在干旱、半干旱地区利用微咸水进行灌溉可以缓解淡水资源供需矛盾，但其灌溉效果与土壤质地是否相关有待研究。该研究旨在探讨灌水矿化度对不同土壤质地滴灌棉花生长发育和籽棉产量、纤维品质的影响。2022年进行桶栽试验，设置2种玛纳斯河流域常见的棉田土壤质地（砂壤土T1、砂土T2）和4个灌水矿化度（0.85(S0)、2.00(S1)、5.00(S2)、8.00g/L(S3)），共8个试验处理，研究不同处理下棉花光合指标、株高、茎粗、产量及品质。结果表明：随灌水矿化度增大，在砂土中棉花苗期后株高、茎粗、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、单铃质量、单株铃数、产量、灌溉水利用效率和断裂比强度均呈现减小趋势，S3处理的蒸腾速率在蕾期较S0降低10.61%；而在砂壤土条件下，各指标呈先增后减趋势，S1处理净光合速率较S0增加8.40%。随灌水矿化度升高，2种土壤质地下棉花的最大荧光呈现减小趋势，非光化学淬灭呈现增加趋势。通过回归分析可知，砂土棉田棉花产量与灌水矿化度呈负相关关系，而在砂壤土棉田中，用小于3.69 g/L的灌溉水不会降低棉花产量。利用通径分析可知，在砂壤土条件下，棉花茎粗、蒸腾速率是影响产量的主要因素，株高是影响马克隆值的主要因素。在砂土条件下，非光化学淬灭系数、蒸腾速率是影响产量的主要因素，株高、蒸腾速率是影响马克隆值的主要因素。该研究可为玛纳斯河流域不同土质棉田合理利用微咸水资源提供理论依据与技术支撑。

The effects of mepiquat chloride (DPC) on Cry1Ac protein contents in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton boll shells under high temperature and drought stress were investigated to provide a theoretical reference for Bt cotton breeding and high-yield and high-efficiency cotton cultivation.  This study was undertaken on the Bt cotton cultivar ‘Sikang 3’ during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons at Yangzhou University Farm, Yangzhou, China.  The potted cotton plants were exposed to high temperature and drought stress, and 20 mg L⁻¹ DPC and water (CK) were sprayed on cotton plants.  Seven days after treatment, Cry1Ac protein content, α-ketoglutarate content, pyruvic acid content, glutamate synthase activity, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity, soluble protein content, and amino acid content were measured, and transcriptome sequencing was performed.  DESeq was used for differential gene analysis.  Under the DPC treatment, in contrast with the water treatment (CK), Cry1Ac protein content increased by 4.7-11.9%.  α-Ketoglutarate content, pyruvic acid content, glutamate synthase activity, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity, soluble protein content, and amino acid content all increased.  Transcriptome analysis revealed that there were 7542 upregulated genes and 10449 downregulated genes for DPC vs. CK.  GO and KEGG analyses showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in biological processes, such as amino acid metabolism and carbon metabolism.  Genes coding 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, glutamate synthase, 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, amino-acid N-acetyltransferase, and acetylornithine deacetylase were all significantly upregulated.  DPC increased pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and oxaloacetate by increasing the operating rate of the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle.  It also significantly up-regulated the genes encoding glutamate synthase and pyrrolidine-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase, and down-regulated the genes encoding glutamine synthetase as well as up-regulated the genes encoding glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and N-acetylglutamate synthetase.  Therefore, the synthesis ability of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, pyruvate, and arginine was increased by DPC, and then Cry1Ac protein contents were increased by regulating carbon and amino acid metabolism.

Two Cotton Research Institute (CRI) near-isogenic lines, CRI-12 glanded and CRI-12 glandless, were used to pinpoint potential genes and metabolic pathways linked to gossypol biosynthesis through transcriptome sequencing.  We discovered more than 235 million clean reads and 1,184 differentially expressed genes (DEGs).  Consecutively, we conducted a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and found strong correlation of white and yellow modules containing GhTPS (GH_D09G0090) and GhCYP (GH_D05G2016) hub genes with the gossypol content.  The importance of the GhTPS and GhCYP genes was demonstrated using RT‒qPCR, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and target metabolite analysis.  Silencing of these genes resulted in fewer glands on both leaves and stems two weeks after the infection, as compared to the wild type.  In addition, a total of 152 metabolites were identified through targeted metabolite profiling.  Differential metabolite screening revealed 12 and 18 significantly different metabolites in TRV:GhTPS and TRV:GhCYP plants vs. control group, respectively, showing reduction in accumulation of metabolites compared to the control.  The content of hemigossypol, the final product of gossypol biosynthesis, was also reduced, as revealed by target metabolite analysis, suggesting the role of these genes in the gossypol biosynthetic pathway.  Furthermore, a highly significant difference in gossypol content between the glanded and glandless lines was recorded.  The findings of this study reveal a strong link between the gossypol content and GhTPS and GhCYP hub genes, suggesting their role in the gossypol biosynthetic pathway to reduce the accumulation of hemigossypol, which may offer new comprehension into the regulatory checkpoints of the gossypol biosynthesis pathway in cotton.

