为减少化学除草剂的使用，解决现有水田除草机械除草效果差等问题，该研究设计了一种水田行间除草装置，包括压草浮板和除草辊等结构，工作时压草浮板先将压倒杂草，紧接着除草辊将压倒的杂草压入泥中。压草浮板先将杂草压倒，除草辊将杂草压入泥中的几率可提高9.98%。除草辊两端设有倒角，在避免或减少对水稻根系损伤的同时可扩大行间除草区域，最大可增加常规除草宽度的3%。对压草浮板和除草辊进行了参数设计，通过仿真试验分析了行间除草装置与土壤之间的相互作用规律，确定最佳作业条件为入土深度35 mm，前进速度0.8 m/s。以未除草、化学除草、人工除草和不同参数的除草辊为试验因素，以水稻植株高度、产量、产量构成因素和水稻根系参数为试验指标，进行田间试验，试验结果表明，行间除草装置平均除草率最高为87.51%，可以翻动土壤，增加土壤透气性。与常规宽度的除草辊相比，增加除草宽度，扩大行间除草区域最大可提高除草率7.3个百分点。不同的除草处理对水稻植株高度和产量等有显著影响（P<0.05），机械除草可以促进水稻的生长发育，其产量可以达到甚至超过化学除草和人工除草水平。不同参数的除草辊对植株高度、产量和根系等有显著影响（P<0.05），增加除草辊宽度同时两端设倒角，可以减少对水稻根系的损伤，有利于水稻的生长发育，提高水稻产量。研究结果可为水田除草机械装备的研究提供参考。

水稻是中国主要粮食作物之一，研究气候变化环境下降雨特征及其与水稻耗水之间的匹配关系，明晰水稻水分盈亏状况及旱涝易损特征，可为区域水资源配置规划与灌溉排水管理等提供重要依据。该研究以湖北江汉平原四湖流域为研究区域，基于5个气象站点1961—2020年逐日气象资料，利用Penman-Monteith公式、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、气候倾向率、空间插值分析等方法，分析了降雨量、水稻田间耗水量及水分盈亏指数时空分布特征，基于水分盈亏指数分析了水稻旱涝易损特征。结果表明：1）四湖流域多年平均降雨量为1 209.2 mm，且以35.1 mm/10a的平均速度显著上升，东南部降雨量及上升趋势均高于西北部；2）早、中、晚稻生育期多年平均降雨量分别为492.0、509.9和269.1 mm，早、中稻生育期降雨量分别以17.9 mm/10a和18.4 mm/10a的平均速度呈不显著上升趋势，晚稻生育期降雨量以-10.7 mm/10a的平均速度呈不显著下降趋势；3）早、中、晚稻多年平均田间耗水量分别为411.4、595.5和401.4 mm，中稻田间耗水量远大于早稻和晚稻，早、中稻田间耗水量分别以-5.54 mm/10a和-11.43 mm/10a的平均速度显著下降，晚稻田间耗水量以-1.52 mm/10a的平均速度呈不显著下降趋势；4）早、中、晚稻多年平均水分盈亏指数分别为0.22、-0.12和-0.31，早、中稻水分盈亏指数以0.06/10a和0.04/10a的平均速度呈不显著上升趋势，晚稻水分盈亏指数以-0.03/10a的平均速度呈不显著下降趋势，早、中稻水分盈余程度在增加，晚稻水分亏缺加剧；5）四湖流域早、中、晚稻干旱频率分别在10.0%～16.7%、28.3%～40.0%和51.8%～60.0%之间，晚稻最容易受干旱威胁。早、中、晚稻雨涝频率分别在1.7%～15.0%、1.7%～3.3%和0～1.7%之间，早稻更容易受雨涝威胁。总体上，四湖流域早稻发生旱涝灾害的频率较小（20.7%），中稻次之（37.0%），晚稻最容易受旱涝威胁（56.0%），水稻耗水与降雨匹配程度为：早稻>中稻>晚稻，要特别注意晚稻干旱缺水问题。

为解决由于阈值不确定和光照强度不稳定所造成的植被覆盖度提取效果不理想的问题，该研究提出一种融合CLAHE-SV(contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization-saturation value)增强Lab颜色空间特征的高斯混合模型聚类算法。以分蘖后期的水稻为对象，利用无人机获取2、3、4和5 m高度下的水稻可见光图像，采用限制对比度自适应直方图均衡化算法（contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization,CLAHE）对HSV颜色空间中饱和度（S）和亮度（V）分量进行增强，并在此基础上应用高斯混合模型（gaussian mixture model,GMM）结合Lab颜色空间的a分量分割图像背景和提取水稻覆盖度，并与GMM-RGB、GMM-HSV、GMM-Lab进行对比分析。结果表明，基于a分量构建的GMM-CLAHE-SV-a与GMM-a模型在不同高度图像中的分割效果均优于RGB、HSV、Lab，其中GMM-CLAHE-SV-a精度最佳。相比于GMM-a，在高度为2、3、4和5 m时GMM-CLAHE-SV-a的总体分割精度均值分别提高了2.16、1.01、1.03和1.26个百分点，Kappa系数均值分别提高了0.041 4、0.017 3、0.019 0和0.022 1；覆盖度的平均提取误差分别降低了8.75、7.01、5.93和5.34个百分点，决定系数R~2分别提高了0.096 0、0.050 2、0.062 2和0.190 6，较好地降低了光强和倒影的影响。与已有方法相比，该算法无需标记训练集或计算阈值，可直接对无人机图像进行处理，具有较高的普适性，可以在复杂的大田环境下快速分割水稻像素并提取植被覆盖度信息。

Based on the meteorological departments of 6 national level hybrid rice seed production counties（district） of Sichuan Province, including Qionglai City, Zitong County, Anzhou District of Mianyang City, Dongpo District of Meishan City, Dazhu County, and Luxian County, a survey meteorological support services’ current status for hybrid rice seed production were conducted. Specific analysis was conducted from four aspects: agricultural meteorological observation methods, service support technology, service product system, and professional technical personnel. Specific measures had been proposed from four aspects regarding the demand for meteorological services in the “breeding” “production” “promotion” stages of the hybrid rice seed production industry: building an intelligent observation station network, developing “intelligent” service technology, improving intelligent socialized services, and strengthening talent team construction. To provide useful references for establishing a modern meteorological guarantee service system for hybrid rice seed production.

