The study subjected 20 Ting’s rice varieties, including P0340, CII141, and R289 were treated with high temperature stress during seed germination，normal culture was used as control, 10 key germination indexes such as germination potential, germination rate, and root and shoot length were measured. By using the membership function comprehensive evaluation method and grading evaluation value, the heat resistance comprehensive evaluation was carried out. Meanwhile, correlation analysis, regression analysis and cluster analysis were carried out, combined with the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), the differences of growth indexes and physiological indexes of different rice varieties at germination stage were discussed, so as to screen rice varieties with strong heat resistance.The results showed that after high temperature treatment, the growth indexes such as germination potential of rice were different between varieties and treatments.In terms of heat resistance comprehensive evaluation, P0340 ranked first, showcasing strong heat tolerance, while Y595 ranked last, indicating weak heat tolerance. Correlation analysis and regression analysis established that germination rate and seedling dry weight could be used as important indexes for heat resistance identification.According to the cluster analysis, the heat resistance of the rice varieties tested was divided into 5 categories:extremely strong, strong, medium, weak and extremely weak. Among them, the variety with strong heat resistance was P0340, the varieties with strong heat resistance were CII141, R289, and Y1544, 10 varieties with medium heat resistance included R107 and Δ133, etc., and 5 varieties with weak heat resistance included PII140 and PII21,etc. The very weak heat resistance variety was Y595. In terms of physiological indexes, compared with control, under high temperature stress, H₂O₂ and MDA contents of P0340 increased less, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The activities of SOD, CAT, and POD in P0340 significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). These findings suggest that P0340 displays strong heat tolerance during the germination stage, characterized by minimal accumulation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the identification of the high heat tolerance rice variety P0340 in this study offers a valuable genetic resource for the development of new heat tolerance varieties.

To investigate the effect of spraying foliar silicon fertilizer application on the lodging resistance of rice stems, Ningjing 8 was selected as the material for field experiments, and 3 concentrations of foliar silicon fertilizer were set up, including 0 (CK), 100 and 200 mg/L. The mechanical indexes of lodging resistance, such as breaking moment M, internode configuration, and internode fullness, such as stem thickness, wall thickness and internode length, were measured. The results showed that compared with CK, the fracture moment M, section modulus Z, and bending stress BS of rice stem were increased by spraying 200 mg/L silicon fertilizer on the leaf surface. The stem diameter, inner and outer diameters of main and short axes of rice were increased. There was no significant effect on plant height, but the length between the first, second, and third segments of the base was significantly reduced. It had little effect on basal internode fullness. In conclusion, reasonable spraying of foliar silicon fertilizer can improve the mechanical strength of rice stems and the lodging resistance by increasing the stem diameter, the inner and outer diameter of the main and short axes of rice, while reducing the length between the first, second, and third nodes of the base. The effect of 200 mg/L foliar silicon fertilizer treatment is better.

Y Liangyou 919 is an indica two-line hybrid rice variety selected from Y58S as the female parent and R919 as the male parent，the characteristics of its parents and high-yield seed production techniques were introduced. Y58S is a widely adaptable rice photoperiod temperature sensitive sterile line with excellent compatibility and high breeding yield; R919 is a dominant recovery line with lodging resistance, disease resistance and strong coordination force. Y Liangyou 919 can be used for post tobacco seed production in areas with an altitude of 300-500 meters in Northwest Fujian Province. The high-yield seed production techniques includes reasonable arrangement of the sowing time difference between the father and mother plants, with the father plant sowing in mid May and the mother plant sowing in mid June being suitable; choose fields that are windward and sunny, have convenient drainage and irrigation, and have a medium to high fertility level as seedling fields. Use appropriate sowing rates, soak seeds with disinfectants, apply sufficient base fertilizer, and timely and appropriate topdressing. Scientifically manage water and prevent diseases, pests, and weeds in a timely manner to cultivate strong seedlings; after harvesting tobacco leaves, timely plow and weed the fields, and transplant them, with a parent to child ratio of 1∶8; the full fertility period of the field, shallow water transplanting, inch water greening, thin water tillering, sufficient sun drying of seedlings, inch water booting, and dry and wet strong seeds should be achieved; apply sufficient basal fertilizer and apply appropriate topdressing according to the growth of the seedlings; timely prevention and control of diseases and pests such as rice sheath blight, rice leaf roller, and neck blight based on the actual situation in the field and local pest and disease monitoring; the ideal flowering period for seed production of this variety should meet the standard that the male parent’s initial flowering period is 2 days later than the female parent’s, and should be adjusted in a timely manner according to the actual situation in the field; when the number of spikes reaches 25% to 30%, spray “920” plant growth regulator to ensure uniformity and pollination, and improve the fruiting rate; timely remove impurities and maintain purity, eliminate premature and abnormal plants; after the flowering is completed, promptly cut off the male parent and harvest 90% of the seeds in the field when they are ripe. This article provides references for high-yield seed production and promotion planting of hybrid rice.

The distribution of pests during rice cultivation is characterized by small scale and high density, making identification challenging. This article was based on deep learning and the classic YOLOv8s lightweight model was used to train and recognize 14 types of rice pests, including rice leaf roller, rice leaf caterpillar, and rice stem maggot, etc. The model training and verification results were obtained. The training results showed that the model has good convergence speed and stability; the verification results indicated that the model has good performance, with the recognition accuracy of 0.788, the recall rate of 0.721, and the recognition accuracy of 0.809, mAP@0.5 of 0.772 for 14 rice pests. Overall, the model had good performance and can meet the requirements of rice pest detection. The research results provide references for the identification of rice pest.

To understand the research progress of colored rice and its related genes, the functions of colored rice were summarized, and the effects of Ra, Rc, Rd, OsC1 and OsB2 genes on the traits of colored rice were analyzed. These genes determine the red, black, and purple colors of rice grains by influencing the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. In this paper, we point out the limitations of related rice color genes in rice breeding. And the current research is not systematic enough to make full use of the diversity of these genes and prove the role of these genes in other rice traits. It is believed that genome-wide association analysis and population genetics method can be used to systematically analyze the variation and expression patterns of these genes in different rice varieties, and provide data support for rice genetic improvement. We can also use genetic methods and modern biotechnology methods to explore the functions of these genes in other traits of rice, to provide theoretical basis for the improvement of multiple traits of rice.

