【Objective】To study the effects of different irrigation volumes on the agronomic traits, lodging resistance and yield formation of rice, and to explore a more suitable water management plan for high-yield and stable-yield green cultivation of rice, and to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable rice production.【Method】Using WYD4 and JND667 as experimental materials, six different irrigation volume treatments were carried out: W1 (12 000 m³·hm^-2), W2 (10 500 m³·hm^-2), W3 (9 000 m³·hm^-2), W4 (7 500 m³·hm^-2), W5 (6 000 m³·hm^-2) and W6 (natural rainfall). By studying the effects of different irrigation volumes on the plant architecture, resistance to lodging, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield of rice, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of different irrigation volumes on these aspects were clarified.【Result】Reducing irrigation properly increased the final tiller number, the percentage of productive tillers, leaf length of the top three leaves, and leaf area index of rice, while reducing the leaf width and leaf base angle of the top three leaves, as well as plant height. The W4 treatment can optimize the plant morphology of rice, promote plant growth, and form a good population structure. With the decrease in irrigation volume, the length of the second internode at the base of rice decreased, and the internode plumpness, breaking resistance, lodging index, and the contents of lignin and cellulose in the stem and sheath first increased and then decreased. Proper irrigation was beneficial for improving the lodging resistance of rice stems. Appropriate irrigation volume not only improves water use efficiency but also enhances the photosynthetic performance of the flag leaves of rice, the accumulation and transportation capacity of dry matter in the stem and sheath, which is beneficial to yield formation. Compared with the W1 treatment, the W4 treatment saved 37.50% of the irrigation water consumption, and the yield significantly increased by 9.07%-12.47%.【Conclusion】Under the W4 (7 500 m³·hm^-2) treatment, rice has better plant morphology, lodging resistance, photosynthetic performance, and dry matter accumulation compared with other treatments. Therefore, it has the highest yield while having a high water use efficiency and can be used as a more suitable irrigation volume in this region.

【Objective】The fruit branch angle is a key determinant of cotton plant architecture. Previous studies revealed differential expression of GhPDF1 in materials with extreme fruit branch angles. This study aimed to functionally characterize GhPDF1 and systematically dissect its superior allelic variations, thereby providing genetic resources and a theoretical basis for improving plant architecture and breeding machine-harvestable cotton varieties.【Method】The sequences of PDF1 homologs from 25 species, including upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), were obtained through homology alignment for phylogenetic analysis. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector targeting GhPDF1 was constructed using double digestion and transformed into upland cotton to investigate its role in regulating the fruit branch angle. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within GhPDF1 were identified using resequencing data from 418 upland cotton accessions, with key SNPs validated by Sanger sequencing. The distribution of superior allelic variations of GhPDF1 was analyzed across Chinese cotton varieties from different breeding eras.【Result】A phylogenetic tree of the PDF1 gene from Gossypium hirsutum and its homologous genes from different species revealed that it is most closely related to Malvaceae, while being distantly related to Poaceae. Expression analysis showed that GhPDF1 was lowly expressed in large‑angle materials but highly expressed in small‑angle materials. Tissue‑specific expression profiling revealed high transcript levels in pistils, petals, and stems. VIGS‑mediated silencing of GhPDF1 significantly reduced the cell number at the fruit branch junction by approximately 170 and increased the fruit branch angle by 8.2° compared with empty‑vector controls, demonstrating its crucial role in regulating fruit branch angle. Phenotypic comparison between two allelic variants, GhPDF1^GG and GhPDF1^CC, indicated a significantly smaller branch angle in GhPDF1GG carriers. Moreover, the frequency of this superior allele (GhPDF1^GG) increased from 92% to 98% over successive breeding periods.【Conclusion】Silencing GhPDF1 in upland cotton reduces cell proliferation at the branch junction, leading to a significant increase in the fruit branch angle. The superior allelic variant GhPDF1^GG has been progressively enriched during modern cotton breeding in China.

In recent years, global climate change has continued to intensify, with extreme weather events occurring frequently, posing increasingly severe challenges to agricultural ecosystems. Late spring coldness, as a typical low-temperature meteorological disaster in spring, often occurs suddenly during the key growth stages of crops such as the germination period, flowering period or the growth of seedlings, causing damage to the plant cell membrane system and physiological metabolic disorders. In severe cases, it can lead to wilting or even death of plants, significantly affecting the stability of crop yields and the quality of agricultural products. It has become one of the important environmental stress factors restricting the sustainable development of agricultural production. Against this backdrop, delving deeply into the response mechanisms of plants to late spring coldness not only holds significant theoretical importance but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for the breeding of new crop varieties resistant to late spring coldness. This is of profound practical and strategic significance for enhancing the stress resistance of crops, stabilizing agricultural production levels, ensuring national food security, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This article systematically reviews the multi-level response mechanisms of plants to the stress of late spring coldness. At the physiological and biochemical level, it includes the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances (such as soluble sugars, proline, betaine, etc.), the activation of the antioxidant enzymes system (such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, etc.), and the adjustment of fatty acid saturation in membrane lipid composition (mainly manifested as an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and a relative decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids). At the molecular level, the focus is on the perception and transmission pathways of low-temperature signals, covering the cascade regulatory network mediated by CBF/DREB-type transcription factors and the expression dynamics of downstream cold response genes, as well as a systematic analysis of the interactive regulatory roles of calcium ion signals and plant hormones (such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, cytokinin, brassinolide and ethylene) in response to low temperatures. In addition, this article also reviews the application progress of cutting-edge technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the research of plant cold tolerance mechanisms, revealing the functional characteristics of multiple key cold tolerance genes and their regulatory networks. This article aims to construct a systematic theoretical framework of the molecular mechanism of plant resistance to late spring coldness through systematic integration and in-depth review of existing research results, providing solid scientific and technological support for the breeding of new crop varieties resistant to late spring coldness, the optimization of field management strategies, and the formulation of scientific and effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures.

The purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the research hotspots and evolutionary trends of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) from 2000 to 2024 by combining knowledge graph with bibliometric methods. A total of 769 Chinese-language literatures and 300 English-language literatures related to PNS published from 2000 to 2024 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and knowledge graphs were constructed and bibliometric analysis was performed using tools such as VOSviewer, CiteSpace and R programming language. The results showed that the annual number of publications had a steady overall growth from 2000 to 2024, with a relatively rapid increase in English-language literatures in recent years; core authors and institutions had formed a close cooperative network. High-frequency keywords focused on themes such as Panax notoginseng, saponin components, pharmacological effects and quality control. Cluster analysis revealed research modules including "Extraction, Purification and Analysis", "Mechanism of Action and Pharmacodynamics" and "Network Pharmacology". Burst keywords and time-zone maps showed that the research focus had evolved from basic components and applications in cerebrovascular diseases to mechanisms of apoptosis and oxidative stress, and then to emerging directions such as pharmacokinetics and autophagy. The knowledge graph revealed that the research on Panax notoginseng saponins had formed a research network with Chinese universities and research institutes as the core and multi-country collaboration. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and other institutions had made outstanding contributions. The research focused on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, autophagy regulation and so on. Accurate delivery, multi-target coordination, and intestinal flora regulation are key breakthrough areas in the future. This study comprehensively combs the research context and frontier of Panax notoginseng saponins, which can provide quantitative reference and direction guidance for subsequent basic research, clinical transformation and industrial development.

This study aims to provide basic information on the new storage pest of sweet potatoes, Paralipsa gularis (Zeller), clarifying its phylogenetic relationship within the order Lepidoptera. This lays the basic for the identification and control of this pest. The author identified the morphological characteristics and cox1 gene of the pest, and utilized Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology to sequence its mitochondrial genome. The structural features and base composition were analyzed, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method (ML) based on the complete mitochondrial genomic sequences of closely related species to analyze the phylogenetic relationship with related species. The results indicate that the new sweetpotato storage pest is identified as P. gularis (Zeller), with a complete mitochondrial genome length of 15393 bp, an A+T content of 79.67%, and comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, totaling 37 genes, along with one non-coding control region. Among the 13 protein-coding genes, the start codon of the cox1 gene is CGA, while the start codons of the other genes are typical ATN. The termination codons for the nad2, cox1, cox2, and nad4 genes are incomplete stop codons (T--), whereas the termination codons for the other protein-coding genes are typical TAA or TAG. Of the 22 tRNA, only trnS1-GCT lacks the DHU arm, while the others can form typical cloverleaf structures. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that P. gularis (sweetpotato) is a member of the family Pyralidae (subfamily Galleriinae, superfamily Pyraloidea), closely related to Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). This study is the first to report that P. gularis (Zeller) damages sweetpotato storage roots, and its distinct morphological characteristics and mitochondrial genomic sequence are clarified, which provide fundamental data for the identification, control, and research of this pest.

To clarify the application effects of stem and leaf herbicides, including Clethodim, Aminopyralid·Clopyralid, Benazolin-ethyl, Quizalofop-P-ethyl, Clopyralid, Haloxyfop-P-methyl and Aminopyralid·Benazolin-ethyl·Clopyralid in the field of spring rapeseed of Brassica napus L., and provide a basis for safe and efficient chemical weed control, we compared and analyzed the weed control effect of the above-mentioned herbicides, their impact on the safety, yield composition, and grain quality in spring rapeseed of Brassica napus L.. The tested stem and leaf herbicides showed certain control effects on weeds in rapeseed fields. Among them, 24% Clopyralid·6% AminopyralidAS157.5g a.i./hm², 30% Clopyralid AS180 g a.i./hm², and 108 g/L Haloxyfop-P-methyl EC56.7g a.i./hm² achieved significant plant control effect and fresh grass control effect of 67.09%-88.26%. At the same time, the yield reached 2330.01 kg/hm², 2323.34 kg/hm², and 2300.01 kg/hm², which increased by 6.23%, 5.93%, and 4.86% respectively compared to the control with clean water. Other herbicides reduced production compared to the control, with a reduction range of 0.3%-16.26%. The impact of stem and leaf herbicides on quality is manifested as an increase in oleic acid content and a decrease in arachidonic acid content in the fatty acid components. The difference in oleic acid content reached a significant level (P=0.0353), while the difference in arachidonic acidcontent (P=0.0031) was extremely significant. In the production of spring rapeseed of Brassica napus L., it is recommended to use 24% Clopyralid·6% AminopyralidAS, 30% Clopyralid AS, and 108 g/L Haloxyfop-P-methyl EC for fields mixed with grasses and broad-leaved weeds,, which have the advantages of high efficiency, safety, and significant yield increase. The selection of herbicides should be based on grass phase, and should be applied at the appropriate time during the 3-6 leaf stage of weeds.

