【Objective】Salt stress is one of the main environmental stresses that restrict rice production. Studying the physiological characteristics under salt stress and analysis the allelic variation and expression of salt-tolerance genes provide key gene resources and genetic materials for breeding salt-tolerance rice varieties. 【Method】This study first evaluated the salt-tolerance ability of the Nangeng series high-quality rice varieties/lines during the seedling stage, using survival rate as an indicator for screening salt-tolerance varieties, which physiological changes under salt stress were analyzed, including chlorophyll, Na⁺, K⁺, MDA, H₂O₂ and soluble sugar. The variation types and expression levels of salt-tolerance genes in rice varieties with resistance to high salt concentration were also analyzed to explaining their molecular mechanisms in response to salt stress. 【Result】Under the condition of treating with 140 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 6 days, the survival rates of NG9108, NG5718, and NGY1 were greater than 60%, with the highest survival rate among the tested varieties. Compared with Nipponbare, the seedlings of NG9108, NG5718, and NGY1 under salt stress had higher chlorophyll content and lower MDA content, indicating that salt stress caused less cell damage to the three varieties. The Na⁺/K⁺ values in the roots of NG9108, NG5718, and NGY1 were significantly higher than those in Nipponbare, while the Na⁺/K⁺ values in the aerial parts were significantly lower than those in Nipponbare, implying that the three varieties absorb or store more Na⁺ in roots, but transport less Na⁺ upwards, which is beneficial for maintaining cell ion balance and causing less ion toxicity and osmotic stress in aerial parts of the seedlings. The three salt-tolerance varieties have 94 SNPs or InDel sites, distributing in exons, introns, 5′UTR, and 3′UTR of the 23 salt-tolerance genes. 24 variation sites of 11 genes occur in the exons, including 7 genes with frameshift mutations or missense mutations which distributed in Os02g0813500 (OsGR2), Os05g0343400 (OsWRKY53), Os06g0685700 (OsRST1), Os07g0685700 (OsEIL2), Os10g0431000 (OsPQT3), Os11g044600 (OsRSS3), Os12g0150200 (P450). Salt stress significantly induces expression of OsSKC1, OsBAG4, OsGPX1, OsCCX2, OsGR3, OsDREB2a, OsRAB21, OsP5CS, OsbZIP23, OsAPX37 and OsLEA3, which help to enhance salt tolerance and reduce the adverse effects of salt damage on rice growth. 【Conclusion】NG9108, NG5718 and NGY1 showed strong salt tolerance phenotype during the seedling growth stage, which is closely related to the balance of sodium and potassium ions under salt stress, allelic variations of multiple salt tolerance genes, and gene expression levels. NG9108, NG5718 and NGY1 have pyramided multiple salt tolerant and high-quality genes, which can be used as backbone parents for genetic improvement and breeding.

【Objective】Nitrogen panicle fertilizer is one of the key factors affecting rice yield and quality. Studying its impact on the yield, quality, and aroma of aromatic japonica rice in southern China could provide a theoretical basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of southern japonica rice. 【Method】 Conducted from 2022 to 2023, this study used Nanjing 9108, a representative variety of aromatic japonica rice in southern China, as the material, and three nitrogen application modes were set up: no nitrogen fertilizer (N0), no panicle fertilizer (N1), and conventional application of panicle fertilizer (N2, with 70% base and tillering fertilizer + 30% panicle fertilizer). In addition, the experiment of applying ear fertilizer at different leaf age stages, including the top sixth leaf, fifth leaf, fourth leaf, third leaf, second leaf and first leaf just after emerging from the sheath (designated as L6, L5, L4, L3, L2, and L1), was conducted to study the synergistic regulation mechanism of nitrogen panicle fertilizer on yield, quality, and aroma of Nanjing 9108.【Result】Compared with no nitrogen fertilizer application and no panicle fertilizer application, the application of panicle fertilizer could significantly increase the effective panicle number per unit area and grains per panicle of aromatic japonica rice, thereby enhancing its yield. As the period of panicle fertilizer application was delayed, the yield first increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum at the treatment of applying fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top (counted downwards from the flag leaf). The application of panicle fertilizer improved rice processing quality, appearance quality, and aroma quality. The period of panicle fertilizer application had an impact on these qualities of aromatic japonica rice. With the delay in the period of panicle fertilizer application, the milled rice rate of Nanjing 9108 showed an increasing trend, but the chalkiness degree increased, leading to a deterioration in appearance quality. Simultaneously, the amylose content decreased while the protein content increased, resulting in a decline in taste value and eating quality. The content of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), as the main component of aroma, also decreased with the delay in the period of panicle fertilizer application. The application of panicle fertilizer significantly increased the proline content and proline dehydrogenase activity in grains. Advancing the period of panicle fertilizer application had a significant promoting effect on proline accumulation during the rice filling stage, and proline dehydrogenase activity also increased, which was conducive to maintaining higher proline content and proline dehydrogenase activity in grains during the maturity stage, thereby promoting the synthesis of 2-AP in rice grains. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of panicle fertilizer application period using indicators, such as actual yield, milled rice rate, chalkiness degree, taste value, and grain 2-AP content, it was found that the treatment of applying fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top had the highest comprehensive score. 【Conclusion】Under the experimental conditions of this study, the application of panicle fertilizer contributed to the synergistic improvement of yield and quality. On the basis of ensuring stable yield, the application of panicle fertilizer at the fourth leaf from the top achieved the best overall benefits in terms of yield, taste, and aroma.

This study aimed to explore an ideal plant type model for high light efficiency rice cultivation in Yunnan Province, thereby promoting rice yields. The experiment utilized low light efficiency rice varieties, namely 'Chujing 27' (HP1), 'Taiwan Upland Rice' (HP2), 'AZUCENA' (HP3), and 'B3619C-7B-8-1-4' (HP4), as well as high light efficiency rice varieties, specifically 'Denong 205' (HP5), 'Dianjingyou 1' (HP6), 'Diantun' 502 (HP7), 'Yunda 107' (HP8), and 'Dianrui 449' (HP9), as experimental materials to investigate rice variety plant type patterns. A single-factor randomized block design was employed, with 9 rice varieties constituting the treatments and 4 replicates per treatment. Rice planting, water, and fertilizer management were conducted according to conventional rice cultivation methods, and relevant agronomic traits for high light efficiency were measured at maturity. The results indicated that the ideal plant type pattern of high light efficiency varieties in Yunnan Province exhibited the following characteristics: a plant height ranging from 90 to 110 cm; a panicle length of 22.0 to 25.3 cm; the number of secondary branches of 25.1 to 31.1; a flag leaf base angle of 10.5 to 17.1°, a flag leaf opening angle of 11.7 to 17.4°, a flag leaf length of 18.7 to 31.1 cm, and a flag leaf width of 1.4 to 1.8 cm. This experiment has elucidated the ideal plant type pattern for high light efficiency rice in Yunnan, thus providing a theoretical foundation for breeding such rice varieties.

To study the influence of rice field integrative cultivation on soil, this article summarized the research progress on integrated rice farming models both domestically and internationally in recent years, and compared them with rice monoculture. The effects of different modes of rice field integrative cultivation on the ecological environment of paddy soil were analyzed from five aspects: soil fertility, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil heavy metal and soil greenhouse gas emission. The results showed that compared to rice monoculture, integrated rice farming significantly improved soil quality, increased soil nutrients, optimized soil structure, promoted soil biodiversity, reduced heavy metal accumulation, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. These findings provided important references for agricultural production and demonstrate the potential of integrated rice farming models in promoting sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection.

