Chunyou 83 is a three-line hybrid rice variety systematically bred using Chunjiang 88A as the female parent and T27 as the male parent. The high yield cultivation techniques for carpet seedlings and mechanical transplanting of this variety used in the Jianghuai region were summarized, covering aspects from sowing and seedling management to field management. During the seedling stage, seed disinfection was carried out using agents such as prochloraz, and dry management of carpet seedlings sown by mechanical sowing was adopted to cultivate robust, well-rooted seedlings of suitable age (≤25 days). In the field stage, water management included shallow and frequent irrigation during the tillering stage. When the number of stems and tillers reached 80% of the target panicle number, intermittent drying was applied multiple times until the field surface became firm. From jointing and booting to heading stages, a shallow water layer was maintained. During the grain-filling stage, alternating dry and wet irrigation was adopted, and water was cut off 7 days before harvest. Fertilization followed the principle of “promoting early growth, controlling mid-growth, and supplementing late growth”. Base fertilizer consisted of formula fertilizer, silicon fertilizer, and zinc fertilizer. During the tillering stage, urea and compound fertilizer were applied in two separate topdressings. At the jointing stage and young panicle differentiation stage, flower-promoting fertilizer and flower-preserving fertilizer were applied, respectively. After full heading, potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves. For weed control, two soil-sealing treatments were applied using herbicides such as butachlor after land preparation and around the time of transplanting. During the mid-growth stage, targeted herbicides were selected based on the weed spectrum for stem and leaf treatment. The control of diseases and pests adheres to the principle of “prevention first, integrated control”, incorporating agricultural measures such as planting trap crops, along with the application of biopesticides and highly efficient, low-toxicity chemical agents for unified prevention and management. This article provides a reference for exploring the high yield potential of Chunyou 83 and further promoting its planting.

The breeding process and characteristics of the rice variety Jifengyou 866 were introduced, and its high yield cultivation and seed production techniques were summarized. This three-line hybrid rice combination was developed by crossing the female parent Jifeng A with the male parent Guanghui 866. When cultivated in Guangdong, the variety exhibited an appropriate growth period, strong lodging resistance, and good tillering ability. The 2022 production trial showed an average yield of 7 690.35 kg/hm⊃2;. The whole milled rice rate ranges from 61.2% to 65.7%. The variety demonstrates high resistance to rice blast, moderate resistance to bacterial leaf blight, and medium-strong cold tolerance. High yield cultivation techniques include: sowing before July 10th and spraying paclobutrazol at the 1-leaf-1-heart stage to control plant height and promote tillering; reasonable dense planting before the 5.5-leaf stage with shallow and straight transplanting; applying sufficient base fertilizer, followed by timely topdressing with nitrogen, potassium, and compound fertilizers at different growth stages; adopting alternating wet and dry irrigation: shallow water for early seedling establishment, mid-term sun-drying to control ineffective tillers, and adequate water supply at later stages; implementing integrated pest management using insect traps, biological agents, and low-toxicity chemical pesticides. High yield seed production techniques involve: scientific selection of production bases and sowing schedules, considering parental characteristics (concentrated male flowering, short female flowering) and local climate to ensure the male parent flowers 1–2 days earlier. precise fertilizer and water management, including sufficient base, tillering, male-specific, and panicle fertilizers, with shallow irrigation and alternating wet-dry cycles; integrated control of pests (e.g., planthoppers, borers) and diseases using chemicals like buprofezin; timely application of “920” to optimize height difference for improved pollination; strict roguing and isolation: multiple removals of off-types from seedling to heading stages, with isolation zones over 300 meters; harvesting male plants first after pollination, followed by mechanical harvesting of female plants on sunny days. This study provides a reference for the large-scale production and promotion of Jifengyou 866.

Based on the rice production practices in Wangjiang County, Anhui Province, the existing problems in local rice production and proposes strategies for yield improvement were summarized and analyzed. The rice production in the research area currently faces problems such as the need to improve economic benefits, insufficient stability in the promotion area of widely applicable and highly resistant varieties, differences in cultivation techniques and high yield requirements, and the need to improve the level of mechanization throughout the entire process. Based on this, strategies for increasing yield per unit area were proposed, including improving the industrial support system, enhancing the economic benefits of grain cultivation through precise distribution of planting subsidies, optimizing agricultural insurance and credit services, etc; scientifically selecting varieties by recommending suitable high quality cultivars based on grain quality and resistance standards, considering regional characteristics; strengthening field management through timely sowing and substrate-based seedling raising to cultivate strong seedlings, implementing scientific weed control (pre-emergence, seedling-stage soil sealing, and stem-and-leaf treatment) for different models such as direct seeding, optimizing fertilization following the principle of “emphasizing base fertilizer, early tillering fertilizer, and skillful panicle fertilizer”, adopting alternating dry-wet irrigation methods such as “shallow water irrigation and field drying when tiller number is sufficient”, and adhere to the principle of “prevention-first, integrated control” to prevent and control rice disease and pest management; enhancing mechanization levels by developing diverse agricultural machinery adapted to local agronomic practices, promoting high-precision seeders and plant protection drones, and optimizing crop succession arrangements to improve production efficiency. This study provides a reference for increasing rice yield in related regions.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m⊃2; for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m⊃2; for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

To investigate the effects of 22% Kasugamycin·Tricyclazole combined with silicon potassium fertilizer on the control of rice blast and yield, the Ningxiangjing No.9 was used as material, 8 field treatments were established: A (apply 750, 900, 900 mL/hm⊃2; 22% Kasugamycin·Tricyclazole at tillering end, jointing start, and panicle full stages respectively); B (apply 750+750 mL/hm⊃2; 22% Kasugamycin·Tricyclazole+silicon potassium fertilizer at tillering end, jointing start, and panicle full stages respectively); C (apply 450, 600, 600 g/hm⊃2; 75% Tricyclazole at tillering end, jointing start, and panicle full stages respectively); D (CK1，control with clean water); E (apply 900, 900 mL/hm⊃2; 22% Kasugamycin·Tricyclazole at jointing start and panicle full stages respectively); F (apply 900+750, 900+750 mL/hm⊃2; 22% Kasugamycin·Tricyclazole+silicon potassium fertilizer at jointing start and panicle full stages respectively); G (apply 600, 600 g/hm⊃2; 75% Tricyclazole at tillering end and panicle full stages respectively); H (CK2，control with clean water). Among them, treatments A, B, and C were for the combined control of leaf blast and panicle blast, while treatments E, F, and G were only for panicle blast control.To determine the safety of rice under different pesticide treatments and the control effect on rice blast disease. The results indicated that all pesticide treatments were safe for rice growth. Treatment B exhibited a control efficacy of 93.84% against leaf blast 18 days after application. Treatment F showed a control efficacy of 92.53% against panicle blast. The lengths of the first, second, third, and fourth basal internodes in Treatment B before harvest were 1.61 cm, 5.18 cm, 8.73 cm, and 11.86 cm, respectively, which were lower than those in Treatments C and D. Treatment B increased yield by 12.68% compared to Treatment D, while Treatment F increased yield by 9.94% compared to Treatment H. In summary, the combined application of 22% Kasugamycin·Tricyclazole and silicon potassium fertilizer effectively controlled rice blast, improved plant morphological structure, enhanced resistance to adverse conditions and ability to resist lodging and significantly enhanced yield. This article provides a reference for green pest control and high-yield cultivation in rice.