With the gradual relaxation of restrictions on insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) maize in some regions of China, target pests such as Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera, and Mythimna separata have been effectively controlled. However, the non-target pest Monolepta hieroglyphica has shown an increasing occurrence every year and has emerged as a major pest in northern agricultural regions. To systematically understand this pest and provide directions for future research, this study reviews the classification, biological and ecological characteristics, damage characteristics, host plants, artificial rearing status, control methods and molecular biology progress of Monolepta hieroglyphica. The review finds that many scholars have conducted extensive research on Monolepta hieroglyphica in terms of biological and ecological characteristics, damage characteristics and control strategies. However, both the larvae and adults of this pest cause damage, the eggs have diapause, the larvae are soil-dwelling and have uneven hatching rates, and the driving factors for host plant transfer by adults are not clear, which leads to insufficient understanding of this pest by most agricultural practitioners. Based on this, the future research directions of Monolepta hieroglyphica are proposed: (1) To understand the mechanism of host plant transfer by Monolepta hieroglyphica adults; (2) to establish an artificial rearing system for Monolepta hieroglyphica; (3) to strengthen the molecular biology research of Monolepta hieroglyphica; (4) to study the interaction mechanism among host plants, Monolepta hieroglyphica and natural enemies; (5) to strengthen the breeding of crops resistant to Monolepta hieroglyphica. This review provides a systematic reference for a comprehensive understanding of Monolepta hieroglyphica and offers important implications for its integrated pest management.

This review aims to clarify the harm mechanism and genetic regularity of resistance to maize ear rot, so as to facilitate disease-resistant breeding and green prevention and control. It summarizes the symptomatic characteristics, epidemic regularity, harm features and influencing factors of maize ear rot; concludes the integrated prevention and control strategies including agricultural, chemical and biological control; and systematically combs the latest research progress in the screening of resistant germplasm resources, mapping of resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as development and functional verification of resistance genes for maize ear rot. The key problems faced by current disease-resistant breeding are pointed out, including the scarcity of highly resistant germplasm resources, complex genetic mechanism of resistance, inadequate functional analysis of resistance genes, insufficient integration of multi-technical breeding, and the threat of mycotoxins from maize ear rot. Future research directions are proposed as follows: (1) Strengthen the collection, accurate identification and innovative utilization of resistant germplasm resources; (2) deeply analyze the functions of disease-resistant genes and their interaction mechanisms with the environment; (3) utilize modern biotechnologies such as transgeneic and gene editing to create new materials with broad-spectrum and durable resistance; (4) promote the integration of multi-technical breeding, accelerate the breeding of new disease-resistant varieties with excellent agronomic traits, so as to realize the green and sustainable prevention and control of maize ear rot.

To address the problems of low sensitivity, cumbersome pretreatment, large matrix interference, and easy missed detection of low concentration of clopidol in feed, this study aimed to establish a solid-phase extraction- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for the rapid determination of clopidol content in feed, in order to meet the requirements of accurate quantification and safety supervision. Clopidol in feed samples was extracted using a 0.2% ammonia-methanol solution, purified through an alkaline alumina solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and separated on a C₁₈ column with gradient elution using ammonium formate solution and methanol as the mobile phase. Detection was performed by LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI⁺) mode, and quantification was conducted using matrix-matched external standard calibration. The results showed that clopidol exhibited a good linearity within the concentration range of 0.2-100 μg/L, with a correlation coefficient (r²) greater than 0.999. The method detection limits (LOD) and quantification limits (LOQ) were 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Method accuracy was evaluated in various types of feed, yielding recoveries of 90%-102%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 7%. This analytical method is simple to perform, highly sensitive, accurate, and reproducible, and significantly improves the detection limit and qualitative reliability compared with the national standard method. It meets the methodological requirements for the determination of clopidol in feed and provides a reliable technical approach for its precise quantification.

The purpose of this study was to establish an efficient in vitro regeneration system of embryo lobules of different peanut varieties, and to provide strong technical support for genetic improvement and biotechnology application of peanut. In this experiment, the embryo lobules of two different peanut varieties ‘Laiyang Silihong’ and ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’) were used as explants, and the effects of different plant growth regulators and seedling hardening time on the establishment of embryo lobule regeneration system were studied by tissue culture method. The results showed that the most suitable growth regulator for ‘Laiyang Silihong’ was 3.25 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA for bud cluster induction, 1.5 mg/L TDZ+3.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L GA₃ for bud cluster extraction, 2.0 mg/L TDZ+4.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+1.5 mg/L GA₃ for bud cluster elongation, and 2.0 mg/L NAA+0.3 mg/L 2,4-D for rooting culture. The most suitable growth regulator for ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’) embryo leaflet bud induction was 3.25 mg/L 6-BA+0.3 mg/L NAA, the bud cluster was 1.5 mg/L TDZ+4.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.5 mg/L GA₃, the bud cluster elongation was 2.0 mg/L TDZ+3.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA+2.0 mg/L GA₃, and the rooting culture was 2.5 mg/L NAA+0.1 mg/L 2,4-D. The best transplanting time of the two peanut varieties was 7 days, and the fruit setting rates of ‘Laiyang Silihong’ and ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’) were 57.63% and 48.67%, respectively. In this study, the in vitro regeneration system of embryo leaflets of two peanut varieties, ‘Laiyang Silihong’ and ‘83’ (‘Yunhua 24’), was successfully established. The results not only improved the peanut tissue culture technology system, but also provided important transgenic technology platform support for subsequent peanut genetic improvement research and functional gene mining.