The microbial composition and function in the rhizosphere is the research focus of microbial ecology. Analysis of the diversity of soil microbial communities in the root system of paddy rice and the effects of environmental factors on soil microorganisms can provide reference value for the sustainability of soils in the growing areas of paddy rice and the conservation of land resources. In this study, we used 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the bacterial composition of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere of paddy rice, and analyze the composition and diversity of microbial communities sampled from different regions, and explore the relationship between soil microbial diversity and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that a total of 33862 OTUs, belonging to 38 phylums, 88 orders, 214 orders, 514 families and 2268 genera, were obtained from the paddy rice rhizosphere soil samples collected from the four regions by sequencing. At the phylum level, the dominant phyla of paddy rice rhizosphere soil bacteria collected from the four regions were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. At the genus level, Limisphaera was the dominant taxon of paddy rice rhizosphere soil bacteria. As shown by the Alpha diversity index, the species diversity and richness of paddy rice inter-root soil bacteria collected from the four regions were generally as followed: 68^th Regiment of the Corps (D)> Dairy Farm of Yili Prefecture (A)> Chabchal Town (B)> Sundzach Niuzhu Township (C); the Beta diversity index indicated that the paddy rice rhizosphere soil collected from the four regions differed accordingly in their bacterial community compositions, with greater differences existed between group A and other groups. The correlation analysis between soil bacteria and environmental factors concluded that the main influencing factors on the composition of microbial bacterial communities in paddy rice rhizosphere soils might be nitrogen, total potassium, and organic carbon. This study clarified the rhizosphere soil conditions and rhizosphere soil bacterial community characteristics of paddy rice distributed in the Ili River Valley, and provided theoretical support for the study of soil ecosystems in the Ili River Valley.

Rice is the world’s largest food crop, but it often encounters flowering asynchronization problems during hybrid rice seed production.  In addition, the slow closure of female florets leads to seed mildew and affects the quality.  The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stresses.  Previous studies showed that exogenous ABA promotes floret closure, although the molecular mechanisms and effects of endogenous ABA on floret closure remain unknown.  In this study, the effect of endogenous ABA on floret closure and the molecular mechanism by which ABA promotes floret closure through sugar transporters were investigated by changing the expression levels of OsNCED3 and OsPYL1 in rice.  The results showed that overexpression (OE)-OsNCED3 increased the endogenous ABA level of florets.  Florets closed 5.91 min earlier and OsNCED3 gene knockout line delayed the closure of florets by 5.08 min compared with the wild type.  In addition, OsPYL1 regulated the endogenous ABA content and changed the sensitivity to ABA such that the floret closure times for OE and CRISPR-Cas9 (CR) were 9.84 min earlier and 12.78 min later, respectively, resulting in an increase in the split husk rate to 15.4%.  The gene expression levels of some sugar transporters (STs) changed.  The OsPYL1 and OsSWEET4 proteins could interact on the cell membrane.  These results indicate that ABA promotes the closure of rice florets and the enhanced sensitivity to ABA promotes this effect even more.  The molecular mechanism is mainly related to downstream sugar transporters that respond to the ABA signaling pathway, especially OsSWEET4. 

The aim was to explore the growth and development characteristics of ‘Si te’ late indica rice and provide theoretical support for its promotion and application. Many years field tests were conducted, with the typical ‘Si te’ late indica rice variety ‘Xiyou 447’ and the main rice variety ‘Jinyou 207’ in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River as experimental materials. Yield and growth characteristics were measured and breeding progress of ‘Si te’ late indica rice was summarized. Whole growth period of ‘Xiyou 447’ was 3-5 days shorter than that of ‘Jinyou 207’, and yield was increased by 7.5%-19.4%. Yield advantage of ‘Xiyou 447’ was mainly due to its synergistic improvement of dry matter accumulation and harvest index, as well as the higher total grain number per spike. The initial and terminal time of fast accumulation period of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of ‘Xiyou 447’ were later than ‘Jinyou 207’, and mean accumulation speed was higher than ‘Jinyou 207’. Methane emission flux of ‘Xiyou 447’ was higher than ‘Jinyou 207’ at vegetative growth stage, but lower than ‘Jinyou 207’at heading and filling stage. In addition, ‘Xiyou 447’ had higher lodging resistance, which was mainly due to its lower plant height, shorter basal internode and higher stem wall thickness. ‘Si te’ late indica rice has short growth period, high yield, low methane emission and strong lodging resistance, so it has a good prospect for promotion and application.

This study aims to investigate the effects of Kocuria rosea SDB9 and Brevibacterium frigoritolerans SDB5 on the nutritional quality of rice. Using rice as the experimental material, the seeds were soaked with SDB9, SDB5, and a 1:1 mixture of both strains. The content of nine nutritional components in the rice grains was measured after harvest. The results were as follows. Compared to the control group (CK), the starch content in the experimental groups increased by only 1%, which was not statistically significant; crude protein content decreased by 3%-5%, also was not significant; crude fat content increased in all treatments, with a significant increase of 14.9% in the SDB9+5 treatment; soluble total sugar content decreased by 52.5%-58.3%, which was highly significant; reducing sugar content increased in all treatments except for a slight decrease of 0.6% in the SDB5 treatment, with a significant increase of 25.9% in the SDB9 treatment and an 8% increase in the SDB9+5 treatment, which was not significant; soluble protein content decreased in all treatments, with a significant decrease of 14.9% in the SDB9+5 treatment; cellulose content increased by 0.8%-0.9% in all treatments except for a slight decrease of 0.2% in the SDB9+5 treatment; vitamin C content decreased in all treatments, with a highly significant decrease of 64.5% in the SDB9 treatment and a significant decrease of 16.1% in the SDB5 treatment, while the SDB9+5 treatment showed a significant decrease of 35.5%; nitrate content decreased by 1%-12.8%, with no significant differences observed. In summary, treatment with SDB9 and SDB5 alone or in combination resulted in a slight increase in starch content and an approximate 8% decrease in crude protein content, improving rice palatability. The increase in crude fat and decrease in nitrate levels contributed positively to quality improvement. This indicates that Kocuria rosea SDB9 and Brevibacterium frigoritolerans SDB5 can improve the nutritional quality of rice to some extent. The evaluation of these two strains based on nutritional quality ranked them as follows: SDB9 > SDB9+5 > SDB5 > CK.