Focuses on the rice-milk vetch rotation system in southern Anhui, its current status was in-deepth analyzed, the existing problems in its development were identified, and corresponding countermeasures were proposed. In the study area, the implementation of the rice-milk vetch rotation system was found to yield significant ecological and economic benefits. Milk vetch, used as green manure, was shown to play a role in nitrogen fixation, soil fertility enhancement, and soil structure improvement. This model was demonstrated to reduce nitrogen fertilizer application by 40% during the rice season, while increasing rice yield and quality. However, several challenges in its promotion were identified, including a decline in the cultivation area of milk vetch, unstable seed quality, inadequate cultivation management techniques, and a low level of industrialization. Based on these findings, several countermeasures were proposed: industrial support was suggested to be strengthened through financial subsidies, special research funds, and preferential policies to enhance farmers’ motivation for planting milk vetch and thereby expand its cultivation area; seed breeding and management were recommended to be improved by establishing specialized seed production bases and adopting advanced breeding technologies to increase seed purity and germination rate, enhancing system stability; a scientific cultivation technology system was advised to be promoted, including soil testing and formulated fertilization, and full-process mechanization, so as to improve rice yield and quality; and the industrialization of the rice-milk vetch system was proposed to be advanced by strengthening cooperation with enterprises, developing deep-processing products of milk vetch to enhance added value, and fostering leading agricultural industrialization enterprises to achieve large-scale planting, standardized production, and branded marketing. This study serves as a reference for the sustainable development of the rice-milk vetch rotation system in relevant regions.

Guided by the theory of new quality productivity forces, and based on the investigation results of rice industry in 8 southern provinces such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hunan in recent 3 years, this paper analyzes the objective reasons for the bottleneck of theoretical innovation and application of rice cultivation in China from the perspective of scientific and technological innovation chain. There is a serious disconnection between the current theoretical research of rice cultivation and the innovation of practical production scenes and tools, and it is difficult to support the development of new quality productivity forces in rice production. The research of population level should be improved by means of leading edge technology such as phenomics, based on the theoretical breakthrough of rice cultivation, to reveal the physiological and ecological mechanism of the formation of rice yield, quality and stress resistance, and to build a high-quality population shaping theory of high yield, high quality and green coordination. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen collaboration with new business entities, deeply integrate into production scenarios, and jointly undertake the innovation and integrated demonstration of core technologies, tools, and methodologies for high-quality population shaping. This initiative aims to remove the "last kilometer" barrier in the promotion of advanced rice cultivation technology. Consequently, a science and technology development strategy and implementation roadmap were formulated for enhancing the new quality productivity forces of southern rice, with the objective of providing guidance for national agricultural science and technology development planning.

As an important food crop in the world, rice plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security. However, rice production faces many challenges, especially the increasingly serious problem of pests and diseases, which poses a major threat to yield and quality. This paper reviews the major rice pests and diseases worldwide, along with biological control and ecological regulation technologies. It analyzes the types, occurrence patterns, and current progress in the prevention and control of rice pests and diseases in China, emphasizing the importance of biological control and non-chemical pest management in reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides. Key challenges in the integrated management of major rice pests and diseases, such as insufficient scientific and technological support, weak regulatory oversight, and the low level of industrialization of control technologies, are discussed. In response, the paper proposes the main objectives and key directions for technological innovation during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period, including research on the formation mechanisms of pest outbreaks, the development of rice immune mechanisms, and green control technologies. Furthermore, it highlights the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and gene editing, to enhance the comprehensive management of rice pests and diseases, ensuring the sustainable development of the rice industry.

Synchronizing the nitrogen (N) supply of slow- and controlled-release N fertilizers (SCRNFs) with rice N demand is pivotal in substituting multiple urea applications by a single basal application of SCRNFs.  Traditional assessment of N supply characteristics focuses mainly on N release patterns, which are only applicable to coated SCRNFs and ignore N transformation mechanisms, thus raising the need for a more universal and reliable index.  Based on the ability of crop N status to detect N deficiency or excess, we hypothesized that employing leaf N balance index (NBI) as a measure of N status could provide new insights into assessing N supply characteristics of SCRNFs.  We conducted field experiments involving four individual SCRNFs-humic acid urea (HAU), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), urease inhibitor urea (UIU), and polymer-coated urea (PCU)- and their four combined forms, along with the high-yield urea split application as control (CK).  The results showed that NBI dynamics relative to CK could reflect the N supply potential of different SCRNFs while classifying them as short-, medium-, and long-acting fertilizers.  Combinations that incorporated the long-acting SCRNF (PCU) consistently outperformed others in yield (by 5.5%) and N use efficiency (by 42.8%) by providing a more consistent and efficient N supply throughout the rice growth cycle.  Grain yield showed negative correlation with the difference in NBI dynamics between SCRNFs and CK, indicating synchronizing N supply between one-time application of SCRNFs and conventional high-yield fertilization is the key for high yield.  Our findings identify the potential of N status diagnosed by leaf NBI to evaluate N supply characteristics of SCRNFs and emphasize the significant role of synchronized N supply for a one-time SCRNF application.

To investigate the characteristics of soil organic carbon accumulation and its relationship with organic carbon fractions, 25 surface soil samples from each of 7 representative paddy fields (paddy soils) in Zhejiang Province were selected to determine the composition of different soil organic carbon forms. The response of each form of organic carbon to soil carbon accumulation was analyzed, and the saturation mechanism of soil organic carbon accumulation was explored. The results showed that with the accumulation of soil organic carbon, the content of humic acid, fulvic acid, humic acid carbon and humic acid carbon in various types of the soils showed an initial increase followed by a trend towards equilibrium. The content of these organic carbon components at equilibrium was positively correlated with the content of soil clay, silt and amorphous iron oxide. Free organic carbon increased linearly with the accumulation of soil organic carbon, and continued to increase when the soil organic carbon was at high level. In this case, the accumulated organic carbon in the soils was mainly in the form of free organic carbon. Results suggested that the saturation phenomenon of soil organic carbon was related to the form of organic carbon. The accumulation of humic acid, fulvic acid, humin carbon, and humic acid carbon closely associated with soil inorganic components was limited by the ability of mineral adsorption protection, and their contents increased with the increase of total soil organic carbon, but they tended to equilibrium when the mineral adsorption sites were saturated. The free organic carbon, mainly driven by the input amount of organic matter, was not obviously affected by soil physical protection, and it increased linearly with the accumulation of organic carbon, and its saturation phenomenon was not obvious. This study reveals the different contribution patterns of different forms of organic carbon components to the accumulation of organic carbon in paddy soil, which provides a theoretical basis for the development of accurate organic material input and soil fertilization strategies for regional paddy soil, and also provides a scientific reference for the sustainable management of paddy soil.

