【Objective】To study the effects of different irrigation volumes on the agronomic traits, lodging resistance and yield formation of rice, and to explore a more suitable water management plan for high-yield and stable-yield green cultivation of rice, and to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable rice production.【Method】Using WYD4 and JND667 as experimental materials, six different irrigation volume treatments were carried out: W1 (12 000 m³·hm^-2), W2 (10 500 m³·hm^-2), W3 (9 000 m³·hm^-2), W4 (7 500 m³·hm^-2), W5 (6 000 m³·hm^-2) and W6 (natural rainfall). By studying the effects of different irrigation volumes on the plant architecture, resistance to lodging, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and yield of rice, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of different irrigation volumes on these aspects were clarified.【Result】Reducing irrigation properly increased the final tiller number, the percentage of productive tillers, leaf length of the top three leaves, and leaf area index of rice, while reducing the leaf width and leaf base angle of the top three leaves, as well as plant height. The W4 treatment can optimize the plant morphology of rice, promote plant growth, and form a good population structure. With the decrease in irrigation volume, the length of the second internode at the base of rice decreased, and the internode plumpness, breaking resistance, lodging index, and the contents of lignin and cellulose in the stem and sheath first increased and then decreased. Proper irrigation was beneficial for improving the lodging resistance of rice stems. Appropriate irrigation volume not only improves water use efficiency but also enhances the photosynthetic performance of the flag leaves of rice, the accumulation and transportation capacity of dry matter in the stem and sheath, which is beneficial to yield formation. Compared with the W1 treatment, the W4 treatment saved 37.50% of the irrigation water consumption, and the yield significantly increased by 9.07%-12.47%.【Conclusion】Under the W4 (7 500 m³·hm^-2) treatment, rice has better plant morphology, lodging resistance, photosynthetic performance, and dry matter accumulation compared with other treatments. Therefore, it has the highest yield while having a high water use efficiency and can be used as a more suitable irrigation volume in this region.

【Objective】The fruit branch angle is a key determinant of cotton plant architecture. Previous studies revealed differential expression of GhPDF1 in materials with extreme fruit branch angles. This study aimed to functionally characterize GhPDF1 and systematically dissect its superior allelic variations, thereby providing genetic resources and a theoretical basis for improving plant architecture and breeding machine-harvestable cotton varieties.【Method】The sequences of PDF1 homologs from 25 species, including upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), were obtained through homology alignment for phylogenetic analysis. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector targeting GhPDF1 was constructed using double digestion and transformed into upland cotton to investigate its role in regulating the fruit branch angle. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within GhPDF1 were identified using resequencing data from 418 upland cotton accessions, with key SNPs validated by Sanger sequencing. The distribution of superior allelic variations of GhPDF1 was analyzed across Chinese cotton varieties from different breeding eras.【Result】A phylogenetic tree of the PDF1 gene from Gossypium hirsutum and its homologous genes from different species revealed that it is most closely related to Malvaceae, while being distantly related to Poaceae. Expression analysis showed that GhPDF1 was lowly expressed in large‑angle materials but highly expressed in small‑angle materials. Tissue‑specific expression profiling revealed high transcript levels in pistils, petals, and stems. VIGS‑mediated silencing of GhPDF1 significantly reduced the cell number at the fruit branch junction by approximately 170 and increased the fruit branch angle by 8.2° compared with empty‑vector controls, demonstrating its crucial role in regulating fruit branch angle. Phenotypic comparison between two allelic variants, GhPDF1^GG and GhPDF1^CC, indicated a significantly smaller branch angle in GhPDF1GG carriers. Moreover, the frequency of this superior allele (GhPDF1^GG) increased from 92% to 98% over successive breeding periods.【Conclusion】Silencing GhPDF1 in upland cotton reduces cell proliferation at the branch junction, leading to a significant increase in the fruit branch angle. The superior allelic variant GhPDF1^GG has been progressively enriched during modern cotton breeding in China.

In recent years, global climate change has continued to intensify, with extreme weather events occurring frequently, posing increasingly severe challenges to agricultural ecosystems. Late spring coldness, as a typical low-temperature meteorological disaster in spring, often occurs suddenly during the key growth stages of crops such as the germination period, flowering period or the growth of seedlings, causing damage to the plant cell membrane system and physiological metabolic disorders. In severe cases, it can lead to wilting or even death of plants, significantly affecting the stability of crop yields and the quality of agricultural products. It has become one of the important environmental stress factors restricting the sustainable development of agricultural production. Against this backdrop, delving deeply into the response mechanisms of plants to late spring coldness not only holds significant theoretical importance but also provides a solid theoretical foundation for the breeding of new crop varieties resistant to late spring coldness. This is of profound practical and strategic significance for enhancing the stress resistance of crops, stabilizing agricultural production levels, ensuring national food security, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This article systematically reviews the multi-level response mechanisms of plants to the stress of late spring coldness. At the physiological and biochemical level, it includes the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances (such as soluble sugars, proline, betaine, etc.), the activation of the antioxidant enzymes system (such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, etc.), and the adjustment of fatty acid saturation in membrane lipid composition (mainly manifested as an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and a relative decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids). At the molecular level, the focus is on the perception and transmission pathways of low-temperature signals, covering the cascade regulatory network mediated by CBF/DREB-type transcription factors and the expression dynamics of downstream cold response genes, as well as a systematic analysis of the interactive regulatory roles of calcium ion signals and plant hormones (such as abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, cytokinin, brassinolide and ethylene) in response to low temperatures. In addition, this article also reviews the application progress of cutting-edge technologies such as high-throughput sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the research of plant cold tolerance mechanisms, revealing the functional characteristics of multiple key cold tolerance genes and their regulatory networks. This article aims to construct a systematic theoretical framework of the molecular mechanism of plant resistance to late spring coldness through systematic integration and in-depth review of existing research results, providing solid scientific and technological support for the breeding of new crop varieties resistant to late spring coldness, the optimization of field management strategies, and the formulation of scientific and effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures.