 

Improving plant resistance to Verticillium wilt (VW), which causes massive losses in Gossypium hirsutum, is a global challenge.  Crop needs to efficiently allocate their limited energy resources to balance growth and defense.  However, few transcriptional regulators specifically response to V. dahliae and the underlying mechanism in cotton has not been identified.  In this study, we found that the that expression of the majority R2R3-MYB in cotton is significantly changed relative to other MYB types by V. dahliae infection.  Of which, a novel R2R3-MYB TF GhMYB3D5, specifically response to V. dahliae, was identified. GhMYB3D5 did not express across 15 cotton tissues at normal condition, but drastically induced by V. dahliae stress.  We functionally characterized its positive role and underlying mechanism in VW resistance.  Upon V. dahliae infection, the up-regulated GhMYB3D5 bound the GhADH1 promoter and activated GhADH1 expression, moreover, GhMYB3D5 physically interacted with GhADH1 and furtherly enhanced the transcriptional activation to GhADH1.  Consequently, the transcriptional regulatory module GhMYB3D5-GhADH1 promoted lignin accumulation via improving the transcriptional levels of genes related to lignin biosynthesis (GhPAL, GhC4H, Gh4CL, and GhPOD/GhLAC) in cotton, thereby enhancing the cotton VW resistance.  Taken together, our results demonstrated that the GhMYB3D5 promoted a defense-induced lignin accumulation, which regarded as an effective manner in orchestrating plant immunity and growth.

棉花不仅是重要的天然纺织纤维作物，也是一种重要的食用油来源。棉籽油中约含14%的油酸和59%的亚油酸。提高油酸含量有助于增强棉籽油的氧化稳定性和营养价值。磷脂酰胆碱:二酰基甘油胆碱磷酸转移酶(PDCT)是调控磷脂酰胆碱与二酰基甘油转化的关键酶。本研究克隆了四个棉花PDCT同源基因，分别命名为GhPDCT1-4。发现GhPDCT3和GhPDCT4几乎不表达，而GhPDCT1在棉籽油分积累时期显著上调。利用CRISPR/Cas9系统同时敲除序列高度相似的GhPDCT1和GhPDCT2基因后，ghpdct突变体种子中油酸含量从野生型的14.46%增加到16.49%，而亚油酸含量从59.98%减少到52.83%。此外，ghpdct种子中的棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量也有所增加。本研究获得了油酸含量提高的新型棉籽油种质，有望提升棉花作为油料作物的经济和营养价值，推动棉花产业的升级。

Cotton breeding for the development of early maturing varieties is an effective way to improve the multiple cropping indexes and alleviate the conflict in cultivated fields between grains and cotton in China.  In the present study, we aimed to find upland cotton quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes related to early maturity traits, including whole growth period (WGP), flowering timing (FT), node of the first fruiting branch (NFFB), height of the node of the first fruiting branch (HNFFB) and plant height (PH).  An early-maturing variety, CCRI50, and a late-maturing variety, Guoxinmian 11 were crossed to obtain biparental populations. These populations were used to map QTLs for the early-maturity traits for two years (2020 and 2021).  With BSA-seq analysis based on the data of population 2020, the candidate regions related to early maturity were found to be located on chromosome D03.  Then, we developed 22 polymorphic Indel makers to further narrow down the candidate regions, resulting in detection of five and four QTLs in the 2020 and 2021 populations, respectively.  According to the results of QTL mapping, two candidate regions (InDel_G286-InDel_G144 and InDel_G24-InDel_G43) were detected.  In these regions, three genes (GH_D03G0451, GH_D03G0649, and GH_D03G1180) have non-synonymous mutations in the exon and one gene (GH_D03G0450) has SNP variations in the upstream sequence between CCRI50 and Guoxinmian11.  These four genes also showed a dominant expression in the floral organs.  The expression of GH_D03G0451, GH_D03G0649 and GH_D03G1180 in CCRI50 was significantly higher than in Guoxinmian11 during the bud differentiation stages, while GH_D03G0450 showed an opposite trend.  Further functional verification of GH_D03G0451 showed that the GH_D03G0451-silenced plants showed a delay in the flowering time.  These results may suggest that these are the candidate genes for cotton early maturity and may further be used for cotton breeding aiming for early-maturity.

