展。

考查采自黑龙江省不同地区的10个猴头菌(Hericium erinaceus)野生菌株的液体培养性状和栽培农艺性状,同时测定了菌丝体、子实体中麦角甾醇含量,为猴头菌育种筛选亲本材料。结果表明:液体培养中,5号和10号菌株菌丝产量较高,分别为2.23g/100 mL、2.39g/100 mL,麦角甾醇含量分别为0.92 mg/g、0.90mg/g;栽培中,5号和10号菌株子实体产量高,菇型圆整、商品性状好;4、6和9号菌株子实体中麦角甾醇含量相对较高。

Ophiocordyceps gracilis, an entomophagous fungus, is a traditional Kazakh medicine with important edible and medicinal values. It has been used as a substitute for Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The recent research progresses of O. gracilis were reviewed in this paper, including distribution, habitat, morphological characteristics, phylogenetic classification, bioactive compounds, pharmacological effects, mycelium culture and host insect. The future prospects in the research approaches of O. gracilis are also discussed, which provide references for further exploitation and application of O. gracilis.

筛选黄色金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)色素的提取剂并对色素进行鉴定。结果表明:金针菇色素溶于碱性溶液,不溶于水、酸、氯仿和乙醇;1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液提取效果最好。采用紫外-可见光谱扫描,傅里叶红外光谱扫描初步研究了金针菇色素的基本结构性质,结果表明:金针菇色素属于黑色素,与酪氨酸合成黑色素结构类似,属于3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(DOPA)类黑色素。

Using single factor experiments, the effects of extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and volumetric ethanol concentration on extraction rate and fruiting body polysaccharide content of Clitocybe squamulosa were studied and the results were then used to optimize the extraction process by response surface design. The obtained C. squamulosa fruiting body polysaccharide extract was subjected to structural characterization and functional property study using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and rheometer. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 3.6 h, 80 ℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1∶30 (g∶mL), and volumetric ethanol concentration of 80%. The extraction rate under the optimal conditions was (4.07±0.05)%, which was close to the predicted value of the response surface. The obtained polysaccharide extract was found to be mainly composed of irregular spherical structures with a pyranose ring skeleton; and it has no nucleic acid or protein residue. The relative molecular weight of the polysaccharide extract was found to be 1.948×10⁴, comprising glucose, mannose, galactose and rhamnose at a molar ratio of 1.07∶0.38∶0.11∶0.02. Under different concentrations, temperature and pH, the apparent viscosity of the polysaccharide extract solution decreased with increasing shear rate, suggesting a typical pseudoplastic non Newtonian fluid characteristics. In addition, the polysaccharide extract showed good oil retention property (5.92±0.20) g·g^-1 and emulsibility (94. 92±1.19)%.

A moth species causing serious disease to Ganoderma sinense was examined for morphological characteristics of larvae,pupae and adults,respectively. Then the moth was identified through phylogenetic analysis of its COI gene sequence. The results showed that the COI gene of this moth was clustered with Morophaga formosana in the neighbor-joining tree at 97.7% sequence similarity （100% bootstrap support value）. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic results,the pest on G. sinense was identified as Morophaga formosana.

Ganoderma spp. is a kind of large fungi used for both food and medicine. Ganoderma spp. has a variety of potential medicinal uses, such as immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, reducing blood sugar and blood lipid. As a herbal medicine, different varieties of Ganoderma spp. affect the effectiveness and quality stability of the healthcare and pharmaceutical products developed from them, and thus breeding elite varieties is of great importance to the Ganoderma industry. Physical mutagenesis is an important and effective technological approach in industrial breeding nowadays. The application of physical mutagenesis in Ganoderma breeding over the past five years was summarized, and existing problems of Ganoderma breeding by physical mutagenesis were analyzed. Prospects of breeding Ganoderma varieties by physical mutagenesis were discussed so as to provide a reference for Ganoderma breeding in the future.