The current development status of the tea industry in Rizhao City, Shandong Province were summarized, areas for improvement was identified, and pathways for high quality industrial development was proposed. With green tea as the core product, the study area had continuously promoted the branding and scaling of the tea industry. In recent years, the tea plantation area had remained stable at approximately 20 000 hm², with an annual output of 23 000 tons of dried crude tea. Benefiting from the region’s unique climatic conditions, tea quality had been significantly improved through the construction of organic tea plantations and ecological management, thereby fostering a distinctive local tea culture. Further progress was needed in aspects such as tea plant varieties, plantation management, processing techniques, brand and cultural development, and technological innovation. Based on these findings, pathways for enhancing the tea industry were proposed, including: strengthening the breeding of new varieties with improved cold and drought resistance through the protection of local germplasm resources and the selection of elite individual plants; improving scientific management of tea plantations by promoting ecological tea garden construction, intercropping with trees to enhance biodiversity, and gradually advancing mechanized and intelligent management; optimizing and innovating processing techniques by establishing whole-process standards, introducing automated production lines and preservation technologies, developing diversified tea types such as black tea and white tea, and emphasizing the deep processing of active ingredients; strengthening brand building and cultural–tourism integration by leveraging platforms such as tea expos to enhance brand influence, developing integrated tea-culture tourism projects, and promoting deep integration between the tea industry and tourism; and enhancing scientific research and talent development by deepening cooperation with universities and research institutions, jointly establishing practice bases, regularly conducting skills training, and attracting professional talent through industrial support. This paper provides a reference for promoting the sustainable development of the regional tea industry.

To promote the development of the sweet potato industry in Weifang, Shandong Province, the current development status of the local sweet potato industry was summarized, the links requiring improvement were analyzed, and corresponding industrial development countermeasures were proposed. In the study area, the cultivation of sweet potatoes was dominated by edible varieties such as Yanshu 25 and Pushu 32. A virus-free seedling breeding system was preliminarily established. The integrated application of green and efficient cultivation techniques was promoted to drive the development of production toward standardization, mechanization, and quality improvement. A whole-chain development pattern was preliminarily constructed, covering seedling breeding, green cultivation, and fresh-keeping storage. Several links were identified as requiring improvement, including the quality of virus-free seedlings, the degree of intensive cultivation, the level of full mechanization, post-harvest storage technologies, and the systematization of regional public brands. Based on these findings, the following countermeasures are proposed: strengthen the research and promotion of virus-free seedlings, establish a demand-oriented breeding system, and improve coverage; strengthen the application of advanced and applicable technologies, promote crop rotation, film mulching drip irrigation, and comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests; accelerate the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, develop small-scale operating machinery suitable for hilly and mountainous areas, and improve the overall mechanization level; promote the development of the entire chain of postpartum storage, sales, and processing, build high standard storage facilities, and encourage enterprises to develop deep processed products; Cultivate characteristic agricultural brands, leverage the driving role of advantageous brands, establish a mechanism of “industry alliance+cooperative+growers” interest linkage, strengthen packaging, cultural and creative industries, and brand image shaping, and comprehensively empower the sweet potato industry to improve quality and efficiency. This paper was intended to provide a reference for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the sweet potato industry in Weifang.

To meet the urgent demand of the industry for high quality applied veterinary professionals, this study analyzed the key aspects requiring attention in the Clinical Veterinary Medicine curriculum group and proposed targeted construction pathways for the training model. The Clinical Veterinary Medicine curriculum group has areas for improvement, including content redundancy, insufficient updates of cutting-edge knowledge, and poor connection between prerequisite and follow-up courses at the knowledge system level, as well as inadequate capability transformation pathways, weak practical coordination, and imperfect assessment and guidance mechanisms at the ability coordination level. Accordingly, this paper proposes the following paths including constructing a curriculum group framework focusing on core courses of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, carrying out online-offline blended teaching deeply integrated with virtual simulation technology, integrating conventional and modern teaching methods by combining basic lectures and platforms such as Chaoxing Learning Pass and Wisdom Tree, and actively implementing a comprehensive evaluation system combining process and summative assessment. This pathway realizes a dual parallel “knowledge-ability” training model that integrates the learning of basic disease theories, training in specialized diagnosis and treatment techniques, and cultivation of comprehensive clinical practical abilities. This paper provides a reference for the systematic reform of clinical veterinary talent training model in agricultural universities.