The suitable nitrogen application rate of ratooning rice in crayfish field was studied to provide theoretical basis for reasonable nitrogen application in ratooning rice field under rice-crayfish coculture in southern Henan and promoting the popularization and application of ratooning rice in crayfish field. In this experiment, ‘Tianliangyou 616’, the main cultivated variety of ratooning rice in southern Henan paddy fields, was used as the research object. Under the same field management conditions, six different nitrogen fertilizer levels, including N0 (0 kg/hm²), N1 (249.27 kg/hm²), N2 (302.69 kg/hm²), N3 (356.10 kg/hm²), N4 (409.52 kg/hm²) and N5 (462.93 kg/hm²), were set up to study the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the two-season yield and economic benefits of ratooning rice in crayfish fields. The results showed that with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application amount, the two-season yield of ratooning rice showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the highest yield in the N4 treatment. Moreover, as the nitrogen application amount increased, the annual economic benefit of ratooning rice became negative. The comprehensive economic benefit curve showed that the best benefit could be obtained when the nitrogen application rate was 386.68 kg/hm². The study results indicated that appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application could increase the yield and economic benefits of ratooning rice, and the optimal nitrogen application rate for the rice-crayfish culture in the southern Henan paddy fields was recommended to be 386.68 kg/hm². This study could provide a theoretical basis for reasonable nitrogen application in ratooning rice fields under rice-crayfish coculture in southern Henan.

Rice fields are one of the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), and the production and emission of GHG in rice fields has always been a hot topic in related research. IPCC predicts that future global climate change is mainly manifested as global warming, increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration and near-surface ozone (O₃) concentration. The three factors have different effects on GHG emissions in rice fields. Meanwhile, global climate change also affects microbial communities in paddy fields, thus directly or indirectly affecting greenhouse gas emissions. This research reviewed the recent literatures to provide an overview of the following topics: the impact of global climate change on greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields; the impact of global climate change on microbial communities in rice fields; the impact of paddy microorganisms on greenhouse gas emissions in the context of global climate change; and the application of key microorganisms in rice fields to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. It is pointed out that subsequent studies should comprehensively consider the effects of multi-factor climate change on GHG emissions in rice paddies and strengthen the research on the mechanisms involved.

To understand the CH₄ flux variations and their climatic drivers in the rice-wheat agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China, the CH₄ flux was observed by using open-path eddy covariance at a typical rice-wheat rotation system in Anhui Province from November 2019 to October 2021. The variations and their drivers were then analyzed with the Akaike information criterion method. CH₄ flux showed distinct diurnal variations with single peaks during 9:00~13:00 local time. The highest peak was 2.15 µg m^-2 s^-1 which occurred at 11:00 in the vegetative growth stage in the rice growing season (RGS). CH₄ flux also showed significant seasonal variations. The average CH₄ flux in the vegetative growth stage in the RGS (193.8±74.2 mg m^-2 d^-1) was the highest among all growth stages. The annual total CH₄ flux in the non-rice growing season (3.2 g m^-2, 11.8%) was relatively small compared to that in the RGS (23.9 g m^-2, 88.2%). CH₄ flux increased significantly with increase in air temperature, soil temperature, and soil water content in both the RGS and the non-RGS, while it decreased significantly with increase in vapor pressure deficit in the RGS. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the CH₄ flux and its drivers in the rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem in the Huai River Basin of China. In addition, our findings will be helpful for the validation and adjustment of the CH₄ models in this region.

Nitrogen (N) is a major factor affecting rice yield and lodging resistance.  Previous studies have primarily investigated the impact of N management on rice lodging in conventional rice monoculture (RM); however, few studies have performed such investigations in rice-crayfish coculture (RC).  We hypothesized that RC would increase rice lodging risk and that optimizing N application practices would improve rice lodging resistance without affecting food security.  We conducted a two-factor (rice farming mode and N management practice) field experiment from 2021 to 2022 to test our hypothesis.  The rice farming modes included RM and RC, and the N management practices included no nitrogen fertilizer, conventional N application, and optimized N treatment.  The rice yield and lodging resistance characteristics, such as the morphology, mechanical and chemical characteristics, anatomic structure, and gene expression levels, were analysed and compared among the different treatments.  Under the same N application practice, RC decreased the rice yield by 11.1–24.4% and increased the lodging index by 19.6–45.6% compared with the values yielded in RM.  In RC, optimized N application decreased the plant height, panicle neck node height, centre of gravity height, bending stress, and lodging index by 4.0–4.8%, 5.2–7.8%, 0.5–4.5%, 5.5–10.5%, and 1.8–19.5% compared with those in the conventional N application practice, respectively.  Furthermore, it increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, breaking strength, and non-structural and structural carbohydrate content by 0.8–4.9%, 2.2–53.1%, 13.5–19.2%, 2.2–24.7%, and 31.3–87.2%, respectively.  Optimized N application increased sclerenchymal and parenchymal tissue areas of the vascular bundle at the culm wall of the base second internode.  Furthermore, optimized N application upregulated genes involved in lignin and cellulose synthesis, thereby promoting lower internodes on the rice stem and enhancing lodging resistance.  Optimized N application in RC significantly reduced the lodging index by 1.8–19.5% and stabilized the rice yield (>8,570 kg ha^–1 on average).  This study systematically analysed and compared the differences in lodging characteristics between RM and RC, and these findings will aid in the development of more efficient practices for RC that will reduce N fertilizer application.