To investigate the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and their underlying mechanisms in green food rice cultivation areas of Jilin Province, this study systematically analyzed the soil nutrient characteristics of 42 green food rice cultivation areas using a multi-indicator geographic information system (GIS) based comprehensive evaluation approach. The spatial distribution patterns and interactive mechanisms of soil pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and C/N ratio were investigated using Kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW) spatial interpolation techniques combined with Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that significant spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrients crossed the study area. The central region, characterized by fertile black soils, exhibited higher fertility levels with higher OM (mean 34.69 g/kg), TN (mean 1.79 g/kg) and CEC [mean 21.9 cmol(+)/kg]. In contrast, the western saline-alkali soil region displayed alkaline pH (mean pH 8.5) and higher AK (mean 207.68 mg/kg) but lower OM. The eastern mountainous area showed reduced AP (mean 40.03 mg/kg) and AK levels, along with a higher C/N ratio (mean 10.51), which were associated with severe soil erosion. Correlation analysis showed that organic matter was highly significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen (r=0.986，P<0.01), available potassium was significantly positively correlated with CEC (r=0.597，P<0.01), while pH was highly significantly negatively correlated with both organic matter and total nitrogen (P<0.01). Based on this, a zonal optimization management strategy was proposed: potassium supplementation to improve saline-alkali land in the west, phosphorus control to prevent loss in the east, and balanced nutrient supply to maintain fertility in the middle. The research results could directly guide the precise fertilization practice in the green rice production areas of Jilin Province, and have important application value for optimizing regional soil management, improving rice yield and quality, and achieving sustainable development.

Rice pot seedling machine transplanting effectively combines the characteristics of pot-shaped seedlings and carpet seedlings. It involves the precise transplantation of soil-bearing pot seedlings into the field using specialized machinery, offering advantages such as shortening the slow seedling recovery period and improving yield and stability. This article, based on the practice of rice pot seedling machine transplanting in Anqing, Anhui Province, introduces high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques for rice pot seedling nursery and machine transplanting, covering aspects such as variety selection, seed treatment, seedling management, and pot seedling transplantation. In production, it is advisable to select varieties with suitable maturity and strong disease resistance, such as Haoliangyou 729 and Haoliangyou 985. Seed treatment measures, including sun drying and soaking, are implemented to improve seedling emergence rates. For seedling management, a flat and well-irrigated field is selected as the nursery. Using nursery trays measuring 60 cm in length and 30 cm in width, with 448 holes per tray. The required number of trays is 35 trays per 667 m². After sowing, soil sealing treatment, scientific water management, and fertilization are carried out to cultivate standardized seedlings with a hole formation rate of ≥90%, uniform growth, and free from pests and diseases. During transplantation, the row spacing for pot seedling machine transplanting is set at 33 cm × 14 cm, with a planting density of 14 400 holes per 667 m² and a transplanting depth of 1–2 cm. After machine transplanting, water management follows the principle of “shallow water initially, mid-term drying, and moist conditions later”, shallow water before seedling recovery, field drying when tillers reach 90% of the panicle number, intermittent irrigation during jointing and booting stages, alternating dry and wet conditions during the grain-filling stage, and water supply is cut off 7-10 days before harvest. 5–7 kg /667 m² of urea during the tillering stage to promote tillering, 2–3 kg/667 m² of urea + 3–5 kg/667 m² of potassium chloride during the booting stage to protect panicles, and foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate during the grain-filling stage to increase grain weight. Pest, disease, and weed control prioritize prevention, with chemical control applied at specific stages, supplemented by physical and biological control. Pesticide application should avoid high temperatures and the flowering period. Harvesting is conducted timely on sunny days when 95% of the grains turn yellow and 33% of the rice stalks dry out. The grains are dried to a moisture content of 13.5%–14.5% before storage.

To investigate the effects of the plant growth regulator Iron Chlorine e6 on rice growth, an experiment was conducted using the rice variety Ningxiangjing 9. The following treatments were applied: seed dressing with 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 (A1, 22.5 g/hm²; A2, 45.0 g/hm²; A3, 67.5 g/hm²; A4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the jointing stage (B1, 22.5 g/hm²; B2, 45.0 g/hm²; B3, 67.5 g/hm²; B4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the booting stage (C1, 22.5 g/hm²; C2, 45.0 g/hm²; C3, 67.5 g/hm²; C4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control). The traits, yield, and safety of rice plants under different treatments were determined. The results showed that foliar spraying of 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 soluble powder increased panicle length and plant height, while seed dressing effectively thickened the basal internodes and enhanced lodging resistance. Both methods, at application rates of 45.0-90.0 g/hm², prevented lodging. Both seed dressing and foliar spraying of Iron Chlorine e6 increased the hundred-grain weight, seed setting rate, and yield of rice, with yield increases ranging from 2.14% to 11.95%. The C4 treatment achieved the highest yield (11 303.55 kg/hm²). All treatments were safe for rice growth. Considering economic benefits, it is recommended to apply 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 at 67.5 g/hm² during the booting stage to improve rice yield.

An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of rice straw returning and tillage methods on wheat growth, the wheat variety Yangmai 30 was used as the material. 5 treatments were designed: full amount of rice straw returned to the field followed by deep tillage + shallow rotary tillage (T1), full amount of straw returned to the field followed by shallow rotary tillage (T2), no-tillage with full amount of straw returned to the field (T3), all rice straw baled and removed from the field followed by deep tillage + shallow rotary tillage (T4), and all straw baled and removed from the field followed by shallow rotary tillage (T5). The emergence of wheat seedlings, occurrence of weeds in wheat fields, the entire growth period of wheat, and yield factors under various treatments were determined. The results showed that the emergence rates of the treatments, in descending order, were T4 > T5 > T1 > T2 > T3. The total weed occurrence, in descending order, was T2 > T5 > T4 > T1 > T3. The growth progress was generally consistent, with a full growth period of 199 days for all treatments. In terms of yield, the yields of the treatments ranged from 6 108.8 to 6 603.3 kg/hm², in descending order: T4 > T1 > T2 > T5 > T3. The economic benefits, in descending order, were T3 > T2 > T5 > T4 > T1. Overall, T3 and T2 were associated with higher economic benefits, while T4 achieved the highest wheat yield. Different regions can select suitable straw management methods based on local conditions to enhance wheat yield while improving economic benefits. This article provides a reference for efficient planting of rice stubble and wheat.

To investigate the effects of side-deep fertilization of slow-release blended fertilizer on the growth and yield of machine-transplanted rice, a field experiment was conducted using rice cultivar Jingliangyou 1125. 5 treatments were designed: CK (conventional manual fertilization + machine transplanting), T1 (side-deep fertilization + conventional amount), T2 (side-deep fertilization with 10% reduction), T3 (side-deep fertilization with 20% reduction), and T4 (side-deep fertilization with 30% reduction). The growth period, agronomic traits (such as plant height and effective panicle number), and yield were observed and measured. The results showed that side-deep fertilization had no significant effect on the growth period of rice. There were no significant differences in plant height, grain number per panicle, or 1 000-grain weight among the treatments. The number of effective panicles in the side-deep fertilization treatments was 1.1–3.5 panicles/cluster higher than that in CK. The average yield increased by 2.8%–24.9% compared to CK. Among them, treatment 2 had the highest number of effective panicles and yield, which were 14.1 panicles/cluster and 11 089 kg/hm², respectively.In conclusion, side-deep fertilization can promote rice tillering, increase effective panicle number, and thereby improve rice yield.Moreover, under reduced fertilizer application conditions, the yield is higher, achieving the goal of cost reduction and efficiency improvement.

