Laetiporus spp. is a kind of ubiquitous edible and medicinal fungi that has been artificially cultivated in China. The taxonomic status, biological characteristics, artificial cultivation, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and application of Laetiporus spp. were reviewed, and the existing problems and prospects of research and application were discussed.

Using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), volatile components in fermented mycelia and fruiting bodies of Lepista sordida were analyzed. A total of 116 volatile components were detected, among which 91 volatile components, mainly aldehydes, were identified in mycelia, and 66 volatile components, mainly alkanes, were identified in fruiting bodies. There were 40 volatile components shared by the mycelia and fruiting bodies, such as 1-octene-3-ol, trans-nerolidol, 3-octene-2-one, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, octanal and 2-pentylfuran. Relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis showed that γ-nononolactone was the characteristic volatile component in mycelia, and pentanoic acid, citral and 1-octen-3-ol were the characteristic volatile components in fruiting bodies.

A codon-optimized cas9 expression plasmid pMD-EXP-cas9 was constructed, and then transformed to monokaryotic strain L1 of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ cultivar by polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated transformation to yield L1-cas9 that contained the complete expression cassette of cas9. Using T7 promoter, expression plasmids psgRNA-1 and psgRNA-2 targeting ura3 were constructed, and then sgRNA 1 and sgRNA 2 were obtained by in vitro transcription. Through PEG-mediated transformation, sgRNA 1 and sgRNA 2 were transformed into protoplasts of L1-cas9. For the first time, a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was constructed in G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ cultivar, and the gene editing efficiency for ura3 was four mutants per 10⁷ protoplasts. Using 0.006% Triton X-100, the PEG-mediated transformation system was optimized, and the editing efficiency increased to greater than 18 mutants per 10⁷ protoplasts. This study provided an efficient tool for studying gene function and molecular breeding in G. lucidum.

A homogeneous polysaccharide named INP was extracted from Inonotus hispidus through optimizing the extraction conditions by single-factor and response surface experiments. Then INP was studied for its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. Three doses of INP, low dose INP at 125 μg·mL^-1, medium dose INP at 250 μg·mL^-1, and high dose INP at 500 μg·mL^-1 were set up. Contents of NO, IL-6, TNF-α were determined by ELISA. RT-PCR was used to determine gene expression levels of inflammatory factors, and Western blotting was used to determine protein expression in p38MAPK/NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways. The results showed that the optimized polysaccharide extraction conditions were material-liquid ratio 1:18 (g:mL), extraction temperature 80.5 ℃, and extraction time 1.9 h. Under these conditions, the polysaccharide yield was (0.612±0.057)%. Both NO and TNF-α were decreased in the medium dose (P<0.05) and high dose (P<0.01) INP groups compared with those in the model group. IL-6 content and IL-6 expression were decreased in the high dose INP group. Both medium and high INP doses significantly (P<0.01) down regulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Low dose INP decreased the expression of p-Erk1/2 (P<0.001) and p-AKT (P<0.001). Medium dose INP decreased the expression of p-p38 (P<0.01), IκBα (P<0.01), and p-AKT (P<0.001). High dose INP decreased the expression of p-p38 (P<0.01), p-Jnk1/2 (P<0.001), p-Erk1/2 (P<0.001), p-p65 (P<0.01), IκBα (P<0.01), and p-AKT (P<0.01). INP alleviated LPS-induced cell inflammatory damage, and thus provided a reference for development and utilization of polysaccharides from I. hispidus in the future.

Lentinula edodes is favored by consumers for its unique flavor derived from a variety of volatile and non-volatile compounds. Flavor synthesis, flavor regulation mechanism during drying process and flavor perception are focuses of L. edodes flavor research. The anabolic pathways of characteristic flavor substances (both volatile and non-volatile) of L. edodes, key factors for characteristic flavor formation in the course of cultivation and postharvest processing, and mechanisms of characteristic flavor substance perception were reviewed. The prospects of L. edodes flavor research and development of L. edodes flavor products were discussed in terms of directional regulation and enrichment of L. edodes flavor substances, so as to provide a reference for understanding the signal transduction mechanism of L. edodes flavor substances and flavor product development.