Salinity is one of the most significant risks to crop production and food security as it has a negative impact on plant physiology and biochemistry.  The salt stress during the rice emergence stages severely hampers the seed germination and seedling growth of direct-seeded rice.  Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to be effectively involved in many plant physiological processes, particularly under abiotic stresses.  To our knowledge, no comparative studies have been performed to study the efficiency of conventional, chemical, and seed nanopriming for better plant stress tolerance.  Therefore, we conducted growth chamber and field experiments with different salinity levels (0, 1.5 and 3‰), two rice varieties (CY1000 and LLY506), and different priming techniques such as hydropriming, chemical priming (ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid), and nanopriming (zinc oxide nanoparticles).  Salt stress inhibited rice seed germination, germination index, vigor index, and seedling growth.  Also, salt stress increased the over accumulation of reactive oxygen species (H₂O₂ and O₂^•−) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents.  Furthermore, salt-stressed seedlings accumulated higher sodium (Na⁺) ions and significantly lower potassium (K⁺) ions.  Moreover, the findings of our study demonstrated that, among the different priming techniques, seed nanopriming with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) significantly contributed to rice salt tolerance.  ZnO nanopriming improved rice seed germination and seedling growth in the pot and field experiments under salt stress.  The possible mechanism behind ZnO nanopriming improved rice salt tolerance included higher contents of α-amylase, soluble sugar, and soluble protein and higher activities of antioxidant enzymes to sustain better seed germination and seedling growth.  Moreover, another mechanism of ZnO nanopriming induced rice salt tolerance was associated with better maintenance of K⁺ ions content.  Our research concluded that ZnO NPs could promote plant salt tolerance and be adopted as a practical nanopriming technique, which might promote global crop production in salt-affected agricultural lands.

Silage serves as the indispensable diet of ruminants, the increasing mechanism of α-tocopherol during silage making is unclear. Rice straw lacks chlorophyll after harvesting the grain, this can eliminate the impact of tocopherols formed by the breakdown of chlorophyll. Here, we explored the α-tocopherol source, its influencing factor, and its relationship with dominant lactic acid bacteria in rice straw silage treated without or with different additives (sodium benzoate, Lactobacillus plantarum, cell wall degrading enzymes, the combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and cell wall degrading enzymes) and vacuum times (5, 8, 11, and 14 s) after ensiling for 42 d. We found that the pathogenic Klebsiella was traced as the source of increased α-tocopherol in rice straw silage. The residue air in the silo, pH value, and additive variety had impacts on Klebsiella activity, which was strongly active at levels of residue air in the silo and pH that were high. As an acidic niche creator, Lactobacillus plantarum was more effective than sodium benzoate in restraining Klebsiella. Despite having a low acidity tolerance, Klebsiella was still present in rice straw silage treated with L. plantarum. The relationship between Klebsiella and L. plantarum was that Klebsiella could afford α-tocopherol to the multiplication of L. plantarum and residue capsular polysaccharide protected Klebsiella from escaping the extinction in rice straw silage.

【Objective】FWL (Fruit Weight2.2-Like) gene is a negative regulator of cell proliferation, which not only regulates plant organogenesis and organ size, but also participates in the regulation of metal ion transport accumulation and signal transduction. Analyzing of the function of OsFWL3 gene is helpful to reveal the transport mechanism of trace metal elements in crops. It provides theoretical support for reducing heavy metal accumulation and improving crop quality. 【Method】The gene information, genome structure and phylogenetic tree of OsFWLs family were analyzed by bioinformatics method, and the expression profile of OsFWL3 gene was predicted. Two OsFWL3 knockout lines were obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. Then wild type and Osfwl3 mutants were treated with ZnSO₄ at seedling stage and filling stage, respectively. The phenotypes of plants and grains after treatment were analyzed, and the content variation of metal elements such as Zn was determined to explore the effects of OsFWL3 on the transport and accumulation of metal ions and seed quality. 【Result】The gene function of OsFWLs family is similar to some extent. OsFWL3 gene is highly expressed in anther and panicle, indicating that it is closely related to reproductive development of rice. The number of primary branches, grian length, grain thickness and 100-grain weight of Osfwl3 mutants are significantly larger than WT. OsFWL3 affects the content and distribution of Zn and other metal ions in rice seedlings and grains. The deletion of OsFWL3 gene affects the competitive transport of Zn, Cd and Mn from underground to above-ground, lower grain to central grain and husk to brown rice. 【Conclusion】OsFWL3 gene affects the distribution of Zn and other metal ions in rice grains and plants, and it plays an important role in regulating the growth and development of rice plants and grain size.

The article first outlines two methods of image acquisition, namely, the capture of RGB images and spectral images. Subsequently, it explores image preprocessing techniques, including steps such as image denoising, enhancement, and segmentation. In terms of feature extraction, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) methods are employed to efficiently extract the color, texture, and shape features of rice seeds. Additionally, the article discusses the practical applications of machine learning and deep learning in processing spectral and RGB images of rice seeds, as well as the performance optimization and improvement methods of deep learning models in rice seed recognition and classification. Overall, machine vision technology demonstrates its efficiency and accuracy in the field of rice seed recognition. In the future, the development of a low-cost image acquisition platform and more lightweight rice seed recognition software can be anticipated, promoting rice seed data sharing and continuously exploring emerging deep learning techniques to further optimize the effectiveness of rice seed recognition.

