【Background】 Follicle development is characterized by a unique hierarchical progression in poultry, regulated by autocrine, paracrine, growth factors, and multiple functional genes. Granulosa cells are the most abundant functional somatic cells within the follicle, and their survival directly determines follicular growth, development, and maturation. Ferroptosis, a newly identified type of regulated cell death, has been closely linked to follicular development. USP18 plays an important regulatory role in ferroptosis, however, its function in duck granulosa cells remains unclear. 【Objective】 The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of USP18 in the process of ferroptosis in duck granulosa cells of laying ducks, so as to provide a theoretical basis and molecular targets for the genetic improvement of egg production traits in poultry. 【Method】 Four high-yield and four low-yield laying ducks aged 300-day-old were selected. Prehierarchical follicular tissues were collected from each group. The expression level of USP18 was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting in follicles of high-yield and low-yield laying ducks. Granulosa cells isolated from prehierarchical follicles were transfected with the interference fragment of USP18. The effects of USP18 on cell viability were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay and Calcein-AM/PI double staining. The effects of USP18 on intracellular oxidative status were evaluated using the reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection kit and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The impact of USP18 on ferroptosis was examined using the mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit, the lipid peroxidation fluorescent probe, FerroOrange iron probe, and Prussian blue staining. Furthermore, the interaction between USP18 and GPX4 protein, as well as GPX4 protein expression, were analyzed by immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting.【Result】 The expression level of USP18 in prehierarchical follicles of high-yield ducks was significantly higher than that in low-yield ducks (P<0.01); USP18 knockdown significantly reduced granulosa cell viability (P<0.01), inhibited cell survival (P<0.05), promoted ROS accumulation (P<0.01), increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.01), and suppressed the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (P<0.01); USP18 knockdown notably elevated lipid peroxidation levels (P<0.05), decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (P<0.05), enhanced mitochondrial membrane permeability (P<0.01), increased intracellular iron levels and iron deposition (P<0.01), increased the expression of ferroptosis suppressor markers ACSL4 and GPX4, and suppressed the expression of TFR1 (P<0.01); the interaction relationship between USP18 and GPX4 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation analyses further demonstrated that USP18 knockdown promoted ubiquitination and degradation of GPX4 protein.【Conclusion】 USP18 was highly expressed in the prehierarchical follicles of high-yield laying ducks. USP18 knockdown significantly increased oxidative stress levels and induced ferroptosis in duck granulosa cells. Moreover, USP18 was found to interact with GPX4 protein, and USP18 knockdown promoted ubiquitination and degradation of GPX4 protein. In summary, USP18 modulated ferroptosis in duck granulosa cells by suppressing the ubiquitination and degradation of GPX4.

【Objective】 The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of different levels of Mytilaria laosensis leaves feeding on the growth performance, plasma biochemical indicators, jejunal mucosal cytokine content, hepatic detoxification and antioxidant indicators, carcass quality and meat quality of Yellow-feathered chickens. This study serves to evaluate the application value of Mytilaria laosensis leaves as a potential forest by-product feed ingredient for yellow-feathered chickens.【Method】 A total of 720 six-day-old fast-growing mahuang Yellow-feathered chickens with similar body weights were selected and randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups using a completely randomized design. The feeding levels of Mytilaria laosensis leaves were 0% (control group), 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0% and 7.5%, and each group was set up with 6 replicates, with 20 chickens in each replicate (10 males and 10 females each), and the test period was 50 days. 【Result】 with the feeding levels of Mytilaria laosensis leaves increased, 1) During the period of 6 to 21 days of age, body weight, average daily gain, and eurobenefit index were increased quadratically (P<0.05), while feed conversion ratio and cost per kilogram gain decreased quadratically (P<0.05). From 22 to 42 days of age, both feed to gain ratio and weight gain cost were decreased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05). In the final phase of 43 to 55 days of age, body weight, average daily feed intake, feed to gain ratio, and weight gain cost were increased both linearly and quadratically (P<0.05), whereas the eurobenefit index was decreased in both linear and quadratic patterns (P<0.05). During the experiment of 6 to 55 days of age, the body weight, average daily gain, feed to gain ratio and weight gain cost of chickens were increased linearly and quadratically, while the eurobenefit index was decreased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05). 2) At 21 days of age, the plasma concents of TP, IgA, IgG, and the antibody titer against NDV-Ab were increased linearly (P<0.05). In contrast, the activities of ALT and CK, as well as the concentration of MDA were decreased both linearly and quadratically (P<0.05). At 55 days of age, compared with the control group, the TP concent was significantly higher in the 4.5% leaf group (P<0.05), while the TG concent was significantly lower in the 1.5% leaf group (P<0.05). 3) The feeding level of Mytilaria laosensis leaves had no significant influence on the organ indexes of chickens. 4) The contents of sIgA, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in jejunal mucosa were increased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the concent of IL-1β in the jejunal mucosa (P>0.05). 5)The activity of CarE in liver was increased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05), while the activities of AchE and MDA content were decreased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in the activities of hepatic GSH-ST, T-AOC, and T-SOD (P>0.05). 6) The half-eviscerated rate of chickens was decreased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05), and the breast muscle rate was increased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05), and the abdominal fat rate was decreased linearly (P<0.05). 7) Compared with the control group, chickens in the 4.5% leaf group were demonstrated significantly higher redness (a*) values in the breast muscle at both 45 min and 24 h post-slaughter (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 In summary, the suitable of Mytilaria laosensis leaves can improve the growth performance, immune function, antioxidant and detoxification capacity, carcass quality and meat quality of yellow-feathered chickens. However, the feeding level of Mytilaria laosensis leaves requires precise control, as excessively high levels may adversely affect economic returns. According to quadratic regression model, combined with the body weight, average daily gain and feed to gain ratio as the main evaluation indicators, it is estimated that the appropriate feeding level of Mytilaria laosensis leaves for 6 to 55 days of age of fast-growing Yellow-feathered chickens is 2.75% to 2.90%. This study provided a scientific basis and experimental reference for the use of Mytilaria laosensis leaves as an unconventional feed ingredient in the rearing of yellow-feathered chickens.