The aim was to explore the application effects of different water management measures in cadmium (Cd) moderately polluted farmland and ensure food safety production. In this experiment, five water management measures (conventional irrigation, whole growth period flooding, moist irrigation, periodic moist irrigation and twice field drying at tillering-heading stage) were adopted to carry out the indoor pot experiments. The experiment measured the growth status of rice, the Cd content in different parts of rice at various growth stages (tillering stage, booting stage, filling stage and maturity stage), and calculated the Cd enrichment and transport coefficients as well as changes in soil pH and organic matter. The results showed that the moist irrigation treatment increased the 1000-grain weight of rice by 8.64%, and significantly reduced the Cd content in the roots, stems and leaves of rice at tillering stage. Compared with conventional irrigation treatment, moist irrigation could significantly reduce the Cd content in mature rice grains, with a decrease of 78.83% (P<0.05), followed by the whole growth period flooding treatment (with a decrease of 39.69%). In addition, the whole growth period flooding and moist irrigation treatments mainly reduced the Cd content in rice by inhibiting the migration of Cd from stems and leaves to grains. Based on rice production and actual situation, it was recommended to use moist irrigation as a water management measure for rice planting in moderately Cd-contaminated farmland.

This investigation evaluated the impact of as-is biochar (BC) and phosphorous (P)-loaded biochar (PBC) (3%) on the growth and biochemical characteristics of rice under exposure to vanadium (V) (60 mg L^–1).  The results indicate that rice plants exposed to a V-only treatment experienced declines in several growth parameters.  Conversely, the inclusion of BC and PBC caused noteworthy increases in physiological traits.  PBC performed well in stress environments.  Specifically, the shoot and root fresh weights increased by 82.86 and 53.33%, respectively, when compared to the V-only treatment.  In addition, the SPAD chlorophyll of the shoot increased by 13.05% relative to the V-amended plants.  Moreover, including BC and PBC improved the antioxidant enzyme traits of plant shoot and root, such as significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD by 56.11 and 117.35%), catalase (CAT by 34.19 and 35.77%), and peroxidase (POD by 25.90 and 18.74%) when compared to V-only amended plants, respectively.  These findings strongly suggest that the application of BC and PBC can trigger biochemical pathways that facilitate biomass accumulation in meristematic cells.  However, further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for this growth promotion.

The breeding process, planting characteristics, cultivation and seed production techniques of the two-line hybrid rice variety Qiuliangyouxinzhan were summarized and analyzed. This variety was developed by cross breeding using the two-line sterile line Q201S as the female parent and the strong restorer line Xinlongzhan as the male parent. It is planted in the rice growing area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and has shown high yield, good field growth, good lodging resistance, and excellent quality. This variety is suitable for planting in the rice growing areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Its high yield cultivation techniques include timely sowing (mid to late May), seedling age within 30 days, and transplanting when the leaf age is 5.5-6.0 leaves; the appropriate planting density is 750 000 to 900 000 plants/hm²; applying sufficient basal fertilizer, early tillering fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer during the booting stage, with water management mainly based on alternating dry and wet cycles; after the previous crop is harvested, the soil is deeply plowed, and suitable pesticides are used for seed mixing and disinfection before sowing to effectively prevent and control pests and diseases. High yield seed production techniques include selecting hilly or plain areas with an altitude of 300-800 meters as seed production bases; reasonable arrangement of sowing time, with a difference of 10 days between parents’ sowing time, attention to the differentiation period of young panicles, and timely adjustment of flowering period; arrange a parent to parent ratio of 2: 12, with seeding rates of 6 and 30 kg/hm², respectively; reasonable fertilization, timely application of ear fertilizer and foliar fertilizer; spraying gibberellin “920” when the maternal plant is heading at 25%, and using artificial pollination methods such as bamboo poles; according to the forecast of pests and diseases, applying 75% oxime bacteria · tebuconazole, triflumezine and other pesticides to control rice false smut, sheath blight, rice planthopper, rice leaf roller and other pests and diseases; strictly isolate and remove impurities; timely installment harvest of father and mother’s foundation. This paper provides a reference for further promotion of the variety.

The effects of machanical transplanting on rice growth and high yield cultivation techniques for machanical transplanting rice were summarized and analyzed. In terms of the impact on rice growth, adopting bowl tray mechanized seedling cultivation and transplantation can effectively improve the quality of rice seedlings and increase their transplanting survival rate; control the basic number of seedlings and determine the appropriate number of effective panicles for rice; coordinate factors such as grain number, seed setting rate, and thousand grain weight to improve yield. Its high yield cultivation techniques include selecting high yielding, disease resistant, and high quality varieties according to local conditions; determining the sowing time based on the planting area, variety type, etc., and adjust it in a timely manner according to temperature conditions (early rice from mid to late March to mid April, mid season rice from mid April to mid May, and late rice from mid May to mid June); soaking seeds to promote germination, applying fertilizers and pesticides in a timely manner to cultivate robust seedlings; when the seedlings with 3 leaves and 1 center, they should be transplanted in a timely manner and planted in a reasonable and dense manner, with 2-3 seedlings inserted into each hole; applying sufficient base fertilizer, appropriately increase organic fertilizer, timely apply greening fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, etc., and mainly manage water by alternating dry and wet; selecting disease and insect resistant varieties, scientific fertilizer and water management, soaking seeds with pesticides, and timely spraying of 430 g/L tebuconazole·prochloraz emulsion, 20% trichloropyrimidine water dispersible granules and other pesticides, to effectively prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast and planthoppers. This article provides a reference for high yield cultivation of machanical transplanting rice.

To screen high yield and high quality hybrid rice varieties suitable for planting in the Chizhou region of Anhui Province, a trial was conducted on 20 hybrid rice varieties, including Quanyou 5438, Fliangyou 1252, and Wuliangyouyuzhan. The growth period, plant vigor, resistance, yield, and yield components of the varieties were analyzed. The results showed that the full growth period of the tested varieties ranged from 132 to 141 days. Among them, Wuliangyouyuzhan, Tailiangyouxiangwu, Liangyou 517, and Jiuliangyou No.9 exhibited moderate growth vigor, while the others showed vigorous growth. All varieties demonstrated strong lodging and disease resistance. In terms of yield and yield components, plant height ranged from 97.8 to 123.2 cm, effective panicles per hectare from 2.035 to 3.192 million/hm², total grains per panicle from 179.1 to 320.3, grain density from 7.6 to 12.8 grains/cm, seed-setting rate from 72.0% to 93.0%, and 1 000-grain weight from 19.6 to 26.6 g. Notably, Liangyou 1976, Xiangliangyou 998, Jiuliangyousimiao, Quanliangyou 532, and Ningliangyou 1513 achieved higher yields of 12.2, 12.1, 12.0, 11.9, and 11.9 t/hm⊃2;, respectively.In conclusion, Liangyou 1976, Xiangliangyou 998, Jiuliangyousimiao, Quanliangyou 532, and Ningliangyou 1513 exhibited suitable growth periods, moderate plant height, vigorous growth, well-balanced yield structure, strong adaptability, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The trial results provide a reference for the introduction and production of hybrid rice varieties in the related regions.