Liangyou 7871 is a hybrid rice variety developed by crossbreeding 178S and R71, characterized by early maturity, lodging resistance, high quality, high yield, and stable production. The breeding process, characteristics, high yield cultivation, and seed production techniques of this variety were summarized and analyzed. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 2016 to 2017, this variety had a full growth period of 130 days, an average yield of 9.51 t/hm², excellent appearance quality, good palatability, and good disease resistance. High yield cultivation techniques focused on cultivating strong seedlings, controlling ineffective tillers, striving for effective panicle numbers, promoting large panicles, improving seed setting rates, and emphasis was placed on preventing and controlling rice blast disease, rice planthopper, and other diseases. The key points of seed production technology included reasonable arrangement of sowing time, cultivation of strong seedlings, reasonable planting density, strengthening field management, and skillful spraying of gibberellic acid plant growth regulator. The research results provided references for the cultivation of this variety as a mid season rice, wheat stubble live broadcast, nice and regenerated rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

To screen suitable early japonica rice varieties for planting in the Tongcheng double season rice area, a comparative experiment of early japonica rice varieties were conducted from 2022 to 2023, in 2022, Zhongzao 39 was selected as the control, and 10 varieties such as Liandao 2 were selected, in 2023, Zaoxian 310 were selected as the control, and 12 varieties such as Kendao 23 were selected, and the growth period, economic traits, and yield levels of each variety were compared and evaluated. The results showed that, in 2022, the whole growth period of each tested varieties was 131-137 days, and the output was 4 860.00-7 476.00 kg/hm², in 2023, the whole growth period of the tested varieties was 122-131 days, and the yield was 3 765.75-6 126.90 kg/hm². Kendao 23 had early heading, suitable growth period, high yield, strong cold resistance, early and fast tillering, more effective panicles, and good color change in the later stage. Mudanjiang 30 had a high yield, moderate heading stage, appropriate plant height, sufficient effective panicles, high seed setting rate, and suitable thousand grain weight. Tong 35 had a high yield, multiple effective ears, moderate ear shape, high seed setting rate, suitable thousand grain weight, and good color change at maturity, but the heading stage was relatively late. The above three varieties could be promoted and planted as early rice varieties in the study area, which is of great significance for improving the yield and quality of early rice.

The occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice, the causes of weed damage were summarized and analyzed, and comprehensive control measures was proposed. The occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice was relatively high, and the grass phase was complex. Poaceae weeds and broad-leaved weeds coexist, and weeds compete with wheat for light, water, and fertilizer, which had a significant impact on the yield and quality of rice stubble wheat. The factors that affected the occurrence of weeds in wheat field after rice include planting systems, straw returning, and control measures. The methods of combining agricultural measures (improving farmland quality, changing planting structure, and improving field management) with chemical control (closed weeding, stem and leaf control, and post spring supplementary control) was adopted to prevent and control weeds in wheat fields. Scientific weeding plans were proposed for different types of fields, and the closed weeding and stem and leaf removal (“one closed, one weeding”) plan was adopted to solve most of the weeds in the fields. Special fields can adopt the 1 closed weeding and 2 stem and leaf removal (“one closed, two weeding”) plan. The research results provide references for promoting the healthy development of wheat after rice production and improving the planting efficiency of wheat after rice.

【Objective】It has been reported that Nilaparvata lugens (brown planthopper, BPH) exhibits a preference of endangering rice plants infested by Chilo suppressalis (striped stem borer, SSB). However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon is influenced by the developmental stage of N. lugens and the rice variety. This study aims to investigate the effects of rice varieties and developmental stages of N. lugens on the preference for C. suppressalis-infested rice plants, as well as how volatiles mediate this behavior, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating green pest control strategies.【Method】Through indoor choice experiments, the attraction of different developmental stages of N. lugens (including 3rd-4th instar nymphs, newly emerged females, gravid females) to nine rice varieties, including Zhongzheyou 8, both damaged and undamaged by C. suppressalis, was observed. Based on these observations, representative varieties showing significant differences in attraction were selected for further analysis. RT-qPCR was used to detect changes in the expression of volatile synthesis-related genes in three rice varieties (Zhongzheyou 8, 9311, and Minghui 63) following pest infested.【Result】Among the nine rice varieties, different developmental stages of N. lugens consistently showed a preference for rice plants infested by C. suppressalis, although this preference varied among rice varieties. For instance, newly emerged female N. lugens exhibited a significantly higher preference for Minghui 63 compared to Yongyou 538. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression levels of volatile synthesis-related genes OsCAS, OsLIS, OsHPL3, and OsRCI-1 in response to C. suppressalis infestation. However, when different developmental stages of N. lugens were co-infested with C. suppressalis, the expression levels of these genes could either increase or decrease compared to plants infested only by C. suppressalis, with specific effects depending on the developmental stage of N. lugens.【Conclusion】The preference of N. lugens for rice plants infested by C. suppressalis was commonly observed across the nine tested rice varieties. However, significant differences in the degree of preference were noted among different developmental stages of N. lugens across these varieties. Notably, variations in preference among developmental stages of N. lugens were primarily observed in the selection of rice varieties Yongyou 538, Zhongzheyou 8, and Minghui 63 by newly emerged female. Infestation only by C. suppressalis or in conjunction with N. lugens resulted in increased expression levels of the genes OsCAS, OsLIS, OsHPL3, and OsRCI-1, indicating that pest infestation in rice plants can regulate the synthesis of rice volatiles, thereby influencing the host selection behavior of N. lugens.