【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the effect of alcoholic-malolactic co-fermentation mediated by Lactobacillus brevis (LB-21) on the color quality of dry red wine, to provide the data support for optimizing this technology.【Method】 Using Marselan grapes from Turpan, Xinjiang, as raw material, alcoholic-malolactic co-fermentation treatments were designed with mixed inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-19, Pichia fermentans Z9Y-3, and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis LB-21 or Oenococcus oeni SD-2a). Concurrently, traditional sequential alcohol-malolactic fermentation group and single alcohol fermentation group served as the controls. After fermentation, the wines underwent conventional stabilization and were stored until June of the following year. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine CIElab color parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*, C^*_ab, h_ab, etc.) and multiple pigment indicators, including 520 pigment (520P), chromaticity of free anthocyanins (FA), total pigment (TP), polymeric pigment (PP), percentage of polymeric pigments (PP%), total phenols, and tartrate esters. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to identify key compounds responsible for color differences among the wine samples, and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to investigate compounds distinguishing the color characteristics of co-fermented samples.【Result】 Color differences among the wine samples primarily centered on CIElab parameter hue angle (h_ab) and pigment indicators such as 520P and TP. Compared with single alcohol fermentation, alcohol-malolactic fermentation increased red hue (a^*) and color saturation (C^*_ab) by 3.69%-13.74% and 7.24%-19.77%, respectively, and TP increased by 27.52%-47.41%, and PP by 4.39%-34.12%, respectively, significantly enhancing color stability (P<0.05). However, total anthocyanins and free anthocyanin levels decreased by 20.60%-25.69% and 14.03%-38.59%, respectively. PCA results indicated that under the alcoholic-malolactic co-fermentation treatment, the Lactobacillus brevis LB-21 group significantly outperformed the Oenococcus oeni SD-2a group in key indicators, including a^*, C^*_ab, TP, PP, and PP% (P<0.05). OPLS-DA analysis confirmed that L^*, a^*, C^*_ab, h_ab, ΔE_ab, and PP% were key color difference indicators in LB-21-mediated co-fermented wine samples, indicating this strain’s significant advantage in maintaining dry red wine color.【Conclusion】 Alcohol-malolactic three-strain co-fermentation, particularly the treatment mediated by Lactobacillus brevis LB-21, significantly enhanced a^*, TP, and PP in dry red wine, improved color stability, and outperformed traditional fermentation models in key color parameters. The optimized strain LB-21 and its application technology demonstrated substantial practical value for enhancing dry red wine fermentation processes.

【Objective】 This study aimed to establish a scientific framework for cucumber fruit quality evaluation by integrating the analysis of nutritional traits and flavor compound profiles across diverse germplasm resources with human sensory evaluation. 【Method】 Twelve cucumber lines/varieties with significant sensory variation (provided by Tianjin Cucumber Research Institute) were investigated. The measurements included three parts: first, nutritional traits of fruits, such as soluble sugar content (SSC), total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA); second, flavor compound content in fruits, such as total volatiles and key aldehydes [(E, Z)-2, 6-nonadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, (Z)-6-nonenal]; third, sensory evaluation of fruit quality, such as sweetness, juiciness, crispness, aroma, non-astringency, and non-bitterness. An integrated correlation analysis was performed to link sensory attributes with physicochemical profiles. 【Result】 In the sensory evaluation, non-astringency and sweetness had the highest weighting coefficients (27.12% and 25.49%, respectively), while the other four attributes (aroma, crispness, non-bitterness, and juiciness) ranged from 10.59% to 12.51%. Higher scores across these six dimensions indicated superior overall sensory quality. Furthermore, sweetness, juiciness, crispness, aroma, and non-bitterness of cucumber fruit sensory evaluation were (extremely) correlated with the SSC, TSS content and ascorbic acid content. In addition, cucumber flavor compounds (Z)-6-nonenal content showed significant correlation with sweetness, aroma, juiciness, non-bitterness and non-astringency in sensory evaluation, and it also had extremely significant positive correlation with the SSC, TSS and ascorbic acid content, respectively, while the ratio of cucumber flavor compounds (E, Z)-2, 6-nonadienal to (E)-2-nonenal was significantly correlated with non-astringency. Among the different cucumber varieties tested, line L2 generally exhibited higher levels of fruit SSC, TSS and ascorbic acid content, as well as the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acid compared with the other lines. It also achieved the highest composite score across all those six sensory attributes. Consequently, line L2 demonstrated superior overall fruit quality. 【Conclusion】 The SSC, TSS, ascorbic acid content, (Z)-6-nonenal content, and the ratio of (E, Z)-2, 6-nonadienal to (E)-2-nonenal content of cucumber fruits could serve as effective indicators for the rapid evaluation of sensory and flavor quality.

【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in agronomic traits, nutritional quality, and metabolic components between Tibetan bunching onion and chive to elucidate their unique nutritional and metabolic characteristics, thereby exploring their distinctive resource value. These findings will provide a scientific basis for the exploitation of the unique resource value of Tibetan bunching onion, as well as for the promotion of the high-value utilization and varietal improvement of specialty vegetables in Xizang.【Method】 The materials used in this study were Tibetan bunching onion and chive. A systematic comparison of their agronomic traits and nutritional quality was conducted through physiological and biochemical analyses. The metabolic profiles of the subjects were analyzed using widely targeted metabolomics, with differential metabolites being identified using the criteria of VIP>1 and FC≥2 or FC≤0.5. Subsequent KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed to elucidate the impacted metabolic pathways.【Result】 The results showed that there were significant differences between the two species in terms of pseudostem morphology, epidermal color, plant height, pseudostem length, leaf length, and single plant weight. Nutritional quality analysis showed that the dry matter, free amino acid, pyruvic acid, and crude fiber contents of Tibetan bunching onion were higher than those of chive, while the soluble solids, soluble sugars, vitamin C content, and sugar-acid ratio were significantly lower. Utilizing the widely targeted metabolomics-based technology, a total of 2 014 metabolites from 13 distinct classes were identified, predominantly comprising flavonoids, lipids, and alkaloids. Then 1 012 differential metabolites were identified by multivariate statistical analysis, of which 583 were up-regulated and 429 were down-regulated. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differential metabolites were significantly enriched in pathways associated with flavonoid biosynthesis, primarily encompassing the biosynthesis of flavones and flavanols, anthocyanin glycosides, and the biosynthetic pathways of kaempferol aglycone Ⅰ and quercetin aglycone Ⅰ. By constructing a flavonoid anabolic network and comparing the relative contents of metabolites, significant interspecific divergence in downstream flavonoid metabolite accumulation between Tibetan bunching onion and chive was revealed. The diversity was mainly due to the branch transformation of the common precursor dihydrokaempferol, which led to the synthesis and accumulation of different secondary metabolites, including flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) and anthocyanins (cyanidin and delphinidin).【Conclusion】 Significant differences were observed in the agronomic traits, nutritional quality, and metabolite accumulation of the two Allium species. The Tibetan bunching onion had a high dry matter and amino acid content, a spicy and rich flavor, a coarse texture, and good storage resistance. In contrast, the chive was rich in sugars and vitamin C, and tasted sweet and fresh. Differentiation of the flavonoid synthesis pathway is mainly due to the transformation of dihydrokaempferol branches, which produce various metabolites such as flavanols and anthocyanins.

