为减少化学除草剂的使用，解决现有水田除草机械除草效果差等问题，该研究设计了一种水田行间除草装置，包括压草浮板和除草辊等结构，工作时压草浮板先将压倒杂草，紧接着除草辊将压倒的杂草压入泥中。压草浮板先将杂草压倒，除草辊将杂草压入泥中的几率可提高9.98%。除草辊两端设有倒角，在避免或减少对水稻根系损伤的同时可扩大行间除草区域，最大可增加常规除草宽度的3%。对压草浮板和除草辊进行了参数设计，通过仿真试验分析了行间除草装置与土壤之间的相互作用规律，确定最佳作业条件为入土深度35 mm，前进速度0.8 m/s。以未除草、化学除草、人工除草和不同参数的除草辊为试验因素，以水稻植株高度、产量、产量构成因素和水稻根系参数为试验指标，进行田间试验，试验结果表明，行间除草装置平均除草率最高为87.51%，可以翻动土壤，增加土壤透气性。与常规宽度的除草辊相比，增加除草宽度，扩大行间除草区域最大可提高除草率7.3个百分点。不同的除草处理对水稻植株高度和产量等有显著影响（P<0.05），机械除草可以促进水稻的生长发育，其产量可以达到甚至超过化学除草和人工除草水平。不同参数的除草辊对植株高度、产量和根系等有显著影响（P<0.05），增加除草辊宽度同时两端设倒角，可以减少对水稻根系的损伤，有利于水稻的生长发育，提高水稻产量。研究结果可为水田除草机械装备的研究提供参考。

水稻是中国主要粮食作物之一，研究气候变化环境下降雨特征及其与水稻耗水之间的匹配关系，明晰水稻水分盈亏状况及旱涝易损特征，可为区域水资源配置规划与灌溉排水管理等提供重要依据。该研究以湖北江汉平原四湖流域为研究区域，基于5个气象站点1961—2020年逐日气象资料，利用Penman-Monteith公式、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、气候倾向率、空间插值分析等方法，分析了降雨量、水稻田间耗水量及水分盈亏指数时空分布特征，基于水分盈亏指数分析了水稻旱涝易损特征。结果表明：1）四湖流域多年平均降雨量为1 209.2 mm，且以35.1 mm/10a的平均速度显著上升，东南部降雨量及上升趋势均高于西北部；2）早、中、晚稻生育期多年平均降雨量分别为492.0、509.9和269.1 mm，早、中稻生育期降雨量分别以17.9 mm/10a和18.4 mm/10a的平均速度呈不显著上升趋势，晚稻生育期降雨量以-10.7 mm/10a的平均速度呈不显著下降趋势；3）早、中、晚稻多年平均田间耗水量分别为411.4、595.5和401.4 mm，中稻田间耗水量远大于早稻和晚稻，早、中稻田间耗水量分别以-5.54 mm/10a和-11.43 mm/10a的平均速度显著下降，晚稻田间耗水量以-1.52 mm/10a的平均速度呈不显著下降趋势；4）早、中、晚稻多年平均水分盈亏指数分别为0.22、-0.12和-0.31，早、中稻水分盈亏指数以0.06/10a和0.04/10a的平均速度呈不显著上升趋势，晚稻水分盈亏指数以-0.03/10a的平均速度呈不显著下降趋势，早、中稻水分盈余程度在增加，晚稻水分亏缺加剧；5）四湖流域早、中、晚稻干旱频率分别在10.0%～16.7%、28.3%～40.0%和51.8%～60.0%之间，晚稻最容易受干旱威胁。早、中、晚稻雨涝频率分别在1.7%～15.0%、1.7%～3.3%和0～1.7%之间，早稻更容易受雨涝威胁。总体上，四湖流域早稻发生旱涝灾害的频率较小（20.7%），中稻次之（37.0%），晚稻最容易受旱涝威胁（56.0%），水稻耗水与降雨匹配程度为：早稻>中稻>晚稻，要特别注意晚稻干旱缺水问题。

为解决由于阈值不确定和光照强度不稳定所造成的植被覆盖度提取效果不理想的问题，该研究提出一种融合CLAHE-SV(contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization-saturation value)增强Lab颜色空间特征的高斯混合模型聚类算法。以分蘖后期的水稻为对象，利用无人机获取2、3、4和5 m高度下的水稻可见光图像，采用限制对比度自适应直方图均衡化算法（contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization,CLAHE）对HSV颜色空间中饱和度（S）和亮度（V）分量进行增强，并在此基础上应用高斯混合模型（gaussian mixture model,GMM）结合Lab颜色空间的a分量分割图像背景和提取水稻覆盖度，并与GMM-RGB、GMM-HSV、GMM-Lab进行对比分析。结果表明，基于a分量构建的GMM-CLAHE-SV-a与GMM-a模型在不同高度图像中的分割效果均优于RGB、HSV、Lab，其中GMM-CLAHE-SV-a精度最佳。相比于GMM-a，在高度为2、3、4和5 m时GMM-CLAHE-SV-a的总体分割精度均值分别提高了2.16、1.01、1.03和1.26个百分点，Kappa系数均值分别提高了0.041 4、0.017 3、0.019 0和0.022 1；覆盖度的平均提取误差分别降低了8.75、7.01、5.93和5.34个百分点，决定系数R~2分别提高了0.096 0、0.050 2、0.062 2和0.190 6，较好地降低了光强和倒影的影响。与已有方法相比，该算法无需标记训练集或计算阈值，可直接对无人机图像进行处理，具有较高的普适性，可以在复杂的大田环境下快速分割水稻像素并提取植被覆盖度信息。