To construct cultivation standards for rural collective economy managers, this study designed a questionnaire based on Mintzberg’s Managerial Role Theory and Katz’s Managerial Skill Theory. With the multistage stratified random sampling method, we conducted investigations in 24 administrative villages across 12 counties covering five major agricultural economic zones in Anhui Province, including the Huaibei Plain, Jianghuai Hilly Area, Yanjiang Plain, West Anhui Dabie Mountains and South Anhui Mountainous Areas, and finally obtained 160 valid questionnaires with an effective rate of 72.73%. Tested by SPSS, the questionnaire presented a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.874 and a KMO value of 0.903, which indicated satisfactory reliability and validity. By adopting the factor analysis method, four common factors were extracted from 12 evaluation indicators ranging from Q1 to Q12, namely strategic planning and decision-making competence, professional operation and management competence, relationship coordination and conflict resolution competence, as well as communication promotion and resource acquisition competence. The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 78.881%, which formed the core competence structure of rural collective economy managers. The research results revealed that rural collective economy managers needed comprehensive competencies to cope with complex challenges in rural operation. On this basis, this paper put forward optimization paths from 3 dimensions, including systematic training, practical guidance and experience communication, and resource integration and mutual trust construction, so as to provide references for the talent cultivation and sustainable development of rural collective economy managers.

To optimize the blended teaching model for Biology majors, this paper designed a questionnaire covering dimensions such as classroom implementation, teaching effectiveness and learning experience. A questionnaire survey was conducted among undergraduate students of the 2019 cohort majoring in biotechnology. A total of 96 questionnaires were distributed, and 96 valid ones were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. Based on the survey results, this paper systematically summarized the implementation status of blended teaching in terms of students’ learning, teachers’ instruction, teaching evaluation system and operational support. Combined with the teaching characteristics of Biology disciplines, targeted optimization strategies for teaching reform were proposed from 4 dimensions: improving students’ internal motivation for autonomous learning, optimizing teachers’ environment for teaching reform, constructing a diversified teaching evaluation system, and strengthening supportive guarantees from colleges and universities. Two years after the implementation of the reform, a follow-up investigation was carried out among undergraduate students of the 2021 Biology majors. A total of 105 questionnaires were issued, and 103 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective recovery rate of 98.10%. The results revealed that the implementation of teaching reform significantly enhanced students’ enthusiasm for independent learning, steadily improved teachers’ competency in blended teaching, and gradually perfected the diversified teaching evaluation system. The advantages of blended teaching were fully exerted, which effectively promoted the overall teaching quality of Biology courses. This study provides references for the teaching reform of relevant majors in similar colleges and universities.

This study explored the reform and practice of the talent training model based on Outcomes-Based Education (OBE), aiming to further improve professional characteristics, curriculum system, practical teaching, teaching staff, and experimental platforms for biotechnology majors. The reform focused on strengthening top-level design to align with the subtropical characteristic agriculture industry, adding relevant characteristic courses, and jointly constructing off-campus practice bases. It optimized curriculum teaching by integrating cutting-edge content such as CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and building a virtual simulation experiment platform. A progressive practical system including field practice and professional internship was established, and students were guided to participate in college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training program projects, the “Internet+” and other competitions. The construction of the teaching staff was strengthened, and a regular mechanism for teachers to practice in enterprises was set up. The experimental platform was integrated into four functional areas, an interdisciplinary experimental teaching center was formed, and a “three-stage assessment system” for research and innovation talents was improved. After the implementation of the reform, student teams won the gold award in the Guangxi Division of the “Internet+” competition, one invention patent has been authorized, 12 student projects were approved as university-level or above innovation and entrepreneurship training programs, and 5 interdisciplinary experimental courses were offered. An applied talent training model suitable for the needs of the regional subtropical characteristic agriculture industry was formed. This paper provides a reference for the talent training model reform of similar majors in local universities.

This study addressed several problems existing in the experimental course of microbial engineering in local universities, including a curriculum system focused on basic and verification experiments, teacher-dominated teaching methods, insufficient integration of ideological and political elements, and relatively single assessment modes. It carried out teaching reform research from 4 dimensions: curriculum system, teaching method, ideological and political education, and assessment method. In terms of curriculum system, it constructed a three-level experimental teaching mode of basic–comprehensive–innovative, which consolidated basic skills and strengthened comprehensive application. In terms of teaching method, it introduced project-based learning and virtual simulation teaching, combined with university-enterprise collaborative education, to improve students’ learning initiative and practical ability. In terms of ideological and political education, it integrated ideological and political elements naturally into the whole experimental process to achieve the organic unity of knowledge imparting and value guidance. In terms of assessment and evaluation, it established a diversified system and increased the proportion of process evaluation to comprehensively examine students’ comprehensive abilities. After three rounds of teaching practice, students’ standardized experimental operation, independent inquiry ability and innovative awareness improved significantly. The proportion of students who could independently analyze and solve problems rose from less than 50% to more than 90%, and the course teaching evaluation score reached 95 points. In the past 3 years, student teams won 2 national and 4 provincial projects of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs, as well as a number of discipline competition awards. The experimental teaching realized the transformation from knowledge imparting to ability cultivation. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant experimental courses.