The genetic characteristics and types of rice dwarfism were systematically analyzed, the role of plant hormones was examined in this process, the ideal plant architecture for dwarf breeding was discussed, and prospects for future research directions were provided. Rice plant height determined jointly by the number and length of internodes, was identified as a key trait affecting lodging resistance and yield. Dwarfing mutants in rice types were diverse and could be classified inter-node shortening mode into categories such as d6-type and dm-type. Currently, plant height was categorized into tall, semi-dwarf, and dwarf based on height, though the distinction between semi-dwarf and dwarf remained to be clarified, reflecting the complexity of the underlying genetic mechanisms. Dwarfism was primarily associated with deficiencies in the metabolism or signal transduction of 3 types of hormones: gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and strigolactone (SL). Among these, GA and BR were directly involved in regulating internode elongation, and mutations in their related genes led to dwarfism. In contrast, SL synthetic gene mutations resulted in dwarfism along with increased tillering. A total of 36 major dwarf genes (sd1, d18, and etc.) had been cloned, providing important genetic resources for lodging-resistant breeding. The development of rice varieties with high lodging resistance, yield potential, and suitability for mechanized production had become a major objective in modern breeding. Progress in rice dwarf breeding was expected to be effectively advanced through in-depth research on the gene function, genetic diversity, and key gene networks of rice dwarfing mutants, combined with modern technologies such as gene editing and phenomics. This review provides a reference for the selection and improvement of rice varieties.

【Objective】To meet the increasing food demand driven by population growth and environmental changes, it is necessary to continuously cultivate varieties with high yield, good quality, and multiple resistances. Efficiently create new germplasm with rich genetic backgrounds and genetic diversity to provide a reference for breeding new varieties that balance multiple excellent traits. 【Method】The Sanming dominant genic male sterile material was used to simplify the hybridization procedure. It was hybridized with multiple parents with distant geographical relationships to aggregate multiple excellent traits. Aiming at problems such as a narrow genetic basis and the difficulty of applying molecular markers, S221 was successively and continuously hybridized with materials such as 09598, Ezhong 5, Yuanfengzhan, Yunxiangruan, etc. Fertile plants were selected from the offspring of the last hybridization. The new variety was cultivated by combining the pedigree method with heat-tolerance analysis, rice quality analysis, and resistance screening. The DNA of 60 selected single plants from the F₁₀ series of lines and 4 parents was extracted. Primers for the target sites were designed. The target DNA fragments were captured by PCR and sequenced. Finally, the genotyping analysis of the target sites was carried out. The SLYm1R high-density rice whole-genome SNP chip was used for the analysis of functional genes. 【Result】Genotype analysis is carried out to analyze the degree of genetic relationship or similarity based on the magnitude of the base substitution rate. The parental materials Ezhong 5 and Yunxiangruan have a relatively distant relationship with other parental materials, while 09598 has a relatively close relationship with Yuanfengzhan. The base substitution rates among the three newly obtained lines are as follows: 0.0099545 (170531-170532), 0.0338213 (170531-170533), and0.0371913 (170532-170533). Within each line, the base substitution rate is 0, indicating that there are differences among the three lines, but there is no genetic difference within each line. Through successive generations and expansion propagation, new germplasms were formed, which were named ZY531, ZY532, and ZY533 respectively. The results of functional gene analysis show that the functional genes of the ZY532 series of germplasms are respectively derived from 4 parents, aggregating excellent genes from multiple parents. For example, the Os-MOT1;1 gene is derived from Yunxiangruan, which can reduce abiotic stresses such as molybdenum accumulation; the Bph3 gene is derived from 09598 and Ezhong 5, which can enhance the resistance to brown planthoppers; the OsGSK2 gene is derived from 09598, Yuanfengzhan, and Yunxiangruan, which can increase the length of the mesocotyl and is suitable for direct seeding; the Badh2 gene is derived from Yunxiangruan, making the rice fragrant; multiple blast resistance genes are derived from different parents and can also be aggregated into the innovative resources, enabling it to obtain good blast resistance. ZY532 has excellent rice quality, good blast resistance, and strong heat resistance. ZY532 also has good heat resistance, and the heat resistance of the hybrid combination prepared reaches level 3. 【Conclusion】When using dominant genic male sterility to cultivate new varieties, due to the complex genetic background, the breeding cycle is often long. Combining high-throughput SNP marker detection can quickly screen out stable lines and more types, which not only broadens the genetic basis but also improves the breeding efficiency. It is an efficient breeding method.

The necessity of producing ratoon rice in Huizhou District, Huangshan City, Anhui Province was summarized. Based on the current status of ratoon rice production in the study area, aspects that required further improvement were identified, and corresponding countermeasures were proposed. The promotion of ratoon rice production was considered beneficial for increasing total yield, raising farmers’ income, improving rice quality, and effectively reducing agricultural losses caused by flood disasters. Although the planting area of ratoon rice in the study area had increased year by year, aspects such as the scale of cultivation, mechanization level, industrial system, and policy support still need enhancement. To promote the sustainable development of this industry, a series of countermeasures were proposed: training and publicity were strengthened to improve farmers’ understanding of ratoon rice cultivation techniques; full-process mechanized production was advanced by introducing machinery suitable for ratoon rice harvesting to enhance the yield of the ratoon season; characteristic brands were developed to boost the market competitiveness and added value of ratoon rice products through brand building and the integration of agriculture and tourism; support for the ratoon rice industry was intensified by establishing special subsidies, giving full play to the role of agricultural industrialization consortia, and adopting order-based production models to improve production efficiency. This paper provided a reference for promoting the development of the ratoon rice industry in relevant regions and advancing the process of agricultural modernization.

To clarify the influence of different agronomic traits on rice yield, a grey relational analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation between agronomic traits and yield using 11 hybrid rice varieties, including Quanliangyou 985 and Quanyou 1001. Variance analysis was also performed on the plot yield of each rice variety. The results showed that the relational degree between 10 agronomic traits and yield, in descending order, was as follows: growth period (0.859 8) > plant height (0.825 7) > seed-setting rate (0.763 1) > 1000-grain weight (0.740 6) > panicle length (0.734 2) > number of effective ears per plant (0.675 3) > total grain number (0.634 7) > filled grains per panicle (0.623 9) > number of filled grains (0.622 0) > total grains per panicle (0.562 1). According to the principle of grey relational analysis, the growth period was identified as the primary factor affecting the yield of the tested rice varieties. The variance analysis results indicated that the plot yield of Quanliangyou 985 was significantly different from other varieties at both the 0.05 and 0.01 levels. Except for Quanliangyou Jingsimiao, the plot yields of the other nine varieties were significantly higher than that of Fengliangyou No.4 (CK). Overall, nine varieties, including Quanliangyou 985, Quanyou 1001, and Quankeyou 211, demonstrated promising prospects for widespread cultivation.