The current development status of the tea industry in Rizhao City, Shandong Province were summarized, areas for improvement was identified, and pathways for high quality industrial development was proposed. With green tea as the core product, the study area had continuously promoted the branding and scaling of the tea industry. In recent years, the tea plantation area had remained stable at approximately 20 000 hm², with an annual output of 23 000 tons of dried crude tea. Benefiting from the region’s unique climatic conditions, tea quality had been significantly improved through the construction of organic tea plantations and ecological management, thereby fostering a distinctive local tea culture. Further progress was needed in aspects such as tea plant varieties, plantation management, processing techniques, brand and cultural development, and technological innovation. Based on these findings, pathways for enhancing the tea industry were proposed, including: strengthening the breeding of new varieties with improved cold and drought resistance through the protection of local germplasm resources and the selection of elite individual plants; improving scientific management of tea plantations by promoting ecological tea garden construction, intercropping with trees to enhance biodiversity, and gradually advancing mechanized and intelligent management; optimizing and innovating processing techniques by establishing whole-process standards, introducing automated production lines and preservation technologies, developing diversified tea types such as black tea and white tea, and emphasizing the deep processing of active ingredients; strengthening brand building and cultural–tourism integration by leveraging platforms such as tea expos to enhance brand influence, developing integrated tea-culture tourism projects, and promoting deep integration between the tea industry and tourism; and enhancing scientific research and talent development by deepening cooperation with universities and research institutions, jointly establishing practice bases, regularly conducting skills training, and attracting professional talent through industrial support. This paper provides a reference for promoting the sustainable development of the regional tea industry.

The paper aims to develop a rapid propagation system for the medicinal resource Rubus chingii var. suavissimus. Using tender stem segments with buds as explants, the study investigated the effects of sterilization duration, hormone concentration ratios in subculture proliferation media and rooting media, as well as transplanting substrate ratios on aseptic line establishment, cluster bud proliferation, test-tube plantlet rooting, and transplant growth of tissue-cultured seedlings. Orthogonal test design combined with stepwise regression analysis was used to screen the optimal conditions of each link. Results showed that the optimal sterilization method for explants was treatment with 0.1% HgCl₂ solution for 7 minutes, achieving a survival rate of 80%. The optimal subculture proliferation medium was MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.1 mg/L, with a proliferation coefficient of 27.33. The optimal rooting medium was 1/2MS+ IBA 0.5 mg/L, resulting in 100% rooting rate, approximately 13 average roots per plant, and average root length of 1.74 cm. The optimal transplanting substrate ratio was vermiculite: nutrient soil: coconut coir=1:1:1, with a survival rate as high as 86.3%. The successful establishment of a rapid tissue culture propagation system for Rubus chingii var. suavissimus holds significant importance for the sustainable development of sweet tea resources and the conservation of genetic diversity in characteristic medicinal plants.

To promote the development of the sweet potato industry in Weifang, Shandong Province, the current development status of the local sweet potato industry was summarized, the links requiring improvement were analyzed, and corresponding industrial development countermeasures were proposed. In the study area, the cultivation of sweet potatoes was dominated by edible varieties such as Yanshu 25 and Pushu 32. A virus-free seedling breeding system was preliminarily established. The integrated application of green and efficient cultivation techniques was promoted to drive the development of production toward standardization, mechanization, and quality improvement. A whole-chain development pattern was preliminarily constructed, covering seedling breeding, green cultivation, and fresh-keeping storage. Several links were identified as requiring improvement, including the quality of virus-free seedlings, the degree of intensive cultivation, the level of full mechanization, post-harvest storage technologies, and the systematization of regional public brands. Based on these findings, the following countermeasures are proposed: strengthen the research and promotion of virus-free seedlings, establish a demand-oriented breeding system, and improve coverage; strengthen the application of advanced and applicable technologies, promote crop rotation, film mulching drip irrigation, and comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests; accelerate the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, develop small-scale operating machinery suitable for hilly and mountainous areas, and improve the overall mechanization level; promote the development of the entire chain of postpartum storage, sales, and processing, build high standard storage facilities, and encourage enterprises to develop deep processed products; Cultivate characteristic agricultural brands, leverage the driving role of advantageous brands, establish a mechanism of “industry alliance+cooperative+growers” interest linkage, strengthen packaging, cultural and creative industries, and brand image shaping, and comprehensively empower the sweet potato industry to improve quality and efficiency. This paper was intended to provide a reference for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the sweet potato industry in Weifang.

To meet the urgent demand of the industry for high quality applied veterinary professionals, this study analyzed the key aspects requiring attention in the Clinical Veterinary Medicine curriculum group and proposed targeted construction pathways for the training model. The Clinical Veterinary Medicine curriculum group has areas for improvement, including content redundancy, insufficient updates of cutting-edge knowledge, and poor connection between prerequisite and follow-up courses at the knowledge system level, as well as inadequate capability transformation pathways, weak practical coordination, and imperfect assessment and guidance mechanisms at the ability coordination level. Accordingly, this paper proposes the following paths including constructing a curriculum group framework focusing on core courses of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, carrying out online-offline blended teaching deeply integrated with virtual simulation technology, integrating conventional and modern teaching methods by combining basic lectures and platforms such as Chaoxing Learning Pass and Wisdom Tree, and actively implementing a comprehensive evaluation system combining process and summative assessment. This pathway realizes a dual parallel “knowledge-ability” training model that integrates the learning of basic disease theories, training in specialized diagnosis and treatment techniques, and cultivation of comprehensive clinical practical abilities. This paper provides a reference for the systematic reform of clinical veterinary talent training model in agricultural universities.