【Objective】 This study was conducted to perform a genetic analysis of tomato blossom-end scar size, with the aim of enhancing selection efficiency for this trait, accelerating the breeding process for small scar tomatoes, and laying a foundation for discovering key genes controlling blossom-end scar size and the genetic improvement of tomato varieties.【Method】 A small blossom-end scar line (P₁) was crossed with a large blossom-end scar line (P₂) to obtain F₁. The F₁ was self-pollinated and backcrossed with both parents to generate F₂, BC₁P₁ and BC₁P₂ populations. Blossom-end scar size and blossom-end scar index were evaluated across the six generations during the red ripening period of fruits. Genetic analysis was performed using the major gene plus polygene mixed inheritance model. The SEA software was employed to fit 24 potential genetic models. Candidate models were selected based on the maximum likelihood value (MLV) and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), and the optimal genetic model was determined by integrating the results of the Smirnov test, Kolmogorov test, and homogeneity test. Finally, based on the optimal model, the least squares method was used to estimate genetic parameters, including additive effects, dominance effects, epistatic effects, as well as major gene heritability and polygene heritability.【Result】 The differences in blossom-end scar size between the parental lines were extremely significant. At 55 days after the peak flowering period, the average blossom-end scar size and scar index of the large blossom-end scar parent (P₂) were 9.44 times and 8.29 times greater than those of the small blossom-end scar parent (P₁), respectively. The average blossom-end scar size and blossom-end scar index of the F₁ population were intermediate between the two parental lines. The BC₁P₁, BC₁P₂ and F₂ populations exhibited continuous variation in both blossom-end scar size and blossom-end scar index, with a wide range of variability and coefficients of variation ranging from 61.2% to 87.4%. The frequency distribution of the F₂ population showed a continuous skewed normal distribution. Genetic model analysis suggested that the optimal model for tomato fruit blossom-end scar size was a mixed two major gene plus polygene inheritance model with additive-dominance-epistatic effects (MX2-ADI-ADI). The heritability of major genes in the F₂ population was 93.05%, while the polygenic heritability was 4.68%. The two major genes mainly control this trait through negative additive effects. In terms of dominance, the first major gene tended to decrease the fruit blossom-end scar size, whereas the second major gene tended to increase it. These two genes showed partial dominance, with the second having a stronger dominant effect. Additive × additive and dominance × additive interactions increased blossom-end scar size, whereas dominance × dominance and additive × dominance interactions decreased it. 【Conclusion】 Tomato blossom-end scar size is a quantitative trait principally controlled by two major genes.

【Objective】 Sugars regulate the nitrogen transformation process in soil. However, the effects of different polymerization degrees of dextran on nitrogen conversion were not clear. This study focused on investigating the transformation characteristics of dextran-modified urea with varying degrees of polymerization in calcareous fluvo-aquic soil, analyzing the relationship between the polymerization degree of dextran and nitrogen efficiency, and revealing its functioning mechanism. It aimed to provide a solid theoretical basis for the application of different polymerization degrees of dextran in urea. 【Method】 Four types of modified urea were prepared by incorporating 1% glucose (monosaccharide, GU), maltose (2-poly, MU), oligomeric dextran (≈5-poly, OU), and polydextrose (≈20-poly, PU) into molten urea. Six treatments were designed: no fertilization (CK), conventional urea (U), and four dextran-modified urea treatments. A soil incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate nitrogen transformation, and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical structures, to uncover the urea conversion mechanism affected by dextran polymerization degree and structural changes. 【Result】 (1) Dextran-modified urea contained a Schiff base structure. (2) Compared with U, dextran-modified urea slowed urea hydrolysis and increased soil amide N content by 15.3%-37.1%, with the highest value in OU. (3) After the application of nitrogen fertilizer, the urease activity of the U treatment peaked at 1 d, whereas the urease activity of the dextran-modified urea treatment peaked at 2 d of incubation. (4) Ammonia volatilization accumulation of dextran-modified urea was reduced by 2.2%-12.9% compared with U. With the increase of the degree of polymerization of dextran, the accumulation of ammonia volatilization showed a gradually increasing trend. (5) At the end of the incubation, NO₃^--N content of dextran-modified urea was increased by 14.1%-30.5%. As the degree of polymerization of dextran increased, the nitrate nitrogen content first increased and then decreased. When the degree of polymerization was 3.35, the nitrate nitrogen content was the highest. 【Conclusion】 Dextran-modified urea effectively delayed urea hydrolysis, reduced ammonia volatilization, and enhanced soil NO₃^--N content. GU had the best impact on reducing ammonia volatilization, while dextran with a medium polymerization degree (3.35) had the best effect on improving the NO₃^--N content in the soil.

【Objective】 The zinc (Zn) uptake and translocation in wheat have a significant impact on grain Zn concentration. The aim of this study was to understand the relationships between pre-anthesis and post-anthesis Zn uptake and translocation, grain Zn concentration, and Zn rates across different regions, so as to provide the support to the scientific application of Zn fertilizer and the enhancement of wheat grain Zn biofortification.【Method】 Based on the location-fixed field experiment initiated in major wheat-growing regions of China at 2022, including Yongshou of Shaanxi, Baixiang of Hebei, Zitong of Sichuan, and Shucheng of Anhui, soil available Zn concentration, wheat yield, biomass, yield components and Zn concentration in various plant parts were analyzed to understand the regions varies for grain Zn concentration, pre-and post-anthesis Zn uptake, and transportation responses to different Zn application rates during the wheat growing season of 2023-2024.【Result】 The grain yield and yield components did not change with Zn application, but grain Zn concentration increased significantly. The biofortified target of 40.0 mg·kg^-1 and the highest of 51.7 and 80.7 mg·kg^-1 was achieved respectively in Sichuan and Anhui, but Shaanxi and Hebei could not, with the highest of 32.2 and 34.5 mg·kg^-1, respectively. For each 1.0 kg Zn·hm^-2 input, Zn uptake in pre-anthesis increased by 9.8, 7.4, 3.0, and 3.0 g·hm^-2 at Anhui, Sichuan, Hebei, and Shaanxi, respectively; Zn uptake in post-anthesis increased by 9.8, 8.3, and 0.97 g·hm^-2 at Sichuan, Anhui, and Hebei, respectively, but no significant increase was found in Shaanxi; Zn translocation in post-anthesis increased by 5.6 and 2.5 g·hm^-2 at Anhui and Shaanxi, respectively, and decreased by 1.6 g·hm^-2 at Sichuan, but no significant increase was found in Hebei. For the Zn uptake and translocation efficiencies, with each 1.0 kg Zn·hm^-2 input, the increase of 0.71, 0.53, 0.47, and decrease of 0.40 percentage points in pre-anthesis Zn uptake efficiency was observed at Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui and Sichuan, respectively; the decrease of 0.71, 0.53, 0.47, and increase of 0.40 percentage points in post-anthesis Zn uptake efficiency was observed at Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui and Sichuan, respectively; the decrease of 1.41 and 0.44 percentage points in post-anthesis Zn translocation efficiency was observed at Sichuan and Hebei, respectively, but not decrease in Shaanxi and Anhui; the decrease of 0.06 and 0.13 in anthesis Zn transfer index from root to shoot was observed at Sichuan and Anhui, respectively, but not decrease in Shaanxi and Hebei. 【Conclusion】 Wheat grain Zn biofortification was collectively influenced by Zn uptake and translocation processes. Compared with efficiencies of the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis Zn uptake, Zn uptake contribution, post-anthesis Zn translocation, and translocation contribution, the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis Zn uptake and translocation exhibited greater impacts by regions variations of wheat grain Zn concentration. Zn fertilization increased pre-anthesis and post-anthesis Zn uptake, while its effect on post-anthesis Zn translocation varied with regions. Compared with post-anthesis Zn translocation, the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis Zn uptake, exhibited greater impacts in wheat grain Zn concentration, particularly the post-anthesis Zn uptake. Therefore, enhancing the soil Zn supply capacity in main wheat production regions of China and promoting Zn uptake in wheat, particularly post-anthesis Zn uptake, could effectively increase grain Zn concentration and achieve the wheat Zn biofortification target.