To clarify the application of 48% controlled release fertilizer in mid-season rice production, the rice variety Pingliangyouyazhan was used as the material. 5 fertilizer treatments were established in Chongyi County, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province (T1, nitrogen free zone, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus+potassium chloride; T2, phosphorus free zone, urea+potassium chloride; T3, potassium free zone, urea+calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus; T4, nitrogen phosphorus potassium zone, 48% controlled release fertilizer; T5, blank area). The effects of these treatments on rice growth period, main agronomic traits, yield, and fertilizer use efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the total growth period of rice under different treatments ranged from 129 to 133 days. The application of controlled-release fertilizer was found to accelerate seedling recovery and prolong the tillering and heading stages. In terms of main agronomic traits, plant height varied from 101.9 to 121.2 cm, and the seed setting rate ranged from 66.90% to 74.22%. The use of controlled release fertilizer increased the effective panicle number and seed-setting rate of mid-season rice. Both grain yield and straw yield were the highest in the T4 treatment, reaching 560.28 and 509.81 kg/667 m², respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiencies were 37.33%, 26.17%, and 52.56%, respectively, with potassium use efficiency being the highest. In conclusion, 48% controlled release fertilizer was beneficial for increasing mid-season rice yield. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of controlled release fertilizer in agricultural production.

To screen safe and effective herbicides for direct-seeded rice fields, 4 agents including 40% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor WP were tested, with a blank control as the reference. The treatments included: treatment 1 (40% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor WP + 25% cyhalofop-butyl EW), treatment 2 (40% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor WP + 15% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium OD), treatment 3 (33% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor OD + 25% cyhalofop-butyl EW), treatment 4 (33% bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor OD + 15% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium OD), treatment 5 (25% cyhalofop-butyl EW), and treatment 6 (15% pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium OD). The safety to rice and weed control efficacy in the field were evaluated. The results showed that all tested herbicides were relatively safe for rice growth when applied at appropriate doses and methods. The dominant weeds in the direct-seeded rice fields were Leptochloa chinensis and Echinochloa crus-galli, with fewer Cyperaceae and Broadleaf weeds. The plant control efficacy at 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment across all treatments ranked from highest to lowest as: treatment 1 > treatment 3 > treatment 2 > treatment 4 > treatment 5 > treatment 6. similarly, the fresh weight control efficacy at 21 days followed the same descending order: treatment 1 > treatment 3 > treatment 2 > treatment 4 > treatment 5 > treatment 6. Treatments 1–4 achieved over 97% control efficacy (by plant number) for total weeds at 7 and 14 days after treatment, and over 96% control efficacy (by plant number and fresh weight) at 21 days after treatment (36 days after rice sowing). In conclusion, applying bensulfuron-methyl·pretilachlor for soil sealing, supplemented with cyhalofop-butyl or pyrazosulfuron-ethyl·bispyribac-sodium for post-emergence treatment, effectively controls weeds in direct-seeded rice fields and is suitable for widespread adoption in production.

Wanyou 66 was a mid-late maturing three-line hybrid rice variety using the indica-type three-line sterile line Wan 8A as the female parent and the high quality, blast-resistant restorer line Wanhui 66 as the male parent. The characteristics and high yield cultivation techniques of this variety were introduced in the Wuyishan region of Fujian Province. From 2022 to 2024, multi-location demonstration and trial experiments of this variety were conducted in Wuyishan City. It was characterized by a suitable growth period, strong tillering ability, and uniform panicle structure in field cultivation. The yield ranged from 8 349.4 to 9 596.0 kg/hm⊃2;. The variety exhibited resistance to rice blast and good lodging resistance, as well as a high head rice rate, good grain appearance, and desirable palatability. Its high yield cultivation techniques included selecting an appropriate sowing date (late April to early May) and adjusting the seeding rate according to different transplanting methods; cultivating strong seedlings through treatments such as chemical seed soaking, paclobutrazol application, and “farewell fertilizer and farewell pesticide” before transplanting; achieving reasonable planting density to establish an efficient population; implementing a fertilization strategy of “heavy base fertilizer, early topdressing, and supplemental panicle and grain fertilizer” combined with a water management model of “shallow water, sun-drying, and alternating wet and dry conditions” to promote tillering, panicle formation, and lodging resistance; applying pesticides such as 16% emamectin benzoate·indoxacarb at 150 g/hm⊃2; to control pests like the rice stem borer; and harvesting under sunny conditions when 90% of the panicles were mature. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in relevant regions.

This study aimed to mitigate or prevent the adverse effects of heat damage on yield of single-season rice in Xuancheng, ensuring stable rice production in the region. Using meteorological data from seven meteorological stations (1961-2023) and rice yield data (2000-2023) in Xuancheng, the spatiotemporal distribution, variation patterns, and yield impacts of heat damage during the critical growth stages of single-season rice (booting to heading-flowering stages) were analyzed through yield modeling and wavelet analysis. The findings revealed that: (1) total heat damage events increased after the 1990s. After 2000, mild, severe, and extreme heat damage showed rising trends, while moderate damage declined gradually. Mild events were most frequent, followed by severe and moderate, with extreme events being the least common. (2) The spatial extent of heat damage followed the order: mild > severe > moderate > extreme. (3) Heat damage was more prevalent in the southwest and less frequent in the northeast. Ningguo experienced the highest frequency, while Guangde had the relatively lower frequency, with an overall increasing trend. (4) A 4-5 year inverse-phase resonance cycle existed between rice yields and heat damage in Xuancheng, becoming more pronounced after 2007. There was a significant positive correlation between the intensity of high temperature heat damage and the yield reduction of single-season rice. Recommendations include: promoting high-temperature-tolerant indica rice varieties paired with emergency measures like “deep-water irrigation + foliar salicylic acid application” in southern high-risk zones; optimizing sowing dates in northeastern low-risk zones to avoid critical flowering stages from late July to early September. The research results, combined with the above targeted measures, can provide scientific basis and technical support for the stable and high yield of local rice and the enhancement of climate resilience.

In the context of global climate warming and evolving agricultural practices, cases of premature sowing and cultivation in rice production have increased. This study focuses on Keqiao District, Shaoxing City, utilizing 43 years of observational data from the Keqiao National First-Class Agrometeorological Observation Station, combined with field surveys of current agricultural sowing practices. Five phased sowing schemes for machine-transplanted and direct-seeded early rice were developed. Analyze the probabilities of agrometeorological disasters occurring at different developmental stages for machine-transplanted and direct-seeded early rice under various sowing dates, and determine the suitable sowing periods for both machine-transplanted and direct-seeded early rice based on the principle of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages. The results showed that the suitable sowing period for machine-transplanted early rice in Keqiao, Shaoxing City is from late March to early April, and the suitable sowing date for direct-seeded early rice is from early April to early mid-April. This provides a scientific basis for farmers to reasonably arrange the production and planting of machine-transplanted and direct-seeded early rice, as well as to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages under climate change.