【Objective】The Toll receptor is one of the key effector factors in the Toll signaling pathway of the innate immune system in insects. This article aims to identify the Toll receptor genes of three types of rice planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, and Laodelphax striatellus), explore the potential functions of the Toll receptor in these three species, and investigate the interspecies differences, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the immune development of rice planthoppers and for the control and prevention of these pests.【Method】Bioinformatics methods were used to identify Toll receptor genes from the genomes of three species of rice planthoppers, and the gene structure and characteristics, physicochemical properties and structural domains of the encoded proteins, chromosome localization and phylogenetic evolutionary relationships were analyzed. Artificial intelligence software AlphaFold 3 was used to predict the three-dimensional structure of Toll receptors and compare it with the known structures and functions of Toll receptors from other species to predict their potential functions and interspecific functional differentiation. Transcriptome data were used to quantitatively analyze the expressions of Toll receptor genes in different tissues and at different developmental stages.【Result】A total of 6, 7, and 6 Toll receptor genes were identified in the genomes of N. lugens, S. furcifera, and L. striatellus, respectively, all of which are distributed on chromosomes 1, 4, and 7, with a clear distribution pattern. The Toll gene family in the three species of rice planthoppers is distributed with one gene on chromosomes 1 and 4, and the rest on chromosome 7. The coding sequence lengths of the Toll receptor genes in the three species of rice planthoppers range from 2 676 to 4 158 bp, with the number of exons ranging from 1 to 7, and the encoded protein sequence lengths range from 891 to 1 385 aa, with molecular weights ranging from 103.31 to 158.25 kDa and theoretical isoelectric points ranging from 5.42 to 6.54. Phylogenetic development analysis showed that the Toll receptor gene family of the three species of rice planthoppers can be divided into six subfamilies, which are homologous to the Toll, Toll6, Toll7, Tollo (Toll8), and Toll9 of other insects. The comparison analysis of the extracellular structures predicted by AlphaFold 3 with those of Toll receptors from other species showed that two Toll receptors in the Toll receptor gene family of S. furcifera were potentially related to virus interactions, one in the Toll receptor gene family of L. striatellus, and none in the Toll receptor gene family of N. lugens. Transcriptome quantitative results showed that the Toll receptor genes in the three species of rice planthoppers were expressed in different tissues and at different developmental stages, suggesting that they may have different functions and participate in different divisions of labor.【Conclusion】A total of 19 Toll receptor genes were identified in three species of rice planthoppers, and their related structures and functions were analyzed and predicted. The study revealed potential differences in the roles played by Toll receptors in the development and immune response, particularly in virus immunity, within the insect body among these three species of rice planthoppers.

To explore the growth differences among different green manure varieties and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over, the winter fallow field (CK) was used as the control, three common green manures (Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.) were selected to conduct field experiments to analyze the differences in the characteristics of green manures during the growth period and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over. The results showed that the performance of plant height and biomass in the three types of green manure was as followed: Vicia villosa var. > Vicia sativa L. > Astragalus sinicus L., with Vicia villosa var. being the best and suitable for planting in the region. After turning over green manures, the rice yield significantly increased compared to CK, with the yield under Vicia villosa var. reached 10.47 t/hm², which was 58.88% higher than that of CK. Green manure turning over could improve the taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Compared with CK, the taste value of rice treated with Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. increased by 5.58%, 9.46% and 11.16%, respectively, and total potassium accumulation in rice straw increased by 50.88%, 42.87% and 67.70%, respectively, the total nitrogen accumulation in rice grains increased by 17.25%, 45.62% and 47.74%, respectively and the total potassium accumulation in rice seeds increased by 17.96%, 54.28%, and 48.88%, respectively, the total phosphorus accumulation in rice shoots increased by 11.32%, 62.16% and 27.41%, respectively, the total accumulation of total potassium increased by 45.53%, 44.73% and 64.64%, respectively, with the best comprehensive effect being the Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.. Green manure could improve soil properties and had the potential to improve soil fertility. Among them, the treatment of Vicia sativa L. had a pH increase of 2.96%, organic matter increased by 10.05%, and total nitrogen content increased by 4.41% compared to CK. The treatment of Astragalus sinicus L. had an organic matter increase of 1.43%, total nitrogen content increase of 24.25%, total phosphorus content increase of 9.20%, and available phosphorus content increase of 10.95% compared to CK. In summary, the biomass and nutrient accumulation of Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. were both high, and their flipping could improve the yield, taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Therefore, they were recommended as green manure varieties for planting in this region; Astragalus sinicus L. and Vicia sativa L. had the potential to increase soil fertility through tillage, while Vicia sativa L. had a better effect. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of green manure and sustainable agricultural production in the northern Jiangsu region.

针对水稻棚室育秧环节中苗床平整地缺失高效作业机械的现状,结合寒区水稻标准化棚室育秧技术要求,该研究设计了一种自走式水稻秧棚苗床精平机机电液一体化的自动调平控制系统。调平系统以液压油泵及直流步进电机为动力端,融合机具作业的姿态角数据,利用自动控制策略实时驱动机电式横滚角调平机构及液力式俯仰角补偿装置进行调平作业,保证苗床平整度。采用Simulink模块对横滚角调平进行仿真,结果表明:横滚角调平时间为1.62 s,超调量为1.5%,具有良好的响应速度及精度。将自动调平控制系统嵌入1ZJP-2型苗床精平机进行田间试验,搭载自动调平系统的作业机具横滚角平均值为-1.88°,均方根误差为1.95°,平均绝对误差为1.88°;对照组作业机具横滚角平均值为-2.37°,均方根误差为2.43°,平均绝对误差为2.31°;俯仰角补偿碎土刮板油缸动作的平均均方根误差为0.145 cm,试验结果表明自动调平系统效果良好,满足稳定控制要求。利用光学水准仪检验平地作业效果,应用自动调平控制作业后苗床高程最大平均标准差比作业前降低了1.05 cm;而无调平系统的苗床高程最大平均标准差降幅仅为0.325 cm,平地作业效率比普通作业方式提高了229%～500%,每平方米内地高程标准偏差S_d值较比常规作业方式降低了268%～384%。该系统提升了水稻棚室育秧苗床平地机械作业自动化程度。