Wolfiporia cocos a fungus in the genus of Wolfiporia Ryv. & Gilbn, Polyporaceae. It is rich in a variety of chemical compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, volatile oils, proteins, amino acids and trace elements, etc. Among these chemical compounds, triterpenoids and polysaccharides are major active components in W. cocos. Polysaccharides of W. cocos are usually isolated from sclerotium, mycelium and fermentation broth. Thesepolysaccharides have a variety of pharmacological effects, including immunoregulation, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-depression. This review article summarized research progress on monosaccharide composition, structural characteristics and pharmacological effects of W. cocos polysaccharides, with emphasis on regulation of macrophage function, T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte, induced expression of related cytokines, as well as the signal pathway of the immunomodulatory effect. Prospects of W. cocos polysaccharides in food and drug industry were also discussed. This study provides a useful reference for applications of W. cocos polysaccharides.

Ganoderma lucidum is an edible and medicinal fungus that contains various bioactive compounds. Its main bioactive metabolites, i.e. triterpenoids, have multiple functions, such as anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory activity, and antihyperglycemic activity. Research progress on G. lucidum triterpenoids were reviewed in terms of isolation and purification, structural identification, biological activities, and breeding of new varieties with a high triterpenoid yield, so as to provide a reference for its application in healthcare food and clinical medicine.

Using peak area of a high relative molecular weight intracellular Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide fraction (26-36 min in HPSEC) as the index, nitrogen source and concentration in the liquid fermentation medium were screened by single-factor experiments. Then 29 fermentation groups were conducted according to a Box-Behnken design to establish a data set, which was then randomly divided into a training set (24 groups) and a testing set (5 groups). The training set was used to construct a BP neural network model and the testing set was used to evaluate the model. The BP neural network fitting results were further iteratively optimized by a genetic algorithm. The results showed that the model fit reached 0.9848, and the optimal medium composition was 29.0 g·L^-1 anhydrous glucose, 3.7 g·L^-1 autolyzed yeast extract, and 0.3 g·L^-1 MgSO₄·7H₂O. Using the optimal medium, the peak area of the high molecular weight intracellular polysaccharide fraction was 1.20×10⁷ mV·s, which was 40.8% greater than that before optimization.

Mycelia of Lentinula edodes were cultured under light illumination (200-300 Lx white light 12 h·d^-1) and in the dark (control) for 14 d, respectively. Then mycelial phenotype was observed, and transcriptome data were analyzed. The results showed that mycelia cultivated under light appeared denser and whiter than those in the dark group. There were 112 up-regulated and 99 down-regulated differentially expressed genes between the two groups of different light conditions. GO functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in biological processes of polysaccharide decomposition, mycotoxin metabolism, and mycotoxin biosynthesis, in cell components of extracellular region, external encapsulation structure and cell wall, and in molecular functions of cell wall structural constituent, cellulose binding and peroxidase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in MAPK signaling pathways, glycerophospholipid metabolism, histidine metabolism. Fourteen important differentially expressed genes related to mycelial growth were identified, and five of them were then verified by qRT-PCR. Compared with the dark group, the light group showed a higher laccase activity in mycelia. It appeared that light signal may regulate the expression of downstream transporters of a MAPK signaling cascade, and then regulate the expression and activity of lignin-degrading enzymes, thereby improving the accumulation of nutrients in mycelia and vegetative growth of L. edodes.

Using Illumina sequencing and MNP marker screening, 31 strains of Pleurotus eryngii and the main cultivated variety ‘Ple 0100’ in Fujian Province were used to construct a database containing 503 MNP markers for genetic similarity （GS） analysis and variety identification. The results showed that the GS of the 32 strains ranged between 1.79% and 99.60%, among which the GS of DUS16 and DUS17 was 99.60%, that between DUS02 and DUS23 or DUS30 was 99.01%, and that between DUS23 and DUS30 was 99.20%. There was no antagonistic reaction between strains with a high GS, and they may be very similar or the same. MNP markers were used to analyze fruiting bodies, fruiting body tissue isolates, cultivation residue, fruiting body base samples from three P.eryngii production factories, and the results showed that these samples were 100% similar to ‘Ple 0100’, suggesting that MNP markers can be used for variety identification of samples other than mycelium. Five inbred strains and their parents were detected by MNP markers. The results showed that the GS between the inbred strains ranged between 26.84% and 61.43%, and that between the inbred strains and their parents ranged between 28.43% and 78.33%, suggesting that there were extensive chromosome recombination and homologous chromosome exchange during the meiosis of P. eryngii. Tissue isolates of 56 commercial mushrooms from 52 P. eryngii factories in China were detected by MNP markers, and their similarity with ‘Ple 0100’ was 100.00%, indicating that the cultivated varieties of P. eryngii in China were highly consistent. The MNP molecular marker technique in combination with next-generation sequencing can be used to analyze the genetic similarity between P. eryngii strains and identify new strains.