针对水稻棚室育秧环节中苗床平整地缺失高效作业机械的现状,结合寒区水稻标准化棚室育秧技术要求,该研究设计了一种自走式水稻秧棚苗床精平机机电液一体化的自动调平控制系统。调平系统以液压油泵及直流步进电机为动力端,融合机具作业的姿态角数据,利用自动控制策略实时驱动机电式横滚角调平机构及液力式俯仰角补偿装置进行调平作业,保证苗床平整度。采用Simulink模块对横滚角调平进行仿真,结果表明:横滚角调平时间为1.62 s,超调量为1.5%,具有良好的响应速度及精度。将自动调平控制系统嵌入1ZJP-2型苗床精平机进行田间试验,搭载自动调平系统的作业机具横滚角平均值为-1.88°,均方根误差为1.95°,平均绝对误差为1.88°;对照组作业机具横滚角平均值为-2.37°,均方根误差为2.43°,平均绝对误差为2.31°;俯仰角补偿碎土刮板油缸动作的平均均方根误差为0.145 cm,试验结果表明自动调平系统效果良好,满足稳定控制要求。利用光学水准仪检验平地作业效果,应用自动调平控制作业后苗床高程最大平均标准差比作业前降低了1.05 cm;而无调平系统的苗床高程最大平均标准差降幅仅为0.325 cm,平地作业效率比普通作业方式提高了229%～500%,每平方米内地高程标准偏差S_d值较比常规作业方式降低了268%～384%。该系统提升了水稻棚室育秧苗床平地机械作业自动化程度。

呋虫胺（dinotefuran,DIN）是防治稻田病虫害的主要杀虫剂，其施用后会对生态环境造成潜在风险。生物炭与有机肥的配施是一种兼顾肥力的土壤修复技术，但DIN在该类修复土壤中的环境归趋仍不清晰。该研究制备了400℃和900℃热解温度下的花生壳生物炭（PS400和PS900）作为典型生物炭材料，采用鸡粪堆肥（composted chicken manure,CM）作为典型外源有机肥，揭示了生物炭与有机肥对水稻土中DIN吸附、消散及形态转换机制的影响。结果表明，生物炭和有机肥均能提高水稻土对DIN的吸附能力，且效果排序从大到小为：PS400、PS900、CM；其Freundlich吸附系数（Kf）从未修复水稻土的0.31增至2.80(PS400-CM配施的水稻土)。同时，生物炭与有机肥均能加快水稻土中DIN的消散速率，PS400-CM配施可将水稻土中DIN的半衰期（T_(1/2)）从100.3 d缩短至38.1 d。在DIN赋存的3种土壤吸附形态(即：弱吸附态、稳定吸附态和强吸附态)中，添加生物炭会使DIN的主要赋存形态从弱吸附态向稳定吸附态转化；未修复水稻土中稳定吸附态占比为13%±3%，而添加生物炭后稳定吸附态占比增至46%±7%。研究结果表明生物炭和有机肥配施是一种既可降低DIN流动性又可促进其降解的农田土壤修复方法。

农业秸秆厌氧发酵生产沼气、氢气潜力巨大，然而受其自身结构影响，秸秆直接厌氧发酵生物质能转化率较低，需要经过前期预处理以打破秸秆木质素的复杂结构，提高秸秆纤维素、半纤维素的利用率。冻融预处理秸秆技术操作简单、预处理效果好，但目前冻融预处理过程常用的酸碱浸泡液易造成潜在环境污染风险。该研究针对中国北方冬季气温低的特点，以水稻秸秆为原料，选取富含氨氮的厌氧发酵副产物：沼液作为浸泡液，模拟北方冬季自然平均最低气温（-20℃），基于单因素、正交试验，系统研究沼液浸泡联合冻融预处理水稻秸秆的理化特性及规律。结果表明：沼液联合冻融预处理后，水稻秸秆的木质素结构及分子间氢键发生显著破坏，O-H、C-H、C=C、C=N、N=N、N=O等基团的吸收峰均呈现减弱趋势，水稻秸秆晶型结构未改变，但结晶度显著降低，最低降至29.82%，比较原秸秆结晶度减少21.38%；沼液浸泡过程可将水稻秸秆C/N显著降至30以下，而冻融过程对沼液浸泡后秸秆C/N的影响不显著，最低降至28.19；浸泡时间与冻融循环次数对木质素去除率交互影响显著，而浸泡温度与浸泡时间、液固质量比对挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）浓度均具有显著交互影响，沼液联合冻融预处理水稻秸秆过程木质素去除率和VFAs浓度最高达到40.06%和4 140 mg/L。研究结果可为北方冬季秸秆冻融预处理的低成本广泛应用及冻融预处理的无害化奠定理论基础。