The aim is to provide meteorological basis for objective evaluation of the quality level of Myrica rubra, rational planting layout of Myrica rubra and improving the meteorological conditions for the formation of quality of Myrica rubra. Based on the measured data of soluble solids and total acid of Biqi and Dongkui Myrica rubra at multiple altitudes in Huaihua area from 2021 to 2023, the soluble solids and total acid quality of the two types of Myrica rubra were first divided into four grades, and a comprehensive actual quality evaluation method and standard were established. Combined with the corresponding meteorological data, the key meteorological factors affecting the quality of Myrica rubra were revealed by using the statistical methods of path correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and cluster analysis. Some conclusions were as follows: The key meteorological factors affecting the soluble solids of Biqi Myrica rubra were the number of days with less than 1 hour of sunshine during 5 days before maturity, and the number of rainfall days with more than 5 mm during 9 days before maturity; the key climatic factors affecting total acid were average maximum temperature during 44 days and during 19 days before maturity; the key climatic factors affecting the soluble solids of Dongkui Myrica rubra was sunshine hours during 8 days before maturity; and the key climatic factors affecting total acid were average temperature during 30 days before maturity and average maximum temperatures during 33 days before maturity. The less rainy days and more sunlight during 9 days before maturity (color changes from red to purple), the higher the content of soluble solids; the higher the average temperature and maximum temperature after the fruit setting stage of Myrica rubra, the lower the total acid content. The meteorological simulation models and climate quality evaluation models for two kinds of Myrica rubra were constructed respectively. After regression calculation and actual test, the climate quality grade and the actual quality grade were basically consistent, indicating that the evaluation method had high accuracy and could be used for the evaluation practice of Myrica rubra quality grade.

To construct cultivation standards for rural collective economy managers, this study designed a questionnaire based on Mintzberg’s Managerial Role Theory and Katz’s Managerial Skill Theory. With the multistage stratified random sampling method, we conducted investigations in 24 administrative villages across 12 counties covering five major agricultural economic zones in Anhui Province, including the Huaibei Plain, Jianghuai Hilly Area, Yanjiang Plain, West Anhui Dabie Mountains and South Anhui Mountainous Areas, and finally obtained 160 valid questionnaires with an effective rate of 72.73%. Tested by SPSS, the questionnaire presented a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.874 and a KMO value of 0.903, which indicated satisfactory reliability and validity. By adopting the factor analysis method, four common factors were extracted from 12 evaluation indicators ranging from Q1 to Q12, namely strategic planning and decision-making competence, professional operation and management competence, relationship coordination and conflict resolution competence, as well as communication promotion and resource acquisition competence. The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 78.881%, which formed the core competence structure of rural collective economy managers. The research results revealed that rural collective economy managers needed comprehensive competencies to cope with complex challenges in rural operation. On this basis, this paper put forward optimization paths from 3 dimensions, including systematic training, practical guidance and experience communication, and resource integration and mutual trust construction, so as to provide references for the talent cultivation and sustainable development of rural collective economy managers.

To optimize the blended teaching model for Biology majors, this paper designed a questionnaire covering dimensions such as classroom implementation, teaching effectiveness and learning experience. A questionnaire survey was conducted among undergraduate students of the 2019 cohort majoring in biotechnology. A total of 96 questionnaires were distributed, and 96 valid ones were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. Based on the survey results, this paper systematically summarized the implementation status of blended teaching in terms of students’ learning, teachers’ instruction, teaching evaluation system and operational support. Combined with the teaching characteristics of Biology disciplines, targeted optimization strategies for teaching reform were proposed from 4 dimensions: improving students’ internal motivation for autonomous learning, optimizing teachers’ environment for teaching reform, constructing a diversified teaching evaluation system, and strengthening supportive guarantees from colleges and universities. Two years after the implementation of the reform, a follow-up investigation was carried out among undergraduate students of the 2021 Biology majors. A total of 105 questionnaires were issued, and 103 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 98.10%. The results revealed that the implementation of teaching reform significantly enhanced students’ enthusiasm for independent learning, steadily improved teachers’ competency in blended teaching, and gradually perfected the diversified teaching evaluation system. The advantages of blended teaching were fully exerted, which effectively promoted the overall teaching quality of Biology courses. This study provides references for the teaching reform of relevant majors in similar colleges and universities.

In order to solve the problems of traditional agricultural insurance in the risk protection of peach industry, such as difficult loss determination, slow claim settlement and high moral hazard, the scientific weather index insurance mechanism was constructed to accurately and efficiently transfer the risk of peach planting and stabilize the income of peach industry. Based on the spring flowering temperature data of crisp peach in Lu'an from 1991 to 2020, taking the daily minimum temperature of 0℃ as the critical value of the key disaster causing factor of low temperature freezing injury, this paper defines the low temperature weather index (I) of crisp peach in Lu'an as the maximum duration of low temperature events during the flowering period in the insurance period. On this basis, the K-means clustering analysis method was used to establish the low-temperature freezing injury grade index of crisp peach at flowering stage, and the low-temperature freezing injury weather insurance index of crisp peach at flowering stage was designed, which was popularized and applied in pilot projects. The results showed that the low temperature freezing injury of Lu'an crisp peach could be divided into four grades: mild (0<I≤1), moderate (1<I≤3), severe (3<I≤5) and extra heavy (I>5). When the weather index of low temperature and freezing injury was ≥2 d, the compensation was started, and the compensation proportion was 6%-50%. The average compensation rate of low temperature and freezing injury of crisp peaches in Lu'an from 1991 to 2020 was 5.1%, and the average compensation amount was 770 yuan per hectare. The pilot application shows that the weather index insurance product is basically reasonable, and the research results can provide scientific and technical support for agricultural insurance companies to design crisp peach spring low temperature weather index insurance products.