Edible fungi are an excellent source of protein. In recent years, fungal protein (mycoprotein) has attracted much interest from both academia and industry. This review article included characteristics and products of fungal proteins, core parameters of manufacturing fungal protein products, applications of fungal proteins in food industry (especially as dietary supplements and animal protein substitutes), current challenges in research and development of fungal protein products, and prospects of development and utilization in the future.

Morchellamushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure. Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control. Based on the field investigation and disease studies, combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms, the common pathogenesis including pests (e.g. snails, slugs, springtail, sciarid, flies, wood moth larvae, millipede and oribatid) and diseases (bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness, and three common fungal diseases Diplospora longispora, Fusarium spp. and cobweb diseases) in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed. The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided. The land should be pretreated before seeding through lime usage, sun exposure, braise shed, long time flooding and other measures, in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively. Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies. In the whole cultivation process, the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits, therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.

The vigorous development of edible fungi industry in China has brought unprecedented development opportunities and challenges for research and practice of breeding. Crossbreeding is an important and major approach for edible fungi breeding. Therefore, it is necessary to review the fundamental genetics and crossbreeding theories of edible fungi. This paper summarized featured achievements in crossbreeding of edible fungi, including characterization and selection of parental strains, haploid gamete acquisition, generation of hybrids and cultivation test of F1 generation. Some scientific problems in crossbreeding were further discussed, including genetic resources of hybrid parents, heterosis and inbreeding decline, male and female roles of monokaryons in the process of hybridization, synergism of dikaryon and dominant nucleus, etc.. Meanwhile, research gaps and directions that are calling attention were pointed out. Finally, it was emphasized that edible fungi breeding in China should take the road of commercial breeding so as to support healthy, high-quality and sustainable development of the edible fungi industry.

裂褶菌多糖(Schizophyllan)是裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)的主要活性成分之一。综述了裂褶菌多糖结构、提取纯化工艺和生理活性功能等方面的研究进展。

Phallus spp. are common edible mushrooms in China. Many of them have been cultivated on a large scale. Because of morphological similarity, many sellers on the market label their products as Phallus indusiatus or “bamboo fungus”. After morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated ITS-LSU sequences, most of these so-called “P. indusiatus” or “bamboo fungus” were actually identified as P. rubrovolvatus, P. echinovolvatus, and P. cremeo-ochraceus. The Latin American species P. indusiatus, however, may not be naturally distributed in China.

Ophiocordyceps gracilis, an entomophagous fungus, is a traditional Kazakh medicine with important edible and medicinal values. It has been used as a substitute for Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The recent research progresses of O. gracilis were reviewed in this paper, including distribution, habitat, morphological characteristics, phylogenetic classification, bioactive compounds, pharmacological effects, mycelium culture and host insect. The future prospects in the research approaches of O. gracilis are also discussed, which provide references for further exploitation and application of O. gracilis.

筛选黄色金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)色素的提取剂并对色素进行鉴定。结果表明:金针菇色素溶于碱性溶液,不溶于水、酸、氯仿和乙醇;1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液提取效果最好。采用紫外-可见光谱扫描,傅里叶红外光谱扫描初步研究了金针菇色素的基本结构性质,结果表明:金针菇色素属于黑色素,与酪氨酸合成黑色素结构类似,属于3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(DOPA)类黑色素。

Using single factor experiments, the effects of extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and volumetric ethanol concentration on extraction rate and fruiting body polysaccharide content of Clitocybe squamulosa were studied and the results were then used to optimize the extraction process by response surface design. The obtained C. squamulosa fruiting body polysaccharide extract was subjected to structural characterization and functional property study using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and rheometer. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time 3.6 h, 80 ℃, solid-liquid ratio of 1∶30 (g∶mL), and volumetric ethanol concentration of 80%. The extraction rate under the optimal conditions was (4.07±0.05)%, which was close to the predicted value of the response surface. The obtained polysaccharide extract was found to be mainly composed of irregular spherical structures with a pyranose ring skeleton; and it has no nucleic acid or protein residue. The relative molecular weight of the polysaccharide extract was found to be 1.948×10⁴, comprising glucose, mannose, galactose and rhamnose at a molar ratio of 1.07∶0.38∶0.11∶0.02. Under different concentrations, temperature and pH, the apparent viscosity of the polysaccharide extract solution decreased with increasing shear rate, suggesting a typical pseudoplastic non Newtonian fluid characteristics. In addition, the polysaccharide extract showed good oil retention property (5.92±0.20) g·g^-1 and emulsibility (94. 92±1.19)%.