The parental sources, breeding process, and characteristics of hybrid rice variety Xiliangyoujingsizhan were introduced, and its high yield cultivation and seed production techniques were summarized. This variety is a high quality hybrid rice variety developed from Xi06S as the female parent and Xijingsizhan as the male parent. It is suitable for planting as mid season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and has excellent field growth, high quality, moderate resistance to rice blast disease, and high yield. The high yield cultivation techniques include timely sowing and soaking with pesticides before sowing; transplant seedlings at around 25 days of age to ensure a basic number of 900 000 to 110 000 plants/hm²; apply sufficient basal fertilizer, apply tillering fertilizer early, and supplement phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to plant growth in the later stage; after 7 days of transplantation, use pesticides such as butachlor to control weeds in the field; apply 43% tebuconazole and other pesticides to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast disease, sheath blight, and rice planthoppers. High yield seed production techniques include selecting plots with sufficient light, medium to high fertility, and convenient drainage and irrigation for seed production, and paying attention to seed isolation; reasonably arrange the parents’ broadcasting schedule; apply organic fertilizer and deeply plow before sowing, keep the field moist after sowing, and apply fertilizer at appropriate times; timely spray gibberellin “920”, and arrange manual powder milling when the heading rate of the parent plants reaches 50%; according to the actual situation in the field, remove impurities and timely prevent and control diseases and pests in the field; harvesting with a specialized harvester at around 85% maturity of the seeds. This article provides a reference for promoting and planting this variety in relevant regions.

To further improve the grain yield per unit area, Guichi District, Chizhou, Anhui Province had carried out demonstration planting of rice and wheat intensive cultivation. Its high yield cultivation techniques and the demonstration results were summarized. The high yield cultivation techniques of rice and wheat intensive cultivation include selecting high yield, stable, and early maturing rice and wheat seeds suitable for local planting according to local conditions to ensure the continuity of rice and wheat crop rotation; taking seed treatment measures such as sun drying, seed selection, seed soaking with pesticides, and seed mixing to improve seed germination rate and prevent diseases and pests during the seedling stage; rice seedlings were raised by stacking and darkening, transplanted with pesticides, while wheat was sown by drones and sprayed with paclobutrazol at appropriate times to improve seedling quality; reasonable dense planting to coordinate group growth; adopting soil testing formula fertilization method, rice field water was managed by alternating dry and wet cycles; timely carry out green prevention and control and unified control measures to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast disease, rice false smut, rice stem borer, and wheat Fusarium head blight. From 2023 to 2024, Weiliangyou 8612 was selected as the rice variety and Yangmai 25 as the wheat variety. A demonstration planting of rice and wheat precision farming was carried out in the research area, achieving high yields of rice (12 631.5 kg/hm²) and wheat (8 685.45 kg/hm²), increased production by 11.65% and 26.25% respectively compared to the previous year,and significantly improving planting efficiency. This article provides a reference for promoting the rice and wheat precision farming model in relevant regions.

To screen high yield, high quality, and stress resistant rice varieties suitable for promotion and planting in the Western Anhui rice region, 24 rice varieties including Quanliangyou 6019 and Chufengyoujingxiangsi Miao were conducted in the high standard farmland demonstration area of Jin’an District, Lu’an City, Anhui Province. The comprehensive evaluation included their growth duration, resistance performance, yield, and field growth performance. The results showed that the growth period of each variety was between 121 to 133 days; no varieties showed symptoms of leaf blast, neck blast, white leaf blight, sheath blight, or rice blast disease, and some varieties experienced lodging; there were 10 varieties with yields exceeding 9 000 kg/hm², including Quanliangyou 6019, Zhenliangyouexiangsimiao, Yuanliangyou 1612, etc. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the advantages and disadvantages of their field growth, and 19 varieties including Quanliangyou 6019, Chufengyoujingxiangsimiao, and Guanliangyou 3 performed well. Overall, 12 rice varieties including Quanliangyou 6019, Guanliangyou 3, Liangyou 1573, Xinliangyou 2081, Yuanliangyou 816, Liangyou 5043, Xinliangyou 1, Zhuanliangyou 0688, Zhenliangyouexiangsimiao, Yualiangyou 1612, Xiliangyouyuhesimiao, and Huiliangyou 985 had strong stress resistance and high yields, and were suitable for promotion and planting in relevant areas.

【Objective】 The sg2 (split glume 2) is a naturally occurring rice mutant derived from an advanced-generation breeding population of the restorer line GK1327 originating from the Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS). In this work, the OsSG2 (Oryza sativa Split Glume 2) gene in the mutant was performed to conduct genetic analysis, map-based cloning and functional verification, which will provide a theoretical basis and an important germplasm resource for further study on the function of OsSG2 in the development of rice floral organs.【Method】 The morphological characteristics of the sg2 mutant florets were anatomically observed to analyze the features of floral organ development. By investigating the phenotypic and agronomic characteristics of wild-type GK1327 and sg2 mutant, and observing the pollen staining in I₂-KI, the effects of the mutant phenotype on yield-related traits and pollen fertility were analyzed. The F₂ populations developed by crossing sg2 mutant with wild-type GK1327 and 9311, respectively, were used to perform genetic analysis and physical mapping of the OsSG2. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology (BSA-seq) was used to screen the candidate genes of OsSG2, and a combination of RT-PCR (reverse-transcription PCR) and qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) was performed to analyze their expression patterns. The OsSG2 candidate genes were cloned and sequenced by PCR amplification and sequencing approaches, and the functional verification was conducted by knockout using CRISPR-cas9 and a complementation test.【Result】 The sg2 mutant exhibited an abnormal spikelet phenotype at the reproductive stage, the palea and lemma of florets were weak, distorted, and dehiscent, and with the proportion of abnormal florets in the panicles were 100%. Compared with the wild-type GK1327, the seed setting rate, the 1000-grain weight, and the seed germination rate of sg2 mutant were markedly lower, whereas the pollen fertility was normal. Genetic analysis demonstrated that a recessive nuclear gene was responsible for the mutant phenotype of sg2. A map-based cloning strategy delimited OsSG2 to a 919.85 kb physical interval on the short arm of chromosome 3, flanked by two InDel (insertion/deletion) markers, InDel-12083 and InDel-17610, that included 75 putative ORFs (open read frames). Moreover, a BSA-seq technology identified a potential candidate gene LOC_Os03g11614 as the OsSG2 gene, which encodes an OsMADS1 transcription factor localized to the nucleus. Expression and sequence analyses revealed that the transcript levels of LOC_Os03g11614 were markedly lower in young panicles of the sg2 mutant compared with those in the wild-type GK1327 during the flowering stage, and a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) mutation (G-A) was identified at the third nucleotide position of exon 1 in the LOC_Os03g11614, resulting in the change of the start codon from ATG to ATA, which caused a transcriptional suppression of LOC_Os03g11614 and a functional loss of the OsMADS1 protein. These results further supported the tentative identification of LOC_Os03g11614 as the candidate OsSG2 gene, which was confirmed by knockout using CRISPR-cas9 and a functional complementation test.【Conclusion】 The split glume gene OsSG2, which was successfully isolated from sg2 mutant in this work, was identified as a new allele of OsMADS1 in rice.