To find out the enrichment characteristics of functional elements of selenium, zinc and iron in rice, which have great influence on human health, and promote the development of functional agriculture, the leaf surface application of selenium (A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and A₅) was carried out on the leading hybrid high quality rice ‘Yexiang Youbasi’ (B₁) and conventional high quality rice ‘Baixiang 139’ (B₂) by split zone design. The results showed that the experimental treatment significantly increased the selenium content of rice and rice straw. The average selenium content of B₂ rice was significantly higher than that of B₁ by 17.2%. There was no significant difference in the average selenium content of rice straw between B₁ and B₂. B₁ rice had a stronger tolerance to high exogenous selenium stress than B₂, and B₂ rice straw had a stronger tolerance to high exogenous selenium stress than B₁. The interaction effect of A₄×B₂ and A₄×B₁ (applied 1.5 times selenium) on the difference in selenium content between B₁ and B₂ rice was extremely significant. A₁×B₁ and A₁×B₂ (without selenium application) had no significant effect on the difference in selenium content between B₁ and B₂ rice, indicating that exogenous selenium had an impact on the difference in selenium enrichment between rice varieties (combinations). Foliar application of selenium had no significant effect on the zinc and iron content of rice, but increased the difference in zinc enrichment between B₁ and B₂ rice and reduced the difference in iron enrichment between B₁ and B₂ rice. This suggested that exogenous selenium also had an impact on the differences in zinc and iron enrichment between rice varieties (combinations). B₁ rice had significantly stronger zinc enrichment than B₂ rice, while B₁ and B₂ rice had comparable iron enrichment. Exogenous selenium had different effects on the enrichment of selenium, zinc and iron in rice, and also affected the difference in the enrichment ability of selenium, zinc and iron among rice varieties. It was worth paying attention to the evaluation and screening of rice varieties (combinations) rich in selenium, zinc and iron.

As a national commercial grain base, the soil health of green rice planting areas in Jilin Province is crucial for ensuring food security and ecological safety. This study systematically analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of soil pH and heavy metal (Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr) contents, along with their correlations, across 42 green rice planting areas in Jilin Province. The results indicated that the soil pH in the study area ranged from 4.6 to 10, with a mean pH value of 7.23 and significant spatial heterogeneity (standard deviation of 1.21). The analysis of heavy metal content revealed that the mean concentrations of Cd, Hg, As, Pb, and Cr were 0.1094, 0.043, 8.1, 21.79 and 49.23 mg/kg, respectively. Notably, the levels of Cd and Hg approached or exceeded the screening values for soil environmental risks in certain areas. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant negative relationship between soil pH and heavy metal contents (P<0.01), particularly for Cd (r=-0.387) and Hg (r=-0.627), suggesting that increased pH could effectively reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals. Further spatial analysis revealed a coupling relationship between heavy metals and pH, indicating significant overlap between low pH regions and areas with high heavy metal content. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations for acidic soil amendment (with a suggested lime application rate of 1500-3000 kg/hm²) and the establishment of a comprehensive heavy metal—pH monitoring network are proposed. These measures could serve as a scientific basis for soil pollution prevention and control, as well as for sustainable agricultural development in the green rice growing areas of Jilin Province.

To improve the resistance of rice cultivar ‘Yunjing 37’ to Manaporthe oryzae, the rice cultivar ‘Yunjing 37’ was used as the recurrent parent. By employing a combination of conventional hybridization, backcrossing, selfing, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies, the blast resistance genes Pi57 and Pi69 were pyramided into the japonica cultivar ‘Yunjing 37’. M. oryzae strains virulent to ‘Yunjing 37’ were used to evaluate the blast resistance of BC₂F₃ lines containing homozygous Pi57+Pi69, Pi57 or Pi69, as well as their parental materials, through artificial spray inoculation at the seedling stage. Results showed that plants possessing homozygous Pi57+Pi69 were resistant to all blast strains used in this study, while those lines containing only homozygous Pi57 or Pi69 exhibited resistance or susceptible reactions consistent with their donor parents. These results indicated that pyramiding of blast resistance genes can significantly enhance the resistance of rice varieties against M. oryzae. The newly developed materials will provide valuable germplasm resources for blast-resistant rice breeding.

【Objective】Rice bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a quarantine-regulated bacterial disease in China caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which has severely threatened rice yield and grain quality, becoming one of the main diseases in rice production areas. This study aims to utilize high-quality actinomycete strains to lay a theoretical foundation for developing the products of microbial origin to mitigate crop diseases.【Method】Actinomycete strains were isolated and purified from rhizosphere soil samples of various plants using the serial dilution plating technique. The inhibition ability of different strains against Xoc was compared by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone. The target strain with the best inhibition effect was selected for preservation and identified through polyphasic characterization integrating morphological traits, physiological-biochemical experiments, and multi-gene alignment analysis. The effects of antagonistic actinomycete on the physiological characteristics of Xoc were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), intracellular β-galactosidase leakage determination and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The greenhouse pot control effect test was carried out to study the actual benefit of controlling BLS. The growth-promoting characteristics of antagonistic actinomycete were analyzed by designated medium, and its effects on the growth and development of rice seedlings were investigated by watering growth-promoting experiments.【Result】A total of 80 actinomycete strains were isolated. Among them, strain Sv-6 exhibited the most potent antagonism against Xoc, with inhibition zone diameter of (44.87±0.26) mm. Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, strain Sv-6 was identified as Streptomyces virginiae. After treatment with the culture filtrate of Sv-6 strain, Xoc cells swelled, shrunk and aggregated. At the same time, the material composition of the membrane surface changed, the permeability increased, and the protein expression decreased. The results of greenhouse pot experiments showed that the lesion inhibition rates of susceptible rice varieties Yongyou 15 and Xiangliangyou 900 were 57.98%-88.25% after being treated with strain Sv-6 culture fluid, which exhibited a good preventive effect on rice infected with Xoc. The growth-promoting characterization confirmed that strain Sv-6 exhibited siderophore production, inorganic phosphate solubilization, and IAA production. The growth-promoting irrigation experiments confirmed that strain Sv-6 enhanced the growth of rice seedlings, and the root length increased by 48.50% after treatment.【Conclusion】S. virginiae Sv-6 exhibits a good control effect on BLS, and has the potential to be developed into green biocontrol agent and microbial fertilizer.

To investigate the accuracy of estimating rice leaf nitrogen concentration using multi-source satellite data, a rice LNC estimation experiment was conducted from 2020 to 2022 in Xiaogang Village, Fengyang County, Anhui Province. The HH2 spectroradiometer was used to obtain in situ hyperspectral data of rice leaves at different growth stages (tillering, booting, heading, flowering, and filling stages), while synchronous measurements of rice nitrogen content were collected. The band response functions of two satellite sensors, QuickBird and SPOT-6, were selected, and the reflectance data of these two sensors was simulated using ENVI/IDL resampling technology.Based on the simulated multispectral reflectance data of rice leaves, 12 spectral indices were constructed by combining any two bands. Spectral indices highly correlated with nitrogen content at each growth stage were screened through correlation fitting, and the established rice LNC estimation models were validated using the coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results showed that, across the entire growth period, rice LNC exhibited a gradually decreasing trend (except during the tillering stage) and was negatively correlated with spectral reflectance.For the QuickBird sensor, during the tillering and booting stages, the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI-BG) and ratio spectral index (RSI-BR) showed the highest correlations with LNC, with R² values of 0.351 8, 0.617 0 and 0.352 9, 0.628 1, respectively. During the heading, flowering, and filling stages, NDSI-RN and RSI-RN achieved the highest R² values, reaching 0.714 0, 0.553 2, 0.637 2 and 0.707 5, 0.542 9, 0.639 5, respectively. Similarly, for the SPOT-6 sensor, NDSI-BG and RSI-BR exhibited the highest R² values during the tillering and booting stages (0.351 8, 0.612 9 and 0.355 4, 0.622 2, respectively), while NDSI-RN and RSI-RN performed best during the heading, flowering, and filling stages (0.702 9, 0.543 6, 0.584 6 and 0.697 8, 0.537 9, 0.584 8, respectively).Model validation results indicated that the QuickBird-simulated data, R² = 0.56 and RMSE = 0.42, whereas for the SPOT-6 model, R²=0.54 and RMSE = 0.28. This suggests that the LNC estimation model based on QuickBird-simulated data achieved slightly higher accuracy than that of SPOT-6, though with a marginally larger RMSE. This method can be applied for relatively rough estimation of rice nitrogen content.