Using simultaneous distillation extraction （SDE） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）,10 mycelium samples of Cordyceps militaris collected in seven places in China were measured for their volatile components. A total of 65 volatile components were identified,and they mainly included acids,esters,naphthalenes,alkanes,aldehydes and anthracenes with an average content of 71.16%,10.57%,5.25%,5.13%,4.04% and 1.23%,respectively. Eight components,linoleic acid,palmitic acid,naphthalene,hexanal,massoia lactone,α-pinene,methyl linoleate and 2-pentylfuran,were detected in all samples,and their average contents were 37.41%,29.09%,5.25%,3.26%,2.65%,2.27%,1.53% and 0.65%,respectively. Some typical medicinal volatile substances,such as caryophyllin,a-cadinol,a-cedrene,massoia lactone,were also detected. As shown by principal component analysis （PCA） and clustering analysis （CA）,there were large differences in volatile components of samples from Yunnan and Liaoning. Relative odor activity value （ROAV） analysis showed that aldehydes contributed the most to the odor of C. militaris mycelium,and other key aroma components included hexanal and 2-pentylfuran. There were differences in mycelial odor characteristics of C. militaris from different production regions.

There are 299 species of Cordyceps sensu lato (Hypocreales) in China, among which at least 40 species produce fruiting bodies or synnemata. Despite a rich Cordyceps s. l. diversity in China, only four species are commercially cultivated currently. The Cordyceps species that can form fruiting bodies or synnemata in China were summarized, and problems in regard to strain, Cordyceps microbiome, and domestication were reviewed. It was suggested that we should strengthen the collection of germplasm resources, research on strains and their degradation mechanisms, study Cordyceps microbiome and its function, strengthen the domestication of wild resources, fully explore the values of Cordyceps s.l. and also promote scientific popularization. For the convenience of the follow-up functional study on Cordyceps microbiome in the future, it was suggested to be simplified into two categories, probiotics in fruiting bodies (PFB) and unbeneficial microbiome in fruiting bodies (UMFB).

Leccinum rubrum is a subalpine bolete from southwestern China with a strikingly distinguished morphology and potential edibleness. However, its species concept remains unclear and its systematic position is not determined by molecular evidence yet. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 4 gene fragments and morphological observation indicated that this species should be put in the genus Butyriboletus. Therefore, a new combination Butyriboleuts rubrus was proposed. Another species Boletus kermesinus that originally described from Japan can be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Butyriboletus rubrus.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a major pest of edible fungi, and it suppresses fruiting by feeding on mycelia. Traditionally, mite resistance experiments of edible fungi were carried out in the field, which had inoculation difficulty, long period and poor repeatability. To address these problems, a simple and efficient indoor method was established to study the mite resistance of Pleurotus ostreatus. First, activated mycelia of P. ostreatus were cultivated on 6-well cell culture plates at 25 ℃ in darkness until each well was fully filled with mycelia. Second, the culture plate lids were removed and then the plates were inoculated with 0.1 gT. putrescentiae （about 1500 mites） at the space between wells. Then each plate was placed in a sealed transparent plastic box filled with 3-6 mm deep water at the bottom, and incubated in a climate chamber at 25 ℃ and 80% relative humidity to allow the mites to move and feed freely. Damage of T. putrescentiae to P. ostreatus was evaluated through observation and measuring the diameter and number of the damaged holes made by T. putrescentiae. Resistance of P. ostreatus against T. putrescentiae was verified by cultivation in bottles. The results showed that using the 6-well culture plate method, the damage level of T. putrescentiae and resistance of P. ostreatus against T. putrescentiae were quickly detected and evaluated within 48 h, and the resistance detected by the 6-well culture plate method was verified in bottle cultivation. Using the 6-well culture plate method, 84 P. ostreatus strains from the Agricultural Culture Collection of China were assessed and 59 （70.2%） of them showed resistance to T. putrescentiae, suggesting abundant anti-mite germplasm resources in China. These resources provided a basis for breeding anti-mite P. ostreatus.

Ganoderma spp. is a kind of large fungi used for both food and medicine. Ganoderma spp. has a variety of potential medicinal uses, such as immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, reducing blood sugar and blood lipid. As a herbal medicine, different varieties of Ganoderma spp. affect the effectiveness and quality stability of the healthcare and pharmaceutical products developed from them, and thus breeding elite varieties is of great importance to the Ganoderma industry. Physical mutagenesis is an important and effective technological approach in industrial breeding nowadays. The application of physical mutagenesis in Ganoderma breeding over the past five years was summarized, and existing problems of Ganoderma breeding by physical mutagenesis were analyzed. Prospects of breeding Ganoderma varieties by physical mutagenesis were discussed so as to provide a reference for Ganoderma breeding in the future.