This study explored the reform and practice of the talent training model based on Outcomes-Based Education (OBE), aiming to further improve professional characteristics, curriculum system, practical teaching, teaching staff, and experimental platforms for biotechnology majors. The reform focused on strengthening top-level design to align with the subtropical characteristic agriculture industry, adding relevant characteristic courses, and jointly constructing off-campus practice bases. It optimized curriculum teaching by integrating cutting-edge content such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and building a virtual simulation experiment platform. A progressive practical system including field practice and professional internship was established, and students were guided to participate in college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training program projects, the “Internet+” and other competitions. The construction of the teaching staff was strengthened, and a regular mechanism for teachers to practice in enterprises was set up. The experimental platform was integrated into four functional areas, an interdisciplinary experimental teaching center was formed, and a “three-stage assessment system” for research and innovation talents was improved. After the implementation of the reform, student teams won the gold award in the Guangxi Division of the “Internet+” competition, one invention patent has been authorized, 12 student projects were approved as university-level or above innovation and entrepreneurship training programs, and 5 interdisciplinary experimental courses were offered. An applied talent training model suitable for the needs of the regional subtropical characteristic agriculture industry was formed. This paper provides a reference for the talent training model reform of similar majors in local universities.

This study addressed several problems existing in the experimental course of microbial engineering in local universities, including a curriculum system focused on basic and verification experiments, teacher-dominated teaching methods, insufficient integration of ideological and political elements, and relatively single assessment modes. It carried out teaching reform research from 4 dimensions: curriculum system, teaching method, ideological and political education, and assessment method. In terms of curriculum system, it constructed a three-level experimental teaching mode of basic–comprehensive–innovative, which consolidated basic skills and strengthened comprehensive application. In terms of teaching method, it introduced project-based learning and virtual simulation teaching, combined with university-enterprise collaborative education, to improve students’ learning initiative and practical ability. In terms of ideological and political education, it integrated ideological and political elements naturally into the whole experimental process to achieve the organic unity of knowledge imparting and value guidance. In terms of assessment and evaluation, it established a diversified system and increased the proportion of process evaluation to comprehensively examine students’ comprehensive abilities. After three rounds of teaching practice, students’ standardized experimental operation, independent inquiry ability and innovative awareness improved significantly. The proportion of students who could independently analyze and solve problems rose from less than 50% to more than 90%, and the course teaching evaluation score reached 95 points. In the past 3 years, student teams won 2 national and 4 provincial projects of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs, as well as a number of discipline competition awards. The experimental teaching realized the transformation from knowledge imparting to ability cultivation. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant experimental courses.

To quantitatively evaluate the risk of frost disasters during the rice maturity period in Xing'an League, this paper utilizes daily minimum temperature data from six national meteorological stations in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, spanning from 1981 to 2022, as well as rice planting area and yield data from 1991 to 2022. By employing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted comprehensive scoring method, a risk evaluation model for frost disasters during the rice maturity period is established. Furthermore, a regional analysis of the risk of frost disasters during the rice maturity period in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, is conducted. The results show that: the high risk areas of frost disaster during rice maturity in Xing'an League of Inner Mongolia are mainly distributed in the central and northern parts of Zhalaite Banner. The medium risk areas are mainly distributed in the eastern part of Zhalaite Banner. The low risk areas are mainly distributed in Ulanhot City, Keyouqian Banner, Tuquan County, and Keyouzhong Banner. It is recommended to enhance their frost resistance in high-risk areas and select rice varieties suitable for their growth period to reduce losses caused by frost disasters. Low-risk areas can choose rice varieties with longer growth periods and higher yields to fully utilize thermal resources.

To optimize the supravital staining of plant vacuome with neutral red, this study used root tips of wheat, rice and mung bean as materials and 1/3000 neutral red as the staining agent, and carried out conditional optimization experiments on material selection, preparation and preservation of staining solution, and staining duration. Results showed that wheat seeds required simple culture conditions and had a short growth period; the vacuoles in the root apical meristem of wheat were stained uniformly with high specificity, and the observation effect was better than those of rice and mung bean. Comparisons of different staining durations indicated that insufficient staining occurred at 10 min, while over-staining or altered cell morphology tended to appear at 20 min and above. Staining for 15 min yielded appropriate color development and intact vacuole structure, which was determined as the optimal duration. Under the optimized conditions of wheat as material, freshly prepared neutral red solution, and 15 min staining, distinct developmental morphological differences were clearly observed among the primary small vacuoles in the apical meristem, small vacuoles in the elongation zone, and the central large vacuole in the maturation zone. The optimized protocol for supravital staining of the plant vacuome established in this study was simple to operate and stable in observation effect, and provided a reference for relevant supravital staining experiments.