The japonica glutinous rice variety Wankennuo 1116 was used as the material, taking the spraying of plain water as the control (CK), Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different types of foliar fertilizers [treatment 1, Miaodundun (bio-based); treatment 2, Meizhouxing (nutrient-based); treatment 3, Abscisic acid + Indolebutyric acid (regulation-based); treatment 4, Liquid enzyme fertilizer (fertilizer-pesticide combination); treatment 5, zhenfengrui combination (composite-based)] on the growth period, agronomic traits, yield, and economic benefits of rice. The results showed that in terms of growth period and agronomic traits, the total growth period of all treatments was 156 d, and no significant effect of foliar fertilizers on the growth period was observed. However, the application of foliar fertilizers was found to reduce plant height (109.7-115.6 cm) and increase panicle length (16.7-17.8 cm). In terms of factors contributing to rice yield composition, the number of panicles in the foliar fertilizer treatments ranged from 229 000 to 276 000 panicles per 667 m², the seed setting rate was between 86.1% and 88.5%, and the 1 000-grain weight was 26.4-27.1 g. The rice yield under different foliar fertilizer treatments ranged from 696.4 to 751.6 kg per 667 m², with a cost-benefit ratio of 3.4-7.3. Among them, the microbial foliar fertilizer Miaodundun, the regulatory foliar fertilizer Abscisic acid + Indolebutyric acid, and the compound foliar fertilizer Zhenfengrui combination demonstrated better yield increasing and income enhancing effects. This study provides a reference for efficient fertilization management in rice production.

Based on the current status of ratoon rice production in Qianshan City, Anhui Province, the aspects needing improvement were analyzed, and its corresponding industrial development strategies were proposed. The ratoon rice production was incorporated into the high quality agricultural development project in the study area, with a steady increase in planting area. In 2023, the demonstration planting of ratoon rice Quanyou 822 in Huangpu Town achieved a total yield of 13 609.5 kg/hm² and a profit of 10 341.27 yuan/hm². However, deficiencies were identified in varietal selection, cultivation techniques, brand building level, scale of operation, and socialized services. To address these issues, several countermeasures were proposed: lodging resistant and machine harvestable varieties were promoted; optimized sowing and seedling-raising techniques, precision fertilization, integrated “three-prevention and two-control” pest management, and simplified mechanical harvesting systems were implemented; regional public brands were established with “three certifications and one standard” accreditation, and agritourism demonstration parks were developed; new agricultural business entities were fostered, and “one-stop” agricultural machinery service cooperatives were established to improve the supply and marketing system and reduce production costs. This article provides reference for the high-quality development of the ratoon rice industry in the research area and similar regions.

This study aims to assess the salt tolerance of perennial rice varieties (lines) ‘PR23’, ‘PR24’, ‘PR25’, ‘PR26’, ‘PR101’, ‘PR107’, and ‘PR109’, and to screen out elite salt-tolerant germplasm. The experiment employed NaCl solutions at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol/L to conduct salinity stress treatments on perennial rice varieties (lines) and the parent ‘RD23’. The vitality parameters (seedling height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, etc.) and salt tolerance coefficients of varieties were determined under different NaCl concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance performance of the varieties (lines). The results showed that: (1) significant differences in salt damage levels among varieties (lines) were observed when NaCl concentration reached 150 mmol/L. Among all the phenotypic traits associated with salt stress, except for root length, all other traits under the 150 mmol/L NaCl treatment showed significant differences from the control group (P < 0.05), establishing this concentration as the optimal level for screening salt tolerance in perennial rice during the seedling stage. (2) PCA of the relative values of salt tolerance traits under the 150 mmol/L NaCl treatment generated membership function values. Combining with the principal component variance contribution rate weight, the comprehensive evaluation D value was obtained, showing that ‘Yun Da 107 (PR107) ’exhibited the strongest comprehensive salt tolerance ability at the seedling stage, while ‘PR101’ showed the weakest salt tolerance capacity. Other varieties (lines) had intermediate salt tolerance levels. This study provides high-quality germplasm resources for rice salt tolerance breeding and lays the foundation for future improvements in rice salt tolerance. This study not only identifies elite salt-tolerant rice germplasm resources through phenotypic and genotypic assessments, laying a foundation for genetic improvement of rice salt tolerance, but also provides critical data support for further research on salinity stress tolerance mechanisms.

To optimize the pesticide application parameters of plant protection drones, this study systematically evaluated the effects of different water application rates on the control efficacy against rice sheath blight and the economic benefits, aiming to provide a scientific basis for precise drone-based pesticide application. Using the DJI T40 drone, field experiments were conducted in Songjiang District, Shanghai, from 2023 to 2024. Three water application rate gradients (30, 45, and 67.5 L/hm²) were set, with pesticides applying at the jointing and heading stages of rice, and the control efficacy in terms of diseased plant rate and disease index was monitored. (1) At the jointing stage, there were no significant differences in control efficacy among the gradients (diseased plant control efficacy: 85.57%-87.68%; disease index control efficacy: 89.86%-91.34%). (2) At the heading stage, the control efficacy at 30 L/hm² was significantly lower than that at other gradients (P< 0.05), while there was no significant difference between 45 L/hm² and 67.5 L/hm² (P>0.05). In 2023, the diseased plant control efficacy ranged from 79.71% to 91.99%, and the disease index control efficacy ranged from 89.47% to 94.95%. In 2024, 7 days after pesticide application, the diseased plant control efficacy was 78.86%-95.01%, and the disease index control efficacy was 85.30%-94.93%; 15 days after application, the diseased plant control efficacy was 73.17%-93.12%, and the disease index control efficacy was 77.38%-92.46%. (3) In terms of economic benefits, the operation efficiency showed a decreasing trend with the increase of water application rate (30L: 4.0 hm² /h→67.5 L: 2.67 hm² /h), and the control cost increased by 71.4% with the increase of water application rate (from 1050 to 1800 yuan per application). A differentiated water application strategy is recommended: since the water application rate at the jointing stage has no significant impact on the control efficacy, 30 L/hm² is recommended (balancing efficiency and cost); as the water application rate at the heading stage has a significant impact on the control efficacy, 45 L/hm² is preferred (balancing control efficacy and economy).