To optimize the supravital staining of plant vacuome with neutral red, this study used root tips of wheat, rice and mung bean as materials and 1/3000 neutral red as the staining agent, and carried out conditional optimization experiments on material selection, preparation and preservation of staining solution, and staining duration. Results showed that wheat seeds required simple culture conditions and had a short growth period; the vacuoles in the root apical meristem of wheat were stained uniformly with high specificity, and the observation effect was better than those of rice and mung bean. Comparisons of different staining durations indicated that insufficient staining occurred at 10 min, while over-staining or altered cell morphology tended to appear at 20 min and above. Staining for 15 min yielded appropriate color development and intact vacuole structure, which was determined as the optimal duration. Under the optimized conditions of wheat as material, freshly prepared neutral red solution, and 15 min staining, distinct developmental morphological differences were clearly observed among the primary small vacuoles in the apical meristem, small vacuoles in the elongation zone, and the central large vacuole in the maturation zone. The optimized protocol for supravital staining of the plant vacuome established in this study was simple to operate and stable in observation effect, and provided a reference for relevant supravital staining experiments.

Based on the temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration data from 1981 to 2020 at the National Basic Meteorological Station in Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province, this study adopted the linear trend analysis method to explore the differences in climate change between 2 climatic state (P1: 1981–2010; P2: 1991–2020) and their impacts on agricultural production. The results showed that, in terms of temperature, the annual average temperature in P2 increased by 0.3 ℃ compared with P1. Spring presented a climatic tendency rate of 0.42 ℃/10 a, which was the dominant season contributing to regional warming. In terms of precipitation, the annual average precipitation in P2 was 955.6 mm, an increase of 18.6 mm relative to P1, while the annual average rainy days were 101.8 days with little difference between the two periods. Precipitation increased obviously in spring and summer, with an increment of 6.5 mm and 8.6 mm, respectively. For sunshine duration, the annual sunshine hours decreased significantly in P2 compared with P1. Sunshine duration declined in summer, autumn and winter, among which autumn had the most obvious reduction of -15.1 h, whereas spring sunshine hours increased by 8.5 h. The analysis on agricultural impacts indicated that rising temperature, dramatic precipitation fluctuation and reduced sunshine duration advanced the whole growth period of winter wheat and delayed the growth period of single-cropping rice. Climate warming also reduced soil fertility, facilitated weed propagation and pest larva overwintering, and further raised agricultural production costs. Therefore, targeted measures should be formulated according to local agricultural development conditions to establish a climate-adaptive agricultural technology system and promote the sustainable development of agriculture in the future.

Based on the monthly mean temperature observation data from national surface meteorological stations in Northeastern Guizhou from 1961 to September 2023, this study analyzed the climatic characteristics of September in this region. Furthermore, using NCEP reanalysis data from 1991 to 2021, the circulation characteristics such as geopotential height field, horizontal wind field and sea level pressure field under high temperature conditions in September were examined to explore the formation mechanisms of high temperatures. The results showed that the study region was dominated by low-temperature anomalies from the 1960s to the 1980s, while high temperature anomalies prevailed from the 1990 to 2023. Notably, the temperature in September 2021 was abnormally high by 3.1 ℃, with high temperatures mainly occurring in the early and late dekads of the month. Circulation analysis indicated that the abnormally high average temperature in northeastern Guizhou in September 2021 was mainly caused by the stronger intensity, larger extent, more westward extension ridge point and northward shifted ridge line of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, which exerted prolonged control over the region. The upper-level westerly jet core was located 5° north of the climatological mean, which inhibited the southward intrusion of westerly disturbances into low-latitude areas. In addition, the lower-level wind field exerted a significant influence on air mass activities, characterized by prominent southwesterly wind anomalies that facilitated the northward transport of warm air from the south. Moreover, A significant negative anomaly zone extends from the region of 60°-75° N, 70°-130° E to the areas of 35°-55° N, 110°-120° E and 20°-50° N, 120°-150° E, accompanied by negative anomalies in Northeast China and Eastern Europe, which were unfavorable for the southward movement of cold air, thus providing favorable conditions for the occurrence and development of persistent anomalous high temperatures throughout the month. The results provide a reference for local high-temperature early warning and agricultural production decision-making.

This paper reviewed the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Rhodiola rosea, as well as the extraction and synthesis of its primary active ingredient salidroside, and analyzed its current application status, cultivation and propagation techniques. It contains chemical components such as glycosides, flavonoids and polysaccharides. The active component glycosides have effects such as reducing oxidative stress damage, preventing and treating altitude sickness, and improving fibrosis lesions of multiple organs and tissues; flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, and exhibit potent oxygen free radical scavenging capacity; polysaccharides have effects such as regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting bacteria, and regulating immunity. Salidroside is the core index for the quality evaluation of Rhodiola rosea. It can be extracted from plants, and its synthesis methods include biosynthetic method, enzyme-catalyzed synthesis, and chemical synthesis, among which biosynthetic method and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis are more widely used. This plant has been widely applied in the fields of medicine, health care, and skin care, and has high potential development and application value. In agricultural production, it can be propagated by sowing, rhizome propagation, cutting and tissue culture. This review provides a reference for the quality evaluation and resource development of Rhodiola rosea.

To comprehensively understand the current status of medicinal vertebrate resources in Chongqing, this study conducted an analysis of the species composition, regional distribution, and taxonomic characteristics of medicinal vertebrates in this area through literature integration and multi-source data retrieval. The results showed that there were 103 species of medicinal vertebrates in Chongqing, belonging to 37 families and 67 genera, covering 3 major groups: mammals (35 genera 38 species), birds (22 genera 40 species), and amphibians and reptiles (10 genera 25 species). In terms of spatial distribution, the resources were mainly found in the mountainous and hilly areas from Southeastern to Western Chongqing. The “mountain-water-forest” nested habitat network provided an essential food chain and living space for medicinal vertebrates. The distribution of categories showed significant heterogeneity. Among them, the number of bird species accounts for the highest proportion (38.84%), followed by mammals (36.89%). The analysis of medicinal efficacy indicates that the main efficacy types are those for clearing heat and detoxifying (47 species), reducing swelling and relieving pain (32 species), and dispelling wind and removing dampness (26 species). This study provides data support for the formulation of conservation strategies and sustainable utilization of the medicinal vertebrate resources in Chongqing.