Exogenous application of melatonin by root drenching method is an effective way to improve crop drought resistance.  However, the optimal concentration of melatonin by root drenching method and the physiological mechanisms underlying melatonin-induced drought tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots remain elusive.  This study aimed to identify the optimal concentration of melatonin by root drenching and explored the protective effects of melatonin on cotton roots.  The results showed that 50 μmol L^-1 melatonin is optimal and significantly mitigates the inhibitory effect of drought on cotton seedling growth.  Exogenous melatonin promoted root development in drought-stressed cotton plants by remarkably increasing the root length, projected area, surface area, volume, diameter, and biomass.  Melatonin also mitigated the drought-weakened photosynthetic capacity of cotton and regulated the endogenous hormone contents by regulating the relative expression of hormone-synthesis genes under drought stress.  Melatonin-treated cotton seedlings maintained optimal enzymatic and non-enzymatic capacities, producing relatively lower reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, thus reducing the drought stress damage to cotton roots (such as mitochondrial damage).  Moreover, melatonin alleviated the yield and fiber length declines caused by drought stress.  Taken together, these findings elucidated that root drenching of exogenous melatonin increases cotton yield by enhancing root development and reducing the root damage induced by drought stress.  In summary, these results provide a foundation for the application of melatonin in the field by root drenching method.

The root system architecture plays an essential role in water and nutrient acquisition in plants and is significantly involved in plant adaptation to various environmental stresses.  In this study, a panel of 242 cotton accessions was collected to investigate six root morphological traits at the seedling stage, including main root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), total root length (TRL), root surface area (RSA), root volume (RV), and root average diameter (AvgD).  The correlation analysis between six root morphological traits revealed a strong positive correlation of TRL with RSA, RV with RSA and AvgD, whereas a significant negative correlation between TRL and AvgD.  Subsequently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the root phenotypic data and genotypic data reported previously for 242 accessions using 56,010 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the CottonSNP80K array.  A total of 41 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified with 9 for MRL, 6 for RFW, 9 for TRL, 12 for RSA, 12 for RV and 2 for AvgD respectively.  Among them, 8 QTLs were repeatedly detected in two or more traits.  Integrated with transcriptome analysis, we identified 17 candidate genes with high transcripts of transcripts per million (TPM)≥30 in roots.  Furthermore, we verified functionally a candidate gene GH_D05G2106 encoding a WPP domain protein 2 in root development.  Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay showed that knocking down GH_D05G2106 significantly inhibited root development in cotton, indicating its positive role in root system architecture formation.  Together, these results provide a theoretical basis and candidate genes for cotton root developmental biology and root-related cotton breeding.

The germination process of seeds is influenced by the interplay between two opposing factors: pectin methylesterase (PME) and pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), which collectively regulate patterns of pectin methylesterification.  Despite the recognized importance of pectin methylesterification in seed germination, the specific mechanisms that govern this process remain unclear.  In this study, we demonstrated that the overexpression of GhPMEI53 is associated with a decrease in PME activity and an increase in pectin methylesterification.  This leads to the softening of the cell wall in seeds, which positively regulates cotton seed germination.  AtPMEI19, the homologue in Arabidopsis thaliana, plays a similar role in seed germination to GhPMEI53, indicating a conserved function and mechanism of PMEI in seed germination regulation.  Further studies revealed that GhPMEI53 and AtPMEI19 directly contribute to promoting radicle protrusion and seed germination by inducing cell wall softening and reducing mechanical strength.  Additionally, the pathways of ABA and GA in the transgenic materials underwent significant changes, suggesting that GhPMEI53/AtPMEI19-mediated pectin methylesterification serves as a regulatory signal for the related phytohormones involved in seed germination.  In summary, GhPMEI53 and its homologs alter the mechanical properties of cell walls, influencing the mechanical resistance of the endosperm or testa.  Moreover, they impact cellular phytohormone pathways (e.g., ABA, GA) to regulate seed germination.  These findings enhance our understanding of pectin methylesterification in cellular morphological dynamics and signaling transduction, and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the PME/PMEI super-gene family in plants.

During the boll formation stage, cotton bolls exhibit the lowest expression of insecticidal proteins.  Insect resistance varies notably among different organs, posing challenges for controlling cotton bollworms.  Consequently, a strategy was designed in the 2020-2021 cotton growing season to coordinate the enhancement of protein synthesis and the attenuation of degradation.  Two Bt cultivars of G. hirsutum, namely the hybrid Sikang 3 and the conventional Sikang 1, were used as test materials.  Three treatments were implemented: CK (the control), T1 (amino acids), and T2 (amino acids and EDTA).  These treatments were applied at the peak flowering period.  The results show that, in comparison to the CK group, Bt protein content significantly increased both cotton bolls and their subtending leaves under T1 and T2 treatments.  The maximum increase observed was 67.5% in cotton bolls and 21.7% in leaves.  Moreover, the disparity in Bt protein content between cotton bolls and their subtending leaves notably decreased by 31.2%.  Correlation analysis suggests that the primary physiological mechanisms for augmenting Bt protein content involve increased protein synthesis and decreased protein catabolism, independent of Bt gene expression levels.  Stepwise regression and path analysis reveal that elevating soluble protein content and transaminase activity, while reducing catabolic enzyme activity, are instrumental in enhancing Bt protein content.  Consequently, the coordinated regulation of amino acids and EDTA emerges as a strategy capable of improving the overall resistance of Bt cotton and mitigating spatiotemporal variations in Bt toxin concentrations in both cotton bolls and leaves.