【Objective】 Soil organic carbon (SOC) stability is significantly influenced by the functional group composition and carbon-fixing microorganisms. This study compared the differences in soil organic carbon structure and cbbL bacterial community structure under long-term fertilization regimes, so as to provide an understanding of the carbon sequestration potential and mechanisms of yellow-mud paddy soil.【Method】 In this study, the effects of no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer + rice straw returning (NPKS) and chemical fertilizer + organic manure (NPKM) treatments on the characteristics of organic carbon functional groups and the community structure of carbon sequestration bacteria were studied by using ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform technology to determine the organic carbon structure and the community structure of carbon-fixing bacteria by high-throughput sequencing technology, respectively.【Result】 The co-chemical fertilizer and manure application (NPKS and NPKM) significantly increased the total SOC content in yellow-mud paddy soil,while the SOC content decreased with increasing soil depth. The contents of MOC and POC, as well as the POC/SOC ratio, decreased with soil depth, while the MOC/SOC ratio showed the opposite trend. NPKS and NPKM treatments also increased the content of aliphatic and aromatic carbon compounds, then enhancing the stability and complexity of soil organic carbon, with subsoil organic carbon being more stable than surface soil. Analysis of the α-diversity index of carbon-fixing bacteria in the soil revealed that fertilization significantly increased the diversity index of carbon-fixing bacteria, with the NPKM treatment showing the best results. The dominant bacterial phylum in paddy soil was Proteobacteria, and fertilization increased the relative abundance of this phylum to varying extents. The dominant genera were Sulfuricaulis and Sulfuritortus. In the subsoil, compared with the surface soil, the relative abundance of photoautotrophic microorganisms was reduced, while the relative abundance of chemo lithotrophic microorganisms was increased.【Conclusion】 Therefore, combined organic amendments (straw or manure) with chemical fertilizers not only enhanced SOC stability but also increased the diversity and abundance of carbon-fixing bacteria, restructuring their communities. NPKM was the most effective in stabilizing SOC and promoting microbial diversity, highlighting its role in sustainable yellow-mud paddy soil management.

【Background】 Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are key detoxification enzymes in insects and play important roles in the development of insect tolerance to chemical insecticides. Ethyl formate (EF), characterized by high efficacy, low toxicity, and low residue, is regarded as a promising green fumigant for stored-grain pest control.【Objective】 To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying pest tolerance to EF, this study focuses on the important stored-grain pest Cryolestes ferrugineus, aiming to analyze the relationship between GST genes (CfGSTe1 and CfGSTd) and EF tolerance.【Method】 The present study conducted bioassays to determine the susceptibility of C. ferrugineus with three different levels of phosphine resistance to EF. Through synergistic assays with diethyl maleate (DEM), the potential enhancement of EF fumigation efficacy was evaluated, and the effects of EF treatment on GST activity were analyzed. According to the previous transcriptome data of C. ferrugineus, two key GST genes (CfGSTe1 and CfGSTd1) were identified and subjected to amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analyses. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of these two genes, as well as their transcriptional responses to EF fumigation stress, were further analyzed by using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Finally, the effects of CfGSTe1 and CfGSTd1 on EF tolerance were analyzed by individually silencing these genes using RNA interference (RNAi) technology.【Result】 Bioassay results showed that C. ferrugineus with varying levels of phosphine resistance exhibited no significant differences in sensitivity to EF, confirming the absence of cross-resistance between the two fumigants. The synergist DEM significantly enhanced the fumigant toxicity of EF, and the GST activity in insects was markedly increased under EF stress, suggesting that GSTs play an important role in the detoxification metabolism of EF. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that CfGSTe1 and CfGSTd1 encode 216 and 215 amino acids, respectively, both containing conserved GST catalytic sites and belonging to the Epsilon and Delta families. The RT-qPCR results indicated that both genes were highly expressed at the adult stage, primarily in the midgut, fat body, and Malpighian tubules, and could be significantly induced by EF exposure. After effectively silencing CfGSTe1 and CfGSTd1 via RNAi, the tolerance of C. ferrugineus to EF was significantly reduced, as evidenced by markedly increased adult mortality following fumigation.【Conclusion】 The CfGSTe1 and CfGSTd1 may play important roles in the detoxification metabolism of EF in C. ferrugineus, suggesting a close association with insect tolerance to this fumigant.

This study took the pepper industry in Baofeng County, Henan Province as the research object, adopted field investigation and literature analysis methods to sort out its industrial development status, identify areas for improvement, and proposed optimization strategies. Relying on natural, geographical advantages, Baofeng County’s pepper industry has reached a planting scale of 540 hm⊃2;, forming a dominant “wheat-pepper intercropping”pattern，and a sales model combining purchase and order planting. However, there remain deficiencies in industrial factor input, deep processing capacity, market and brand building, and interest linkage. Accordingly, the following development strategies are proposed: expanding the planting scale, strengthening the mechanization support, improving infrastructure, and establishing a financial support system to increase the input of production factors; fostering leading enterprises in deep processing, enhancing cooperation between industry and research, and developing deep processing; expanding sales markets and channels, promoting standardized planting and brand building; and strengthening the connection of interests through cooperative methods such as order-based planting. This paper provides a reference for the high quality development of the local pepper industry.