The complete gene sequence of the gl26016 gene of Ganoderma lingzhi was cloned, with a full length of 1 169 bp and an open reading frame of 1 107 bp. Protein sequence analysis showed that gl26016 encodes a Cys₂His₂ (C₂H₂) type transcription factor. To investigate the function of gl26016, a 483 bp fragment was deleted in gl26016 by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and the gl26016 disrupted mutant strain was verified by PCR and sequencing. The results showed that the gl26016-disrupted strain (△GL26016) was successfully obtained. Both the wild-type strain (WT) and the △GL26016 strain showed similar dry mycelium weight and mycelium morphology. However, the accumulation of ganoderic acids in △GL26016 was higher than that in WT. On the 6th day of liquid static culture, the contents of GA-Mk, GA-S and GA-Me in △GL26016 were (5.09±0.36), (5.36±0.11), and (3.45±0.26) μg·mg^-1, respectively, which were 1.51-folds, 1.47-folds and 1.93-folds of those in WT, respectively. These results suggested that GL26016 plays an important role in GA biosynthesis in G. lingzhi.

利用猕猴桃枝条部分代替常规培养基质栽培毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha),对毛木耳生长状况、营养成分以及重金属含量的影响进行评价,结果表明:各配方子实体粗纤维含量较对照组增加,粗蛋白含量低于对照组,粗多糖含量与对照组没有显著差异;配方为70%猕猴桃、12%玉米芯、4%棉籽壳、4%杂木屑、8%麸皮、2%石膏时,与对照组相比,毛木耳在菌丝长势、采收时间以及产量方面差异不显著且满袋天数缩短;重金属含量、农药残留含量等均在标准范围内。因此,猕猴桃枝条可以作为毛木耳栽培基质加以利用。

Using Cyclocybe chaxingu strain Baicha 6 as the parent, monospore inbreeding of new varieties was carried out. After preliminary and secondary screening, a hybrid strain named ZJCXG001 was selected for pilot and demonstrative production. The results showed that ZJCXG001 had higher uniformity of fruiting bodies compared with Baicha 6. ZJCXG001 showed moderate pileus diameter [(4.40±0.15) cm], long stipes [(12.11±0.51) cm], a high yield, and a biological efficiency of 86.3%. The harvesting time for the first tide of ZJCXG001 was short, which was (50.5±1.3) d after inoculation. On Oct 20, 2022, ZJCXG001 passed the identification of non-major crop varieties in Yunnan Province and was named ‘Zhongjunbaicha 1’.

Two commercially available Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP),WSK and BETA, were determined for total sugar content, uronic acid content, structural characteristics, weight-average molecular weight (M_w), and then studied for their anti-aging effect at a dose of 100 mg·kg^-1 in aging mice established by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg·kg^-1 D-galactose. WSK and BETA were obtained by hot water-enzyme extraction and hot water extraction, respectively. Each treatment group was measured for contents of hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid in mouse skin, antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA concentration in mouse serum, liver and heart, levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum, intestinal pH, and concentrations of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results showed that the total sugar contents (dry weight) of WSK and BETA were 91.2% and 89.5%, respectively. The uronic acid contents of WSK and BETA were 20.2% and 19.3%, respectively. The M_w of WSK and BETA were 10.83×10⁶ and 3.59×10⁶, respectively. Neither of the two polysaccharides contained triple helix structure. Compared with WSK, BETA increased hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid contents (P<0.01), SOD activity in serum (P<0.05) liver and heart (P<0.01), and GSH-Px activity in liver and heart (P<0.01). In contrast, BETA decreased MDA levels in liver and heart (P<0.01), and IL-1β and TNF-α levels in serum (P<0.01) compared with WSK. Both WSK and BETA partially reversed the changes of pH in colon and total SCFAs concentration due to aging. The results suggested that BETA showed better anti-aging effects on skin aging, tissue oxidative stress and inflammation than WSK.

Three zinc cluster transcription factors in Flammulina filiformis, FVZCP1, FVZCP2, and FVZCP3, were analyzed for basic properties, zinc cluster domain and phylogeny by bioinformatics tools, and then determined for their expression in mycelium, primordium, stipe, and pileus by qRT-PCR. The results showed that Fvzcp1, Fvzcp2, and Fvzcp3 distributed in different contigs, and contained 9, 14, and 10 exons, encoding 2 553 bp, 2 634 bp, and 1 743 bp, respectively. The corresponding proteins, FVZCP1, FVZCP2, and FVZCP3, were 93 763.19 Da, 98 333.89 Da, and 64 251.26 Da, respectively. Their theoretical pI are 7.10, 6.54, 6.64, respectively. They were predicted to be unstable hydrophobic proteins and localized in the nucleus. All of them had a typical zinc cluster domain, albeit in different types. In terms of expression level, Fvzcp1 was relatively higher in primordium and pileus than in mycelium; Fvzcp2 was relatively higher in primordium and stipe than in mycelium; Fvzcp3 was higher in stipe than in mycelium. Their expression levels were significantly higher in the elongation region than those in the non-elongation region.