Based on the temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration data from 1981 to 2020 at the National Basic Meteorological Station in Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province, this study adopted the linear trend analysis method to explore the differences in climate change between 2 climatic state (P1: 1981–2010; P2: 1991–2020) and their impacts on agricultural production. The results showed that, in terms of temperature, the annual average temperature in P2 increased by 0.3 ℃ compared with P1. Spring presented a climatic tendency rate of 0.42 ℃/10 a, which was the dominant season contributing to regional warming. In terms of precipitation, the annual average precipitation in P2 was 955.6 mm, an increase of 18.6 mm relative to P1, while the annual average rainy days were 101.8 days with little difference between the two periods. Precipitation increased obviously in spring and summer, with an increment of 6.5 mm and 8.6 mm, respectively. For sunshine duration, the annual sunshine hours decreased significantly in P2 compared with P1. Sunshine duration declined in summer, autumn and winter, among which autumn had the most obvious reduction of -15.1 h, whereas spring sunshine hours increased by 8.5 h. The analysis on agricultural impacts indicated that rising temperature, dramatic precipitation fluctuation and reduced sunshine duration advanced the whole growth period of winter wheat and delayed the growth period of single-cropping rice. Climate warming also reduced soil fertility, facilitated weed propagation and pest larva overwintering, and further raised agricultural production costs. Therefore, targeted measures should be formulated according to local agricultural development conditions to establish a climate-adaptive agricultural technology system and promote the sustainable development of agriculture in the future.

This study aimed to explore the responses of mycorrhizae of alien plants and native plants to the changes of rainstorm frequency in karst areas. Dominant alien plants and native plants from karst abandoned land under four rainfall treatments (natural rainfall (CK), low-frequency rainstorm (T20), medium-frequency rainstorm (T40), and high-frequency rainstorm (T60)) were used to determine the mycorrhizal colonization rate of plants, soil hyphal density, and spore density. The results showed: (1) Medium-frequency and high-frequency rainstorm treatments significantly increased the arbuscular colonization rate of native plants (P<0.05) and improved soil spore density, but decreased the arbuscular colonization rate of alien plants. Among them, the spore density of alien plants only increased under high-frequency rainstorm treatment. (2) Medium-frequency rainstorm treatment significantly reduced the hyphal density of native plants (P<0.05), while the hyphal density of alien plants showed no significant change. (3) Extreme rainstorm treatments reduced the number of plant species with mycorrhizal differences, and different plant species showed variations in their responses to extreme rainstorms. The results indicated that rainstorm frequency affected the mycorrhizal colonization characteristics differently for different plant species; native plants exhibited a more sensitive response to rainfall changes.

Based on the monthly mean temperature observation data from national surface meteorological stations in Northeastern Guizhou from 1961 to September 2023, this study analyzed the climatic characteristics of September in this region. Furthermore, using NCEP reanalysis data from 1991 to 2021, the circulation characteristics such as geopotential height field, horizontal wind field and sea level pressure field under high temperature conditions in September were examined to explore the formation mechanisms of high temperatures. The results showed that the study region was dominated by low-temperature anomalies from the 1960s to the 1980s, while high temperature anomalies prevailed from the 1990 to 2023. Notably, the temperature in September 2021 was abnormally high by 3.1 ℃, with high temperatures mainly occurring in the early and late dekads of the month. Circulation analysis indicated that the abnormally high average temperature in northeastern Guizhou in September 2021 was mainly caused by the stronger intensity, larger extent, more westward extension ridge point and northward shifted ridge line of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, which exerted prolonged control over the region. The upper-level westerly jet core was located 5° north of the climatological mean, which inhibited the southward intrusion of westerly disturbances into low-latitude areas. In addition, the lower-level wind field exerted a significant influence on air mass activities, characterized by prominent southwesterly wind anomalies that facilitated the northward transport of warm air from the south. Moreover, A significant negative anomaly zone extends from the region of 60°-75° N, 70°-130° E to the areas of 35°-55° N, 110°-120° E and 20°-50° N, 120°-150° E, accompanied by negative anomalies in Northeast China and Eastern Europe, which were unfavorable for the southward movement of cold air, thus providing favorable conditions for the occurrence and development of persistent anomalous high temperatures throughout the month. The results provide a reference for local high-temperature early warning and agricultural production decision-making.

This paper reviewed the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Rhodiola rosea, as well as the extraction and synthesis of its primary active ingredient salidroside, and analyzed its current application status, cultivation and propagation techniques. It contains chemical components such as glycosides, flavonoids and polysaccharides. The active component glycosides have effects such as reducing oxidative stress damage, preventing and treating altitude sickness, and improving fibrosis lesions of multiple organs and tissues; flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, and exhibit potent oxygen free radical scavenging capacity; polysaccharides have effects such as regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting bacteria, and regulating immunity. Salidroside is the core index for the quality evaluation of Rhodiola rosea. It can be extracted from plants, and its synthesis methods include biosynthetic method, enzyme-catalyzed synthesis, and chemical synthesis, among which biosynthetic method and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis are more widely used. This plant has been widely applied in the fields of medicine, health care, and skin care, and has high potential development and application value. In agricultural production, it can be propagated by sowing, rhizome propagation, cutting and tissue culture. This review provides a reference for the quality evaluation and resource development of Rhodiola rosea.