To investigate the varietal differences in cadmium (Cd) absorption and accumulation among different rice varieties, a field experiment was conducted with 10 rice varieties in slightly Cd-contaminated farmland. The variations in Cd absorption and accumulation capacities were compared. The results demonstrated that grain yields of different rice varieties ranged from 7.60 to 10.77 t/hm², with the highest yield observed in the cultivar ‘Liangyou 5078’, which was significantly higher than other varieties (P<0.05). The Cd content in brown rice of different varieties ranged from 0.177 to 0.503 mg/kg, with the Cd concentration in ‘Zhennuo 29’ being lower than the national limit standard (0.20 mg/kg). The enrichment factors of brown rice for total soil cadmium (Cd) in different rice varieties ranged from 0.281 to 0.858, all below 1. The enrichment factor of ‘Zhennuo 29’ was significantly lower than other varieties (P<0.05). Rhizosphere Soil pH values at the maturity stage varied between 5.49 and 6.93 across varieties, with a mean value of 6.27. The total Cd and available Cd contents in soil ranged from 0.407 to 0.827 mg/kg and 0.180 to 0.293 mg/kg, respectively, with average values of 0.634 mg/kg and 0.252 mg/kg. Through input-output ratio analysis of different rice varieties, the ratio for ‘Zhennuo 29’ reached 1.81, which was significantly higher than other varieties (P<0.05). The study demonstrates that ‘Zhennuo 29’ can be cultivated as a low-Cd-accumulating rice variety in safe utilization farmland in the region with high economic value.

Quantitative inversion is a significant topic in remote sensing science.  The development of visible light-based hyperspectral reconstruction techniques has opened up novel prospects for low-cost, high-precision remote sensing inversion in agriculture.  The aim of this study was to assesses the effectiveness of hyperspectral reconstruction technology in agricultural remote sensing applications.  Hyperspectral images were reconstructed using the MST++ hyperspectral reconstruction model and compared with the original visible light images in terms of their correlation with physiological parameters, the accuracy of single-feature modeling, and the accuracy of combined feature modeling.  The results showed that compared to the visible light image, the reconstructed data exhibited a stronger correlation with physiological parameters, and the accuracy was improved in both the single-feature and the combined feature inversion mode.  However, compared to multispectral sensors, hyperspectral reconstruction provided limited improvement on the inversion model accuracy.  It was concluded that for physiological parameters that are not easy to be directly observed, deep mining of features in visible light.   data through hyperspectral reconstruction technology can improve the accuracy of the inversion model.  Appropriate feature selection and simple models are more suitable for the remote sensing inversion task of traditional agronomic plot experiments. To strengthen the application of hyperspectral reconstruction technology in agricultural remote sensing, further development is necessary with broader wavelength ranges and more diverse agricultural scenes.

Late sowing is a critical factor that hinders achieving high-yield, good-quality wheat under rice-wheat rotation.  Understanding the physiological basis and regulatory pathways that lead to late-sown wheat of high yield and good quality is crucial for developing effective cultivation strategies.  A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date, nitrogen (N) application rate, and planting density on wheat yield, grain quality, population characteristics, and the underlying physiological factors.  The results revealed significant interactions among the sowing date, planting density, and N application in regulating both yield and quality. Late sowing reduced grain yield primarily by reducing the number of spikes and kernels.  However, the latter was improved by increasing N application and the planting density, thus mitigating the yield losses caused by late sowing.  Moreover, the grain protein content (GPC) and wet gluten content (WGC) increased with delayed sowing dates and higher N rates, but decreased with increased planting densities.  For wheat yields over 9,000 or 7,500 kg ha^–1, the latest sowing date should not be later than Nov. 4 or 15, respectively.  In addition, specific criteria should be met, including a maximum of 1.5 and 1.0 million stems and tillers ha^–1, a maximum leaf area index of 6.7 and 5.5, and a dry matter accumulation (DMA) at anthesis of 14,000 and 12,000 kg ha^–1, respectively. For high-yield, good-quality late-sown wheat, the optimal combination is a 25% increase in the N rate (300 kg N ha^–1) and a planting density of 2.25 million (N300D225) or 3.75 million (N300D375) plants ha^–1 for 10- or 20-day delays in sowing, respectively.  These combinations result in higher leaf net photosynthetic rate; higher activities of leaf nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and grain glutamic pyruvic transaminase; and a lower sugar-N ratio during post-anthesis.

To explore the optimal control strategy for rice sheath blight and effectively manage its occurrence while reducing chemical pesticide usage, this study systematically evaluated rice cultivar resistance, biocontrol efficacy, and fungicide activity targeting Rhizoctonia solani. The results demonstrated that cultivars 'Yuandao 26', 'Zhengdao 22', 'Wanjing 608', and 'Xindao 18' exhibited consistent moderate resistance or higher to sheath blight across both 2022 and 2023 growing seasons; biocontrol strains 1340, BR-4, and Dw-1 showed superior control efficacy with inhibition rates of 76.7%, 53.4%, and 75.0% respectively; among chemical agents, fludioxonil, thifluzamide, epoxiconazole, and propiconazole demonstrated optimal fungicidal activity with EC₅₀ values of 0.07 mg/L, 0.17 mg/L, 0.24 mg/L, and 0.40 mg/L respectively. Resistance factors were calculated as 0.41×, 1.84×, 4.07×, and 0.65×, all below resistance risk thresholds. Therefore, selecting cultivars maintaining moderate resistance for consecutive years, applying biocontrol agents in low-disease-pressure fields, and utilizing high-efficacy/low-resistance-risk fungicides like fludioxonil in severely infected areas will achieve efficient management of rice sheath blight while minimizing chemical inputs.

【Objective】 To elucidate the causes of high-temperature stress inducing rice floret infertility, the present study analyzed the effects of high-temperature stresses on pollen release related traits including pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma of the differential genotypes Indica at anthesis. 【Method】Indica germplasms were sown in batches and cultivated in the Nanchang region, Jiangxi Province, China. The rice plants flowering at natural high-temperature environments on early August with 36.5-37.8 ℃ canopy temperature was used as treatments, and the rice plants flowering at suitable environments on middle September with 30.8-32.5 ℃ canopy temperature were used as controls. The pollen release related traits, such as pollen grain swelling, anther dehiscence, pollen grain residue in anther and pollen grain deposition on the stigma from treatments and controls, were detected and analyzed. 【Result】 After flowering under high-temperature stress, the rice germplasms Jiangxijiansimiao, Yuexiangzhan and Huangguangyouzhan show high-temperature tolerant at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are 91.6%, 89.2% and 87.9%, respectively; while the germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 show high-temperature sensitive at anthesis, and the floret fertility rates are just 55.2%, 60.3%, 61.1% and 73.2%, which are very significantly or significantly lower than that of its corresponding controls. Under high-temperature environments, the pollen grain swelling rates for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are just 1.99%, 1.16%, 1.12% and 2.70%, which are very significant smaller than that of its corresponding controls; while the pollen grain swelling rates of the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatment and its corresponding control. Under high-temperature environments, the rates of anther dehiscence length in total anther length for the high-temperature sensitive germplasms Zhenfu, Yuzhenxiang, IR64 and Miyang46 are respective 66.0%, 45.4%, 48.7% and 63.6%, which are very significantly or significantly shorter than that of the corresponding controls, and the pollen grain residue are obvious more than that of the corresponding controls; while the anther dehiscence length rates and the pollen grain residue from the other germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. After flowering under high-temperature environments, the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the sensitive germplasms were about 20, which were significant less than that of the controls; while the average pollen grain number deposited on one stigma of the other rice germplasms show no significant difference between treatments and controls. 【Conclusion】 The high-temperature stresses inhibit the pollen grain swelling, effect the anther normal dehiscence, increase the pollen viscidity to impede the pollen grain releasing from anther and decrease the pollen grain number scattering on the stigma, inducing rice floret infertility and decreasing the seed set.