Using the ultrasonic-assisted saponification method, ergosterol was extracted from fruiting bodies of Lentinula edodes, and the optimal extraction process was optimized by single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. The purified ergosterol product was characterized, analyzed for photostability, and measured for its activities of scavenging hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals, and lowering cholesterol level. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: solid to liquid ratio 1∶40 ( g∶mL), 0.04 g·mL^-1 KOH, ultrasonic temperature 70 ℃, and ultrasonic time 70 min. Under these conditions, the ergosterol yield was (0.81 ± 0.02) %, and the purity was (86.18 ± 3.49) %. Compared with incandescent light, ultraviolet light resulted in a significant decrease in the retention rate of the purified ergosterol product. Within the experimental range, 1 mg·mL^-1 purified ergosterol product had a high scavenging rate on hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals, and the IC₅₀ of hydroxyl and DPPH free radicals were (12.96 ± 1.36) and (6.68 ± 0.98) mg·mL^-1, respectively. The purified ergosterol product significantly decreased the solubility of cholesterol in micelles. These results provided a reference for the utilization of L. edodes ergosterol.

通过形态、显微结构观察和ITS测序,介绍了白肉灵芝(Ganoderma leucocontextum)的正确学名、宏观形态、显微形态和分子生物学特征。

A pathogenic bacterium was isolated from fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata with soft rot disease. The pathogen was verified by Koch's postulates, and identified through morphological observation,physiological and biochemical index tests, 16S rDNA and multilocus sequence analyses. Then the pathogen was studied for its putrescence, sensitivity to different antibiotics and the corresponding minimum inhibitory concentration for each tested drug. Effects of temperature, pH and NaCl on the growth of the pathogen were also determined. The results showed that the isolated pathogen S7 and identified as Pantoea sp..The optimal growth temperature, pH and NaCl concentration for S7 was 35 ℃, 5 and 2.5%, respectively. S7 caused both Flammulina velutipes and potato to rot. Among the tested antibiotics, S7 had the highest sensitivity to streptomycin with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 18.75 μg·mL^-1.

Ergothionine, a natural antioxidant, has strong anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation effects and has been widely used in food, cosmetics, medicine and other fields. Previous reports indicated that some edible fungi are rich in ergothionine. Research progress on extraction, separation and detection of ergothionine in edible fungi were reviewed to provide a reference for deep processing and product development in the future.

The effects of light quality and light intensity on agronomic traits and contents of cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris were studied. Different light quality included white light, violet light （443 nm）, blue light （465 nm）, green light （527 nm）, orange light （595 nm） and red light （660 nm）, and each light quality was set with four light intensities, 250 lx, 500 lx, 750 lx and 1000 lx, respectively. The results showed that green light resulted in greater fruiting body dry weight compared with other light wavelengths with the maximum value of （5.21±0.23） g per bottle at 750 lx. There was no significant difference in fruiting body dry weight between different light intensities. The greatest cordycepin content was achieved under 1000 lx blue light, reaching （2.03±0.07） mg·g^-1. Under low light intensities （250 and 500 lx）, purple light, green light, orange light and red light had a greater effect on cordycepin content than blue light. Regardless of light intensity, orange light resulted in a relatively greater adenosine content, ranging from （2.52±0.03） mg·g^-1 to （2.72±0.15） mg·g^-1,and the adenosine content under 250 lx orange light was significantly greater than that of other lights at 250 lx. Except purple light, there was no significant difference in adenosine content between different light intensities of the same light quality. Compared with light intensity, light quality had a greater influence on the growth and development of C. militaris fruiting body and the biosynthesis of cordycepin and adenosine.