To analyze the effects of organic substitution of partial fertilizers on soil properties and rice growth under different fertility levels, a experiment for rice to replace chemical fertilizers with 15% organic fertilizer with low, medium, and high fertility levels was conducted. Nutrients such as organic matter and alkaline nitrogen, as well as indicators such as 1 000-grain weight, tiller number, and plant height of rice were measured to analyze nutrient absorption and fertilizer input and output. The results showed that, in terms of soil nutrient, compared with conventional fertilization, 15% organic fertilizer substitution increased the effective phosphorus content by 24.22% in medium fertility plots, significantly increased the available potassium content by 27.71% in high fertility plots; yield aspect, 1 000-grain weight and yield of rice increased by 0.60, 0.51, and 0.94 g and 29, 143, and 55 kg/hm², respectively, in plots with low, mediom and high fertility levels; nutrient utilization aspect, the total potassium content of rice straw increased by 78.08%, 28.85%, and 29.44% compared with conventional fertilization on plots with 3 fertility levels, respectively; economic benefits aspect, 15% organic fertilizer substitution saved fertilizer costs by 187.4 yuan/hm², and the average output value increased by 196.7 yuan/hm². In summary, the use of 15% organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers could be beneficial for increasing soil nutrients and rice yield in low, medium, and high fertility plots. The research provides references for reducing fertilizer usage and promoting green rice production.

To explore and utilize the precious red rice germplasm resources in China, nutritional value and processing application of red rice were discussed, and relevant situation of 3 independent innovative germplasm (varieties) of red rice was introduced in combination with the germplasm innovation work of our team for many years, and the research direction of red rice was put forward. The results show that red rice contains the same basic nutrients as milled rice, and the types and contents of bioactive substances are higher than milled rice, which can be widely used in food and health products. After many years of independent innovation, our team selected and bred three lines of red rice sterile line ‘Gangte A’, with brown rice rate of 77.6%, head yield of 67.4%, chalkiness of 27.6%, amylose content of 12.4%. Yield of the three-line hybrid rice ‘Gangteyou 8024’ was 9581.6 kg/hm², with brown rice rate of 78.7%, head yield of 60.3%, chalkiness of 7.8%, amylose content of 15.1%. Yield of the two-line hybrid rice ‘E liangyou 32’ was 7307.6 kg/hm², with brown rice rate of 78.9%, head yield of 62.8%, chalkiness of 6.3%, amylose content of 13.3%. In view of the prominent problems of low sales volume and few kinds of red rice and its products in the Chinese market, four research directions of red rice were put forward, including strengthening the research and utilization of existing red rice germplasm resources, breeding new varieties of red rice with high yield and disease resistance, carrying out research on supporting cultivation technology and carrying out research on processing technology. Red rice is a kind of special rice resources with red seed coat due to pigmentation, which has both therapeutic and medicinal value, and has huge market potential. This paper can provide reference for the promotion and application of red rice in production.

The study aims to improve the automatic recognition of rice pest and disease images and better guide agricultural pest and disease control. Using a combination of transfer learning and ResNet-18 model, we organized open source plant disease data on the internet, and obtained images of 9 rice pests and diseases, including bacterial blight, blast and Tungro, as well as a healthy leaf as the research objects. 11414 cleaned images were selected to establish a dataset for model training, and the 30% dataset was split as the test set. On the basis of six pre trained models such as ResNet-18, GoogLeNet, VGG-16, and MobileNet-v2, a series of parameter adjustments were made to the transfer model. The results show that: (1) under the consistent training parameters, the proposed model ResNet-18 has significantly higher validation accuracy and lowest loss value compared with MobileNet-v2, AxeNet, VGG-16, GoogLeNet, SqueezeNet, and the original ResNet-18 model. The final accuracy of the model is 96.97%. (2) Compared with the original model, the training accuracy of all transferred learning models has been improved significantly, with the improved accuracy ranging from 5.03% to 13.90%. The optimized training model has the characteristics of fast recognition speed and improved accuracy, which can accurately and quickly identify the type of crop disease, providing support for the automatic diagnosis of crop diseases.

The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.  This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays.  This study conducted field experiments from 2021 to 2022, using transplanting seedling ages of 10 and 15 days to explore the effects of 250, 300, and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, yields, and economic benefits of rice.  The commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK.  The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics, but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK.  The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350–10 (300 g/tray and 10-day seedling age), only 152–155 trays ha–1, resulting in a 62% reduction in the number of trays needed.  By increasing the seeding rate of rice, missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%.  The treatment of 300–15 (300 g/tray and 15-day seedling age) achieved the highest yields and economic gains.  These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays.  On that basis, rice yields can be increased by raising the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice without compromising seedling quality.

This study investigated the use of raspberry extract (RBE) for mitigating ethyl carbamate (EC) accumulation in Chinese rice wine (Huangjiu), a traditional fermented beverage.  It focused on the addition of RBE to the fermentation mash and its effects on EC levels.  The results showed a significant reduction in EC production that could be attributed to RBE’s role in altering urea and citrulline catabolism and inhibiting arginine metabolism, thus preventing EC precursors from reacting with ethanol.  Additionally, RBE enhanced the rice wine’s flavor profile, as shown by volatile component and amino acid analysis.  This study also explored RBE’s impact on the metabolism of arginine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a simulated fermentation environment, and found increased arginine, reduced urea and citrulline levels, altered enzyme activities, and gene expression changes in the arginine metabolism and transport pathways.  In conclusion, the results clearly demonstrated RBE’s efficacy in reducing the EC content in Chinese rice wine, offering valuable insights for EC reduction strategies.

Seed shattering is a major factor limiting rice production, and breeding new rice varieties with moderate seed shattering is a key challenge faced by rice breeders worldwide. Rice is the most important cereal crop in China, plays a vital role for national food security. Seed shattering is one of the most important traits during rice domestication, and the abscission zone is the important region to control seed shattering. Compared with wild rice, cultivar has eliminated the seed shattering with partially developed abscission layer. Seed shattering not only has a direct impact on the yield, but also affects the way of its mechanical harvest. In order to breed rice varieties with moderate seed shattering in agricultural production, it is necessary to mine and utilize important seed shattering genes and introduce them into excellent rice varieties for genetic improvement, so as to breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering. Several seed shattering genes had been identified by map-based cloning, such as SH4/SHA1, qSH1, OsSh1/ObSH3, and their functional mechanisms had been analyzed. At the same time, new rice materials with moderate seed shattering have been successfully developed through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, gamma ray mutagenesis technology and gene introduction methods. Seed shattering has an important effect on grain yield and rice harvesting methods, in this paper, we reviewed the methods, physiologic basis, the identification of seed shattering genes and genetic mechanism of seed shattering in rice. At the same time, it is proposed that by using the important genes in excellent rice germplasm resources, could provide reference for exploring the mechanism of rice seed shattering, and breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering.