通过无人机多光谱影像反演农作物理化参数、动态监测作物长势是精准农业发展的重要方向。然而，由于无人机影像多具有较高的空间分辨率，地面采样点与影像上对应像素的空间范围往往不匹配，导致所构建的反演模型精度降低。为确定利用无人机多光谱影像反演水稻叶绿素含量的最优空间窗口，该研究分别采集水稻孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期多光谱影像，以不同大小和形状的空间窗口对影像进行处理并计算多种植被指数，将不同窗口处理的植被指数与地面实测SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)值进行相关性分析，将相关性最高的一组植被指数所对应的空间窗口确定为最优空间窗口，并以该组植被指数与地面实测SPAD值为依据，分别构建支持向量机、随机森林、极限学习机、广义线性模型和多元逐步回归模型，分析各模型在水稻各生育期对SPAD值的反演精度。结果表明：经过空间窗口处理后各植被指数与SPAD值间的相关系数与处理前相比均有较大提升，圆形空间窗口下各生育期的最优窗口半径分别为35、25、25个像素，方形空间窗口下各生育期的最优窗口边长分别为71、41、61个像素，方形窗口处理效果与圆形窗口近似；利用支持向量机模型反演水稻SPAD值的效果最优，且在孕穗期反演精度最高，决定系数为0.718，均方根误差为1.849，平均绝对误差为1.465。研究结果可为其他作物理化参数反演的空间窗口选择提供参考，为无人机利用多光谱监测作物长势、发展精准农业提供技术支持。

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop, and the normal germination of rice seeds is related to the growth and yield of the plant in the later period. The germination begins with water absorption by dry seeds and ends with cotyl elongation. Water transport within and between cells is highly selectively regulated by aquaporins (AQPs). The seeds of cereal are rich in starch. And the endogenous gibberellin can induce the synthesis of hydrolase such as α-amylase in the embryo and secrete them into the starchy endosperm to degrade starch into small molecules for seed germination. Studies have shown that only α-amylase can complete the degradation of starch in rice seeds. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that forms a variety of active nitrogen substances. It also participated in the signaling process of seed dormancy removal. NO donor plays a role in seed germination by enhancing amylase activity. NO donor can promote seed germination by improving the activity of amylase. Rice hybrid seeds of ‘BoⅡ you 767’ were used as experimental materials to investigate the effects of aquaporins (AQPs) and nitric oxide (NO) on the germination of rice seeds. In this study, NO synthesis inhibitors N-(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and sodium tungstate (ST), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous donor of NO, and mercury chloride (HgCl₂), an activity inhibitor of AQPs, were used to treat rice seeds. The changes of water absorption capacity, amylase activity and starch degradation rate during germination of rice seeds were determined in virtue of apparent analysis and index detection. The results showed that the water absorption capacity, amylase activity and germination rate decreased in the rice seeds treated with 90 mg/L HgCl₂, while the starch content remained high, and the growth of radicle and germ was inhibited. However, NO exogenous donor SNP could reverse the effect of HgCl₂. And the effect of NO synthesis inhibitors L-NAME (15 mmol/L) and ST (80 µmol/L) on the germination of rice seeds was similar to that of HgCl₂. The results indicated that AQPs could induce water uptake, stimulate amylase, accelerate starch degradation and promote seed germination in the early germinating stage of rice seeds through NO. The study would lay a theoretical foundation for improving rice yield.

The effects of water management and foliar spraying of exogenous plant hormone ethylene (ETH) on the accumulation of rhizosphere iron membrane, cadmium (Cd) and health risk index of rice were studied. Through the potting test, two concentrations (50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L) ethylene (ETH) were sprayed three times at the jointing stage, the flowering stage and the grouting stage, and the water management modes of continuous flooding (CF) and interval flooding (IF) were adopted. Compared with the IF water management mode, the storage morphology of Cd in the soil was changed in the CF water management mode, and the soluble Cd was reduced from 36% to 30%, and the reducing state Cd was increased from 30% to 40%. Compared with the IF water management mode, the Fe and Cd content in the rice root surface iron film were significantly increased in the CF water management mode, and the exogenous spraying of ETH also significantly increased the Fe and Cd content in the iron film under the two water management modes, up to 50.59% and 58.06%. Compared with the IF water management mode, the Cd content in rice roots, leaves, brown rice and polished rice decreased significantly under the CF water management mode. The external spraying of ETH was also conducive to reducing the cadmium content of rice under the two water management modes, among which the Cd content in polished rice under CF+50ETH treatment was the lowest, and the Cd content in polished rice decreased from 0.68 mg/kg to 0.45 mg/kg, a decrease of 33.82% compared with CF treatment. Exogenous spraying of ETH significantly reduced the transport coefficients of Cd from rhizome and stem-grain under the two water management modes, and the transport coefficients were the lowest under CF+50ETH treatment, which was reduced by 55.17% and 23.81% respectively compared with CF treatment. CF water management mode and spray ETH treatment have a good effect on reducing the health risk index of rice Cd. It can be seen that CF water management mode and exogenous spraying of ETH have certain application prospects for reducing the accumulation of Cd in rice.