To comprehensively understand the current status of medicinal vertebrate resources in Chongqing, this study conducted an analysis of the species composition, regional distribution, and taxonomic characteristics of medicinal vertebrates in this area through literature integration and multi-source data retrieval. The results showed that there were 103 species of medicinal vertebrates in Chongqing, belonging to 37 families and 67 genera, covering 3 major groups: mammals (35 genera 38 species), birds (22 genera 40 species), and amphibians and reptiles (10 genera 25 species). In terms of spatial distribution, the resources were mainly found in the mountainous and hilly areas from Southeastern to Western Chongqing. The “mountain-water-forest” nested habitat network provided an essential food chain and living space for medicinal vertebrates. The distribution of categories showed significant heterogeneity. Among them, the number of bird species accounts for the highest proportion (38.84%), followed by mammals (36.89%). The analysis of medicinal efficacy indicates that the main efficacy types are those for clearing heat and detoxifying (47 species), reducing swelling and relieving pain (32 species), and dispelling wind and removing dampness (26 species). This study provides data support for the formulation of conservation strategies and sustainable utilization of the medicinal vertebrate resources in Chongqing.

As an important economic crop in Yingshan County, tea is a pillar industry for local rural revitalization. This study aims to determine the localization parameters of the AquaCrop crop model and improve its ability to predict tea yield. Using the tea yields in Yingshan County from 2013 to 2022, as well as meteorological data such as temperature, precipitation, and sunshine, the required tea tree growth parameters for the AquaCrop crop model were obtained through parameter sensitivity analysis. The AquaCrop model parameters were locally calibrated and optimized, and a tea leaf production forecasting model for Yingshan County was established. Based on two future scenario models, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, the tea yield was predicted. The results showed that: (1) using OTA method for sensitivity analysis of non-conservative parameters, the relative sensitivity ranking of each parameter was obtained, with maturity time>standardized water productivity>tea tree base temperature>sensitivity of crop coefficient>initial canopy coverage>maximum canopy coverage time, and the sensitivity of other parameters was relatively weak. (2) The localized parameters of the AquaCrop crop model for tea in Yingshan County were optimized, and the root mean square error, conformity, and residual clustering set of the optimized parameter combinations were 0.15, 0.68, and 0.01 respectively. (3) The simulated forecast of tea production in Yingshan County from 2013 to 2022 was basically consistent with the actual production trend. Since 2013, the tea production in Yingshan County had shown an upward trend, reaching 0.03 t/hm². The AquaCrop model predicts an upward trend of 0.02 t/hm², which was basically consistent with the actual production trend. (4) Based on two future scenario models, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, the simulated tea yields increased by 13.7% and 38.9% compared to the 2013-2022 average yields due to a significant reduction in tea winter freeze and spring frost and an increase in effective cumulative temperature. In summary, the AquaCrop crop model, after parameter localization, performs well in simulating tea yield in Yingshan County and can serve as a tool for predicting tea yield based on meteorological conditions during the growth period.

Lycopus lucidus polysaccharide (LLP-1) is the main active component of the medicinal herb Lycopus lucidus, demonstrates considerable application potential in improving soil conditions and enhancing the disease resistance of livestock and poultry. Based on the structural characteristics of the LLP-1, this study used the TargetNet, SwissTargetPrediction and SEA databases for target prediction; selected the genes related to the prognosis of liver cancer from the TCGA database, and conducted intersection analysis with the predicted targets; constructed a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) using the STRING database, identified related biological processes and signaling pathways through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis; and verified the correlation between the core target’s prognosis survival curve and immune infiltration; finally, molecular docking was used to validate the affinity of LLP-1 to the target protein.The results showed that the prediction identified 85 potential targets that shared 19 common targets with 6 767 liver cancer-related genes. The PPI network revealed close interactions among the targets, and LASSO regression identified 6 core genes (LGALS3, CCNA2, APH1A, CDK1, CDK2, HSP90AA1). The prognostic model had moderate performance (AUC>0.6). GO enrichment was found in pathways such as positive regulation of DNA metabolism, G₂/M and G₁/M transitions of the cell cycle; KEGG enrichment was in the cell cycle and cancer pathways. Molecular docking revealed that the binding energy of LLP-1 to the core target was less than -24.00 kJ/mol, among which the binding energy with CCNA2 was the strongest (-42.26 kJ/mol). In summary, the ginseng polysaccharide LLP-1 may exert anti-liver cancer activity by regulating cell cycle-related targets and signaling pathways, and may also regulate the tumor immune microenvironment. This article provides a reference for the development of functional foods containing Lycopus lucidus polysaccharides.

The soil physical and chemical properties, microbial content and enzyme activity of tobacco-planting soil in 0, 3, 6, 9 years of continuous cropping were determined in Malong of Qujing, Changes in soil nutrient content, microbial content and enzyme activity across different continuous cropping years were analyzed. The results showed that as the number of consecutive years of tobacco cropping increased, soil pH, organic matter, available boron, available copper, available zinc, and available manganese all tended to decrease. In contrast, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, available sulfur, exchangeable calcium, and exchangeable magnesium showed increasing trends, while chloride ion content first increased and then decreased. Bacterial counts initially declined and then increased with longer continuous cropping, whereas fungal and actinomycete counts continuously increased, and the population of the black stem rust pathogen rose year by year. Urease and sucrase activities exhibited a significant decline, whereas acid phosphatase and peroxidase activities did not show significant differences among years. In conclusion, long-term continuous cropping has led to the imbalance of key nutrients and the deterioration of microbial flora. Therefore, it is suggested that Malong tobacco area should focus on the following points in continuous cropping management: improving acidified soil and supplement organic matter; controlling the excessive application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, and supplement trace elements such as boron, copper, zinc and manganese; regulating soil microbial flora to reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles and improving soil health in Malong tobacco area.