The aims are to develop green organic agriculture, promote organic planting models, vigorously advance sustainable development strategies, explore effective organic planting models, and study the cultivation of organic and conventional rice under the rotation mode of ‘rice + broad bean + rice’. The experiment adopted adjacent planting in the field, set up duplicate and control groups, and the detection of various indicators was determined according to the corresponding national standards. Based on the experimental results, the impact of different planting modes on the quality and economic benefits of rice in Yunnan was analyzed. The results showed that the cadmium and arsenic levels in the organic planting mode were lower than those of the conventional rice, and the contents of lead, chromium, and copper were all higher than those of the conventional rice. The organic⁺ mode had higher contents of other heavy metals except for cadmium, which was lower than that of the conventional rice. Through analysis of variance, P>0.05, the differences in various safety quality indicators between different treatments were not significant; the nutritional quality of rice was higher than that of conventional planting, except for dietary fiber, which was lower than that of conventional planting. All nutritional quality indicators of the organic+ mode were higher than those of conventional planting. The overall nutritional quality of the organic planting mode was higher than that of conventional planting. Organic planting could improve the nutritional quality of rice to a certain extent, but after analysis of variance, P>0.05, the difference was not significant; Organic planting had high initial production input costs and lower yields than conventional planting. However, the market price advantage of organic rice was obvious, and the final profit was 2.5 times that of conventional planting, with good economic benefits. By comparing the two different modes of conventional planting and organic planting, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for further optimizing the rice industry structure in Yunnan and improving the planting mode in some areas.

Analysis of the response pattern of sigma factor coding gene OsSIG5 in rice (Oryza sativa) to stress and hormones could provide references for further exploring the functions of OsSIG5 and its homologous genes. Firstly, the bioinformatics of OsSIG5 was performed, and the expression patterns of OsSIG5 in rice under normal and stress conditions were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the coding region of OsSIG5 was 1503 bp in length, containing 6 exons and encoding 500 amino acids. The OsSIG5 protein had three conserved domains of the σ⁷⁰ family, and phylogenetic analyses showed that the SIG5 homologous protein of monocotyledonous plants was closely related to OsSIG5. The promoter region of OsSIG5 contained 16 plant hormone response cis-elements and 20 environmental stress response cis-elements. OsSIG5 was mainly expressed in rice leaves. The expression of OsSIG5 in leaves was significantly increased under 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment, but significantly decreased under gibberellic acid (GA₃), indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. In addition, the expression level of OsSIG5 in leaves was significantly decreased after high temperature, low temperature, drought and salt stress treatment. This study showed that OsSIG5 could respond to various hormone signals and abiotic stress signals.

The study aimed to explore the application effects of different fertilization modes for reduction and efficiency with fertilizer quota system on single-cropping late rice and its influence on soil fertility in the mid-low hilly areas of western Zhejiang Province. Using the rice variety ‘Yongyou 1540’ as the experimental material, four different fertilization treatments were set up to carry out the experiment for combined applications of slow (controlled) release fertilizers. The results showed that: under the premise that the total nutrient content of chemical fertilizers was reduced by 15.5%, applying slow (controlled) release fertilizers (T₁), and under the premise that the total nutrient content of chemical fertilizers was reduced by 23.7%, applying slow (controlled) release fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers (T₂), compared with conventional fertilization (CF), the yields of single-cropping late rice increased by 12.1% and 15.8%, respectively, the partial factor productivity from fertilizers increased by 32.8% and 51.9%, respectively, the agronomic use efficiency of fertilizers increased by 60.8% and 92.3%, respectively, and the profits increased by 25.6% and 13.1%, respectively. The contents of available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter and the pH under the fertilization patterns of T₁ and T₂ were all significantly higher than those under conventional fertilization (CF). The soil fertility improvement ability and soil acidification improvement ability of T₂ were stronger than those of T₁. The results of this study could provide technical support for fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase and agricultural green development in the mid-low hilly areas of western Zhejiang Province.

The traditional soil-based rice seedling methods for mechanical transplanting are time consuming and laborious. Slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray is an important way to achieve efficient cultivation of rice. The effects of slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray on seedling growth, NPK release characteristics and rice yield were studied. The rice seedling experiment was set up with two treatments: rice seedling with nutrient soil and rice seedling with slow-released fertilizer. In further, the field experiment was set up with five treatments: no nitrogen application, conventional fertilization, one-time fertilization with slow-released fertilizer (OFSRF), one-time fertilization with side-deep fertilization (OFSDF) and one-time fertilization with slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray (OFSS). The results of the rice seedling experiment showed that the main release time of NPK in the slow-released fertilizer in the rice seedling tray was day 7 and day 13, and the main absorption time of nitrogen by rice was on day 8- day 9, and the main absorption time of phosphorus and potassium was on day 13. Compared with conventional rice seedling, the aboveground fresh weight, leaf number, plant height and stem diameter treated with rice seedling with slow-released fertilizer increased by 37.30%, 66.67%, 44.57% and 13.43%, respectively, and the chlorophyll content and nitrogen content of the leaves increased by 29.33% and 53.32%, respectively. The results of the field experiment showed that compared with the OFSRF and OFSDF, the rice yield of OFSS was significantly increased by 10.73% (P<0.05) and 6.69% (P<0.05), while the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate was significantly increased by 26.51% (P<0.05) and 14.97%. In summary, compared with conventional rice seedling, rice seedling with slow-released fertilizer improved the aboveground growth and nutrient content of seedling. Under the same fertilization level in the field, one-time fertilization with slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray could increase rice yield and improve nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Spring water temperature forecasting in rice-shrimp fields allows farmers to anticipate temperature trends in advance, providing critical guidance for decisions on seedling stocking timing, aquaculture management, disease prevention, and anti-stress preparation. Based on the principle of energy balance, this study analyzes variations in surface solar radiation, effective back radiation from the water surface, latent heat exchange, and sensible heat exchange. By calculating the energy budget deficit of the water body and applying heat balance and mass transport equations for a micro-element water body, a spring rice-shrimp field water temperature forecast model is established and validated. The results are as follows. (1) The trends of the forecasted water temperature are basically the same as those of the measured water temperature but exhibit phase lags, indicating a delayed response in predictions; (2) Under clear-sky conditions, hourly forecasts of water temperature exhibit small deviations from measurements, with average absolute errors for daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures ranging from 0.3 to 0.5℃. This model demonstrates practical applicability, high precision, and reliable results. Compared with statistical methods, this physically-based model offers stronger interpretability and superior simulation accuracy, thereby enhancing the accuracy of spring water temperature forecasts in rice-shrimp fields.