The development and application of the small-grain rice sterile line Zhuo201S (Z201S) has demonstrated its potential for mechanized hybrid rice seed production, leading to significant cost reductions.  However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the small-grain size characteristic of Z201S remains unclear.  In this study, we conducted a genetic analysis using near-isogenic lines constructed from Z210S, a small-grain rice sterile line, and R2115, a normal-grain variety.  The results revealed that the small-grain trait in Z201S is governed by a single partially dominant gene which also enhances grain number.  Through mapping, we localized the causal gene to the short arm of chromosome 2, within a 113 kb physical region delimited by the molecular markers S2-4-1 and LB63.  Transgenic analysis and gene expression assays indicated LOC_Os02g14760 as the most likely candidate gene, suggesting that the small-grain size trait of Z201S is controlled by a novel locus that has not been previously identified.

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the transport and distribution of photosynthetic products and related gene expression levels during the grain filling period of the Nanjing series of super rice, as well as the differences with the control varieties, to summarize the physiological advantages of high-yield in the Nanjing series super rice, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the development of high-quality and high-yield japonica rice.【Method】Nanjing 5718, Nanjingjinggu, Nanjing 3908, and Nanjing 5055 were used as the research materials, with Huaidao 5 as the control. The photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, distribution and transportation of aboveground dry matter, and expression levels of photosynthetic product transport related genes at different stages of flag leaf and seed development were measured every 7 days during the booting stage, flowering stage, and flowering to maturity stage, and yield differences were statistically analyzed too.【Result】The yield and 1000-grain weight of the Nanjing series of super rice were higher than those of Huaidao 5, and its net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was significantly higher than that in Huaidao 5 during the booting stage and 28 days after flowering. In terms of photosynthetic product transport, the stem and leaf dry weight, leaf output, output rate, and transport rate of the Nanjing series super rice were significantly higher than those of Huaidao 5 after flowering, with Nanjing 5718 having the highest leaf output and output rate. The expression of genes related to starch degradation and carbohydrate metabolism (OsSPS1, OsSUT2, and OsGWD1) in the flag leaves of Nanjing 5718 was initiated earlier than other varieties, and the highest expression level was also higher than other varieties. The SWEET gene in grains played an important role in early sucrose transport during grain filling, while the OsPK3, OsSUT1, and OsSUT2 genes played an important role in sugar transport and unloading during the middle and late filling stages. The OsAGPL2 and OsDPE1 genes played the important roles in starch synthesis during the middle and late filling stages. The expression levels of genes related to starch synthesis and sugar transport in grains of Nanjing 5718, Nanjingjinggu, and Nanjing 3908 were significantly higher than those of Huaidao 5 at different stages. 【Conclusion】 The higher yield of the Nanjing series of super rice was mainly characterized by the following characteristics in terms of material transport: a large accumulation of dry matter in stem, leaf and panicles, and a high transport rate of leaf and stem dry matter; the high expression levels of genes related to sucrose metabolism and transport in leaves were beneficial for the synthesis, loading, and transport of sucrose at the source end; the high expression levels of genes related to sucrose transport and starch synthesis in grains were conducive to the unloading of sucrose at the storage end and the synthesis of starch in grains.

To select colored rice varieties with good ornamental value, strong resistance, high yield, and stable characteristics, and are suitable for “rice planting” in Dongguan and even South China region, 14 colored rice varieties with purple leaves were introduced to carry out the early and late planting trials. The agronomic traits such as leaf color, plant height, lodging resistance and yield were investigated and recorded during the whole growth period. These data were used for the comparative analysis between early and late planting of the same variety or among different varieties. The results showed that there were significant differences in leaf color, growth period, plant height, and yield between early and late planting period of the same variety. There were also significant differences in leaf color and agronomic traits among 14 colored rice varieties. According to the analysis of various characters, the colored rice varieties suitable for early and late planting were selected. The most recommended varieties for early production are 'Shengzi', 'Huazi','Youzi' and 'Ziyehongmi', followed by 'Hangzi', 'Jianzi No.2', 'Aizi' and 'Yingzi'. The most recommended varieties for late production are 'Shengzi', 'Huazi', and 'Youzi', followed by 'Jianzi No.2', 'Aizi', 'Yingzi', 'Ziyehongmi', 'Jiangzi No.1', 'Jiangzi No.2', and 'Zihong No.1'. The color of 'Yingzi' is the most beautiful, but due to its problems such as relatively short plants and low yields, the variety only can be planted small scale for the beauty of "paddy field paintings". The results can be used to guide the variety selection for "paddy field paintings", and promote the construction of beautiful countryside and grain harvest, and the high-quality development of the Greater Bay Area cities.