This article analyzed the current situation of tobacco leaf production in Guizhou Province and identified the areas that need improvement in the application process of the industrial enterprises. Specific optimization measures were proposed in response. The study area is one of the important tobacco leaf production regions, and the characteristic tobacco leaves have “sweet and fragrant” and “clear and sweet” as their core styles. However, at present, some of the tobacco production in industrial enterprises needs to pay particular attention to aspects such as style stability, chemical composition matching, and cultivation management, which makes it difficult for them to precisely meet the refined demands of industrial enterprises for raw materials. Based on this, the following customized production technology optimization measures were proposed: through soil improvement, large-scale planting and precise formulation techniques, the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves was enhanced; optimize the planting density of tobacco and nitrogen fertilizer management, highlighting the unique style characteristics of the tobacco; the maturity of tobacco leaf harvest and the implementation of precise fertilization technology were strictly controlled to increase the usability of the tobacco leaves. These measures can effectively improve the adaptability and stability of tobacco leaves, providing technical support for the high quality development of tobacco.

This article summarized the current development status of crop breeding in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, and employed the SWOT analysis model to systematically examine its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and targeted countermeasures were proposed accordingly. The study area was found to be primarily based on conventional breeding techniques, with modern biotechnologies requiring further deepening. The SWOT analysis results indicated that, internal strengths were identified in the solid foundation of specialized agriculture (potatoes and medicinal herbs), extensive social collaborations, and rich germplasm resources. Internal weaknesses were reflected in water scarcity, a homogeneous industrial structure, and a shortage of technical talent. External opportunities included industrial funding support, a well-established logistics system, significant market expansion potential, and significant achievements in technology cooperation platforms. External challenges involved high initial investment, financing difficulties, low efficiency in technology transfer, lagging development of resource databases, and competitive pressures in the seed industry. Based on these findings, development strategies were focused on three aspects: first, industrial guidance and financial investment were strengthened, with specialized funds established to support R&D and promotion; second, platform construction and talent cultivation were enhanced, including the establishment of digital germplasm resource databases and key laboratories, as well as the training and recruitment of interdisciplinary technical teams; third, industry-academia-research collaboration and technological innovation were deepened, international cooperation was expanded, and molecular breeding technologies were applied to develop stress-resistant, high yield, and high-value-added varieties, thereby promoting industrial chain upgrading. This paper provides a reference for regional seed industry revitalization and high-quality agricultural development.

To improve the teaching quality of the Microbial Engineering course and students’ comprehensive literacy, this study carried out practical teaching reform practice based on the OBE concept. The reform was carried out around 6 dimensions, namely curriculum content, teaching methods, experimental teaching, factory practice, scientific research cooperation and ideological and political education. The curriculum content was optimized by adjusting the class hours of theoretical and experimental teaching, implementing modular design and supplementing cutting-edge content. The teaching methods were updated by adopting 3 teaching models: online-offline blended teaching, problem and case-driven teaching, and the combination of virtual and real teaching. The experimental teaching was innovated by constructing an experimental system integrating project-oriented teaching and virtual simulation. Factory practice was strengthened by establishing a full-process practice model. Attention was paid to scientific research cooperation by guiding students to participate in scientific research projects and discipline competitions. Ideological and political construction was enhanced by integrating ideological and political elements into the whole process of course teaching. The practical results showed that students’ autonomous learning ability was significantly improved, with the passing rate of the final exam rising from 80.26% to 89.21% and the course achievement degree reaching 0.80. A total of 21 college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship projects were approved, 18 awards in various discipline competitions were won, and more than 10 academic papers were published. Students’ abilities in communication, problem analysis and problem-solving were obviously enhanced. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant courses.

This study combined the characteristics of the Food Science and Engineering major with industrial demands, sorted out the optimization directions for the cultivation of innovative and practical talents in this major, and put forward targeted cultivation strategies. At that time, the talent cultivation of this major needed to be further improved in 3 aspects: the adaptability between talent cultivation and industrial development needed to be enhanced, the supporting role of the curriculum system for the cultivation of practical talents needed to be strengthened, and students’ innovative awareness needed to be continuously explored. Based on this, targeted cultivation paths were proposed from 3 dimensions: first, improving the talent training program, clarifying the training objective of compound innovative talents, and optimizing the training system regularly in light of industrial development trends; second, optimizing the curriculum system, strengthening innovation and practice-oriented teaching, integrating virtual simulation technology, interdisciplinary knowledge and characteristic experiments of local industries, and reconstructing curriculum content with both foundational and innovative attributes; third, building a diversified innovative practice platform, relying on university-enterprise cooperation and on-campus training bases, and guiding students to participate in scientific research projects and discipline competitions. The practical results showed that after the implementation of this training path, the proportion of professional practical teaching increased steadily, and students’ innovative practical ability and comprehensive literacy were significantly enhanced. The major won 1 national award and 1 provincial gold award in the “internet +” college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship competition, 4 awards in the national college students’ life science competition, 25 awards in various provincial competitions and 156 innovation and creativity awards related to the food industry. In addition, 15 national and 29 provincial college student’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs were approved, and students published 9 scientific research papers as the first authors. This paper provided a reference for talent cultivation in the Food Science and Engineering major and similar majors.

To optimize the teaching effect of the Biochemistry course, this study constructed an implementation scheme of online and offline blended teaching for the Biochemistry course and carried out empirical teaching research. The scheme covered the entire teaching process including pre-class preparation, in-class learning and after-class extension. In the pre-class stage, teachers formed a complementary division of labor to build an adaptive online resource system, and assisted students in efficient preview with the help of AI teaching assistants and the chaoxing learning platform. In the in-class stage, offline classroom interaction was strengthened, the classroom atmosphere was activated based on the platform, and the teaching process was optimized in combination with specific chapters. In the after-class stage, cutting-edge content and test resources were pushed, and targeted tutoring was provided through AI teaching assistants. Meanwhile, AI teaching assistants were integrated into the entire teaching chain, and a full-process assessment and evaluation system was established, in which the total score was composed of 50% process-based assessment and 50% final exam scores, with the process-based assessment covering 5 dimensions including chapter tests, online learning and classroom interaction. The empirical research was conducted on 90 students from 4 undergraduate classes of the 2022 and 2023 grades. The results showed that 99.52% of the students completed online learning and self-assessment on time, and the participation rate in offline discussions reached 98.55%. The average score of students in the final exam increased from 72.30 to 80.84, the excellent rate rose from 17.60% to 36.14%, and the achievement degree of the course teaching objectives reached more than 0.856. After the introduction of AI teaching assistants, the frequency of classroom interaction increased by 47%, the homework feedback cycle was shortened to one fifth of that of the traditional mode, and the students won many awards in various academic competitions. This study provided a reference for the blended teaching reform of similar courses.

To improve the teaching quality of the Field Practice of Biology, this study combined the resource endowments of the Yellow River Delta region, and aimed at the aspects to be enhanced in the current teaching of this course, such as the arrangement of practice duration, the investment in practical teaching funds, the scale of the professional instructor team, and the adaptability of practice content to the local natural environment. It constructed targeted optimization strategies from 5 dimensions, namely selection of practice bases and routes, practice preparation, practice form, practice process and content, and practice assessment methods. Specifically, the research established a preparation system combining virtual simulation and pre-practice, built 5 school-enterprise cooperative practice bases covering three major ecosystems: mountainous areas, wetlands, and oceans, standardized the group-based practice form, designed 5-day targeted practice content consistent with regional characteristics, and set up a diversified comprehensive assessment method. These measures effectively optimized the practice teaching model. Teaching reform practices showed that the number of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs, discipline competitions and laboratory open projects applied for by students and the frequency of awards winning increased year by year, and professional teachers and industrial instructors jointly compiled and published a number of monographs related to field practice. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant field practice courses.