Lycopus lucidus polysaccharide (LLP-1) is the main active component of the medicinal herb Lycopus lucidus, demonstrates considerable application potential in improving soil conditions and enhancing the disease resistance of livestock and poultry. Based on the structural characteristics of the LLP-1, this study used the TargetNet, SwissTargetPrediction and SEA databases for target prediction; selected the genes related to the prognosis of liver cancer from the TCGA database, and conducted intersection analysis with the predicted targets; constructed a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) using the STRING database, identified related biological processes and signaling pathways through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis; and verified the correlation between the core target’s prognosis survival curve and immune infiltration; finally, molecular docking was used to validate the affinity of LLP-1 to the target protein.The results showed that the prediction identified 85 potential targets that shared 19 common targets with 6 767 liver cancer-related genes. The PPI network revealed close interactions among the targets, and LASSO regression identified 6 core genes (LGALS3, CCNA2, APH1A, CDK1, CDK2, HSP90AA1). The prognostic model had moderate performance (AUC>0.6). GO enrichment was found in pathways such as positive regulation of DNA metabolism, G₂/M and G₁/M transitions of the cell cycle; KEGG enrichment was in the cell cycle and cancer pathways. Molecular docking revealed that the binding energy of LLP-1 to the core target was less than -24.00 kJ/mol, among which the binding energy with CCNA2 was the strongest (-42.26 kJ/mol). In summary, the ginseng polysaccharide LLP-1 may exert anti-liver cancer activity by regulating cell cycle-related targets and signaling pathways, and may also regulate the tumor immune microenvironment. This article provides a reference for the development of functional foods containing Lycopus lucidus polysaccharides.

To improve the quality and safety of citrus fruits, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were adopted to detect and analyze 21 pesticides in citrus samples. Meanwhile, food safety index (IFS) and hazard risk coefficient (R) methods were applied to assess the safety risks of detected pesticide residues. The results showed that 10 pesticides were detected among 30 citrus samples, and 28 samples contained mixed residues of two or more pesticides. The IFS values of all 10 detected pesticides were less than 1, indicating that their residual risks were within acceptable ranges. The hazard risk coefficient of profenofos reached 4.4, representing a high risk level, while the hazard risk coefficient of the other 9 pesticides was 1.1, belonging to low risk. Based on this, it is suggested to select low-toxic and high-efficiency pesticides for prevention and control, strengthen the training and guidance on rapid detection technology for agricultural product quality and safety continuously, and enhance supervision of agricultural inputs. These measures will improve the level of safe and efficient pesticide use, and further upgrade the quality and safety of citrus products. This paper mainly establishes a case example of pesticide residue detection and evaluation in a small scope, providing a reference for subsequent work such as regional citrus quality and safety monitoring.

To elucidate the role of weed control in the habitat and germplasm conservation of a cassava germplasm nursery, this study used cassava germplasm from Guangxi as materials. 3 treatments were established: chemical control (Che-t), physical control (Phy-t), and untreated control (Con-t). Over three consecutive years, cassava physiological indices, agronomic traits, habitat temperature and humidity, soil physicochemical properties, and mite damage index were measured, followed by multivariate correlation analysis. The results showed that physical control significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Cs), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) of cassava leaves, with increases of 46.11%, 56.74%, and 10.00%, respectively, compared to the untreated control, outperforming chemical control. Under physical control, plant height (Ph), stem diameter (Sd), crown width (Cr), and fresh tuber weight (Ye) were markedly increased compared to the untreated control, with Ye increasing by 6.48%. Both types of control measures increased the field temperature (At), but the untreated soil had a higher moisture content (Swc) and organic matter content (Somc), which were 10.19 and 3.75 percentage points higher than those of the chemical control group, respectively. Mite damage monitoring indicated that the mite damage index (Ⅰ) in the untreated group was significantly lower than that in the treated groups, while the habitat insect population (Bn) was higher; mite damage was very significantly negatively correlated with Bn (P<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that Pn was significantly positively correlated with Sd and Ye (P<0.05), and soil water content was very significantly positively correlated with organic matter content and insect population (P<0.01). Weed control should balance effectiveness and ecological stability; physical control is more conducive to cassava growth and yield improvement, while moderate weed retention can enhance biodiversity and reduce mite damage risk. This study provides a basis for green weed control and in situ conservation of germplasm resources in cassava nurseries.