The widely used rice varieties (parents) in the rice-growing area of South China were used as test materials and the field direct seeding and flooding seedling emergence tests were conducted in both early and late seasons, respectively, in South China. The aim was to identify and screen out germplasm with higher rate of seedling establishment under flooding and submergence conditions (under the condition of water depth of 6 cm), and provide material support for the development of new rice varieties suitable for direct seeding under natural conditions in South China. The results showed that the seedling establishment rate under flooding and submergence conditions in the early season was significantly higher than that in the late season, and there was no significant correlation between the rates of seedling establishment in the early and late seasons (R²=-0.1253). In the early season, the rates of seedling establishment of ‘Francis’, ‘starbonett99’, ‘Runfeng B’, ‘Kasalath’, and ‘Yuekang 1614’, were the highest five materials, up to 65.0% to 76.5%. Cluster analysis grouped these five materials into the same cluster I. In the late season, the rates of seedling establishment of ‘Yujingruanzhan’ and ‘Conventional Rice 5’ were the highest ones, but only accounted for 42.5% and 39.5%, respectively, and they were also grouped into the same cluster. This indicates that due to different climatic conditions in the early and late rice-growing seasons in South China, different types of germplasm materials with high seedling establishment rate under flooding and submergence conditions should be selected for the breeding of new direct-seeded rice varieties.

The planting area of rice stubble rapeseed in China is mainly in the winter rapeseed area of the Yangtze River Basin. In recent years, the yield of rice stubble rapeseed has been continuously increasing, and the planting area has also steadily improved, making important contributions to the safety of oil crops in China. However, with the promotion and application of light and simplified cultivation techniques for mid to late maturing rice varieties in the winter rapeseed area of the Yangtze River Basin, the maturity period of rice has been significantly delayed, leading to further compression of the pre winter growth time of rapeseed. The area of late sowing and over late sowing of rapeseed has been increasing year by year, which seriously restricted the production potential of rapeseed. The phenomenon of late sowing of rapeseed in the rice oil dual cropping areas of the Yangtze River Basin is particularly prominent, and has become a widespread concern for many scholars. This article aims to identify important issues in late sowing rapeseed production by analyzing the current situation of late sowing rapeseed and related high-yield limiting factors. Through the analysis of the current situation of late sowing, we aim to improve the quality and yield of rapeseed in rice oil rotation areas. The use of advanced cultivation techniques can reduce the impact of late sowing of rapeseed, and provide theoretical reference for promoting the vigorous development of the future rapeseed industry.

To explore the effects of rice-crab coculture on soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activities, the differences of seven soil physical and chemical indexes and four soil enzyme activities between rice-crab coculture and rice monoculture were studied by using the cement pond simulating paddy field environment. The results showed that there were significant differences in soil bulk density, soil water content and total reducing substances between rice-crab coculture and rice monoculture (P<0.05). The total organic carbon of the rice-crab group was slightly higher than that of rice filed group, but the total nitrogen was slightly lower than that of rice field group. There was a significant difference in Eh between the rice-crab group and the rice monoculture group with a difference of 20.95%. The mechanical composition of soil particle size in rice-crab group and rice field group was silt>clay >coarse and fine sand, and the proportion of silt was more than 80%, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). With the increase of soil depth, the activities of four enzymes in rice filed group decreased significantly. The activities of urease, cellulase and sucrase in the rice-crab group showed the same trends as those in the rice field group, but the acid phosphatase did not change. It could be seen that the introduction of crabs into the integrated rice-crab system reduced the soil bulk density, increased the soil water content, and improved the soil quality. Soil enzyme activities were stronger in the 10-15 cm bottom soil where rice roots were more distributed, which promoted the efficient utilization of carbon and nitrogen by rice in the integrated rice-crab system. Therefore, the integrated rice-crab system is beneficial to both rice growth and crab culture, and can be used as an ecological planting and breeding model in Jiangsu Province.

Improving the grain quality and blast resistance of rice restorer lines is the foundation for breeding new hybrid rice combinations with high yield, superior quality and disease resistance. By using molecular markers closely linked to the fragrance gene fgr and rice blast resistance genes Pi-1, Pi-9 and Pi-k^h, the molecular marker -assisted selection of fragrance and blast resistance genes was performed in 265 F₆ restore line generations derived from aromatic variety ‘Yuzhenxiang’ crossed with disease resistant restorer lines ‘Fuhui 683’ and ‘Jinhui 1131’. Six excellent restore lines carrying the aforementioned four target genes were selected. Combined with comprehensive character investigation, an aromatic restore line ‘Runxiang’ with medium resistance to rice blast was bred. And a new combination of high-yield and superior-quality aromatic black hybrid rice ‘Ziliangyou Runxiang’ had passed the approval of new crop varieties in Guangxi Province (Guishendao NO.2021200) and Fujian Province (Minshendao 20220024), which exhibited high yield, superior grain quality, and great potential for widespread cultivation. Molecular marker-assisted technology is a rapid and effective modern biotechnology breeding technique for the targeted improvement of rice aroma and blast resistance.