To address the inadequate connection between the training of interdisciplinary agricultural talents and industrial demands, this paper took talent cultivation for the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Application and Maintenance major in vocational colleges as the research object. It reviewed the development status from 3 aspects: curriculum system, teaching staff, and practical training venues, and proposed targeted optimization paths for talent cultivation. The major still had room for improvement in updating curriculum content, cultivating interdisciplinary teachers, and constructing intelligent agricultural machinery training facilities. Accordingly, 3 optimization paths were put forward: first, it promoted the in-depth integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, embedded core agronomy courses, developed interdisciplinary practical training projects and built “field classrooms”. Second, it strengthened the construction of the double-qualified teacher team, established a two-way flow mechanism for “teachers-engineers”, and deepened the mutual employment and joint training of personnel between colleges and enterprises. Third, it constructed a virtual simulation practical training base for agricultural machinery, made up for the shortcomings of practical operation relying on VR/AR technology and built a regional resource library for colleges and enterprises. Practice showed that the training paths effectively promoted the continuous optimization of the teaching quality of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Application and Maintenance major to a certain extent. From 2024 to 2025, students won 1 national bronze award and 4 various provincial awards in agricultural machinery skill competitions; teachers approved 7 reform projects at all levels in the field of agricultural machinery, achieved excellent results in professional skill competitions and won relevant honorary titles. This paper provides a reference for the cultivation of agricultural talents in relevant colleges and universities.

In response to the need to improve the efficiency of cotton disease and pest detection, this paper proposed an enhanced detection model named YOLOv5sMBT, based on YOLOv5s, for identifying cotton diseases and pests in leaf images. The model incorporates 3 key improvements over the original YOLOv5s framework: a multi-scale feature extraction network (Multi-scale) was constructed to enhance feature extraction capabilities; and a Transformer attention mechanism was integrated between the feature extraction network and the neck network, combined with the C3 module to form C3TR, thereby improving the model’s attention to target features; a BiFPN (Bidirectional feature pyramid network) structure was introduced to efficiently fuse shallow and deep features. A dataset of 2 179 leaf images covering 4 common cotton diseases and pests (Nesidiocoris tenuis, spider mite, wilting, aphid) was used for validation. The dataset was split into training, validation, and test sets in a 3∶1∶1 ratio. Experimental results showed that the YOLOv5sMBT model achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.838, outperforming the original model (mAP of 0.799). This study provides a reference for the intelligent detection of cotton diseases and pests.

To investigate the status of aquatic plant resources in the Suzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this study adopted field investigation methods. 6 sampling sites were randomly selected in the water area and wetland areas within 500 meters of the bank in the Suzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and investigations and analyses were conducted on the floristic composition, species diversity, phenological cycle and distribution of invasive alien plants of aquatic plants. The survey results showed that a total of 47 species of aquatic plants were recorded in this reach, belonging to 41 genera and 30 families, covering 5 life forms including submerged, free-floating, emergent, hygrophytic and floating-leaved plants. Among them, hygrophytic plants (19 species) were the most, while floating-leaved plants (5 species) were the fewest. The floristic components were complex and diverse, dominated by cosmopolitan elements (51.2% of genera and 53.2% of species), and temperate and tropical elements complemented each other synergistically to jointly maintain the diversity of aquatic plants in the region. The phenological cycle had distinct characteristics with obvious seasonal variations, endowing the aquatic plants with high ornamental value. 5 species of invasive alien plants were found, which had not broken out on a large scale yet but posed certain potential ecological risks. The results showed that this reach had a richer diversity of aquatic plant species. Hydrocotyle verticillata and Cabomba caroliniana had established stable populations in study area through natural and anthropogenic dispersal. Based on the research results, strategies for landscape improvement of this reach were put forward from 5 dimensions: community structure optimization, invasive plant prevention and control, water quality improvement, integration of ecology and human culture, and long-term scientific research and management. This study provided a reference for the protection of aquatic plant resources in similar regions.

This article systematically reviewed the hypoglycemic activity mechanism of plant polysaccharides from the perspective of regulating carbohydrate hydrolysis, hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. In terms of regulating carbohydrate hydrolysis, polysaccharides such as those from Tremella aurantialba and dark tea were found to effectively inhibit the activities of intestinal α-amylase and α-glucosidase, thereby delaying starch decomposition and glucose absorption and reducing postprandial blood glucose. Regarding liver metabolism regulation, polysaccharides were demonstrated to function bidirectionally: on one hand, they regulated key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, such as by activating glucokinase and inhibiting gluconeogenic enzymes, promoting glucose utilization and glycogen synthesis; on the other hand, they activated insulin signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake by hepatocytes and improving insulin resistance. In the regulation of lipid metabolism, glycyrrhiza polysaccharide and apple pomace polysaccharide have been shown to significantly improve lipid abnormalities associated with diabetes, lowering levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides. This alleviation of lipotoxicity indirectly improved insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects were identified as important auxiliary pathways through which polysaccharides exert their functions, which can reduce inflammation mediated insulin resistance by downregulating the levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, inhibiting chronic inflammatory responses; simultaneously enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, clearing free radicals, and reducing oxidative stress damage to pancreatic beta cells. Furthermore, plant polysaccharides can also synergistically exert hypoglycemic effects by regulating the neuroendocrine axis and inhibiting the expression of intestinal glucose transporter genes. This paper provides a reference for the exploration of hypoglycemic active substances from plant resources.

To explore the preparation method of epoxy resin embedded specimens of adult butterfly 5 types of epoxy resin AB glue mixtures (starry sky epoxy resin, clear ice epoxy resin, gem epoxy resin, high-transparency epoxy resin and mixed crystal epoxy resin) were prepared at a mass ratio of 3∶1. Papilio xuthus was selected for the preparation of embedded specimens to screen out the suitable epoxy resin type. Furthermore, embedded specimens were fabricated from dried adult specimens of representative species belonging to Pieridae, Papilionidae and Satyridae, the characteristic differences among the above specimens were analyzed, and the quality of the embedded specimens was evaluated. The results showed that compared with the dried specimens, the Papilio xuthus specimens prepared with the 5 aforementioned epoxy resin AB glues all presented partial dissolution and discoloration of wing scales. Among them, the specimens made with clear ice epoxy resin had the slightest changes, and their morphological characteristics were the closest to those of the dried specimens. For the specimens of Pieridae prepared with clear ice epoxy resin, the orange-yellow spots on the hindwings were severely dissolved with only the outlines remaining, and the black scales on the hindwing margins also suffered severe dissolution and discoloration. In contrast, the wing scales of the representative Satyridae specimens prepared with clear ice epoxy resin had slight dissolution, showing a small difference in morphological effect from the dried specimens. In conclusion, clear ice epoxy resin is suitable for the embedding preparation of specimens from Papilionidae adults and Satyridae adults. Appropriate types of epoxy AB adhesive should be selected for the embedding preparation of adult butterfly specimens.