Seed aging tolerance during storage is generally an important trait for crop production, yet the role of small auxin-up RNA genes in conferring seed aging tolerance is largely unknown in rice.  In this study, one small auxin-up RNA gene, OsSAUR33, was found to be involved in the regulation of seed aging tolerance in rice.  The expression of OsSAUR33 was significantly induced in aged seeds compared with unaged seeds during the seed germination phase.  Accordingly, the disruption of OsSAUR33 significantly reduced seed vigor compared to the wild type (WT) in response to natural storage or artificial aging treatments.  The rice OsSAUR33 gene promotes the vigor of aged seeds by enhancing their reactive oxygen species (ROS) level during seed germination, and the accumulation of ROS was significantly delayed in the aged seeds of Ossaur33 mutants in comparison with WT during seed germination.  Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) treatments promoted the vigor of aged seeds in various rice varieties.  Our results provide timely theoretical and technical insights for the trait improvement of seed aging tolerance in rice.

Rong 6 you 5970 is a hybrid indica rice variety developed by combining the sterile line Rong 6A with the restorer line Dehui 5970. It has the characteristics of high yield, excellent rice quality, and moderate growth period. The high-yield seed production techniques of this variety were summarized and analyzed in the Deyang area of Sichuan Province, based on the characteristics of its parents. Its female parent Rong 6A generally has high compatibility, complete sterility, and excellent rice quality; Its male parent Dehui 5970 has a large amount of pollen, strong resilience, and good compatibility. The high-yield seed production technology includes selecting suitable seed production bases, selecting spatial or temporal isolation based on the situation of rhizosphere fields; reasonably arrange the sowing period for parents, scientific management of paddy fields and cultivation of strong seedlings, timely transplanting and reasonable dense planting, scientific fertilization and water management to prevent diseases and pests, flowering period regulation, reasonably spraying plant hormones, timely powder removal, strict impurity removal, and timely harvesting. The research results provide references for high yield seed production of this variety.

To scientifically guide the planting and management of regenerated rice and promote the promotion and application of related cultivation techniques. The cultivation practice of regenerated rice in Taoyuan County, Changde, Hunan Province was combined, the specific key points of its “six suitability and three high” cultivation techniques were summarized and analyzed. This technology was developed by suitable varieties (selecting rice varieties with suitable growth periods, good comprehensive resistance, excellent rice quality, and high annual yield), timely sowing (ensuring full heading before the arrival of cold dew winds during the regeneration season), moderate planting (field planting amount of 26.25-30.00 kg/hm²), suitable management (scientific water management, rational fertilization, prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds, and timely harvestiong), suitable machinery (choosing specialized harvesting machinery for regenerated rice or replace narrow tracks to reduce the area of rice pile compaction), and appropriate pile retention (regenerated rice emergence was affected by factors such as temperature and variety characteristics, with a suitable pile height of 20-40 cm). Based on the current situation of regenerated rice cultivation in the research area from 2020 to 2023, through the application of this technology,the high yield, high quality, and high efficiency of regenerated rice have been achieved. The research results provide references for promoting sustainable production of regenerated rice.

The rice industry is one of the important industries for grain production in Southern Anhui Province. The current situation of rice production was analyzed in 4 aspects including production comparative efficiency, infrastructure, technical manpower, and enterprise driving force, and the targeted strategies were proposed to promote the development of the rice industry. In terms of comparative benefits, by adjusting the industrial structure, focusing on farmland protection, improved the multiple cropping index, and leveraging the core demonstration role of high-quality rice, improved farmers’ enthusiasm for growing crops; in terms of infrastructure, protected and improved the quality of arable land by implementing high standard farmland construction and focusing on enhancing the fertility of arable land; in terms of technical manpower, focused on strengthening agriculture through science and technology, promoted high-quality varieties, strengthened scientific and technological cooperation, enhanced technical guidance, and cultivated new agricultural talents; in terms of driving force for enterprises, measures such as cultivating and strengthening leading enterprises, promoted socialized services, and ensured production factors were taken to strengthen industrial development. To effectively ensure the good development of the rice industry in Southern Anhui Province.

With the continuous improvement in rice cultivation techniques, China has maintained a high rice production level of about 210 million tons over the past decade. Direct-seeding rice cultivation technology, recognized for its efficiency and simplicity, has been favored by Chinese farmers. However, controversies persist regarding direct-seeding rice compared to transplanted rice in national-scale production. Thus, this study employed meta-analysis techniques to quantify disparities in grain yield, economic benefit, rice quality, lodging characteristic, and greenhouse gas emissions between direct-seeding rice and transplanted rice. Our results indicated that direct-seeding rice significantly reduced grain yield by an average of 6.3% relative to transplanted rice, which was main due to the reduced total spikelet (-3.8%) and filled-grain percentage (-1.8%). In different planting systems in China, the yield of direct-seeding rice had significantly decreased compared to transplanted rice, and the direct-seeding rice-induced reductions in yield of single rice (-10.9%) and late rice (-13.1%) were higher than those of middle rice (-4.8%) and early rice (-4.4%). The grain yield reductions for direct-seeding rice were from 10% to 20% in Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, meanwhile Heilongjiang and Jiangxi provinces saw reductions of 5% to 10%, but it had no significant effect in other provinces. Direct-seeding rice resulted in comparable net economic return relative to transplanted rice (p> 0.05). Direct-seeding rice reduced milled rice rate (-3.1%) and gel consistency (-3.5%), improved appearance quality (chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, which decreased by 25.3% and 22.5%, respectively), whereas no significant effects were observed on nutrition quality and taste value. Direct-seeding rice increased lodging index at base of the first (+12.4%) and third (+10.3%) internodes, but not at the second internode, indicating an increase in risk of lodging relative to transplanted rice. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, direct-seeding rice fields showed reductions in methane emissions (-42.8%), global warming potential (-36.2%), and greenhouse gas intensity (-41.1%) compared to transplanted rice fields, while promoting nitrous oxide emissions (+29.1%). In addition, a review was recounted on nitrogen utilization and its loss, water and energy use efficiency, and weed incidence. Finally, the recommendations for the future advancement of direct-seeding rice were proposed, main focusing on rice variety breeding, rice cultivation technique optimization, rice planting area layout, as well as policies and services with the goal of technological innovation and regionalized application of direct-seeding rice cultivation technology in China.