秸秆炭化还田是培肥地力和土壤固碳的重要途径。该研究采用慢速热解试验平台，研究了热解温度(450、500、550、600和650℃)和停留时间(30、40、50和60 min)对水稻秸秆热解产物理化性质（以还田利用指标为主）的影响，同时分析了不同生产条件下的产品收率和能量分布。试验结果表明，热解温度为450～650℃时制备的水稻秸秆炭O/C均低于0.2,H/C均低于0.7，且随着热解温度升高和停留时间的增加，O/C和H/C呈现明显减小趋势；随着热解温度升高，水稻秸秆炭的比表面积、电导率和pH值均呈上升趋势，其值分别为4.5～83.4 m~2/g、688～1 059μs/cm和9.8～10.5；阳离子交换量在43.7～71.1 cmol/kg之间无规律波动；随着反应条件变化，水稻秸秆炭的比表面积、电导率和pH值具有较强的相关性，比表面积与pH值相关系数达到0.83,pH值与电导率相关系数为0.66，比表面积和电导率相关系数为0.54。随着热解温度的升高，炭产率降低，热解气产率增加，热解气中H_2、CH_4等可燃气组分富集，热值增加，最大可达到15.74 MJ/m~3；热解温度为445～650℃变化时，水稻秸秆炭能量收率为45.2%～53.8%，热解气能量收率为11.6%～19.1%。该研究为水稻秸秆炭化还田轻简化热解设备开发提供了基础支撑。

为筛选出适合百色市应用的高效、低毒、安全水稻二化螟防治药剂，有效减少虫害造成的损失，该试验选择了7种不同药剂进行比较，观察其对水稻的安全性及对二化螟的防治效果。试验结果表明，百色市可选择6%阿维·氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散剂、200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂作为防治药剂并轮换施用，以获取良好防治效果。

种业是粮食安全的关键，广西自治区有着丰富的种育资源，该文介绍了当地水稻种业发展现状，分析了水稻种业发展困境，提出加强种质资源的收集与精准鉴评、加强创新、加强海水稻品种培育等建议，以期推动广西水稻种业高质量创新发展。

该文分阶段介绍了黑龙江省水稻栽培发展的演变，阐述了近年来黑龙江省在水稻育种方面取得的创新成果，提出提高单产、提升稻米品质、增强综合抗性等育种方向，以期为黑龙江省水稻产业的现代化和可持续发展提供品种支持。

植物生长调节剂对植物的生长、发育具有调节作用，水稻各生育阶段科学应用植物生长调节剂，可达到优质高产目标。该文分别阐述了苗期、分蘖期、抽穗结实期的用药方法，分别介绍了不同药剂的作用机理与应用效果，给水稻生产者提供参考。

水稻生产是中国农业的支柱产业之一，对确保粮食供应和农村经济的稳定增长至关重要。植保无人机在现代农业中发挥着越来越重要的作用，特别是在水稻的栽培及病虫害防治方面，展现出巨大的潜力。该文分析了植保无人机的概念和意义，探讨了植保无人机在水稻栽培及病虫害防治中的具体应用，提出一系列应用对策，旨在为从事水稻栽培技术研究的工作人员提供借鉴与参考。

细菌性条斑病是水稻种植期间的常见细菌性病害，该文阐述了此病的致病菌与发生特征，分析了湖南祁东县水稻细菌性条斑病的发生原因，提出加强种子检疫、农业防治、化学防治等防治措施，以期确保当地水稻生产安全。

水稻是江苏涟水县重要的粮食作物。该文根据当地水稻生产实际，总结了品种选择、种植地选择与处理、壮秧标准、精准插秧、水层管理、科学施肥等栽培要点，阐述了当地常见水稻病虫害的发生流行特点与针对性化学用药技术，以期切实提升水稻生产水平，提高种植收益。

无为市水稻种植历史悠久，是安徽省水稻主产区之一。该文介绍了当地水稻生产现状，总结了工厂化育秧、适时移栽、施肥管理、水分管理、病虫害防治、生态种养等绿色高产技术要点，以期推动无为市水稻种植业高质量发展，助力乡村振兴。

为了解缓混肥不同施肥模式对水稻品质的影响，该研究共设置5种不同缓混肥施肥模式，以常规复合肥处理为对照，探寻适合太湖地区规模化应用的缓混肥施肥技术。试验结果表明，缓混肥侧深分次施肥模式在一定程度上降低了稻米的加工和外观品质，提升了稻米的营养品质，改善了米粉的RVA谱黏滞特性，提升了南粳46的综合食味水平，可在当地推广应用。

该研究以“云恢290”水稻品种为试验材料，研究了镁肥施入对水稻产量及其构成因素、种植收益的影响。试验结果表明，镁肥施入有助于提升水稻产量及种植收益，施入量以180～240kg/hm~2为宜，可为当地水稻生产提供技术支持。

为探寻凤台县适宜的有机无机肥施肥模式，在当地进行了田间试验，以“超级稻两优6326”为试验品种，设置了100%化肥、有机肥替代25%化肥氮、有机肥替代50%化肥氮、有机肥替代75%化肥氮、100%有机肥5个处理，比较了不同处理水稻的产量及产量性状。试验结果表明，适量有机肥替代化肥有助于提高水稻产量，在有机肥替代25%～50%化学氮肥时水稻产量较高，是适宜凤台县水稻生产的施肥模式。

传统水稻生产需施用大量化肥，造成污染环境，影响水稻产业的可持续发展。为实现化肥减量增效，在福建上杭县进行了微生物菌剂不同比例替代化肥的田间试验。试验结果表明，氮肥减量20%配施微生物菌剂处理的有效穗数与产量最高。由此可知，可通过配施微生物菌剂实现化肥减量增效，试验结果可为当地水稻生产提供技术参考。