As a major subunit of the exocyst complex, members of the EXO70 family have mainly been shown to play roles in cell polarity and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis, but their roles in plant endosymbiosis, such as with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), have rarely been reported.  Here, using knockout and overexpression lines, we show that OsEXO70L2, which encodes a divergent EXO70 protein in rice, controls the number of primary roots and is essential for large lateral root formation.  Furthermore, the OsEXO70L2 mutant sr1 displayed rare internal AMF hyphae and no arbuscules.  We also found that AMF sporulation can occur in roots despite low colonization and that AMF colonization and sporulation are modulated by photoperiod and co-culture with clover.  Finally, genes related to auxin homeostasis were found to be affected in the OsEXO70L2 knockout or overexpression lines, suggesting that auxin is at least partly responsible for the phenotypes.  This study provides new perspectives on the role of the exocyst complex during root development and AM in rice.

Aligning leaf nitrogen (N) distribution to match the light gradient is crucial for maximizing canopy dry matter production (DMP) and improving N utilization efficiency.  However, the relationship between the gradient of root-derived cytokinins and N distribution in rice leaves, along with its impact on DMP and the underlying mechanisms, remains poorly understood.  A two-year field experiment was conducted using two japonica N-efficient varieties (NEVs) and two japonica N-inefficient varieties (NIVs) under four different N rates (0, 90, 180 and 360 kg N ha⁻¹). These selected varieties exhibited similar values in the coefficient of light extinction (K_L).  Results showed that, at lower N rates (0-180 kg N ha⁻¹), the NEVs exhibited greater dry matter weight at maturity, higher grain yield and improved internal N use efficiency (IE_N), compared to the NIVs, despite possessing comparable total N uptake.  Compared with the NIVs, the NEVs exhibited a more pronounced nitrogen distribution gradient in leaves, as indicated by the coefficient of nitrogen extinction (K_N) values during the middle and early grain filling stages.  This enhanced gradient led to improved coordination between light and nitrogen, resulting in greater photosynthetic production, particularly at lower N rates. Furthermore, the NEVs demonstrated a larger gradient of zeatin (Z)+zeatin riboside (ZR) in leaves (i.e., higher ratios of Z+ZR levels between upper and lower leaves), enhanced expression levels of genes related to N export in lower leaves and Z+ZR loading in root, respectively, elevated enzymes activities related to N assimilation in upper leaves, in relative to the NIVs.  Correlation and random forest analyses demonstrated a strong positive correlation between Z+ZR gradient, K_N, and DMP, and the gradient facilitated the export of N from lower leaves and its assimilation in upper leaves, contributing significantly to both K_N and DMP.  This process was closely linked to root activity, including root oxidation activity, root Z+ZR content, and Z+ZR loading capacity, as confirmed by applying an inhibitor or a promoter of cytokinins biosynthesis to roots.  Interestingly, at the N rate of 360 kg N ha⁻¹, both NEVs and NIVs showed indistinguishable plant traits, achieving a super high-yielding level (over 10.5 t ha⁻¹) but with remarkably low IE_N.  The results suggest that increasing Z+ZR gradient can improve K_N and DMP, where it needs to maintain higher root activity, thus leading to high yield and high IE_N.  Further research is needed to explore and develop cultivation practices with reduced N to unlock the super high-yielding potential of the NEVs.

To investigate the effect of rice plant distribution on yield in paddy fields with seedling throwing, the high yield cultivation techniques of seedling throwing rice and the influence of crop distribution on population yield were summarized and analyzed. The high yield cultivation techniques of rice seedling throwing include reasonable seedling cultivation and the formation of strong seedling; choosing soil bearing seedlings for throwing planting to ensure rice seedlings stand upright; paying attention to even sowing during planting to promote the robust growth of seedlings and improve their quality. In terms of the impact of crop distribution on population yield, an appropriate basic seedling density can enhance rice tillering, increase the number of effective panicles, and thus improve population yield. Reasonable planting uniformity can enable plants to fully utilize resources such as light, water, and soil, reduce competition between individuals and populations, construct reasonable population dynamics, and thus achieve high rice yields. This article provides a reference for high yield cultivation of seedling throwing rice.

To explore the effects of slow-release liquid nitrogen fertilizer as the nitrogen fertilizer before transplanting instead of tiller fertilizer on rice, the field experiment was conducted using ‘Huazheyou 210’ as the experimental variety. Two groups were established: the control group (CK), which received conventional fractional fertilization, and the treatment group (T), which was treated with slow-release liquid nitrogen fertilizer as the before transplanting nitrogen application instead of tiller fertilizer. The research aimed to evaluate the effects of these fertilization methods on the growth, yield and quality of rice. The results showed that the T treatment had no significant effect on the stem tiller number, SPAD value and morphological characteristics of rice when compared with CK. However, it significantly promoted the accumulation of aboveground dry matter during the middle and late growth stages and increased the root-shoot ratio in the early growth stage, thereby establishing a foundation for robust seedlings. Conversely, it reduced the root-shoot ratio in the middle and late growth stages, which contributed to the accumulation of aboveground biomass and laying a foundation for high yield. Although the T treatment resulted in a slight decrease in the effective panicle number, consequently, a marginally lower yield compared to CK, the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, T treatment could significantly improve the processing quality, appearance quality and cooking taste quality of rice, but no obvious effect on the nutritional quality of rice. These results indicated that the application of slow-release liquid nitrogen fertilizer as nitrogen fertilizer before transplanting instead of tiller fertilizer can achieve the purpose of saving labor, cost, and being efficient on the premise of ensuring yield and quality.

This experiment aimed to select high-quality conventional indica rice varieties which are suitable for planting in Wenshan Prefecture, and to improve rice planting efficiency. Using 12 conventional indica rice varieties selected from 9 breeding units in Yunnan Province as experimental materials, 18 indicators including growth period, main agronomic traits, disease resistance, quality and yield were measured, and the correlation analysis and principal component analysis methods were used for comprehensive evaluation. The results showed that all 12 rice varieties tested could mature normally in the local area. The varieties with better main agronomic traits included 'Wendao 33', 'Nanjing Xiangzhan', and 'Sandao 16'. The average yield of 12 varieties was 8619.52 kg/hm², among which 'Hongdao 12' (9653.5 kg/hm²), 'Zhongke Jinghao' (9501.4 kg/hm²) and 'Caihe 17' (9312.8 kg/hm²) had the highest yield, with the increase of 13.37%, 11.58% and 9.37% respectively compared to CK. The variety with best rice quality was 'Wendao 33', and its rice quality met the national first-class high-quality rice standard. The correlation analysis showed that filled spikelets per panicle was significantly positively correlated with head rice rate; plant height and spike length were significantly negatively correlated with amylose content; thousand kernels weight was significantly positively correlated with the chalky grain rate and gel consistency, and was significantly negatively correlated with amylose content. 14 main indexes were simplified into 5 principal components by principal component analysis, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 86.956%, which basically reflected most of information carried by the original data of 12 varieties. Through comprehensive analysis and evaluation, the comprehensive performance of 'Hongdao 12', 'Sandao 16', 'Jinxian 168' and 'Wendao 33' was relatively outstanding. These research results can provide reference for the breeding and promotion of high-quality conventional indica rice varieties in Wenshan Prefecture.