EPSPS is a key gene in the shikimic acid synthesis pathway and has been widely used in breeding crops with herbicide resistance.  However, its role in regulating cell elongation is poorly understood.  Through the overexpression of EPSPS genes, we generated lines resistant to glyphosate that exhibited an unexpected dwarf phenotype.  A representative line, DHR1, exhibits a stable dwarf phenotype throughout its entire growth period.  Except for plant height, the other agronomic traits of DHR1 were similar to its transgenic explants ZM24.  Paraffin section experiments showed that DHR1 internodes were shortened due to reduced elongation and division of internode cells.  Exogenous hormones confirmed that DHR1 is not a classical BR- or GA-related dwarfing mutant.  Hybridization analysis and fine mapping confirmed that the EPSPS gene is the causal gene for dwarfism, and the phenotype can be inherited in different genotypes.  Transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that genes associated with the phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway were enriched in DHR1 when compared with ZM24.  Flavonoid metabolites were enriched in DHR1, whereas lignin metabolites were decreased.  The enhancement of flavonoids likely resulted in differential expression of auxin signal pathway genes and altered the auxin response, subsequently affecting cell elongation.  This study provides a new strategy for generating dwarfs and will accelerate advancements in light simplification of cultivation and mechanized harvesting for cotton.

Cotton fiber quality is a persistent concern that determines planting benefits and the quality of finished textile products.  However, the limitations of measurement instruments have hindered the accurate evaluation of some important fiber characteristics (such as fiber maturity, fineness, neps), which in turn has impeded the genetic improvement and industrial utilization of cotton fiber.  Here, twelve single fiber quality traits were measured using Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) equipment among 383 accessions of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).  Also, eight conventional fiber quality traits were assessed by the High Volume Instrument (HVI) system.  Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), linkage disequilibrium (LD) block genotyping and functional identification were conducted sequentially to uncover the associated elite loci and candidate genes of fiber quality traits.  As a result, the pleiotropic locus FL_D11 regulating fiber length related traits was again identified in this study.  More importantly, three novel pleiotropic loci (FM_A03, FF_A05, FN_A07) regulating fiber maturity, fineness and neps respectively were detected on the basis of AFIS traits.  Numerous highly-promising candidate genes were screened out by integrating RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses, including the reported GhKRP6 for fiber length and newly identified GhMAP8 for maturity and GhDFR for fineness.  The origin and evolution analysis of pleiotropic loci indicated that the selection pressure on FL_D11, FM_A03 and FF_A05 increased as the breeding period approached and the origins of FM_A03 and FF_A05 were traced back to cotton landraces.  These findings reveal the genetic basis underlying fiber quality and provide insight into genetic improvements and textile utilization of fiber in G. hirsutum.

Leaves are the main places for photosynthesis and organic synthesis of cotton.  Leaf shape has important effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and canopy formation, thereby affecting cotton yield.  Previous studies have shown that LMI1 is the main gene regulating leaf shape. In this study, the LMI1 gene (LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1) was inserted into the 35S promoter expression vector, and cotton plants overexpressing LMI1(OE) were obtained through genetical transformation.  Statistical analysis of the biological traits of T₁ and T₂ populations showed that compared to wild type (WT), OE plants had significant larger leaves, thicker stems and significantly increased dry weight.  Furthermore, plant sections of the main vein and petiole showed that the number of cell in those tissues of OE plants increased significantly.  In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to gibberellin synthesis and NAC gene family (genes containing the NAC domain) in OE and WT plants, suggesting that LMI1 is involved in secondary wall formation and cell proliferation, and promotes stem thickening.  Moreover, GO (Gene Ontology) analysis enriched the terms of calcium ion binding, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis enriched the terms of fatty acid degradation, phosphatidylinositol signal transduction system, and cAMP signal pathway.  These results suggested that LMI1 OE plants were responsive to gibberellin hormone signals, and altered messenger signal (cAMP, Ca²⁺) which amplified this function, to promote the stronger above ground vegetative growth.  This study found the LMI1 soared the nutrient growth in cotton, which is the basic for higher yield.