该研究设置秸秆不还田（SR）、秸秆粉碎深翻还田（SP）、秸秆粉碎覆盖还田（SM）、秸秆粉碎浅旋还田（SI）4种秸秆还田方式，研究其对土壤理化性质和水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明，秸秆粉碎深翻还田可以改善土壤养分和理化性质，提高水稻产量，是较好的秸秆还田方式。

水稻绿色高产栽培对实现农民增收和带动农业经济发展有积极作用，该文结合吉林通化市的气候特点和病虫害发生规律，分别介绍了种植地与品种选择、培育壮秧、播种、秧田管理、秧苗移栽、水肥管理等技术要点，以及常见病虫害的绿色防控技术，给种植者提供参考，以期实现水稻产量与质量的同步提升。

水稻旱直播种植是连云港市水稻大面积生产的重要模式之一，为提升水稻产量与品质，需做好病虫草害防治工作。该文根据当地生产实际，总结了直播前除草、播后苗前封闭除草、出苗后除草、中期水控、后期补除、田埂除草等除草要点，以及病虫害化学防治用药方法和统防统治技术，以期有效确保当地粮食生产安全。

[目的]水稻精米直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,是衡量稻米加工特性的重要参数。本研究旨在使用高光谱技术来无损检测其含量。[方法]以水稻核心种质资源材料中106个材料为研究对象,使用可见光-近红外高光谱成像技术获取各波段下光谱指数。[结果]高光谱数据经过数据重整、图像提取及分析等一系列操作后,可以得到初级指数和复杂指数。初级指数与直链淀粉和蛋白质含量模型的R2分别为0.823和0.837,五倍交叉验证结果显示模型稳定性良好。同时,通过复杂指数与直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的相关系数结果也可以看出,500-800nm区域间,高光谱复杂指数与直链淀粉和蛋白质含量相关系数较高。[结论]基于高光谱成像技术可以同时准确估测精米直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,为后续水稻种质资源批量品质分析打下研究基础。

[目的]本文基于幼苗图像分析建立鉴定水稻耐深播相关特性的方法,鉴定旱直播条件下水稻耐深播的农艺性状。[方法]以不同中胚轴伸长能力的18份水稻品种和稗草、马唐的种子,设置3cm、5cm、7cm、9cm和11cm深度的砂培试验,观察出苗情况并在播种后第15天摄取幼苗照片,采用图像分析技术提取幼苗生长相关的表型指标。[结果]在人工标记幼苗胚芽鞘节等部位前提下,通过图像分析可一次性测定中胚轴长度和累积绿叶投射面积;当播种深度为3cm时,短中胚轴水稻品种能在播后第6天前后出苗,长中胚轴品种能在播后第5天出苗;播种深度为5-7cm时,短中胚轴品种不能正常出苗,长中胚轴品种能在播后第7-10天出苗;在同等播种深度下长中胚轴品种第15天幼苗叶面积高于短中胚轴品种,在7cm以上播种深度下差异极为明显;稗草和马唐都具有幼苗中胚轴伸长能力,种子能从5cm或3cm深度下正常出苗。[结论]基于幼苗图像分析技术,本试验建立了水稻旱直播耐深播相关指标的表型检测方法,识别幼苗中胚轴和叶片等部位,提取中胚轴长度和累积绿叶投射面积指标。水稻差异性代表品种和常见禾本科杂草的观察结果表明中胚轴伸长能力是深播后快速、整齐出苗并较早形成自养能力的关键。

品种参数调试是利用作物生长模型进行模拟前的重要步骤,其调试往往花费大量时间和精力,敏感性分析可以帮助识别敏感参数,提高调试效率。本研究针对水稻生长模型RiceGrow,运用SimLab和MATLAB软件,采用EFAST法对水稻品种参数进行敏感性分析,得出不同地区和不同气候情景下(1981-2015年的历史气象数据和全球未来增温2.0℃气候情景)该模型的参数敏感性,并通过TDCC(Top-Down-Coefficient of Concordance)系数计算敏感性排序一致性。结果表明,影响开花期和总干物质量的最敏感参数为最适温度(OT,Optimum Temperature),其次为温度敏感性(TS,Temperature Sensitivity)、光周期敏感性(PS,Photoperiod Sensitivity)、基本早熟性(IE,Intrinsic Earliness),对成熟期和全生育期的最敏感参数为OT,TS、IE、PS、基本灌浆因子(BFF,Basic Filling Factor)也是敏感参数,影响产量的敏感参数主要为最大光合速率(AMX,Maximum CO2 assimilation rate)、比叶面积(SLA,Specific Leaf Area)、收获指数(HI,Harvest Index),其次包括IE、TS、BFF、OT、PS;各个地区和不同气候情景下敏感参数较为一致但敏感性排序差异较大,增温气候情景下的多数参数敏感指数略有增加,少数略有减小;不同气候情景下的参数敏感性变化较小,不同地区之间的变化较大。在对生育期和总干物质量输出变量进行调参时,需要重点调试OT;在低温高纬度的地区需重点调试和温度、光周期及光合有关的参数;在对产量进行调参时,需要重点关注AMX、HI、SLA。LAI相对生长速率和消光系数不敏感,可在参数调试中忽略,也可在模型中剔除进行模型简化。研究结果将为作物模型的本地化、提高参数估计效率提供支持。