The objective of this study is to explore the agro meteorological conditions and suitable climatic zoning of rice cultivation under the complex mountainous terrain of Zhijin County. The correlation between rice meteorological yield and meteorological factors was analyzed by mathematical statistics, the key meteorological factors affecting the growth and development of rice were screened out, a localized rice meteorological yield forecast model was established, and the forecast results were tested. At the same time, according to the meteorological data and disaster weather data, combined with various disaster indicators, the zoning map of rice planting suitability in Zhijin County was comprehensively drawn. The result showed that eight meteorological factors, including average temperature and sunshine hours in late May, precipitation in late June, precipitation and sunshine hours in mid-July, average temperature and precipitation in early August, and precipitation in early September, had the best correlation with the growth and development of rice in Zhijin County. The average forecast accuracy of the established localized forecasting model is more than 90%, and the forecast results are credible, which is suitable for localized yield forecasting. The zoning map of rice climate suitability showed that the climate of southern and western townships in the central part of Zhijin County was the most suitable for rice planting, while the suitability of rice planting in the northern and eastern towns was poor. The prediction model established in this study has good prediction ability for rice yield in Zhijin County. The generated climate suitability zoning map clearly reveals regional differences, which can provide an intuitive decision-making basis for optimizing local rice planting layout, avoiding meteorological disaster risk and improving yield level.

The aim is to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on the yield and its constituent factors of ‘Chaoyou 1000’, and clarify the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer management and the yield increase mechanism of rice with high yield. Eight kinds of nitrogen fertilizer management treatments, including N₀ (no fertilization), N₁ (7:3), N₂ (6:4), N₃ (5:5), N₄ (4:6), N₅ (3:7), N₆ (2:8) and N₇(0:10), were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on rice yield and yield components, leaf area index and dry matter with N₃ as the control. The results showed that the backward movement of nitrogen fertilizer increased the effective spike number, grain number per spike and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, but had little effect on 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate. Under N₆, the yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were the highest, and the leaf area index reached the maximum value at the full heading stage. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer backward migration at the critical leaf age, jointing stage and full heading stage of effective tillering, the leaf area index first increased, then decreased and then increased. The dry matter accumulation from full heading stage to maturity stage, the population growth rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer backward migration, and the harvest index gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer backward migration. When the total amount of nitrogen application (pure nitrogen) was 420 kg/hm², the basic seedling was 28.95×10⁴/hm², and the transplanting density was 11.5 cm×30 cm, the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was basal tiller: panicle fertilizer = 2:8, which was the most conducive to high yield.

This study explores the genetic basis and related functional genes of rice nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), highlighting the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and summarizing the pertinent genes. NUE traits are divided into physiological traits (such as nitrogen uptake) and agronomic traits (such as tiller number) to elucidate key genes beneficial for nitrogen absorption. In physiological traits, genes affecting the absorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in rice are summarized. The absorption of NH₄⁺ in rice is primarily controlled by the AMT superfamily of proteins, whereas the proteins involved in NO₃^- transport mainly fall into two categories: NRT1 and NRT2, such as overexpression of genes like OsAMT1.1 and OsNRT1.1B can increase rice's nitrogen uptake. In agronomic traits, transcription factors such as GRF4 and NGR5 regulate the expression of nitrogen metabolism genes, promoting tiller development and grain growth, thus enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. These findings provide new genetic resources for rice breeding, promising the development of high NUE and environmentally friendly new varieties.

The research progress in rice germplasm innovation, variety breeding, and breeding technology development in Anhui Province since 1949 has been reviewed, and the future research directions in rice breeding have been prospected. In terms of germplasm innovation and variety breeding, Anhui rice germplasm (variety) innovation has gone through the stages of introducing and systematically selecting agricultural varieties and dwarf varieties, as well as selecting three-line sterile lines and two-line sterile lines; as of 2024, there were 1 539 self bred rice varieties in the research area, including three-line hybrid rice varieties such as 80 You 121, Xieyou 57, and Quanyou 822, two-line hybrid rice combinations such as Xingliangyou No.6 and Wandao 153, conventional rice varieties such as Huixiangruan No.1 and Huixiangjing 977, as well as strong drought resistant varieties such as Lyuhan No.1 and Lyuhanliangyou 21. In terms of breeding technology, mutagenesis technology has the characteristics of high mutation rate and light biological damage, enriched breeding resources; molecular marker assisted breeding technology can accurately select and efficiently recombine for the gene, improving the success rate of breeding; gene editing technology can precisely modify target genes according to specific breeding needs, further improving the precision and efficiency of breeding. The next step will focus on cultivating new varieties of green, high quality, high yielding, and multi resistant rice to meet diversified market demands.

The mycelial growth rate method was used to determine the sensitivity of 4 major rice disease (bakanae disease, sheath blight, helminthosporium leaf spot, rice blast) pathogens to 6 fungicides (20% tricyclazole, 25% kresoxim-methyl, 25% phenamacril, 20% propiconazole, 20% zinc thiazole, 125 g/L epoxiconazole). The results indicated that 25% kresoxim-methyl and 125 g/L epoxiconazole exhibited strong inhibitory effects against bakanae disease and sheath blight pathogen, with median effective concentration (EC₅₀) both below 1 mg/L; the best fungicides for inhibiting rice sesame leaf spot pathogen were 20% propiconazole and 25% kresoxim-methyl, with EC₅₀ values of 0.000 7 and 0.003 5 mg/L, respectively; the fungicides with good inhibitory effects on rice blas fungicide were 25% kresoxim-methyl and 125g/L epoxiconazole, with EC₅₀ of 1.001 1 and 1.862 1 mg/L, respectively. Overall, all 6 fungicides had inhibitory effects on rice diseases. The fungicides with better inhibitory effects are 125 g/L epoxiconazole and 25% kresoxim-methyl. It is recommended to apply them in a mixed or alternating manner in production to avoid pathogens developing drug resistance.

Based on the occurrence and damage of the main rice diseases and insect pests, the comprehensive control technologies, including agricultural, biological, physical and chemical prevention and control were discussed. The primary diseases included rice blast (which infected leaves, nodes, and panicles), sheath blight (which infected basal leaf sheaths), and false smut (a panicle disease). The major pests included rice planthopper (which sucked sap), the rice leaf roller (which damaged leaves by rolling), and rice stem borers (which bored into stems). The integrated control was centered on the ecosystem and combined agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical technologies. Agricultural control involved selecting resistant varieties and implementing scientific field management; biological control generally utilized natural enemies and integrated crop-aquaculture systems; physical control often employed measures such as trapping and barrier methods; chemical control was focused on reducing application quantities and increasing efficiency by selecting low-toxicity agents. By comprehensively applying these control technologies, precise prediction and green management were achieved, which protected rice yield and quality and promoted sustainable agricultural development.

Leaves and glumes act as lateral organs and have essential effects on photosynthesis and seed morphology, thus affecting yield.  However, the molecular mechanisms controlling their polarity development in rice still need further study.  Here, we isolated a polarity defect of lateral organs1 (pdl1) mutant in rice, which exhibits twisted/filamentous-shaped leaves and cracked/filamentous-shaped lemmas caused by defects in polarity development.  PDL1 encodes a SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING 3 protein localized in the cytoplasmic granules.  PDL1 is expressed in the shoot apical meristem, inflorescence meristem, floral meristem, and lateral organs including leaves and floral organs.  PDL1 is involved in the synthesis of tasiR-ARF, which may subsequently modulate the expression of OsARFs.  Meanwhile, the expression levels of abaxial miR165/166 and the adaxial identity genes OSHBs were respectively increased and reduced significantly.  The results of this study clarify the molecular mechanism by which PDL1-mediated tasiR-ARF synthesis regulates the lateral organ polarity development in rice.