【Objective】 The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor) superfamily is a group of transcription factors that play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development, as well as in response to adverse environmental stressors. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are widely present and have many members in plants. Exploring the function of AP2/ERF family gene on grain size provides important genetic resources for regulating grain shape in rice. 【Method】OsDREB1J gene (LOC_Os08g43200) was cloned by homologous recombination, and its basic characteristics, tissue expression characteristics, and the relative expression patterns under plant hormones were analyzed by bioinformatics and qRT-PCR. The transactivation activity and subcellular localization of OsDREB1J were analyzed by yeast heterologous expression, transient expression of rice protoplasts and tobacco. The overexpression and knockout mutant transgenic rice plants of OsDREB1J were obtained by genetic transformation system, and the grain size phenotypes were analyzed by phenotypic analysis technology. 【Result】Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsDREB1J was localized in the nucleus. Bioinformatics showed that the full-length coding sequence of OsDREB1J was 711 bp, encoding 236 amino acids. OsDREB1J protein had no transmembrane structure, and the molecular weight of 27.47 kDa, the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.54, and had a conserved AP2 domain unique to the AP2/ERF family. The cis-acting elements analysis of OsDREB1J promoter showed that the promoter contained cis-acting elements related to hormone response, light and stresses response. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that OsDREB1J was expressed in different tissues of rice with no tissue specificity, and the relative expression level in panicle was the highest. At the same time, OsDREB1J was induced or reduced by different hormone. Transcriptional activation analysis showed that the full-length of OsDREB1J has no transcriptional activity, but the C-terminal fragment was sufficient for the transactivation ability. Phenotypic analysis showed that the grain length, length-width ratio and thousand grain weight of osdreb1j mutant were significantly higher than those of ZH11, OsDREB1J overexpression transgenic rice plants displayed opposite phenotypes, while changing the expression of OsDREB1J did not affect rice grain width. These results show that OsDREB1J may affect grain size by regulating cell length rather than cell proliferation and cell expansion. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, OsDREB1J may be involved in regulating rice grain size through hormone signaling pathway.

【Objective】 Optimal reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is a sustainable management strategy in rice production. The effects of lowering N fertilizer input on grain yield and rice quality of early and late-season dual-use rice in South China were investigated, which could provide a theoretical basis for high-quality and high-yield cultivation and nitrogen management of the ‘Simiao Rice’. 【Method】 A two-year in-situ field trial was carried out at the Dafeng Experimental Base of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2022 to 2023, two early and late-season dual-use ‘Simiao Rice’ (19Xiang and Nanjingxiangzhan) were used as test cultivars, and a two-factor split-plot experimental design was adopted. The main plots were a 20% reduced N fertilizer application rate treatment (RN) and the conventional N fertilizer application rate treatment (CN). The split plots were rice varieties, to analyze the changing characteristics of early and late-season dual-use rice yield and quality under RN conditions. 【Result】Compared with CN, RN did not change the grain yield in the late season, but significantly decreased the grain yield in the early season by an average of 11.7% in the two years. The decrease in grain yield under RN conditions was related to the decline in total spikelet. In the early season, RN did not affect milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, and chalkiness, but significantly reduced head rice rate by an average of 3.30% in the two years. RN had no effect on the hardness of cooked rice in the early season, but significantly reduced its protein content, stickiness and taste value of cooked rice, with an average reduction of 0.61%, 12.80% and 2.80%, respectively, and significantly increased its amylose content by an average of 1.23%. RN did not influence the milled rice rate, head rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness, amylose and protein content, and the hardness, stickiness, and taste value of cooked rice in the late season. In addition, the relevant analysis showed that the decrease in head rice rate of RN treatment in the early season might be related to the decrease in protein content, while the decrease in stickiness and taste value was related to the increase in amylose content. 【Conclusion】RN decreased the grain yield, milling quality, and eating quality in the early season, while did not alter the appearance quality in the early season, the grain yield, milling quality, appearance quality, and eating quality in the late season. Therefore, in the production of early and late-season dual-use rice, it was necessary to ensure an adequate N supply in the early season to maintain grain yield and rice quality, while reducing N fertilizer by 20% in the late season could still achieve stable and high-quality rice production under current N fertilizer application levels. Keywords:

To improve the quality of artificially cultivated licorice, a pot experiment was conducted at Yulin University using Ural licorice as the experimental material to analyze and evaluate its biomass, physiological and biochemical indicators, and root anatomical structure after adding exogenous silicon under drought stress. The results showed that the addition of exogenous silicon significantly increased the accumulation of dry matter in licorice under drought stress; the synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizinwas significantly promoted; under drought stress, exogenous silicon addition increased root dry weight from 0.93 g/plant to 1.31 g/plant; the synthesis and accumulation of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acidwere promoted, malondialdehyde contentwas reduced, leaf proline content and root soluble sugar contentwere increased, and xylem area/cross-sectional area and phloem/anatomical cross-sectional areawere increased; The addition of exogenous silicon significantly increased the hydraulic conductivity of licorice plants by 39.15% and 302% under two different soil moisture conditions, and the hydraulic conductivity and root injury volume of licorice plants were significantly positively correlated with licorice yield. The addition of exogenous silicon under drought stress improved the quality of licorice, promoted the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites, enhanced root water absorption efficiency and overall hydraulic conductivity, and participated in the formation of root tissues under stress, thereby increasing licorice yield.

To investigate the synergistic effect of side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization and silicon plus zinc fertilizer on the yield and the lodging resistance of rice, traditional fertilization and side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization were carried out using ‘South japonica 9108’ as material, with four treatments including silicon fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, silicon plus zinc fertilizer and no fertilizer, respectively. The number of stems and tillers, the physical characteristics of culm, the lodging resistance, the yield were studied under different treatments. The results showed that: (1) compared with traditional fertilization, side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization could increase the number of stems and tillers, the number of effective panicle, the yield, the stem width, and enhance the lodging resistance significantly. (2) Applying side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization with silicon fertilizer could reduce the basal inter node length, enhance the bending resistance and reduce the lodging coefficient; applying side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization with silicon plus zinc fertilizer had the best tillering ability, the most big number of effective panicle, the strongest culm and the highest yield. (3) Under fertilization methods, applying silicon plus zinc fertilizer could promote the growth of rice effectively, and reach the biggest number of effective panicle, but the effect of other traits on rice was more complicated, the superposition effect could not be achieved.

The aims were to study the growth and development law of Yutai rice under different accumulated temperature conditions, and to explore the influence of sunshine hours and temperature in different growth stages on the yield factors of Yutai rice, and to provide agricultural meteorological service basis for optimal planting of rice in Yutai area. A Logistic growth model was constructed based on the growth index data of Yutai rice from 2017 to 2022 and meteorological factors such as accumulated temperature during growth period. By using statistical methods such as correlation analysis and regression analysis, the influence of light and temperature in different growth stages on rice yield factors was analyzed, and the prediction model of yield factors was established accordingly. The results showed that the overall accuracy of Logistic model was high in the simulation of rice growth and development in Yutai, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the simulated value and the measured value was between 0.591 and 5.100, the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE) was between 0.087 and 0.107, and the R² between the simulated value and the measured value was between 0.970 and 0.996. The number of sunshine hours in tillering, jointing, booting and grain filling maturity of rice was significantly correlated with yield, and the accumulated temperature in heading and grain filling maturity was significantly correlated with yield. The prediction model of rice yield and grain number per ear was established by multiple linear regression method, which was verified by historical band and histogram. The prediction model has high accuracy.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight in rice, which reduces crop yield and leads to significant economic losses.  Bacterial sigma (σ) factors are highly specialized proteins that allow RNA polymerase to recognize and bind to specific promoters.  σ⁷⁰ factors also regulate the expression of genes involved in stress response and virulence.  However, the role of RpoD in Xoo is still unclear.  In this study, we found that σ⁷⁰ factor RpoD is quite conservative among phytopathogenic bacteria, especially in Xanthomonas sp.  In Xoo, PXO_RpoD plays an important role in oxidative stress tolerance and cell motility, as well as being essential for full virulence.  Cleavage under targets and tagmentation (CUT&Tag) analyses indicated that RpoD mediates the type three secretion system (T3SS) by regulating the regulation of hrpG and hrpX.  By performing bacterial one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility assay (EMSA), we observed that RpoD directly bound to the promoters of hrpG and hrpX.  Collectively, these results demonstrate the transcriptional mechanism and pathogenic functions of RpoD in regulating cell motility and oxidative stress response, providing novel insights into potential targets for disease control.