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the physiological mechanism of silicon alleviating aluminum toxicity in plants, to study the effect of biomineralization structure constructed on rice root border cells and root tips on aluminum stress, so as to provide the theoretical and practical guidance for acid soil mineralization to alleviate aluminum toxicity of plants in southern China. 【Method】Employing rice (Oryza.Sativa L.) as the experimental materials, using root tips and root border cells as the research object, under 100 μmol·L^-1 aluminum stress treatment, polyethylenimine induced nano silica to form biomineralization structure on the surface of root tips and root border cells. Four treatments are administered: bare cells without aluminum stress (-Si-Al), bare cells with aluminum stress (-Si+Al), silica-coated cells without aluminum stress (+Si-Al), and silica-coated cells with aluminum stress (+Si+Al). The study examined the cell viability, levels of active oxygen species, and localization of active aluminum in root border cells, as well as the relative elongation of the root tips, levels of active oxygen species, callose content and localization of active aluminum in the root tips. 【Result】Under aluminum stress, compared with non biomineralization, polyethylenimine induced nano silica deposition on the cell wall of root border cells, so the survival rate of root border cells increased by 21.04%, the level of reactive oxygen species decreased by 87.65%, and the relative fluorescence value increased by 77.09% after Morin staining, and then effectively improved cell survival rate, reduced ROS production, and slowed down the programmed cell death; after polyethylenimine induced nano silica deposition in root tip, the relative growth rate of root tip increased by 26.95%, the level of reactive oxygen species decreased by 27.73%, the content of callose increased by 55.29%, and the relative fluorescence value increased by 55.45% after Morin staining, hematoxylin staining also showed that more Al³⁺ was deposited in the meristematic and transitional zones of root tip, and this indicated that the biomineralization deposition could adsorb more Al³⁺ on the surface of root tip, prevent Al³⁺ from entering the root tip to protect, and then alleviate the toxic effect of aluminum on root tip. 【Conclusion】Polyethylenimine induced nano silica deposition on the cell wall endows rice root border cells and root tips with aluminum tolerance, and reduced aluminum accumulation in rice, thus ensuring food safety and human health.

【Objective】The analysis of rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and the quantitative relationship between apparent nitrogen balance and soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen under different nitrogen fertilizer management conditions could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of long-term fertilization on soil fertility, so as to provide the theoretical guidance for efficient production and scientific nitrogen management of red soil paddy fields. 【Method】Based on the red soil double cropping rice long-term fertilization positioning experiment (started in 1981, located in Jinxian County, Jiangxi Province), five treatments were selected: no fertilizer (CK), nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP), nitrogen and potassium fertilizer (NK), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK), nitrogen, phosphorus and organic fertilizer (NPKM), and then the grain and straw yield and nitrogen uptake of rice in each season were investigated and analyzed, and the soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was analyzed after late rice. The nitrogen uptake, nitrogen utilization rate, nitrogen apparent balance and the changes of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were calculated and analyzed on a 10-year basis. 【Result】During the 40 years of experiment (1981-2020), the rice yield and nitrogen uptake under NPKM treatment were the highest, increased by 65.9%-108.4% and 85.1%-132.5% compared with CK, respectively, and increased by 19.3%-92.1% and 19.4%-99.8% compared with fertilizer treatments (NPK, NK and NP), respectively, showing significant differences. With the increase of the experimental period, the nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizer treatment gradually decreased, and the NPKM treatment also showed a decreasing trend in the first 30 years (1981-2010), but the rate was slower than that of fertilizer treatment, and increased in the recent 10 years (2011-2020), and from the lowest in the first 10 years (1981-1990) to the highest in the recent 10 years, increased by 25.3%-271.2% compared with fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen surplus was the highest under NPKM treatment during the 40 years of experiment, with an increase of 137.1%-577.2% compared with fertilizer treatment, but in the last 30 years (1991-2020), the nitrogen surplus gradually decreased with the increase of the experimental period. The soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen content was the highest under NPKM treatment during the 40 years of experiment, increased by 7.1%-24.4% compared with CK, but the difference was not significant in the first 10 years, and increased by 11.0%-35.2% compared with fertilizer treatment, while there was no significant difference between fertilizer treatment and CK. Correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen surplus was significantly positively correlated with the soil alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen content in the last 20 years (2001-2020). 【Conclusion】In the red soil double-cropping rice system, with the increase of fertilization years, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers had better effects on rice yield, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen uptake and utilization, and soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content. Meanwhile, the increase of nitrogen surplus caused by long-term fertilization also further increased the soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content in the topsoil. The contribution capacity of nitrogen surplus to soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen increased gradually.

The objective of this study is to investigate the optimal sowing time for grain filling and yield formation in black rice, thereby providing both theoretical and practical foundations for its production. The effects of different sowing dates on the growth process, grain filling characteristics, and yield trait of black rice varieties ‘Heinuo’, ‘Lirenzi’, and ‘Yanzinuo 35’ were analyzed using five experimental sowing dates. The results indicated that the overall growth period of black rice varieties was reduced by an average of 12.7-30.3 days with delayed sowing dates. The Logistic equation model was applicable to grain filling dynamics of black rice (R²≥0.995, P<0.01). Grain filling characteristics and yield composition resulted from a combination of factors including sowing date, variety selection, and their interactions. Sowing dates ranged from March 1 to June 1，the grain weight and yield per plant significantly decreased by 1.32-2.15 g/1000grain and 9.12-16.08 g. From June 1 to July 1, the grain weight and yield per plant increased by 2.13 g/1000grain and 5.97 g. The results of the path analysis revealed that increasing grain filling duration was crucial for enhancing grain weight, while the decrease in both the number of filled grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the primary cause of yield reduction. Adjusting sowing dates earlier or later can prolong the filling duration and increase the number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and seed setting rate. Sowing black rice in early March or late June is favorable for prolonging the grain filling period and enhancing both grain weight and yield.

To study the effect of the application of soil amendment on the Cd availability in soil and the Cd content in brown rice, a continuous three-year field experiment was conducted in two different textures of Cd contaminated paddy soil in Xiaojia Town, Hengyang City, Hunan Province. The results indicated that: (1) continuous application of soil amendment (2250 kg/hm² and 3000 kg/hm²) for three years significantly increased the paddy soil pH in Jinxing Village and Niuling Village, and reduced the content of available Cd in soil by 14.1%-50.0% and 16.9%-49.4%, respectively; (2) continuous application of soil amendment for three years significantly increased the rice yield in Jinxing Village and Niuling Village, and reduced the Cd content in brown rice by 40.4%-62.9% and 40.0%-64.1%, respectively. Moreover, the Cd content in brown rice in both areas was 0.15-0.18 mg/kg under the treatment of applying 3000 kg/hm² amendment, lower than the National Standards for Food Safety (GB2762—2022); (3) the net income of farmers in both areas increased significantly by 1603-2912 and 2282-3408 yuan/hm², respectively, under the treatment of applying 3000 kg/hm² amendment. Therefore, the application of soil amendment was a remediation technology that can achieve safe production in mildly Cd contaminated paddy soil.