In order to clarify the sensitive response of different main cotton varieties to chemical topping agents in Bayingol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang, four local main cotton varieties were selected as the research objects to study and analyze the effects of DPC (25% slow-release emulsion in water) treatment with chemical topping agents on plant height, LAI, aboveground biomass accumulation, yield and quality of different cotton varieties. The results showed that 30 days after topping, the plant height of different cotton varieties was significantly higher than that of artificial topping by 4.09%-7.54% (P<0.05), among which ‘Ba 43541’ increased the least. LAI of different cotton varieties under two topping methods ranged from 2.96 to 4.03. Compared with before topping, LAI of cotton variety ‘Ba 43541’ increased the most under chemical topping method. The changes of leaves, stems, buds and total dry matter mass of different cotton varieties under two topping methods were different, but the changes of dry matter mass under two topping methods were not significant (P>0.05). Compared with manual topping, chemical topping had little effect on fiber length, uniformity, specific strength, micronaire value and elongation of different cotton varieties, and the difference was significant. Compared with manual topping, the yield of seed cotton of different cotton varieties increased by 0.35%-2.49% under chemical topping, among which the yield of cotton variety ‘Ba 43541’ was the highest, with 163.15 kg/hm², followed by ‘Xinluzhong 71’, ‘Xinluzhong 78’ and ‘Xinluzhong 81’. ‘Ba 43541’, the main cotton variety in Bayingol, is the most sensitive to chemical topping agent, and has the best effect of chemical capping, and has the potential to increase production.

为明确Aquacrop模型在北疆棉田膜下滴灌和地下滴灌方式下生长和生产模拟的适用性，并探究棉田生育期最优灌溉洗盐制度，该研究以2020和2021年的田间试验数据对模型参数进行校正和验证，并用校正好的模型揭示3种灌溉水平（100%ETc、80%ETc、60%ETc，其中ETc为作物需水量）、3种淋洗总定额（0、120和240 mm）、3种灌水频率（5、7和10 d/次）和3种降水年型（湿润年、平水年、干旱年）对棉花产量和灌溉水生产力的影响。结果表明，2021年所有处理的冠层覆盖度、地上生物量归一化均方根误差（normalized root mean square error, NRMSE）不大于20.998%，一致性指数d≥0.967，决定系数R~2≥0.914，产量均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）、NRMSE、d和R~2分别为0.389 t/hm~2、6.797%、0.836和0.754，模型整体模拟效果良好。基于58 a气象数据的模型模拟表明：灌溉水平、淋洗定额、降水年型对棉花产量和灌溉水生产力的影响显著，灌水频率的影响不显著；在平均土壤含盐量范围为12～18 g/kg的植棉区域，综合考虑产量、灌溉水生产力及实际生产情况，湿润年推荐80%ETc+120 mm的灌溉淋洗总定额，平水年和干旱年推荐100%ETc+120 mm的灌溉淋洗总定额；推荐延长灌水频率至10 d/次以减少灌水次数，节约成本。研究可以为Aquacrop模型在棉田中的应用积累经验，为农业水资源高效利用提供理论指导与技术支撑。

【Objective】Exploring the genetic loci and related genes that control cottonseed size traits to lay a foundation for subsequent study on the molecular mechanism cottonseed size formation. 【Method】The upland cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) population composed of 300 lines was used as the research material. Seven phenotypic traits including cottonseed index (SI), seed length-cutting acreage (SLA), seed length-cutting perimeter (SLP), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), length-width ratio (LWR) and seed roundness (SR) were evaluated in four environments. The RIL population was genotyped by liquid phase chip strategy. The high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and phenotypic data were subjected to perform genome-wide association study (GWAS), and quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with cottonseed size-related traits were mined. The genetic effects of QTNs were analyzed to identify candidate genes. 【Result】Seven cottonseed size-related traits showed a continuous normal distribution in four environments, which expressed a sizable phenotypic variation. The coefficient of variation ranged from 1.82% to 10.70%. The influencing effect on trait formation were basically as genotype>environment>genotype × environment, indicating suitability for GWAS analysis of these results. Correlation analysis showed that the seed index was significantly correlated with SLA, SLP, SL and SW, and LWR was significantly correlated with SR, indicating the possible existence of pleiotropic loci. GWAS was performed using the 3VmrMLM model, and a total of 47 QTNs were associated with these seven traits. A total of 11 QTNs were associated on chromosome A07, of which three physical loci in the region of 71.99-72.87 Mb, A07:71993462, A07:72067994 and A07:72198802 were very close and simultaneously associated with SI, SLA, SLP, SL and SW in four environments. The average value of R2 between markers was>0.8 (P<0.001), showing a large linkage disequilibrium. Genetic effect analysis showed that there were two haplotypes in this region. Among these cottonseed size relating traits, haplotype Ⅱ and haplotype I were significantly different, indicating that these loci directly affected cottonseed size traits and could be used for molecular marker-assisted selection. The expression patterns of the genes in the interval were analyzed using TM-1 transcriptome data. The results revealed that Gh_A07G1767 was preferentially expressed and Gh_A07G1766 specifically expressed at the stage of cottonseed development. These results speculated that these genes may play an important role in the growth and development of cottonseed.【Conclusion】47 QTNs were identified, and two candidate genes related to cottonseed development were screened.