The practice of conservation tillage or straw return to the farmland influences the grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa).  The key volatile compound responsible for the fragrance of fragrant rice is 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), which is significantly affected by field management measures.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of tillage management and straw return on the grain yield and biosynthesis of 2-AP in fragrant rice.  This study was conducted over two years in 2016 and 2017 and used two fragrant rice cultivars (Meixiangzhan 2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan) as materials.  The experimental design consisted of different tillage management and straw return treatments, which included three tillage management regimes: rotary tillage (T0), minimum tillage (T1), and no tillage (T2); and two straw return treatments: without straw return (S0) and straw return (S1).  The straw used for the experiment was sourced from the residue of the corresponding fragrant rice cultivar harvested in the early season.  Tillage management and straw return substantially affected the grain yields, grain quality, and 2-AP contents of both fragrant rice cultivars.  Compared with the T0S0 treatment, tillage management and straw return resulted in 2-AP content improvements in 2016 (12.41–116.85%) and 2017 (34.85–103.89%) on average.  Higher 2-AP contents were also detected in both fragrant rice cultivars in the T2S1 and T1S1 treatments.  A structural equation model (SEM) demonstrated that the activities of enzymes related to fragrance metabolism in the leaves and grain jointly regulated the biosynthesis of precursors of fragrance metabolism in the grain, which further promoted the accumulation of 2-AP.  In addition, a principal component analysis indicated that the T1S1 treatment was positively correlated with both 2-AP and grain yield.  The SEM demonstrated that the enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism, parameters related to photosynthesis, and yield components contributed to the grain yield.  The T1S1 treatment resulted in the highest average grain yield of 760.75 g m^–2, which could be attributed to increases in various attributes, such as the leaf area index, SPAD value, nitrogen metabolism, panicle number m^–2, and grain number per panicle.  In summary, the minimum tillage and straw return (T1S1) treatment is more effective at simultaneously improving both the grain yield and 2-AP content in fragrant rice.

To screen suitable rice varieties for planting in the Luoshan County of southern Henan rice region, a regional experiment was conducted on 8 hybrid indica rice varieties, including Liangyou 2189 and Ganliangyoujiusimiao, Fengliangyou 4 was used as a control(CK), to identify their characteristics such as growth period, agronomic traits, and yield. The results showed that the entire growth period of the tested varieties was 132-138 days, and the difference was not significant. In terms of agronomic traits, the plant height ranges from 127.0 to 148.0 cm, with Nuoyou 962 being the highest and other varieties around 130 cm; the setting rate was 76.3%-90.2%; the thousand grain weight ranges from 22.9 to 28.8 g. In terms of yield, the Ganliangyoujiusimiao, Chun 9 liangyouyazhan, and Liangyou 2189 had higher yields, with yields of 9 362.82, 8 958.02, and 8 868.07 kg/hm², respectively, which were 4.2% to 10.0% higher than the CK. Overall, Ganliangyoujiusimiao, Chun 9 liangyouyazhan, and Liangyou 2189 have lush growth, good plant and leaf types, and good yield performance.

The high yield cultivation techniques of Yuxiangliangyouxiangsi based on its demonstration planting performance in Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province were summarized. This variety has a moderate growth period, strong disease resistance, multiple effective panicles, high yield, and excellent rice quality, making it suitable for promotion and planting as double season late rice in study area. Its high yield cultivation techniques include selecting fertile and easily irrigated fields as seedling fields, soaking seeds in a timely manner to promote germination, and cultivating strong seedlings; transplanting at appropriate times and plant densely at 15-18 days of seedling age; heavy application of base fertilizer, early application of tillering fertilizer, and skillful application of ear grain fertilizer; shallow water seedling establishment, thin water tillering, alternating dry and wet irrigation after seedling establishment, and cutting off water supply 5-7 days before harvesting; appropriate timing and medication for weed control, combined with the occurrence of pests, diseases, and rodents in the field, selecting suitable pesticides for green prevention and control; when the rice is 95% ripe, harvest it mechanically on sunny days and promptly sun dry or dry it before returning it to the warehouse. This article provides a reference for promoting the cultivation of Yuxiangliangyouxiangsi in Jianghua and related areas.

The breeding process of Qiaoliangyoujingxiangsizhan was introduced, the main characteristics and cultivation techniques of this variety were summarized and analyzed. Qiaoliangyoujingxiangsizhan is an indica two-line hybrid rice variety developed through systematic breeding, with Xi 08S as the female parent and Jingxiangsizhan as the male parent. High yield, excellent quality, and moderate resistance to rice blast disease were demonstrated in regional and production trials. Its high yield cultivation techniques include timely sowing, pesticide soaking, and moderate sowing; suitable transplanting time; apply sufficient base fertilizer, apply early and heavy tillering fertilizer, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; select suitable pesticides for chemical weed control 5-7 days after rice transplantation; appropriate timing and application of pesticides to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice false smut and rice thrips. This article provides a reference for the cultivation of this variety as mid season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and related areas.

By studying the effects of different sowing dates on the growth characteristics and tillering dynamics of rice seedlings during the vegetative growth stage, this paper provides a basis for scientifically selecting the sowing and transplanting dates for rice production and promoting stable and high yields. Taking the main cultivar ‘Longjing 31’ in the Sanjiang Plain as the test material, four sowing periods were set with a time step of 10 d between adjacent sowing periods, the local multi-year average sowing period was set as the second period (T₂), and one forward phase (T₁) and two backward phases (T₃-T₄) were set together to carry out the trial. The results showed that as the sowing date delayed, the rice development period was delayed and shortened, the development process of rice accelerated, the number of unsuitable days of daily temperature suitability decreased, the temperature suitability during the development period increased, and the effective accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ decreased. The coefficient of determination of effective accumulated temperature (≥10℃ ) and tiller number was above 92.8 %, and the influence coefficient of effective accumulated temperature (≥10℃ ) on tiller number was between 4.7 and 8.9; T₁ sowing stage encountered a stage low temperature with the lowest temperature of 3.3 °C from regreening to tillering stage, and the daily temperature suitability for 7 consecutive days was less than 0.3, of which 4 days was 0, and the seedling trait index was the lowest; the maximum plant height and leaf area per plant were 73 cm and 103.27 cm² at T₂ sowing stage, the dry matter of each plant was 1.01 g, the maximum number of tillers in the hole reached 18 plants. Above all, the seedling quality index was the highest in T₂, followed by T₃, and May 11-21 was the best transplanting period. The research results can provide theoretical basis for the scientific selection of transplanting period, seeking benefits and avoiding harm, and promoting stable and high yield in rice planting.