To clarify the duration of efficacy and control period of the compound agent of 30% fludioxonil·Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against tomato gray mold, and to determine the appropriate application timing and persistence period, a pot experiment was conducted indoors. The compound agent (C₁, C₂, C₃), fludioxonil alone (B₁, B₂, B₃), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alone (A₁, A₂, A₃), and water control (CK) were set up to measure the protective effect, control effect, protective persistence period and optimal control period of different agents against tomato gray mold. The results showed that the efficacy of the compound agent was superior to that of the single agents, with the efficacy order at the same concentration being compound agent > fludioxonil > Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The medium concentration of the compound agent (C₂) exhibited a preventive efficacy of 88.70% and a control efficacy of 75.49%, making it the suitable application concentration. The compound agent had the longest duration of efficacy (10–14 days), with the medium concentration (C₂) maintaining 72.40% efficacy 14 days after application, extending the duration by 3–4 days compared to fludioxonil alone（B₂） (7–10 days). The compound agent（C₂） retained 74.27% efficacy 4 days after inoculation, extending the control time window by 2 days compared to fludioxonil alone（B₂）. Overall, the 30% fludioxonil·Bacillus amyloliquefaciens compound agent exhibits strong protective activity against tomato gray mold, with rapid action, long duration of efficacy, extended application intervals, reduced frequency and dosage of fungicide application, and good control activity, demonstrating high potential for practical application.

To improve the control effect on peanut brown spot and ensure the quality and yield of peanuts, Hehua No. 11 was used as the test peanut variety. A total of 9 pesticide treatments and 1 clear water control (CK) were designed, including 80% mancozeb at 100 g/667 m² (treatment 1), 70% thiophanate-methyl at 90 g/667 m² (treatment 2), 50% carbendazim at 120 g/667 m² (treatment 3), 75% chlorothalonil at 100 g/667 m² (treatment 4), 97% tebuconazole at 10 g/667 m² (treatment 5), 95% difenoconazole at 12 g/667 m² (treatment 6), 98.6% azoxystrobin at 15 g/667 m² (treatment 7), 95% propiconazole at 15 g/667 m² (treatment 8), and 97.5% pyraclostrobin at 20 g/667 m² (treatment 9). The effects of each treatment on the disease index, control effect of peanut brown spot and peanut yield were determined. The results showed that treatment 7 and treatment 8 exhibited excellent control effects during the entire pesticide application period. The control effects 7 days after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd pesticide applications were 74.84%-95.24% and 74.41%-95.19%, respectively, and the disease indexes were 1.17-1.89 and 1.19-1.91, respectively. Treatment 7 and treatment 9 achieved higher peanut yields, which were 393.77 kg and 396.13 kg/300 m², respectively, increasing by 44.64% and 45.51% compared with CK. In conclusion, in peanut production, 98.6% azoxystrobin at 15 g/667 m² (treatment 7) and 97.5% pyraclostrobin at 20 g/667 m² (treatment 9) can be used as high-efficiency pesticides for the control of peanut brown spot to further improve peanut yield. This study provides a reference for the control of peanut brown spot.

Based on the practical experience of sand control and desertification management in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, and considering the types and site conditions of the desertified land in this area, this paper summarized 5 typical models for sand control and desertification management. Specifically as follows: the artificial afforestation model at the edge of the oasis is suitable for the gently undulating sandy areas around the oasis, and building artificial forests can maintain the ecological barrier of the oasis; the engineering sand control model for mobile sandy areas (hills) is applicable to mobile sand regions, relying on engineering measures such as grass grids to fix the flowing sand and form a protective edge; the composite sand barrier model for the transitional zone at the edge of the oasis is adapted to this zone, and through mechanical and biological sand barriers, a multi-layer protection system is constructed; the afforestation, breeding of trees and grass model is suitable for semi-arid sandy areas with sufficient tree sources and favorable precipitation conditions, relying on afforestation and protection to promote the natural restoration of vegetation; the development model of halophytic vegetation is applicable to sandy areas with available vegetation resources, taking into account ecological restoration and industrial development, and enhancing the utilization value and economic benefits of the sandy land. This article provides a reference for optimizing the desertification control in the relevant areas.

To explore effective pathways for the construction of high-standard farmland and the enhancement of sustainable grain production capacity, this study analyzed the current status of high-standard farmland construction in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, examined the practical challenges encountered, and proposed corresponding strategies. The city has vigorously advanced the construction of high-standard farmland, with the total area reaching 206 867 hm² by the end of 2024. Currently, further improvements are needed in several aspects, including the input of all production factors, sources of funding, motivation of business entities to participate, the proportion of medium-and low-yield farmland, regional planning and implementation, professional talent, and post-construction management and maintenance. Based on these findings, a series of targeted strategies are proposed, including strengthening the input of all production factors to protect and enhance farmland quality; integrating funds from multiple channels and establishing a reasonable mechanism for benefit distribution; actively guiding villagers and new types of business entities to participate; increasing efforts to improve medium- and low-yield farmland and raising construction standards; refining territorial spatial planning and construction management systems according to regional conditions; introducing preferential policies to attract returning talent for employment in rural areas; and establishing a long-term funding guarantee mechanism to solidify post-construction maintenance. This paper provides a reference for advancing high-standard farmland construction and reinforcing the foundation of food security in similar regions.