山东省德州市棉花种植历史悠久，是国内重要的棉花种植产区之一。随着近年来棉花种植结构调整与气候环境变化，当地棉花种植中病虫害发生逐渐加重，严重影响棉花的品质与产量。为降低病虫害对棉花生长造成的不良影响，该文总结了立枯病、轮纹斑病、棉铃红粉病、棉铃疫病等当地常见病害，以及棉蚜、棉铃虫、棉盲蝽等当地常见虫害的发生特征与防控，为当地棉花病虫害防治提供参考。

随着信息技术的快速发展，现代化农业生产也在向数字化、智能化方向迈进。棉花种植病虫害是影响棉花产量和品质的主要因素之一，因此病虫害防治是保证棉花高产、高质的重要手段。该文深入探讨农业信息化技术在棉花种植病虫害防治管理中的应用。分析了棉花种植病虫害的种类和危害；指出信息化技术在棉花种植病虫害防治中的相关技术，并分析了其具体应用；提出应用带来的挑战和解决对策，旨在为相关领域的研究和实践提供有益的参考。

山东博兴县是棉花种植大县，而棉花种植的过程中受到气候变化、生态环境污染、棉花品种等多种因素的影响，棉花病虫害日益严重，为种植户带来较大经济损失。因此，该文主要针对棉花病虫害飞防中植保无人机的应用展开了研究，旨在提高棉花种植产量和品质，进一步推动棉花种植产业健康、持续发展。

膜下滴灌是当前国内外棉花种植比较先进的栽培技术，不但可以减少病害、提升产量，还可以协调农业和环境之间的关系，实现经济效益与环境效益的双重目标。为促进棉花高产栽培，该文结合山东当地实际情况，从播前准备、早期管理、水肥管理、病虫害防治等方面，总结了棉花膜下滴灌高产栽培技术，供以相关研究人员参考。

随着山东菏泽郓城县棉花种植面积逐渐扩大，棉铃虫呈逐年高发态势。该文阐述了棉铃虫的分布情况、形态特征与生活习性，并结合郓城县棉花生产情况，总结了棉铃虫在当地的发生时间与危害，提出农业防治、物理防治、化学防治等防控方法，以期确保当地棉花种植安全。

该文根据新疆库车市棉花生产实际工作经验，总结了机械化整地、机械化覆膜播种、放苗、间苗定苗、灌溉施肥、打顶、病虫害防治等棉花全程机械化栽培管理技术要点，以期有效提高棉花种植效益，可为相关工作者提供参考。

植保无人机在农业生产病虫害防治中发挥着重要的作用。为提升棉花病虫害防治的效果，该文以植保无人机飞防技术为主要研究对象，结合棉花种植的具体情况，在简单介绍植保无人机飞防作业基本要求的基础上，对其中应用的植保无人机飞防技术进行了研究和分析，重点结合案例区域植保无人机飞防技术应用的实际情况，探讨植保无人机飞防技术的应用要点，旨在提供病虫害防治工作的借鉴经验，从而保证相关地区棉花种植的产量和质量。

棉花高密度免整枝栽培是一种新型的棉花种植技术，改变以往传统的棉花种植方式，去除整枝环节，通过增加种植密度，以提高棉花产量。同时配合应用棉花智能打顶技术，利用机器视觉、图像处理和人工智能等，自动识别棉花的生长状态和位置，确定需要打顶的棉株，实现精准定位打顶，降低人工成本和劳动强度。通过对棉花高密度免整枝栽培及智能打顶技术深入研究，有助于满足市场对高质量棉花的需求，提升中国棉花产业的国际竞争力。

根据沿海盐碱地饲草—短季棉连作种植模式的特点,设计一款新型的基于北斗导航的棉花智能播种机。该机具可一次完成北斗导航无人驾驶、播种带清整、种下分层施肥、种肥隔离、智能精量播种、种肥隔离、覆土镇压、地表塑形等工序。利用该机具进行田间试验,结果表明:作业后的衔接行准确,播行端直,提高了衔接行的精准度和播行的直线度,播深平均为2.8 cm;播深合格率为92.5%;衔接行间距精度为1.2 cm;播种行直线度为0.8 cm,土地利用率提高5%。为后续田间标准化作业奠定基础,实现播种施肥精准控制,节种节肥。