The underlying mechanism of mycelium degeneration of Morchella esculenta in the process of subculture was studied through comparative transcriptome analysis. Mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 were successively subcultured for seven passages, and then mycelial growth rate was calculated for different passages. The mycelia of the first （M1） and the sixth （M6） passage were collected, sequenced and then compared for transcriptome data through GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Eventually, seven differentially expressed genes （DEGs） related to mycelium degeneration were selected, and they were cel1, lac2, cah, png1, zpr1, did2 and Hsp31. These genes were then verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 failed to proliferate at the seventh passage. There were 575 DEGs between M1 and M6, among which 198 DEGs were up-regulated and 377 DEGs were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in reactive nitrogen species metabolic process, nitrate metabolic process, nitrate assimilation, and ‘De novo’ IMP biosynthetic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in pentose phosphate pathway, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, biosynthesis of biotin cofactors, biotin metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The relative expression levels of the seven selected DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome analysis.

Using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), ethyl acetate extract (CM1) and ethanol isolate (CM2) of Inonotus hispidus fruiting bodies were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the proliferation of five human tumor cell lines, including SGC-7901, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, NCI-H1299, and HepG2. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS were used to analyze chemical components in CM1 and CM2. The results showed that CM1 inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa cells at 48 h, with IC₅₀ of 338.64, 224.13, and 542.07 μg·mL^-1, respectively. CM2 inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, HepG2 and NCI-H1299 cells at 48 h, with IC₅₀ of 104.28, 100.51, 122.32, 277.66 and 196.35 μg·mL^-1, respectively. The inhibitory effect of CM1 was weaker than that of CM2. There were 26 compounds identified in CM1 and 30 compounds identified in CM2, among which 24 compounds were detected in both CM1 and CM2. The main chemical components of CM1 and CM2 were polyphenols polymerized or condensed with hispidin as the skeleton, and compounds with high relative abundance in the extracts included osmundacetone, phellinin B, phaeolschidin A, phaeolschidin C, pinillidine, 3,3′-methylene-bis{6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)]-4-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one}, phelligridin D, and phelliribsin A. The research provided a reference for the research, development and application of active compounds in I. hispidus fruiting bodies.

Seven cultivars of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong’ series were cultivated under the same conditions and the resultant fruiting bodies were determined and compared for total polysaccharide content, nucleoside content, triterpenoid content, sugar alcohol content, molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, and stimulation activity on RAW264.7 macrophages to release NO. The results showed that the total polysaccharide content of different ‘Hunong’ cultivars ranged from 1.15% to 5.11%, and the top three high polysaccharide content cultivars were G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ （5.11%）, G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.8’ （2.36%） and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ （2.07%）. There were differences in the molecular weight distribution of crude polysaccharides from different G. lucidum cultivars. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ mainly contained three polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 3.38 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1, 4.24 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1 and 4.38 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 1.01 × 10⁷ g·mol^-1 and 8.03 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 4.50 × 10⁵ g·mol^-1 and 6.20 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. The remaining four cultivars contained a polysaccharide component of 4.56 × 10³ g·mol^-1- 5.47 × 10³ g·mol^-1. Fruiting bodies of all seven new cultivars were found to contain cytidine, uridine, and guanosine. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ showed the highest nucleoside content （1 456.5 μg·g^-1）. The triterpenoid content of the seven cultivars ranged from 2 241.93 μg·g^-1 to 5 123.54 μg·g^-1, and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ showed the highest content. For sugar alcohols, the seven cultivars mainly contained arabitol and mannitol. Erythritol was detected at a low level （<0.9 mg·g^-1）. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the seven new cultivars enhanced NO release from RAW264.7 macrophages at 50-500 μg·mL^-1, and that of G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.5’ showed the highest activity. The results provided a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the new G. lucidum cultivars of ‘Hunong’ series.

A wild Oudemansiella sp. sample was collected from Guishan National Forest Park, Guishan Town, Shilin Yi Autonomous County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, and then subjected to tissue isolation to yield a pure strain. The pure strain was identified through morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences. Using single factor and orthogonal experiments, the cultivation conditions for solid and liquid culture of mycelia were optimized. Using cultivation bags and casing soil, the pure strain was then domesticated in greenhouse under natural light condition, 20—28 ℃, 40% soil humidity and 80%—90% air humidity. The results showed that the pure strain JF2004 isolated from basidiocarps by tissue isolation was identified as O. submucida. The optimal solid medium for mycelial growth was composed of 20.0 g·L^-1 fructose, 16.0 g·L^-1 agar powder, 2.0 g·L^-1 yeast extract, 0.5 g·L^-1 calcium carbonate, and 0.01 g·L^-1 vitamin B₁ at pH8.0, and the optimal incubation temperature was 26 ℃. The optimal liquid culture medium for mycelial growth was composed of 20.0 g·L^-1 soluble starch, 2.0 g·L^-1 yeast extract, 0.5 g·L^-1 dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.01 g·L^-1 vitamin B₁, and the optimal temperature and pH for liquid culture were 28 ℃ and pH5.0, respectively. About 23 d after inoculation, mycelia grew full of cultivation bags, and then mature basidiocarps formed 24 d after mulching. Compared with wild basidiocarps, cultivated basidiocarps had larger and lighter colored pilei. Wild basidiocarps showed conspicuous annulus whereas cultivated basidiocarps had small or no annulus. Wild basidiocarp stipes appeared darker at the base, whereas stipes of cultivated basidiocarps were white all over.