This paper reviews Solidago canadensis biological characteristics, invasion and dispersal trends, impacts on the local ecological environment, control methods, and resource utilization based on literature review and field control experience. Solidago canadensis has well-developed rhizomes, erect lignified stems, elliptical or linear-lanceolate leaves, determinate capitula, and light brown achenes with longitudinal ribs. This species possesses strong reproductive capacity and allelopathic effects, with a shortage of natural enemies. It can reproduce both sexually via seeds and vegetatively via rhizomes, which further accelerates its spread and expansion. The dispersal rate and invasive range of this plant are gradually increasing, and it has successfully established in certain areas, with its ecological niche shifting toward areas with higher mean temperature of the coldest quarter and drier dry seasons. In terms of invasive impacts, Solidago canadensis has strong competitive advantages, which damage biodiversity and reduce the richness of the soil seed bank. In addition, it also exerts certain effects on soil physical and chemical properties and food security. For control, long-term and sustainable management should be implemented by integrating physical, biological and chemical control measures. This paper provides a reference for the precise prevention and comprehensive management of Solidago canadensis.

Ornamental grasses, as common materials for landscape greening, exhibited desirable salt and alkali tolerance and had important application values in the ecological restoration and comprehensive utilization of coastal saline‑alkali land. This study focused on the application of salt‑tolerant ornamental grasses in coastal saline‑alkali areas, systematically sorted out their species and salt tolerance levels, and identified that they contained native wild, such as Setaria viridis, Triarrhena sacchariflora, and Phragmites australis, and artificially bred varieties, such as Leymus arenarius and Achnatherum splendens. Among them, Achnatherum splendens and Limonium bicolor adapted to saline‑alkali areas with a salt content higher than 6%, while Medicago sativa and Puccinellia tenuiflora acted as pioneer species for vegetation reconstruction in tidal flats. The ecological restoration effects were analyzed, including the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties through physiological metabolism. For example, Panicum virgatum increased soil organic matter content and reduced soil salinity. These plants also realized soil consolidation, slope protection and biodiversity enhancement. This paper explored their comprehensive utilization scenarios involving multiple dimensions, including landscape greening in coastal parks and similar sites, ecological industry integration represented by eco‑tourism industrial chains, and ecological engineering applications such as tidal flat management. Finally, the research prospects were proposed, covering the selective breeding of salt‑alkali tolerant ornamental grasses and the transformation of utilization modes for coastal saline‑alkali land. The relevant results provided a reference for the resource utilization of ornamental grasses.

Forage grass breeding plays a crucial supporting role in ensuring the high quality development of herbivorous animal husbandry and maintaining ecological balance. This article systematically summarized the research progress in the field of forage grass breeding, covering conventional breeding methods, molecular breeding technologies, and the application of emerging technologies. It analyzed the current practical challenges faced by forage grass breeding and proposed targeted development suggestions. Among them, conventional breeding mainly includes selection breeding, hybrid breeding, and mutagenesis breeding; molecular breeding technology involves quantitative trait loci mapping, genome-wide association analysis, and genomic selection, etc.; the application of machine learning and deep learning algorithms can achieve efficient comprehensive prediction of forage grass growth and development, yield, and quality traits. At present, forage grass breeding still faces practical challenges such as insufficient protection and utilization of germplasm resources, inadequate integration and application of breeding technologies, and prominent homogeneity of varieties. In response to the above issues, the following development suggestions are proposed: improving the collection and preservation system of germplasm resources, strengthening research on the innovative utilization of germplasm resources, promoting the deep integration of conventional and modern breeding technologies, optimizing the variety structure. This research provides a reference for the practical application in the grassland breeding industry.

To investigate the correlation between morphological traits and body weight of Andrias davidianus, 3 cultured populations of Andrias davidianus were selected as research subjects, from Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County of Laibin City (population A), Ziyuan County of Guilin City (population B) and Mengshan County of Wuzhou City (population C). 13 morphological traits (total length X₁, snout-vent length X₂, head length X₃, head width X₄, snout length X₅, eye diameter X₆, interorbital width X₇, body height X₈, tail length X₉, tail height X₁₀, tail width X₁₁, forelimb length X₁₂, hindlimb length X₁₃) and body weight of each population were measured. Correlation analysis, path analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted using SPSS software. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of body weight in the 3 populations ranged from 14.8% to 25.2%. Correlation analysis indicated that body weight had the highest correlation with total length in population A, head width in population B and total length in population C, with correlation coefficients of 0.818, 0.908 and 0.887, respectively. Path analysis revealed that the morphological traits with significant effects on body weight were total length, head length, head width and tail height in population A; head width, snout length, body height, tail length and tail height in population B; and total length, body height, tail length and tail width in population C.The total coefficients of determination were 0.981, 0.949 and 0.947, respectively. Total length in population A, head width in population B and tail length in population C exhibited the greatest determinant effects on body weight, with individual determination coefficients of 0.295, 0.198 and 0.157, respectively. Regression analysis established the multiple regression equations for body weight of the three populations as follows: Y=-1 310.36+28.601X₁－39.766X₃+88.520X₄+64.121X₁₀, Y=-968.699+98.311X₄+40.827X₅+64.813X₈+22.307X₉+34.759X₁₀, Y=-1 564.347+13.238X₁+129.273X₈+45.648X₉+84.981X₁₁, respectively. The results provide a theoretical reference for the selective breeding and aquaculture of Andrias davidianus.