棉花是全球最重要的经济作物之一，而黄萎病是世界主要棉花生产区的第一大病害，黄萎病病原菌通过感染棉花的根部使叶片萎蔫、褪色以致脱落，导致棉花质量和产量严重下降。国家标准将患黄萎病叶片划分为5个等级，传统检测方法主要依赖人工，存在主观、低效、重复性差等问题，因此提出一种以VFNet-Improved、Deep Sort和撞线匹配机制为主要算法框架的棉花黄萎病病情分级方法，实现在旋转视频输入情况下对患病叶片的数量统计和病情等级的划分。研究首先基于VFNet目标检测网络，融合多尺度训练、动态卷积等优化方法，实现对旋转视频中患病叶片的精准定位；然后采用Deep Sort跟踪器实现前后帧同一叶片的相互关联，并针对跟踪过程ID跳变问题设计了掩膜撞线匹配机制；最后使用OpenCV对经过掩膜线的叶片进行特征提取与患病分级的划分。试验结果表明，VFNet-Improved可以有效改善棉花患病叶片识别精度，mAP_(75)达到0.906,较改进前VFNet模型提升了0.012,帧率FPS为12.9帧/s; Deep Sort跟踪器跟踪效果MOTA为0.835,对患病叶片数量统计结果R~2、RMSE、MAE与MAPE分别为0.890、5.138、4.300和14.967%,与人工统计值具有较高一致性。本研究为棉花黄萎病病情精准、高效鉴定提供一种新的科学工具，对棉花抗病品种筛选和遗传机制解析具有重要意义。

大数据技术已经成为农业向智能化发展的重要推动力。新疆生产建设兵团在农业集约化程度、规模化水平、农机装备发展、现代农业技术应用等方面一直处于全国领先水平,形成了具有地域特色的现代植棉体系。面对兵团棉花生产领域多年来积累的海量数据,如何应用大数据技术进一步提升棉花生产的智能化水平,实现棉花全产业链的健康高效可持续发展,是信息化时代加强和提升兵团屯垦戍边能力的关键问题。为了促进兵团棉花生产农业大数据产、学、研一体发展,针对兵团特有的现代化植棉体系,从农业资源、农情监测、生产管理、农机调度、市场预测五个维度出发,基于成熟的大数据存储和分析系统框架,构建了从下到上由数据层、模型层、系统层和应用层组成的我国首个覆盖棉花生产全产业链的单品大数据平台。建成后该平台拟向全疆参与棉花生产和管理的潜在用户提供棉花生产农业大数据综合管理和共享、棉花生产遥感监测、棉花生产农机作业监控与运维、棉花生产种业生产管理、棉花生产水、肥、药智能决策、棉花产品质量追溯及棉花市场预警预测服务。最后,本文针对平台研发和构建过程中在数据共享、模型升级和服务模式方面遇到的问题进行了分析,并提出了建议,以期为我国农业大数据资源共享和平台建设提供参考。

深度神经网络是棉花病害智能识别的一种重要方法。覆盖更多病害、土壤和环境信息的科学数据既是此类方法发展的基础，也是当前的关键制约因素之一。本文提出的棉花病害数据采集自中国海南省三亚市坡田洋高标准农田示范基地中的棉花种植田块，覆盖了炭疽病、细菌性角斑病、褐斑病和枯萎病四种常见棉花病害，包括3453张高分辨率的健康叶片和不同生长阶段的病叶图像。所有样品获取均采用田间随机采样方式，经筛选后由10名棉花病理学专家进行鉴定与标注，同时另选20名标注者对标注后图像进行随机重复标注以检测质量，Vision Transformer模型被引入以进一步验证数据集的稳定性。相对于其他同类数据集，当前数据集数据采集于复杂的田间环境，覆盖了常见棉花病害且具有高分辨率，可更好地服务于棉花病害智能识别模型、算法的研究、训练与验证。

棉花作为全球重要的大宗农产品之一，其价格波动会影响到整个棉花的产业链，研究棉花价格波动的影响因素至关重要。利用2008年1月至2020年8月中国棉花价格的月度数据，运用VAR模型分析了棉花支持政策、美元兑人民币汇率、棉花进口数量及进口到岸价等因素对中国棉花价格的影响；剖析了中国棉花价格与各影响因素之间存在的关系；揭示了各影响因素变化对中国棉花价格波动造成的不同影响。最后，围绕中国棉花的绿色优质发展，提出了棉花补贴标准要施行属地化管理、合理规划棉花产业布局、加强科技攻关等政策建议。

棉花作为仅次于粮食的第二大经济农作物对纺织行业有着主导性的影响。通过总结中国棉花进口贸易发展现状，发现中国棉花进口市场的国别高度集中，美国、印度、巴西、澳大利亚、乌兹别克斯坦是排名居前5位的进口来源国，中国对国际棉花市场的依赖度较高；通过构建随机前沿引力模型测算了中国从前十大来源国进口棉花的贸易潜力。结果显示，棉花来源国国内生产总值、人均可支配收入、签署双边贸易协定等变量对中国棉花进口均显著，对中国进口棉花的数量具有正向作用；中国从马里、乌兹别克斯坦、喀麦隆的棉花进口潜力基本饱和，而对澳大利亚、巴西、墨西哥的棉花进口仍有潜力。基于此，中国应尽快促成棉花进口市场的多元化，挖掘与其他国家棉花领域及相关产业链的合作潜力。最后，提出了稳定中国棉花进口市场的对策建议，即挖掘替代市场，实现棉花进口来源国多元化；巩固传统进口来源国，提高棉花自给率；健全棉花期货市场，提高定价话语权。