Ganoderma lucidum G0119, G0154 and their hybrid strain GZ36 were cultured by liquid fermentation under the same conditions, and then compared for extracellular polysaccharide content at different fermentation time ( 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h ), average weight molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide composition and immune activity. The results showed that there were two peaks (P1 and P3) in the extracellular fluid of the three strains at 21-26 and 34-44 min, respectively. The hybrid strain GZ36 had a third peak P2 at 26-33 min. In the experimental range, contents of polysaccharides in the three strains increased with the extension of fermentation time. At 72 h, The weight average molecular weights of P1, P2 and P3 were 5.193×10⁶-8.957×10⁶, 4.437×10⁶ and 6.033×10⁴-8.148×10⁴ g·mol^-1, respectively. Compared with the 60% ethanol precipitation fraction (60E) of the extracellular polysaccharides, the 20% ethanol precipitation fraction (20E) had a higher yield. The 20E yield of GZ36 (0.46 g·L^-1) was greater than that of G0119 and G0154, and its polysaccharide content (82.96%) was also higher. For 60E, GZ36 and G0154 had relatively high yields, reaching 0.13 g·L^-1and 0.14 g·L^-1, respectively. The 60E of GZ36 also had a high polysaccharide content (78.76%). GZ36 resembled G0154 in monosaccharide composition and proportion of 20E (mainly composed of glucose) and 60E (mainly composed of xylose). Compared with the negative control, the 20E of the three strains stimulated Dectin-1, and the 60E of the three strains induced macrophages to release NO. The 60E activity of GZ36 was higher than that of the parental strains at 200 µg·mL^-1. These results provided a reference for understanding the similarities and differences of extracellular polysaccharides between parental and hybrid strains of G. lucidum.

The mechanism of Lentinual edodes fruiting body development was studied by comparative transcriptome analysis of undifferentiated fruiting body tissue (Ndt) and normal fruiting body primordium (Pri) of L. edodes cultivar L808. The results showed that there were 62 genes with difference levels between Ndt and Pri greater than six, among which 49 genes were up-regulated and 13 genes were down-regulated. For example, two gag-polypeptide of LTR copia-type genes were up-regulated, and four heat shock protein genes were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in cell membrane synthesis related functional units, including membrane part, integral component of membrane, intrinsic component of membrane, intracellular membrane-bounded organelle, and membrane-bounded organelle. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in arginine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, oxidative phosphorylation, and MAPK signaling pathway.

Mycelia of Ganoderma resinaceum and Perenniporia fraxinea were used to prepare two kinds of fungal mycelium-based composites (MBC), MBCG (G. resinaceum) and MBCP (P. fraxinea), respectively. Both MBCG and MBCP were measured for density, static bending strength, elastic modulus, compressive strength, water absorption thickness expansion rate (TSR), water absorption rate, thermogravimetric characteristics, and degradation ratios of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in soil burial degradation test. The results showed that, as compared with MBCP, MBCG had a higher breaking load and static bending intensity. When both MBCG and MBCP reached the same deformation in compression test, the compressive strength of MBCG was greater. Compared with MBCP, MBCG had a higher density, a lower TSR at 2 h, and a lower water absorption rate at 24 h. In the thermogravimetric analysis (25-900 ℃), the weight loss rate of MBCG was lower than that of MBCP at 25-750 ℃. In the 60-day soil burial degradation test, MBCG showed a higher lignin degradation rate than MBCP over the entire course of the test. MBCG also showed a higher hemicellulose degradation rate than MBCP at 45-60 d. On the other hand, MBCP showed a higher cellulose degradation rate at 0-45 d, and a higher hemicellulose degradation rate at 0-15 d and 30-45 d as compared with MBCG. As the treatment time increased, the cumulative degradation rates of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in both MBCG and MBCP increased. The cumulative degradation rate of lignin in MBCG was higher than that in MBCP, whereas the cumulative degradation rates of cellulose and hemicellulose in MBCG were lower than those in MBCP. Both MBCs showed good mechanical properties, thermal stability and biodegradability, and are potential substitutes for foam packaging materials.