Combined with the unique climatic characteristics and geographical conditions of high mountainous areas in Northern Fujian, the efficient cultivation techniques for linear pepper suitable for this region were summarized from 6 aspects: variety selection, seeding and seedling raising, field planting, field management, disease and pest control, and harvesting and preservation. Specifically, suitable linear pepper varieties such as ‘Xiangla No. 14’ and ‘Xiangla No. 8’ were selected; reasonable sowing and seedling raising schedules were arranged, and seedling cultivation was conducted using plastic greenhouses, small arched sheds or protected greenhouses; the integrated technology of plastic mulching + drip irrigation + straw mulching was adopted to alleviate the impacts of high temperature and drought in summer, and conventional double-row planting was applied (single-row planting was used in some narrow and elongated plots); scientific water and fertilizer management as well as pruning and staking were carried out; green prevention and control of diseases and pests were implemented through means of prevention first and early intervention; fruits were harvested timely and stored under low-temperature conditions. The technology can improve the local yield of linear peppers and the percentage of marketable fruits, raise the income of growers, and promote the sustainable development of the linear pepper industry in the study area. This paper provides a reference for the cultivation and management of linear peppers in similar regions.

To explore the growth characteristics of oil peonies under the shading conditions provided by photovoltaic modules and analyze the influence of the agricultural-photovoltaic complementarity model on its growth and development. This study used 5-year-old oil peony Fengdan as the experimental material, 6 treatments were respectively set up in Yongqiao (test point 1) and Donggou (test point 2) (treatments 1 to 5 were 1.0, 2.2, 3.4, 4.6 and 5.8 m away from the projection on the right side of the photovoltaic support on the north side respectively; CK, planted in the open field, without shading), the growth indicators such as plant height and crown width of peonies and the flowering and fruiting conditions under each treatment were observed. The results showed that at the 2 test sites, the plant height of peonies in each treatment group was higher than CK, and the plant height of peonies in treatment 5 was the highest. Shading with photovoltaic brackets did not promote the increase of crown width, leaf length and leaf width. Among the 2 test sites, compared with CK, treatment 1 and treatment 5 had positive effect in increasing the number of peony flowers and improving the flowering rate. Each treatment delayed the initial flowering period by 1 to 2 days. The shading treatment of photovoltaic panels reduced the seed setting rate and yield of peonies, and the treatment 3 was least affected by shading. The cool and special microclimate formed by the shading of photovoltaic panels，although promoting the vegetative growth of peonies to a certain extent, had an adverse effect on their reproductive growth. Therefore，when growing oil peonies using the agricultural-photovoltaic complementary model, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the layout of photovoltaic panels，the degree of shading, and the growth requirements of peonies，and optimize the planting strategy. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of the agricultural-photovoltaic complementary model.

This paper summarized the key standardized maintenance techniques for roses from the aspects of soil environment, water and fertilizer management, pruning, disease and pest control, and plant rejuvenation and renewal. Roses were suitable for growing in well‑drained soil rich in organic matter with a pH of 6.0–7.0. Water and fertilizer management followed the principle of keeping the soil moist but not waterlogged; root irrigation was adopted, and fertilizers were rationally formulated according to the growth cycle. Pruning was conducted at different times according to rose types. Plant form and ventilation and light transmission were optimized by removing diseased and insect‑infested branches and crossing branches, and plant shaping and growth recovery were realized through a combination of heavy and light pruning. The occurrence regularity and integrated control measures of 3 main diseases (powdery mildew, rust, black spot) and 3 main insect pests (aphids, red spiders, thrips) were highlighted, which were controlled by the combination of agricultural practices and chemical pesticides. For aged plants and weak seedlings, measures such as heavy short pruning and bud removal with leaves retained were adopted respectively to promote plant rejuvenation. This paper provides a reference for the standardized maintenance of roses.

This paper summarized the key technical points of Shine Muscat grape cultivation, including shed construction, scientific fertilization, and green pest control, based on cultivation practices in Leiyang City, Hunan Province, and the application effects of these techniques were analyzed. 3-year-old or older vigorous plants were selected for cultivation, and the planting spacing was set at 2 m×3 m. A drip-free film rain shelter was constructed from late March to early April, with a roof height of 2.55-2.60 m and a width of 2.3 m. In terms of fertilization, organic fertilizer at 5 000-6 000 kg/667 m² and microbial fertilizer at 40 kg/667 m² were applied as base fertilizer, combined with deep tillage to improve soil structure. Topdressing was applied with an organic-to-inorganic nitrogen ratio of 1∶1, and amino acid water-soluble fertilizer was sprayed on the leaves during the fruit expansion stage. A drip irrigation system was adopted, and the soil relative humidity was maintained at 60%-70%. A “T”-shaped trunk with double arms was used for tree training, with 3 000-3 600 new shoots retained per 667 m². Flower thinning was conducted at a fruiting-to-vegetative branch ratio of 1∶1, and the top 1/5 to 1/4 of each inflorescence was removed. Each plant was kept with 20-30 fruit clusters. In mid-to-late May, the fruits were sprayed with fungicides and bagged, and the bags were removed 10 days before harvest. Disease and pest control was carried out through integrated agricultural (field sanitation, pruning, mulching), physical (insect-proof nets, sticky traps), and chemical (bordeaux mixture, phoxim, etc.) measures. The technology demonstration was conducted in 2025 at a family farm in Leiyang City. The results showed that under this cultivation model, the grape yield reached 2 242 kg/667 m², the rate of first-grade fruits was 78%, the soluble solids content of the fruits ranged from 18.5% to 20.0%, and the net profit was 4 905.4 yuan/667 m². Moreover, this technology had a positive demonstration and driving effect on local growers. This paper provides a reference for the standardized development of the regional grape industry.