To accurately identify pathogen of rice seedling blight and make its taxonomic status clear, the identification was carried out using morphology examination and net BLAST based on rDNA ITS sequences, the differences on rDNA ITS sequences of the rice seedling blight fungus and its related fungi from the same genus were compared, and the phylogenetic analysis was carried out. The result revealed that the pathogen of rice seedling blight was Fusarium graminearum. The differences of bases were at the sites of 92, 129, 150, 390, 394-397, 399, 401, 403, 405, 408 and 418-419 regions of rDNA ITS sequences on the pathogen of rice seedling blight and F. sporotrichioides, which was its nearer fungi from the same genus. The results of phylogenetic analysis revealed that rice seedling blight fungus clustered with F. graminearumand, and kept a nearer phylogenetic relationship with F. sporotrichioides. Fungi from the 6 genera clustered as 2 groups, and Fusarium had the nearest phylogenetic relationship with Trichoderma.

Elucidating the effect of returning organic materials on paddy soil greenhouse gas emissions and rice yield is vital for farmland soil carbon management. Rice straw and its biochar were used as research objects to explore the change of early rice yield, greenhouse gas emission and soil physicochemical properties under the same carbon input condition. The results showed that compared with the control treatment, the early rice yield in straw and biochar returning treatments increased by 4.71% and 17.2%, respectively. Biochar returning significantly reduced the greenhouse gas emission intensity of paddy soils (P<0.05), while straw returning significantly increased CH₄ emission flux, greenhouse effect index and greenhouse gas emission intensity (P<0.05). Biochar returning can both increase the early rice yield and decrease the greenhouse gas emissions in paddy soil. However, straw returning has a limited effect on rice yield increase and exhibits a high risk of environmental greenhouse effect.

In order to further verify the efficacy of VDAL on rice yield and disease resistance, and provide scientific basis for its popularization and application in rice production, different application time (before sowing stage, rice seedling stage, rice burst stage, rice full heading stage) and different application methods (seed dressing, stem and leaf spray) were set. The results indicated that the disease index of rice sheath blight treated with different treatments were significantly lower than that of clean water control. The best control effect of rice blast was seed dressing + spraying at rice burst stage + spraying at full heading stage, and the control effect of diseased fingers reached 76.53%. At the same time, this treatment combination also showed the most significant improvement in rice yield, with an increase of 13.27%. The effects of different treatments on characters of rice plants were significantly different. Therefore, in rice production, it is recommended to use VDAL for seed dressing, and spray 150 g / hm² of stems and leaves at rice burst stage and full heading stage.

8 rice varieties, including LQ183, LQ189 and LQ192 were used as materials, the artificial simulation of seed aging method (temperature 43℃, humidity 99%) was adopted, to investigate the changes in leaching conductivity, peroxidase (POD) activity, and single nucleotide content of aged rice seeds, and investigate the effects of artificial aging treatment on their physiological and biochemical characteristics. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the conductivity of rice seed leachate with different aging treatment days (P<0.01), and the conductivity of the leachate gradually increased with the extension of aging days; The POD enzyme activity showed different trends with the extension of aging days, but ultimately showed a decreasing trend; The content of single nucleotide did not show a significant linear relationship with the extension of aging treatment days; With the gradual extension of aging days, seed vitality gradually decrease, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) inside the seeds will gradually increase; The trend of soluble protein content in rice seeds varies among different varieties, with some varieties showed an increase followed by a decrease, while others showed a decrease followed by an increase; The soluble sugar content of rice seeds was on the rise. It was found that the conductivity of the leachate, MDA content, and soluble sugar content of seed leachate could be important indicators for evaluating the quality and storage tolerance of rice seeds.

Using the slow-release fertilizer as base fertilizer, the influence of different topdressing periods on rice growth characteristics and yield was studied to provide scientific fertilization measures and decision-making basis for rice production in Nansi Lake basin. The rice variety ‘Jirudao 1’ was used as the test material and five different topdressing periods were set up to carry out the tests. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the whole growth stage was 264 kg/hm², the topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer was 69 kg/hm², and the phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were applied at one time. The stem tiller dynamics, leaf SPAD value, leaf area and dry matter, yield and yield structure data were determined at different growth stages. The results showed that with the topdressing period, rice yield tended to increase first and then decrease and the yield order was T₄>T₅>T₃>T₁>T₂. Before heading, especially during the booting stage, the tillers of T₁, T₂ and T₃ were higher than that of T₄ and T₅. After heading tillers decreased rapidly in T₁, T₂ and T₃, but kept steadily in T₄ and T₅. Finally T₄ had the highest number of tillers, followed by T₅. At heading stage, T₁, T₂, and T₃ had higher leaf area index than that of T₄ and T₅, but at mature stage the order of leaf area index was T₅>T₄>T₃>T₂>T₁. At the booting stage T₁ and T₃ were higher, followed by T₂ and T₅, and T₄ was the lowest. At the mature period T₄ and T₅ were significantly higher than that of T₁ and T₂, and not much different from T₃. Between treatments, the SPAD values varied less in the jointing and filling and more in maturity. At maturity stage, the value of SPAD in T₄ and T₅ decreased slowly. Under the premise of slow-release fertilizer as base fertilizer with side deep application, the effect of applying ear fertilizer was better than that of applying tiller fertilizer. The effect was better to pursue tiller fertilizer later, but better to pursue ear fertilizer earlier.