农民增收是破解“三农”难题的关键,而合作社是帮助农民实现增收的互助性经济组织,因此对农民专业合作社促农增收的影响因素进行研究具有重要意义。基于新疆沙雅县棉花专业合作社社员的问卷数据,利用二元Logistic回归模型,对合作社促农增收影响因素进行分析。结果表明,农户年龄、合作社提供资金支持、合作社提供销售渠道、合作社提供生产技术培训、合作社提供生产经营支持、当地政府提供棉花种植培训、当地政府提供相关政策支持等7个因素对合作社促农增收存在显著性影响。基于此,需持续加强合作社宣传、生产技术培训、政策支持力度,同时加快人才引进及培养,推动合作社进一步发展,进而实现农民增收。

棉花目标价格补贴政策的实施对促进棉农增产增收、提高棉花产业高质量发展及农业现代化具有深远意义。以新疆兵团222团和六运湖农场298户棉农为调查对象，构建二元Logistic回归模型，深入分析影响棉农种植选择行为的多重因素。结果显示，植棉经验、劳动力数量、植棉面积、植棉收入、棉花补贴力度、棉花销售价格、技术指导及补贴政策的满意度等8个变量对农户种植选择行为有显著的正向影响。基于此，未来可深化完善棉花目标价格补贴政策，实施精准补贴和优质优价补贴相结合的补贴方式为导向，加大对农户的技术培训，提升棉农种植技术水平，有效提高棉农的生产积极性，进而推动西北地区棉花产业高质量发展。

利用多光谱快速准确获取棉花花铃期旱胁迫性状对棉花后期产量和纤维品质具有重要帮助。为实现棉花关键抗旱指标的快速检测，该研究以253份棉花品种为材料，设置干旱胁迫和正常灌溉2个处理，在花铃期通过大疆精灵4多光谱无人机获得图像，分析花铃期干旱胁迫和正常处理棉花的光谱反射率，结合地面调查叶绿素相对值（S_(PAD)）和叶片含水量（L_(WC)）数据，结合神经网络算法中的径向基函数进行模型的预测。结果显示：棉花干旱胁迫前后除红光反射值略上升，其余4个光谱均小于正常处理；通过径向基函数模型估测S_(PAD)和L_(WC)的最佳估测模型都为二次函数，决定系数R~2分别为0.848 8和0.936 6，均方根误差R_(MSE)分别为2.005和0.930，相对误差R_E分别为0.004和0.011；将2个模型应用于试验区影像，对S_(PAD)及L_(WC)预测值进行聚类分析，根据S_(PAD)聚类结果，试验棉花旱情等级划分为特旱、重旱、中旱、轻旱、无旱5类，根据L_(WC)聚类结果，试验棉花旱情等级划分为特旱、重旱、中旱、干旱、轻旱、无旱6类。以上模型及分类效果良好且符合棉花干旱胁迫的特点，研究结果可为快速评价棉花抗旱性、挖掘棉花抗旱基因提供技术支持。

利用咸水或微咸水进行农田灌溉是缓解中国新疆地区农业水资源供需矛盾从而保障当地棉花产业可持续发展的主要途径之一。为了明确不同咸水灌溉措施对棉花产量及经济效益的影响，该研究通过2 a的棉花膜下滴灌大田试验和文献检索获取了新疆9个不同试验地点的土壤、作物及灌溉等数据资料，评估作物产量-水盐胁迫响应分析模型（ANalytical Salt WatER,ANSWER）在新疆棉花产量评估中的适用性和可靠性，并结合经济收支平衡方法，模拟分析不同咸水灌溉措施（包括不同灌溉定额和灌溉水电导率的组合）对棉花产量与经济效益的影响。采用决定系数（R~2）、均方根误差（root mean squared error,RMSE）、相对均方根误差（relative root mean squared error,RRMSE）评价模型精度。结果表明，在9个不同试验地点，ANSWER模型均可较准确地估算棉花的相对产量，其估算值与实测值之间的R~2≥0.54,RMSE≤0.14,RRMSE≤0.16；不同试验地点，优化获得的各个模型生物参数（与棉花根系吸水的水盐胁迫响应相关的参数）差异较小，变异系数的绝对值处于0.08～0.37之间；基于不同试验地点优化的各生物参数均值估算各地的棉花相对产量，其与实测值仍然吻合良好（R~2为0.59,RMSE为0.06,RRMSE为0.07）；此外，当灌溉水电导率一定时，棉花净收益随灌溉定额增加呈先增后降的趋势，净收益达到峰值所需的灌溉定额随灌溉水电导率升高而迅速增加；当灌溉水电导率不大于10dS/m时，通过加大供水量均可获得与淡水灌溉相当的净收益。研究可为新疆地区棉花产量与效益评估以及咸水资源合理开发利用提供理论依据。