Leccinum rubrum is a subalpine bolete from southwestern China with a strikingly distinguished morphology and potential edibleness. However, its species concept remains unclear and its systematic position is not determined by molecular evidence yet. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 4 gene fragments and morphological observation indicated that this species should be put in the genus Butyriboletus. Therefore, a new combination Butyriboleuts rubrus was proposed. Another species Boletus kermesinus that originally described from Japan can be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Butyriboletus rubrus.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a major pest of edible fungi, and it suppresses fruiting by feeding on mycelia. Traditionally, mite resistance experiments of edible fungi were carried out in the field, which had inoculation difficulty, long period and poor repeatability. To address these problems, a simple and efficient indoor method was established to study the mite resistance of Pleurotus ostreatus. First, activated mycelia of P. ostreatus were cultivated on 6-well cell culture plates at 25 ℃ in darkness until each well was fully filled with mycelia. Second, the culture plate lids were removed and then the plates were inoculated with 0.1 gT. putrescentiae （about 1500 mites） at the space between wells. Then each plate was placed in a sealed transparent plastic box filled with 3-6 mm deep water at the bottom, and incubated in a climate chamber at 25 ℃ and 80% relative humidity to allow the mites to move and feed freely. Damage of T. putrescentiae to P. ostreatus was evaluated through observation and measuring the diameter and number of the damaged holes made by T. putrescentiae. Resistance of P. ostreatus against T. putrescentiae was verified by cultivation in bottles. The results showed that using the 6-well culture plate method, the damage level of T. putrescentiae and resistance of P. ostreatus against T. putrescentiae were quickly detected and evaluated within 48 h, and the resistance detected by the 6-well culture plate method was verified in bottle cultivation. Using the 6-well culture plate method, 84 P. ostreatus strains from the Agricultural Culture Collection of China were assessed and 59 （70.2%） of them showed resistance to T. putrescentiae, suggesting abundant anti-mite germplasm resources in China. These resources provided a basis for breeding anti-mite P. ostreatus.

Using water extraction and alcohol precipitation, polysaccharide of Pholiota adiposa （PAP） was obtained and then studied for its antitumor effect on H22 tumor-bearing mice. ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups as follows： model group, positive group （cyclophosphamide, 25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）, low-dose PAP group （LD, 100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）, medium-dose PAP group （MD, 200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） and high-dose PAP group （HD, 300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）. Using gavage with saline as the blank control, mice in different groups were measured for tumor suppression rate and organ indices after 15 consecutive days of treatment. For each group, the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF in mouse serum were determined by ELISA; tumor cell arrangement, cell integrity, number of nuclei were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining; the degree of apoptosis in tumor tissues was determined by TUNEL assay; and the expression of VEGF, Bcl-2 and BAX was determined by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that PAP inhibited tumor growth, and the tumor inhibition rate of HD group reached 78.05%, with organ indices such as thymus index and spleen index significantly improved. In the model group, the tumor cells were arranged neatly and tightly, grew well, and the apoptosis rate was low. In contrast, the tumor cells of the PAP treatment groups were deformed, broken and blurred at different degrees, with large areas of apoptosis. PAP increased the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 in mouse serum, decreased VEGF level, and showed anti-tumor activity through regulating the expression of VEGF, Bcl-2 and BAX.

The complete gene sequence of the gl26016 gene of Ganoderma lingzhi was cloned, with a full length of 1 169 bp and an open reading frame of 1 107 bp. Protein sequence analysis showed that gl26016 encodes a Cys₂His₂ (C₂H₂) type transcription factor. To investigate the function of gl26016, a 483 bp fragment was deleted in gl26016 by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and the gl26016 disrupted mutant strain was verified by PCR and sequencing. The results showed that the gl26016-disrupted strain (△GL26016) was successfully obtained. Both the wild-type strain (WT) and the △GL26016 strain showed similar dry mycelium weight and mycelium morphology. However, the accumulation of ganoderic acids in △GL26016 was higher than that in WT. On the 6th day of liquid static culture, the contents of GA-Mk, GA-S and GA-Me in △GL26016 were (5.09±0.36), (5.36±0.11), and (3.45±0.26) μg·mg^-1, respectively, which were 1.51-folds, 1.47-folds and 1.93-folds of those in WT, respectively. These results suggested that GL26016 plays an important role in GA biosynthesis in G. lingzhi.

The effects of light quality and light intensity on agronomic traits and contents of cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris were studied. Different light quality included white light, violet light （443 nm）, blue light （465 nm）, green light （527 nm）, orange light （595 nm） and red light （660 nm）, and each light quality was set with four light intensities, 250 lx, 500 lx, 750 lx and 1000 lx, respectively. The results showed that green light resulted in greater fruiting body dry weight compared with other light wavelengths with the maximum value of （5.21±0.23） g per bottle at 750 lx. There was no significant difference in fruiting body dry weight between different light intensities. The greatest cordycepin content was achieved under 1000 lx blue light, reaching （2.03±0.07） mg·g^-1. Under low light intensities （250 and 500 lx）, purple light, green light, orange light and red light had a greater effect on cordycepin content than blue light. Regardless of light intensity, orange light resulted in a relatively greater adenosine content, ranging from （2.52±0.03） mg·g^-1 to （2.72±0.15） mg·g^-1,and the adenosine content under 250 lx orange light was significantly greater than that of other lights at 250 lx. Except purple light, there was no significant difference in adenosine content between different light intensities of the same light quality. Compared with light intensity, light quality had a greater influence on the growth and development of C. militaris fruiting body and the biosynthesis of cordycepin and adenosine.