Sanghuang is a traditional medicinal fungus, mainly including 4 common species: Sanghuangporus sanghuang, Sanghuangporus vaninii, Sanghuangporus baumii and Inonotus hispidus. To clarify the differences in their main active components and the adaptability of their extraction processes, this study systematically reviews the pharmacological effects of the 3 main active components (polysaccharides, polyphenols and terpenoids) and the characteristics of their corresponding extraction processes. The results showed that Sanghuang polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and immunomodulatory activities; Sanghuang polyphenols mainly displayed antioxidant, anti-tumor and hypoglycemic effects, among which the polyphenols from Sanghuangporus baumii had potential value for dietary intervention in type 2 diabetes; Sanghuang terpenoids focused on antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. In terms of extraction processes, the ultrasonic-hot water synergistic method and enzymatic method achieved relatively high yields (1.3%-5.5%) in polysaccharide extraction and were suitable for the preparation of high-purity polysaccharides; as an emerging green technology, the deep eutectic solvent (DES) method for polyphenol extraction obtained an extraction rate 1.5-1.9 times that of traditional methods; the ultrasonic-ethanol method and in-situ extraction fermentation method (with a yield of 14-19 g/L) showed strong applicability in terpenoid extraction. In conclusion, this study clarified the characteristics of active components and the adaptability of extraction processes among different Sanghuang species, sorted out the features and application scenarios of various extraction methods, and provided references for the efficient development and utilization of Sanghuang resources.

The microbial control, botanical pesticide management, and their synergistic control strategies with chemical agents for northern corn leaf blight were systematically elaborated. In terms of microbial control, biocontrol fungi (such as Trichoderma and Clonostachys), bacteria (such as Bacillus and Paenibacillus), and actinomycetes were demonstrated to function through multiple mechanisms, including antagonism, mycoparasitism, secretion of antimicrobial substances, and induction of plant resistance. Botanical pesticides (e.g., extracts from Sophora flavescens and Mikania micrantha) and plant immune regulators (e.g., alginate oligosaccharides) were shown to directly inhibit pathogens and activate the plant’s own defense system, offering both disease control and growth-promoting effects. In terms of synergistic control strategies, the scientific combination of biocontrol agents (such as Trichoderma and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) with selective chemical pesticides was found to form a complementary control system. This approach not only enhanced control efficacy but also effectively reduced the input of chemical pesticides. Future research should promote the large-scale application of related control technologies through precise screening, optimization of synergistic strategies, and integration of comprehensive techniques. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control of maize diseases and pests.

To investigate the control efficacy of 50% dimethomorph and 53% Ridomil Gold-MZ against black shank of burley tobacco, Eyan No. 1 was used as the test material, and 5 treatments were set up, including 50% dimethomorph (T1), 53% Ridomil Gold-MZ (T2), 50% dimethomorph + 53% Ridomil Gold-MZ + 50% dimethomorph (T3), 72.2% propamocarb (T4), and clear water as the control (CK). The key growth stages including transplanting stage, vigorous growth stage, topping stage and maturity stage were recorded, and the agronomic traits (maximum leaf length, leaf width and effective leaf number), disease incidence and economic traits of tobacco plants were investigated. The results showed that except for slight differences at the rosulate stage, the other growth stages were basically consistent among all treatments, and the field growth period was also identical, at 105 days. After topping, the tobacco plants in T3 had larger leaves and more effective leaves. At 10 days after application, the disease incidence in T3 was significantly lower than that of other treatments (P<0.05); the disease incidence in T3 increased at 30 days after application, which was slightly higher than that of T2 but still remained at a relatively low level compared with other treatments. The cured tobacco leaves in T2 and T3 had higher yield, average price, output value, as well as the proportion of top-grade and medium-grade tobacco. Comprehensively considering the resistance risk of dimethomorph and the price of fungicides, the fungicide combination of 50% dimethomorph + 53% Ridomil Gold-MZ + 50% dimethomorph (T3) is considered for the control of tobacco black shank disease in tobacco production, and its efficacy remains to be further verified.

To screen high-efficiency fungicides suitable for the control of potato late blight, Favorita was used as the tested potato cultivar, and the control efficacy of the fungicides was evaluated by combining indoor bioactivity assay with field trial. The mycelial growth inhibition method was adopted for the indoor bioactivity assay. A total of 12 treatments including 500 g/L fluazinam SC (Fushuaide, T₁) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/L, 500 g/L fluazinam SC (Banglu, T₂) at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/L, and 80% mancozeb WG (T₃) at concentrations of 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mg/L were set in this study. The inhibition rates of different fungicides were determined, and their toxicological effects were evaluated. A field experiment was conducted with 12 treatments, including 500 g/L fluazinam SC (Shuaifude) at 32 g/667 m⊃2; (T1), 500 g/L fluazinam SC (BangLu) at 32 g/667 m⊃2; (T2), 80% mancozeb WG at 90 g/667 m⊃2; (T3). A clear water control (CK) was set simultaneously, and the disease index and field control efficacy of each fungicide were assessed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the inhibitory effects of different fungicides on Phytophthora infestans. T₇ （25% pyraclostrobin SC) exhibited the optimal inhibitory effect with an EC₅₀ value of 0.367 6 mg/L, followed by T₉ (23.4% mandipropamid SC) and T₅ (50% azoxystrobin WG) with EC₅₀ values of 0.438 6 mg/L and 0.845 9 mg/L, respectively. The field control efficacies of T1, T7 (25% pyraclostrobin SC 27 g/667 m⊃2;) and T9 (23.4% mandipropamid SC at 32 g/667 m⊃2;） against potato late blight all exceeded 90%, among which T9 achieved the highest efficacy (95.41%). In addition, T2, T3, T5 (50% azoxystrobin WG at 40 g/667 m⊃2;) and T12 (687.5 g/L fluopicolide·propamocarb SC at 88 g/667 m⊃2;) also showed favorable control effects with their field efficacies all above 80%. Comprehensive analysis indicated that 25% pyraclostrobin SC, 23.4% mandipropamid SC and 50% azoxystrobin WG presented excellent comprehensive performance, with their EC₅₀ values all below 1 mg/L in the toxicological assay and field control efficacies over 80%. These fungicides can be recommended as the preferred options for the prevention and control of potato late blight.