In order to explore the planting performance of different rice varieties under different microclimate conditions in the low altitude areas of Eastern Guizhou Province, 51 rice varieties including Chuanguyou 1378 were selected to conduct display experiments in Tangtou base in the west and Bahuang base in the east of Tongren City, Guizhou Province. The growth period, planting performance, and yield indicators of each rice variety were analyzed. The results showed that microclimate differences had an impact on rice planting performance and yield, and the changes in growth period were influenced by the three-dimensional climate of the planting area and related to variety adaptability; There were differences in planting performance such as plant height and panicle length among different rice varieties, among which the seed setting rate was lower in the western base than in the eastern base. The measured yield of 43 exhibited varieties in the western base was higher than that in the eastern base, with an increase of 9.0-7 047.0 kg/hm². The yield of 7 varieties planted in the western base was lower than that in the eastern base, with a decrease of 60.0-3 979.5 kg/hm². Based on the performance of various varieties in terms of growth period, agronomic traits, and yield, it was selected that Jiuyou 27 Zhan, Yixiangyou 800, and Zhongjiuyou 2 were suitable for promoting planting in the low altitude western region of Eastern Guizhou Province, Jingliangyou 1206, Jingyou 312, Weiliangyouyuzhan, and Aofuyou 287 were suitable for promoting planting in the low altitude eastern region of Eastern Guizhou Province.

The diseased panicles of rice was isolated and purified in the experimental base of College of Agricultural, Shihezi University. The isolated pathogens was analyzed by morphology, ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers（rDNA-its）and histone 3 gene sequences, and the pathogenicity was determined, and its biological characteristics was studied. The results showed that Alternaria alternata was the pathogen causing brown lesions on rice panicles. The pathogenicity test showed that the rice panicles had the same symptoms as the sampled rice panicles, and the same Alternaria was isolated from the diseased panicle of rice. The optimum medium for the growth of the pathogen was sucrose as carbon source. The optimum pH 5-7. The optimum growth temperature 29-32 ℃. The optimum growth light 24 h full light. In conclusion, the rice brown panicle disease was caused by Alternaria alternata.

The sources, content improvement methods, detection methods, extraction techniques, and application prospects of coenzyme Q10 in red yeast rice were introduced, aiming to provide references for the production and application of red yeast rice containing coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 is one of the important metabolites of Monascus, which not only shows a variety of biological activities, but also effectively reduce the side effects of statin components in Monascus. The main methods to increase the content of coenzyme Q10 in red yeast rice are optimizing fermentation conditions and breeding high-yield strains. The main methods for the determination of coenzyme Q10 are spectroscopy and chromatography. In terms of extraction technology, mainly saponification, ultrasonic extraction and supercritical extraction are used to extract coenzyme Q10 from microorganisms. At present, microbial-derived coenzyme Q10 is used in medicine, food and cosmetics.

To explore the effects of temperature and precipitation changes on corn and rice in drought-prone areas of Songnen Plain, based on the data of temperature, precipitation and yield from 10 meteorological stations in Qiqihar City during 1971 to 2020, the long-term change trends of temperature and precipitation in the growing season of crops in the study area were analyzed by using linear trend fitting, multiple linear regression and R/S analysis. And the relationship model between meteorological factors and meteorological yield of maize and rice was established, the future change trends of temperature and precipitation were explored. Results showed that during 1971-2020 growing season, monthly average temperature and minimum temperature showed an increasing trend, while the maximum temperature had no significant change. The precipitation in the growing season increased significantly, and the monthly precipitation showed a slight fluctuation upward trend. The number of years with abnormal or close to abnormal cold (warm) during the growing season and each month was 27 years, the cold years were mainly concentrated in the 1970s to 1980s, the warm years were mainly in the 21st century. And the number of years with abnormal or close to abnormal precipitation was 24 years, mainly in the 1990s. The minimum temperature, the maximum temperature and the precipitation in August and the mean temperature in July were correlated with the meteorological yield of maize (P<0.05). The maximum temperature, the minimum temperature and the precipitation in September and the minimum temperature in July were correlated with the meteorological yield of rice (P<0.05). The results indicated that the water and heat conditions from midsummer to early autumn significantly influenced the yield formation of maize and rice. In the future, the temperature and precipitation conditions of crop growing season in the study area will continue to show a warm and humid trend, and there is still a large space for the utilization of local climate resources by maize and rice.

To obtain the optimal fertilization amount for rice in central Sichuan Basin, the ‘3414’ fertilizer effect field experiment was conducted to establish a high-yield fertilizer model and provide a precise fertilization scheme for rice production in Zizhong County. Three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were set up, with four levels for each factor. There were a total of 14 treatments, and each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (R²) of the established ternary quadratic fertilizer effect regression equation was 0.976. The maximum yield of rice was 7923.56 kg/hm² with 215.28 kg/hm² of pure nitrogen application, 101.40 kg/hm² of phosphorus pentoxide and 104.14 kg/hm² of potassium oxide application. The optimal application of pure nitrogen was 196.83 kg/hm², phosphorus pentoxide 74.81 kg/hm², potassium oxide 102.90 kg/hm², and the optimal yield of rice was 7867.96 kg/hm². The established fertilizer effect model can be extended to similar rice producing areas in the central Sichuan Basin for predicting fertilizer application in rice production.

Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is a devastating disease that greatly reduces rice yield and quality.  However, controlling rice false smut disease is challenging due to the unique infection mode of U. virens.  Therefore, there is a need for early diagnosis and monitoring techniques to prevent the spread of this disease.  Lateral flow strip-based recombinase polymerase amplification (LF-RPA) overcomes the limitations of current U. virens detection technologies, which are time-consuming, require delicate equipment, and have a high false-positive rate.  In this study, we used a comparative genomics approach to identify Uv_3611, a specific gene of U. virens, as the target for the LF-RPA assay.  The designed primers and probe efffectively detected the genomic DNA (gDNA) of U. virens and demonstrated no cross-reactivity with related pathogens.  Under optimal conditions, the LF-RPA assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 10 pg of U. virens gDNA.  Additionally, by incorporating a simplified PEG-NaOH method for plant DNA extraction, the LF-RPA assay enabled the detection of U. virens in rice spikelets within 30 min, without the need for specialized equipment.  Furthermore, the LF-RPA assay successfully detected U. virens in naturally infected rice and seed samples in the field.  Therefore, the LF-RPA assay is sensitive, efficient, and convenient, and could be developed as a kit for monitoring rice false smut disease in the field.

The characteristics and direct seeding high-yield cultivation techniques of hybrid rice variety Shaandao No.12 were summarized and analyzed. This variety was planted in Hanzhong region, Shaanxi Province, and had the characteristics of early growth period, tolerance to dense planting, strong lodging resistance, good yield, and excellent rice quality. Its direct seeding high-yield cultivation techniques included selecting large fields, fine field management, seed treatment, timely sowing, scientific fertilization, reasonable water management, prevention and control of grass and pest, disease and pest control, and timely harvesting. The research results provide references for the breeding and promotion of high-yield and high-quality rice varieties in the study area.

In order to promote the green and high-quality development of agriculture, improve land use efficiency, and increase farmers’ income, the cultivation model of watermelon-rice-green manure was integrated. The key cultivation techniques and benefits of this model were summarized and analyzed. Using the technique of small arch shed cultivation, watermelons were selected from early and middle maturing and high-quality varieties. Watermelons were planted in early April and harvested in June. When the garden was closed, healthy vines were left in the field as organic fertilizer for rice. High-yield and high-quality mid season rice varieties were selected for rice cultivation, with soft disk seedling cultivation, machine insertion at the end of June, and harvesting at the end of October. 15-20 days before harvesting, sprinkle milk vetch seeds as green manure. During the growth period of green manure, pay attention to drainage and flood prevention. In March of the following year, plow and return to the field. This model improves the annual benefits of farmland while stabilizing rice production, promotes the sustainable development of watermelon and rice industries, and effectively reduces the occurrence of field diseases and pests, achieving the effect of weight loss and drug reduction. It is conducive to the stable and high-yield of watermelon and rice, and the economic and ecological benefits are improved.

In order to screen for suitable pesticides for the prevention and control of rice false smut, 18.7% propiconazole, 43% tebuconazole, 23% ether bacteria fluconazole, and 24% thiamethoxam were selected. Six pesticide treatments and one blank control were set up to compare the field control effects of each treatment on rice false smut. The experimental results showed that, the application of 24% thiamethoxam at the late tillering stage, and the application of 18.7% propiconazole (treatment 2) at 7-10 days before the breakthrough and during the heading stage had better control effects, with the highest yield of 200.6 kg in the plot. The best control effect was achieved by applying 24% thiamethoxam at the end of tillering, and applying 18.7% propiconazole and 43% tebuconazole (treatment 3) at 7-10 days before and during the heading stage. The yield of the plot was relatively high, at 189.4 kg. Overall, it was recommended to use 300 mL/hm² of 24% thiamethoxam during the late tillering stage of rice, and apply 750 mL/hm² of 18.7% propiconazole once every 7-10 days before the breakthrough and during the full heading period. This can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of rice false smut, and has a certain positive effect on rice safety production.

【Objective】 The rice-crab co-culture is a predominant three-dimensional ecological cultivation model in northern Chinese rice fields. The water-soil interface is a key area for material cycling within this system. In this paper, studying the diversity and structure of microbial communities at this interface aimed to understand its evolution and support research on the ecological health of water and soil in rice-crab co-culture systems. 【Method】 Eight long-term rice monoculture systems and eight long-term rice-crab co-culture systems (>20 years) were selected in a typical rice-crab co-cultivation area in Panjin, Liaoning province. Based on measurements of physicochemical indicators of rice field water and soil, as well as high-throughput sequencing technology of the 16S rRNA gene, the study compared the effects of two rice cultivation systems on the properties and bacterial community structures of the water-soil interface in paddy fields. 【Result】 (1) The introduction of crabs significantly reduced the unique microbial communities at the water-soil interface. Specifically, the number of unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in surface water and interfacial soil decreased by 27.0% and 71.2%, respectively. However, the introduction of crabs had no significant effect on alpha diversity in surface water, but it reduced the richness of bacterial communities in interfacial soil. (2) The introduction of crabs significantly altered the structure and composition of the water-soil interface bacterial community. The introduction of crabs significantly increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (30.4%) and decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria (39.9%) in surface water. Simultaneously, it increased the relative abundance of Planctomycetes (21.1%) and decreased the relative abundance of Ignavibacteriae (15.1%) and Nitrospirae (21.7%) in interfacial soil. (3) Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were not only core species at the water-soil interface of rice field systems, but also key species in co-occurrence networks, playing important roles in stabilizing ecological networks. (4) The introduction of crabs into rice fields increased the complexity and stability of the bacterial co-occurrence network in the interface soil, but decreased it in the paddy field water. (5) Linear regression analysis showed that NO₃^-- N concentration in surface water and interface soil pH were the main driving factors influencing the diversity and stability of their respective bacterial community structures. 【Conclusion】 The introduction of crabs significantly altered the microbial community structure and diversity at the water-soil interface in rice fields. The increase in nutrient salts in the water posed a risk of reducing the stability of the aquatic microbial community. However, the rice-crab co-culture shaped a more stable bacterial community in the interface soil, which facilitated nutrient cycling and enhanced crop nutrient utilization efficiency.