To enhance the utilization rate of climatic resources during the growth season of early rice in Zhejiang Province and to achieve sustained and increased yields, daily average temperature, precipitation, and sunlight data from 66 national meteorological stations in Zhejiang Province spanning from 1971 to 2022 were analyzed in this study. Utilizing methods such as linear trend analysis and Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of heat, precipitation, and light resources during the early rice growing period and growing season over the past 52 years were examined. The results indicate that the average temperature during the early rice growing period and growing season exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by higher values in the southwest and lower values in the northeast. The climate tendency rate fluctuates with increase of 0.34℃/10a and 0.38℃/10a for average temperature for heat accumulation, with a significant increase point observed in 2002. The annual accumulated temperature above10℃ for early rice ranges between 2719.1 to 3286.4℃·d, also displaying a southwest-high/northeast-low gradient with an increasing climate trend of 75.8°C·d/10a; notably, northeastern regions exhibit a faster increase compared to southwestern areas, leading to a reduction in spatial disparities regarding thermal resources. Interannual variability is significant for precipitation resources; their spatial distribution decreases progressively from southwest to northeast with marked differences observed across regions. The climate trends for precipitation during both the early rice growing period and overall growth season show slow increases at rates of approximately 12.2mm/10a and 14.1mm/10a respectively; these trends follow a staircase-like distribution where northeastern areas are wetter than southwestern ones. Light resource availability demonstrates considerable interannual fluctuations as well, and sunshine resources also exhibit large interannual variations with average sunshine hours being 698.9h and 771.9h, respectively, both showing declines at rates of -11.2h/10a and -8.9h/10a.The research findings provide meteorological evidence and support for enhancing the utilization of climate resources, mitigating meteorological disasters, and implementing scientifically informed varietal distribution, and help to achieve a sustained increase in early rice production in the Zhejiang region.

【Objective】 Rice blast is one of the main diseases that threaten rice yield and quality. OsBSK1-2 has been found to be involved in rice blast resistance regulation. Previously, OsCBSX4, a cysteine sulfide-β-Synthase, was identified by screening the proteins that interact with OsBSK1-2. The purpose of this study was to verify the interaction between OsBSK1-2 and OsCBSX4, and clarify the function and molecular mechanism of OsCBSX4 in rice blast resistance, providing a theoretical basis for rice disease resistance breeding.【Method】 Co-immunoprecipitation, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation assays were used to determine the interaction between OsBSK1-2 and OsCBSX4. Then, quantitative PCR and agrobacterium- mediated transient transformation in N. benthamiana were used to detect the gene expression pattern and protein localization of OsCBSX4. Subsequently, OsCBSX4-knockingout and OsCBSX4-overexpressing plants were generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, respectively, and their resistance to rice blast was determined by inoculation with M. oryzae. Moreover, the immune responses induced by chitin and M. oryzae in the oscbsx4 mutant were analyzed using ROS burst and DAB staining assays respectively. In the end, the interaction between OsCBSX4 and OsRbohB was verified via bimolecular fluorescence complementation and split-luciferase complementation imaging assays, and the impact of the metabolite of OsCBSX4 on rice blast resistance was determined using the detached leaf inoculation method. The studies above will reveal the immune function and molecular mechanism of OsCBSX4.【Result】 The interaction between OsCBSX4 and OsBSK1-2 was verified by CoIP, LCI and BiFC assays. Compared to the wild type, the oscbsx4 mutant showed more disease lesions after inoculation with M. oryzae by the spray method, as well as a larger lesion area and greater fungal growth after inoculation with M. oryzae by the punch method, suggesting that knocking out OsCBSX4 decreased rice blast resistance. Moreover, the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes, OsPR5 and OsPR10, and the H₂O₂ accumulation induced by M. oryzae infection and the ROS burst induced by chitin treatment were reduced in the oscbsx4 mutant. Compared with the wild type, OsCBSX4 overexpressing plants showed a smaller lesion area and less fungal growth after inoculation with M. oryzae by the punch method, suggesting that overexpression of OsCBSX4 increased rice blast resistance. In addition, we found that OsCBSX4 can interact with OsRbohB, a key regulator of rice ROS production and treating rice with L-cysteine, a metabolite of OsCBSX4, does not affect rice blast resistance. 【Conclusion】 OsCBSX4 is an important component of OsBSK1-2 signaling and positively regulates rice blast resistance. OsCBSX4 may mediate ROS production by interacting with OsRbohB, thereby regulating rice immunity.

【Objective】 Acuce, currently the predominant cultivating rice landrace at Yuanyang Hani terrace, Yunnan Province, has been continuously planted for more than 100 years. Interestingly, there has never been a major outbreak of rice blast during the past decades. Clarifying the types, quantities, expression characteristics, and phenotypic effects of functional genes involved in the resistance response process so as to exploring the molecular mechanism of Acuce resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae will optimize facilitate the conservation and utilization of rice landrace. 【Method】 The present research focuses on the biological effect of disease resistance-related candidate gene BGIOSGA023826 which screened from Acuce -M. oryzae interaction transcriptome. Initially, biological function of this gene was analyzed by using bioinformatics software and conducted gene cloning. Subsequently, overexpression vector was constructed through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, then carry out positive identification and disease resistance phenotype analysis of overexpressed plants. Finally, Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of PR genes in overexpressed plants, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine changes in endogenous hormone content. 【Result】 The candidate gene BGIOSGA023826 encodes 354 amino acids figuring unstable hydrophobic characteristic without transmembrane domains, coding a non-membrane and non-secretory protein, classified as a hydrolase gene. The overexpression of BGIOSGA023826 in transgenic plants significantly enhances resistance to M. oryzae compared to Nipponbare. The results of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR indicate that the relative expression levels of the PR genes PR1b, OsNPR1, and OsAOS2 as well as transcription factors WRKY45 significantly upregulated. Both of the PR1b gene and the key gene OsAOS2 functioning in the JA synthesis pathway continuously upregulated from 12 hpi. Meanwhile, the expression level of the transcription factor gene WRKY45 drastically increased at 24 hpi and reached its peak at 36 hpi, which were nearly two folds higher than that of Nipponbare. As to the results of endogenous hormone content measurement, the JA increased to 263.88 pmol·L^-1 at 12 hpi, reaching peak 304 pmol·L^-1 at 36 hpi; Similarly, the SA increased to 186.5 pmol·L^-1 at 24 hpi, reaching peak 198.88 pmol·L^-1 at 36 hpi; At the same time, the content of ROS also rises continually and reached its peak at 36 hpi, MDA also increased from 40.43 nmol·g^-1 to 53.94 nmol·g^-1; However, SOD did not exhibit significant differences at individual time points in transgenic plant, but showed an upward trend in Nipponbare. 【Conclusion】 Preliminary elucidating of the temporal expression relationship between the hydrolase gene BGIOSGA023826 and the PR genes as well as endogenous hormone levels, demonstrating it involved in the landrace Acuce resistance to M. oryzae infection process.