To understand the occurrence of diseases and pests in greenhouse strawberry in Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, strawberry disease and pest investigations were carried out at three experimental sites from September 2023 to August 2004 using the random five-point sampling method. The growth status and the occurrence of diseases and pests on strawberry plants were recorded. During the peak occurrence period of diseases and pests, observations were carried out every 7 days, and the incidence rate, disease index, percentage of infested plants, and pest index were documented. The results showed that the main diseases and pests of greenhouse strawberries in the study area included gray mold, powdery mildew, anthracnose, root rot, aphids and spider mites. In terms of occurrence status, the disease indices of gray mold, powdery mildew, root rot and anthracnose at experimental site 2 were 46.50, 40.66, 36.67 and 34.07, respectively; those at experimental site 3 were 40.83, 36.33, 35.80 and 34.55, respectively; and those at experimental site 1 were 33.17, 35.83, 29.15 and 29.92, respectively. The insect indices of spider mites and aphids at experimental site 2 were 38.18 and 32.67, respectively; those at experimental site 3 were 31.60 and 34.00, respectively; and those at experimental site 1 were 30.74 and 28.50, respectively. In terms of infection regularity, gray mold infested all above-ground parts of strawberry plants, with the most severe damage to fruits. Powdery mildew mostly infected strawberry leaves and fruits by mycelia or conidia, and could also damage petioles, calyxes and pedicels in severe cases. Red stele root rot mainly damaged strawberry roots, and severe infection would cause root rot and subsequent whole plant death. Adult aphids sucked sap from tender heart leaves, leaf undersides and petioles, resulting in twisting, deformation and curling of strawberry leaves. Spider mites mostly gathered on the leaf undersides of strawberry; at the early infestation stage, white spots appeared on the leaves and gradually turned red, and the leaves showed a rust-colored appearance in severe cases. Growth conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, ventilation), strawberry cultivars (e.g., yield potential, disease and pest resistance) and cultural management (e.g., fertilizer and water management, cultivation management) all had certain effects on the occurrence severity of diseases and pests. In terms of disease and pest control, targeted measures should be adopted according to local conditions, and agricultural, physical, biological and chemical control measures should be comprehensively applied to control diseases such as gray mold and powdery mildew, as well as insect pests such as spider mites and aphids. This study provides a reference for the investigation, control and prevention of strawberry diseases and pests in similar areas.

To control northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) and southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis)，a survey on the incidence of these diseases in different maize varieties was conducted in Lanling County, Shandong Province from 2021 to 2023. Using the dipping method, the Weizhanjing adjuvant was added to 25% pyraclostrobin (600 mL/hm⊃2;) and 60% pyraclostrobin·metiram (900 g/hm⊃2;) at volume fractions of 0, 0.05%, 0.067%, 0.100%, and 0.200% respectively. The maximum stable retention of the 2 fungicides on maize leaves was determined, and field efficacy trials of the fungicides were also carried out. The survey results showed that different maize varieties varied in resistance to northern and southern corn leaf blight, and planting resistant (tolerant) varieties was a key measure to reduce disease severity. The maximum holding capacity test of the agent showed that, with the increase in Weizhanjing adjuvant, the maximum stable retention of 60% pyraclostrobin·metiram and 25% pyraclostrobin on maize leaves first increased and then decreased. When the addition amount was 0.067%, the maximum stable retention of 60% pyraclostrobin·metiram increased to 10.938 mg/cm⊃2;, a 106.1% increase compared to the treatment without Weizhanjing adjuvant. When the addition amount was 0.100%, the maximum stable retention of 25% pyraclostrobin reached 10.710 mg/cm⊃2;, a 73.0% increase compared to the control. Field efficacy trials indicated that both fungicides had certain inhibitory effects on corn leaf blight in all treatments, and the field efficacy of the treatment with WeizhanJing (treatment 4) was 3.5 percentage points higher than that of the untreated control (treatment 3). In conclusion, for the management of northern and southern corn leaf blight in production, it is necessary to scientifically select disease-resistant varieties, implement appropriate early sowing cultivation measures, and add the adjuvant Weizhanjing adjuvant to fungicides to increase the maximum stable retention of the agents, thereby improving control efficacy.

This article selected the city of Deyang in Sichuan Province, which has diverse landforms (including mountains, hills and plains), as the research case. The characteristics, control achievements, and existing shortcomings of agricultural non-point source pollution in the region were analyzed, and targeted countermeasures were proposed. Research findings indicate that agricultural non-point source pollution in the study area exhibits distinct regional disparities, differentiation in pollution types between crop farming and livestock breeding, and significant influences from intensification levels. Currently, phased achievements have been made in the management of pesticides and packaging waste, chemical fertilizers, manure pollution, crop straw, used agricultural films, and the improvement of rural living environments. However, attention must be focused on areas such as governance systems and collaborative mechanisms, public awareness and the demand for source reduction, market systems for the resource utilization of agricultural waste, the cost of applicable technologies and the affordability of small- and medium-scale operators, as well as geographic and topographic constraints and straw disposal requirements. Based on this, specific countermeasures are proposed, including establishing multi-departmental collaboration mechanisms; enhancing publicity, education, and public guidance through the combination of new media and offline training; establishing a classified recycling and utilization system supported by incentives to ensure sustainable operation; addressing odor issues from manure in small- and medium-scale farms through delineating breeding areas and promoting odor control technologies; and implementing precise control over straw burning by accurately designating burning areas and periods, strengthening process management, and promoting the utilization of plant ash. These measures provide a reference for promoting the regulation of agricultural non-point source pollution and sustainable agricultural development in relevant regions.

This study investigated the runoff and sediment yield patterns of Shajiang black soil through artificial simulated rainfall experiments under varying rainfall intensities (40, 60, 80 mm/h) and slope gradients (2°, 4°, 6°, 8°). The results showed that the initial runoff time was negatively correlated with both rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Specifically, it followed a binary polynomial function with rainfall intensity and a power function with slope gradient. The runoff rate changed with rainfall duration as follows: it rose rapidly in the initial stage, transitioned through an inflection point that occurred earlier on steeper slopes, and then entered a stable fluctuation phase where the amplitude increased with greater rainfall intensity. Under the rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h, the maximum runoff rate reached 30 L/min. Similarly, the sediment yield rate exhibited a rapid increase initially, passed an earlier inflection point on steeper slopes, and then attained a quasi-steady state during the stable fluctuation phase. Higher rainfall intensities led to more pronounced oscillations, and as the erosion process approached equilibrium, the sediment yield rate tended to stabilize. The peak sediment yield was recorded at 1 103 g/min under an 8° slope and 80 mm/h rainfall intensity. Furthermore, the regression equations established for total runoff and sediment yield indicated that slope gradient had a greater influence on runoff volume than rainfall intensity, whereas rainfall intensity exerted a stronger effect on sediment yield than slope gradient.