Water management and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the key factors affecting cadmium uptake, distribution and antioxidant defense system in rice roots. It is important to explore the relationship and mechanism of the three factors to guide the safe production of rice fields. In this study, with rice ‘Hemeizan No.2’ and AMF Rhizophagus irregularis as experimental materials, under different water management conditions, the effects of AMF on cadmium uptake, distribution and effects of root antioxidant defense system in rice were studied under different cadmium pollution concentrations (0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg). The results showed that under the condition of non-mycorrhizal treatment, the cadmium content of rice under different water management conditions increased with the increase of soil cadmium content. Especially compared with long-term flooding, dry and wet alternations significantly increased the effective cadmium concentration in soil, promoted cadmium uptake in rice roots and increased cadmium content in straw. However, under different water management conditions, the addition of AMF increased the pH of different cadmium-contaminated soils, reduced the availability of soil cadmium, inhibited the transfer of cadmium from rice roots to the above-ground part, and thus reduced the cadmium content of straw and the enrichment effect of rice on cadmium. Especially under the condition of moderate cadmium pollution, the addition of AMF increased the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rice roots, and reduced the absorption of cadmium in rice roots (alternating dry and wet) and the distribution of cadmium in rice root subcells. Therefore, the addition of AMF can effectively reduce the accumulation of cadmium in the above-ground part of rice under the water management conditions such as long-term flooding and alternating of wetting and drying.

In order to compare the differences of resistance to rice blast disease in Yunnan among japonica rice cultivars collected from 17 provinces, and to screen favorable resistant resources of rice, we employed the method of natural induction in field blast nursery to assess the resistance of 1050 japonica rice cultivars against leaf and panicle blast. The results indicated that among the 1050 japonica rice cultivars, there was lighter incidence of leaf blast and more severe incidence of panicle blast. Regarding leaf blast resistance, the cultivars exhibiting high resistance, resistance, moderate resistance, moderate susceptibility, susceptibility, and high susceptibility accounted for 28.48%, 10.95%, 9.14%, 19.24%, 20.00%, and 12.19%, respectively. As for panicle blast resistance, the cultivars exhibiting high resistance, resistance, moderate resistance, moderate susceptibility, susceptibility, and high susceptibility accounted for 3.71%, 0.38%, 2.57%, 19.62%, 22.57%, and 51.14%, respectively. Further analysis of the leaf and panicle blast results revealed that 69 japonica rice cultivars had resistance to both leaf and panicle blast. These 69 cultivars were collected from five provinces of Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Yunnan, and Jiangsu. These results suggested that these cultivars with good resistance against both leaf and panicle blast in blast nursery could be served as important resistance resources for blast disease-resistant rice breeding, and discovery of new genes conferring resistance to rice blast.

To determine the relationship between population density of Meloidogyne graminicola and yield loss in upland rice, the effects of Meloidogyne graminicola initial population density (Pi) on the yield of upland rice and reproduction of nematodes were evaluated in pot experiments under the screen house condition with dry planting and management. The results revealed a linear regression relationship where rice parameters such as root length, root weight, plant height, tiller number, panicle length, 1000-seed weight and single basin grain weight decreased as Pi increased. The yield loss ranged from 28.4% at a Pi of 2 eggs and J2/100 cm³ soil to 67.8% at a Pi of 200 eggs and J2/100 cm³ soil. The reproduction factor of nematodes followed a declining trend with Pi. The relationship between population density and relative yield followed the Seinhorst model, Y=0.24+0.76(0.3252)^(Pi). A significant positive correlation was noted between upland rice yield loss and Pi of 2 to 200 eggs and J2/100 cm³ soil under dry planting and management, indicating a high risk of harm to upland rice caused by M. graminicola.

To explore the effects of exogenous selenium (Se) on rice growth and survival of Sogatella furcifera feeding on Se-treated rice plants, a susceptible cultivar 'Taichung Native 1' (TN1) was served as the test rice variety. Six Se concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μmol/L were set up by adding sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) to the nutrient solution, and 0 μmol/L was used as the control to determine the effects of different concentrations of Se on rice growth and the survival of S. furcifera feeding on Se-treated rice plants. The results indicated that the plant height, root length, fresh weight and dry weight per plant treated with 10 μmol/L Se were significantly higher than that of control; while the plant height, root length, fresh weight and dry weight per plant treated with 20-60 μmol/L Se were lower than that of control. Se content in rice plants were increased significantly with the increase of Se concentration in nutrient solution, while survival rate of S. furcifera were decreased significantly with the increase of Se content in rice plants. The survival rate of S. furcifera fedding on rice plants treated with 10 μmol/L Se decreased significantly on the 4^th to 7^th day after the treatment. In conclusion, 10 μmol/L is the appropriate concentration of Se, which can promote rice growth and reduce the survival rate of S. furcifera.

Rice is the most water-intensive crop in China, and water footprint for rice production as a measure of the total water consumption of a crop in a certain range of time and space, can measure the water resources in rice production accurately. In this paper, the temporal and spatial characteristics of water footprint for rice production were summarized, and the driving factors behind the temporal and spatial characteristics of water footprint for rice production were analyzed. The existing problems and the prospect of future research were put forward.