【Objective】 This study aims to discover new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to the brown planthopper (BPH) in rice by utilizing a genetic population and to assess the pyramiding effects of these QTLs, thereby providing crucial genetic materials and resources for breeding insect-resistant rice. 【Method】 A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between susceptible NPB and resistant Jiafuzhan was used, combined with seedling stage resistance evaluation and extreme mixed pool sequencing (BSA-seq) to map BPH resistance QTLs. Further, fine mapping, candidate gene identification, pyramiding effect analysis, and mixed-pool transcriptome sequencing (BSR-seq) were employed to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms mediated by these QTLs. 【Result】 BSA-seq identified two major resistance QTLs on chromosomes 1 (30-32 Mb) and 4 (5-7 Mb), named QBPH1 and QBPH4, respectively. Interval-linked molecular markers confirmed the authenticity of these QTLs. QBPH4 coincides with previously cloned BPH3 and BPH15, while QBPH1 represents a newly discovered QTL. High-density markers and recombinant analysis further narrowed the QBPH1 region to 30.61-30.65 Mb. This analysis identified Os01g53294 and Os01g53330 as reliable candidate genes, which code for a respiratory burst oxidase protein B and an anthocyanin 5,3-O-glucosyltransferase, respectively. In evaluations of seedling resistance, brown planthopper honeydew area and weight, insect weight gain, lethality, and preference, comparisons between QBPH1 and QBPH4 single genes and their polymerized lines revealed no significant enhancement in resistance. Both QBPH1 and QBPH4 mediated antibiosis and antixenosis mechanisms with varying effects. BSR-seq analysis highlighted significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in transcriptional regulation, protein phosphorylation, and redox processes among different QBPH1 alleles. Additionally, genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling pathways were significantly upregulated in resistant materials, confirmed by RT-qPCR experiments. 【Conclusion】 A novel BPH resistance QTL, QBPH1, was successfully identified on chromosome 1 of rice. QBPH1 mediated both antibiosis and avoidance against BPH, though its aggregation effect with another QTL was not significant. QBPH1 may mediate defense mechanisms against BPH through involvement in the JA pathway. Based on this, Os01g53294 and Os01g53330 have been validated as reliable candidate genes for QBPH1.

To select high quality, high yield and high resistance double-cropping japonica rice varieties suitable for planting in Southern Anhui province, field comparison experiments were carried out with 6 double-cropping japonica rice varieties such as Zhongkefazaogeng 23 as materials, Lingliangyou 268 and Zhongzao 35 as controls, and comprehensive evaluation was carried out from the aspects of growth period, stress resistance, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield. The results showed that the whole growth period was 114-120 days, and the growth period of Zhongkefazaogeng 32 was the longest. Most varieties had strong resistance, and some diseases and pests occurred lightly. The basic seedling number ranged from 1 334 300 to 1 619 200 plants/hm⊃2;, the maximum seedling number ranged from 3 973 300 to 4 692 700 plants/hm⊃2;, the plant height ranged from 93.0 to 113.6 cm, and the ear length ranged from 16.5 to 22.4 cm (agronomic characters). The effective panicle number ranged from 2 518 700 to 2 938 500 ears/hm⊃2;. The number of grains per spike was 113.6-123.2. The thousand grain weight was 25.5-27.0 g; The setting rate was 86.5%-91.0% (economic characters). The yield of the tested varieties were 8 335.83-8 925.54 kg/hm⊃2;, and Zhongkefazaogeng 25 had the highest yield, followed by Zhongkefazaogeng 23, Zhongkefazaogeng 32 and Ganchugeng 1. In terms of comprehensive growth period, resistance, agronomic characters, economic characters and yield, Zhongkefazaogeng 25, Zhongkefazaogeng 23 and Ganchugeng 1 early japonica rice varieties had good yield, moderate growth period, strong comprehensive resistance and overall excellent performance, which had good popularization and application value, and were suitable for introduction and planting in this area.

The global warming rate and the frequency of extreme high temperature weather are continuously increasing, which could bring catastrophic impacts to rice production. To further clarify the response mechanism of rice to high temperature, this article summarized the research progress in the direction of rice heat damage from high temperature, focused on the impact of high temperature on rice production, and deeply analyzed the physiological (photosynthetic characteristics/antioxidant system) and gene molecular mechanisms of rice’s response to high temperature. We concluded that the heat tolerance characteristics of rice were formed by the interaction between varieties and the environment. Results showed that, the photosynthetic characteristics of rice were influenced by both stomatal and non-stomatal limiting factors, and the antioxidant process was achieved by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the content of malondialdehyde; rice improved plant heat adaptability by activating the expression of key genes and stimulating the transduction of heat signals within the plant; by optimizing “Before production-During production-After production” comprehensive management and monitoring system, we could explore innovative cultivation systems, and thoroughly investigate the high temperature defense mechanisms of rice. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rice in response to high temperature stress, providing a scientific reference for future heat-tolerant rice breeding work and improving rice sustainable production.

Plant growth regulators play a crucial role in the growth, development, high yield and high quality of rice. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two growth regulators, Aizengduo and Jinduoshou, on rice yield and quality. The experiment was conducted with two high-yielding and quality rice varieties, ‘Nanjing 5718’ (approved by Jiangsu Province as 20210047, a japonica rice variety) and ‘Huiliangyou 858’ (approved by Anhui Province as 2016023, an indica rice variety). Four treatments were set up, including Aizengduo, Jinduoshou 1, Jinduoshou 2 and a blank control. The study focused on the impact of Aizengduo and Jinduoshou on rice yield and its components, as well as rice quality, to clarify the effects of these regulators on enhancing rice yield and quality. The results showed that applying Aizengduo promoted tillering, spikelet differentiation, and grain filling, significantly increasing the yield of japonica rice. The application of Jinduoshou 1 and Jinduoshou 2 improved the number of effective panicles and spike differentiation and flowering in indica rice, with Jinduoshou 1 having a significant effect on increasing indica rice yield. For ‘Huiliangyou 858’, the head rice rate was highest under the Jinduoshou 1 treatment. Significant differences in head rice rate were observed among the four treatments for ‘Nanjing 5718’. In ‘Huiliangyou 858’, the final viscosity was highest with Aizengduo, and the appearance, palatability, and taste values were highest with Jinduoshou 1. For ‘Nanjing 5718’, the highest final viscosity was observed with Jinduoshou 1, the highest breakdown value with Jinduoshou 2, and the lowest setback value with Jinduoshou 2. Aizengduo treatment resulted in the highest scores for appearance, viscosity, balance, taste value, and the lowest hardness. The amylose content was highest in the blank control for ‘Huiliangyou 858’ and lowest in Jinduoshou 2 for ‘Nanjing 5718’. The study provides theoretical references for innovating high-yield and quality rice cultivation techniques and improving rice production efficiency.