农业病虫害对农作物的产量和品质造成了严重的威胁，因此准确、高效地检测和识别病虫害是农业生产中的重要任务。本文介绍了一个综合的农业病虫害数据集，由农业虫害检测数据集、农业病害检测数据集、农业病害分类数据集和水稻表型分割数据集组成，包含55个类别、48576张，共4.14 GB的图像样本。从公开数据源和学术论文中收集和整理数据，保证了数据集的多样性和代表性。在数据的筛选、清洗和标注过程中，采用了严格的质量控制和验证措施，以确保数据集的准确性和可靠性。该数据集可用于农业病虫害识别和水稻表型鉴定等农业视觉任务，能够为农业病虫害研究提供有价值的资源，并促进农业生产的可持续发展。

作物模型可定量描述作物生长发育过程及其与环境因子的关系，在农业生产管理决策等方面具有重要的应用价值。模型参数调试是作物生长模拟模型进行应用前的重要步骤，且往往需要大量时间和精力进行调试，敏感性分析可以以较高的效率筛选出敏感参数，是模型本地化的重要环节，对模型的应用有重要意义。文章研究基于Morris法和EFAST法对RiceSM模型的作物参数进行了敏感性分析，筛选出输出变量中成熟期、叶面积指数、地上部生物量、产量的敏感参数，并比较分析两种方法结果的异同。结果表明，移栽至拔节阶段的基本发育系数K3、出苗到移栽阶段的基本发育系数K2、移栽到拔节阶段叶干物质的分配系数CLV1是影响RiceSM模型主要输出结果的最敏感参数，两种方法得到的敏感参数结果基本一致，但各敏感参数的重要程度略有差异。以筛选出的敏感参数为基础，基于长沙、常德两站的农气观测资料对RiceSM模型进行调参与验证。验证结果表明，早稻和晚稻叶面积指数模拟值与实测值的归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)在21.63%～47%之间，早稻和晚稻茎、叶、穗、地上部生物量和产量模拟值与实测值的NRMSE分别为4.77%～39.51%、5.46%～6.64%、3.78%～4.15%和2.78%～3.52%和9.29%～12.12%之间。调参后的模型能够较好地模拟早稻和晚稻生物量、叶面积指数的动态变化和产量形成过程。研究结果可为RiceSM模型的本地化、参数优化和推广应用提供支持。

产业兴旺是乡村振兴的重中之重。农产品成本收益调查记录了农产品投入、产出、收益等情况，是政府部门进行宏观调控和价格管理的基础。新时代新征程，这套数据将在推进乡村振兴战略过程中发挥更大作用。很多学者基于该套数据分析我国农业投入要素使用、生产力、成本、利润等状况，但对数据库样本选择、采集过程、相关指标内涵等细节介绍有待加强。因此，本文收集了早籼稻、中籼稻、晚籼稻、粳稻、小麦和玉米等三种粮食2005-2017年31个地区的成本收益调查数据，形成数据集。本文重点对数据产生的背景、数据采集的方法、数据的主要内容以及数据的使用价值进行介绍。相关学者不仅可以使用该数据分析我国农产品的投入产出状况，也可以借鉴该数据的抽样方法、质量控制经验等。

准确高效地识别作物病害类型，有助于农户及时采取有效的针对性预防措施，从而降低因病虫害导致的减产风险和经济损失。然而，在其他领域能达到SOTA效果的识别模型，在农业领域特别是水稻病害识别的应用中，却面临目前已有的水稻病害数据量不足、种类不丰富以及数据质量不高等问题。本研究采用多种经典卷积神经网络，并利用迁移学习的方法在两个不同的数据集上进行训练。验证了除模型结构带来的优化外，训练数据集本身对于训练结果也具有重要影响。但目前农业领域开源数据较少，几乎没有综合性的数据开源平台可供利用。这一现象与高质量农业数据获取难度大且成本高、大多数从业人员教育水平相对较低、分布式训练系统不成熟、数据安全问题得不到保障等因素密切相关。针对农业领域训练中高质量数据缺乏的问题，在本文中提出了基于联邦学习框架构建农业数据共享平台的新思路。

传统基于时序遥感影像的水稻物候期特征提取方法要求有较高的时间分辨率，受成像条件制约而较难满足；由于不同水稻种植区域环境条件不同，基于单一影像的深度学习水稻种植区域提取方法泛化能力较差。本文选取时相相近的光学和合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）数据，削弱水稻种植区影像时空信息差异。通过泛时空特征融合有效地利用光学数据空间特征信息和SAR数据后向散射信息，采用双结构网络模型提取水稻特征。实验表明，基于多源数据融合的泛时空特征水稻深度学习提取方法在三江平原和肥西县水稻数据集上训练模型验证集总体测试精度为95.66%,Kappa系数为0.8805。该模型在南昌市区域水稻提取结果与实际地块边界符合较好，总体提取精度为86.78%，证明了泛时空特征模型的泛化能力和实用性。