【Objective】This study aimed to develop novel glyphosate-resistant wheat germplasm using EMS mutagenesis to mitigate weed infestation in wheat fields. Resistant mutant plants were selected through field screening, and the mutation profiles of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene as well as optimal application conditions were characterized, offering a practical approach for breeding glyphosate-resistant wheat varieties.【Method】A mutant population was generated by treating newly germinated seeds of Zhenmai 9 with EMS mutagenesis. Resistant mutants were isolated through multiple rounds of glyphosate screening in the field across M₂ and M₃ generations. Promising lines, including GR1, GR19, and GR23, were identified via pedigree selection, combined with yield and resistance phenotype screening. Mutation sites in the EPSPS gene were detected by PCR amplification and sequencing, while expression levels of TaEPSPS-4A, TaEPSPS-7A, and TaEPSPS-7D were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Field trials involving different glyphosate doses and application growth stages were conducted to systematically evaluate herbicide efficacy and determine the appropriate dosage and timing for safe application.【Result】The resistance mutant frequency in the M₂ population was 6.53×10^-6. In the M₃ generation, 43 mutant plants exhibiting tolerance to 4× the recommended glyphosate dose were successfully obtained. Sequencing analysis revealed that resistant lines GR1 and GR19 harbored 5 and 3 mutation sites in TaEPSPS-7D, respectively, whereas GR23 carried 5 mutation sites in TaEPSPS-4A. Expression analysis indicated that glyphosate treatment significantly downregulated most homoeolog genes in the three mutation lines, irrespective of whether those genes carried resistance mutations. Field trials demonstrated 100% weed control efficacy across all glyphosate treatments, significantly superior to isoproturon. As the glyphosate doses increased, wheat seedling height and fresh weight showed a decreasing trend, but most differences with the untreated control were not significant, indicating no substantial adverse effects on growth. Yield analysis revealed that treatment with 1× and 2× doses did not cause significant yield reduction, whereas 4× and 8× doses led to significant reductions of 3.04% and 4.63%, respectively. Growth stage-specific trials further indicated that spraying a 2× dose of glyphosate from seedling to jointing stages had no significant impact on plant growth, but application at the booting stage significantly reduced plant height, fresh weight, and grain yield, resulting in a 6.48% yield loss.【Conclusion】The combination of EMS mutagenesis and field screening successfully generated new glyphosate-resistant wheat germplasm capable of withstanding 4× the recommended glyphosate dose. Multiple point mutations in the non-active center of the EPSPS enzyme confered enhanced glyphosate resistance without compromising yield. For practical application of such resistant varieties, the optimal weed control window is during wheat green-up (early March), using 41% glyphosate isopropylamine salt at 840-1 680 g ae·hm^-2, diluted in 450 L·hm^-2 of water, applied as foliar spray to weeds under rain-free conditions.

【Objective】Soil salinization severely constrains the sustainable development of rice production. The specific goals are to: comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of rice core germplasm accessions at the seedling stage, investigate the morphological and physiological characteristics of different rice subspecies under salt stress, clarify the associated variations in their responses, and summarize their adaptive strategies, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for screening and breeding salt-tolerant rice varieties.【Method】The salt tolerance score (STS), plant height, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and SPAD were measured for 276 rice core germplasm accessions after treatment using 125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 6 days. The relative values of each trait, except for STS and shoot fresh weight were calculated, along with the shoot water content (SWC). T-tests, significance analysis and correlation analysis were used to explore the morphological and physiological differences for salt stress responses among different rice subspecies. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear regression were applied to screen key indicators for salt tolerance. The D-value was calculated to identify typical salt-tolerant accessions and salt-sensitive accessions, which were used to elucidate the regulatory patterns and response strategies of salt stress in different subspecies of rice.【Result】Salt stress affected the growth of seedlings of the three subspecies of rice. Compared with japonica rice, indica rice and AUS exhibited milder inhibitory effects from salt stress, and AUS demonstrated greater phenotypic variation. The STS, relative seedling height (RSH), relative root length (RRL), relative root dry weight (RRDW), relative SPAD (RSPAD) and SWC among the three subspecies of rice accessions were not significantly different. However, the relative shoot dry weight (RSDW) of indica rice was significantly higher than that of japonica rice and AUS, and the salt tolerance of temperate japonica rice seedlings was significantly higher than that of tropical japonica rice and admixed japonica rice. Correlation patterns of the seven salt-tolerance-related traits varied between the three subspecies. Three principal components were extracted from japonica rice, indica rice and AUS, with cumulative contribution rates of 82.587%, 80.117%, and 88.700%, respectively. Based on this, the D-values for the comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance were calculated for each accession, and key parameters for salt tolerance were screened. It was found that RSDW is a common key indicator affecting the salt tolerance of rice seedlings, while RSH and RRDW are shared by japonica rice and AUS, and STS is the common key parameter for indica rice and AUS. In the three subspecies, high-D-value accessions and low-D-value accessions were selected to analyze root characteristics, ion balance, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and osmotic regulation substance content under salt stress. The root total number (RTN), root tip number (RN), total root length (TRL), and root surface area (RSA) of high-D-value accessions in the three subspecies were significantly higher than those of the three categories of low-D-value accessions. Among the three types of high-D-value accessions, the RTN and RN of indica rice were significantly higher than those of japonica rice and AUS. The root average diameter (RAD) of indica rice and AUS was significantly higher than that of japonica rice. AUS had significantly higher surface area and volume of roots in the 0.5-1 mm diameter range than japonica rice and indica rice, while japonica rice had significantly higher root volume in the 0-0.5 mm diameter range than indica rice and AUS. In terms of ion balance, the shoot Na⁺ content (SNC) of the three types of high-D-value accessions was significantly lower than that of the three types of low-D-value accessions. Among the three types of high-D-value groups, AUS had significantly lower SNC and shoot Na⁺/K⁺ (SNK) than that of japonica rice, japonica rice had significantly lower root Na⁺ content (RNC) than AUS, indica rice had significantly higher root K⁺ content (RKC) than AUS, and japonica rice and indica rice had significantly lower root Na⁺/K⁺ (RNK) than AUS. In terms of reactive oxygen species content, among the three categories of high-D-value accessions, the hydrogen peroxide content of japonica rice was significantly lower than that of indica rice and AUS. In terms of osmoregulatory substance content, among the three types of high-D-value accessions, the soluble sugar content of indica rice and AUS was significantly higher than that of japonica rice, and the proline content of indica rice was significantly higher than that of japonica rice.【Conclusion】Significant differences were observed in the morphological and physiological characteristics of rice germplasm accessions from different subspecies under salt stress. RSDW is a common key indicator affecting salt tolerance of rice seedlings. In response to salt stress, typical salt-tolerant germplasm from japonica, indica, and AUS developed distinct combinatorial profiles of regulatory modes, which varied in their emphasis on four key aspects: root morphological characteristics, ion homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmotic adjustment.

To address the uncertainty in the aging period of the characteristic flue-cured tobacco variety ‘CB-1’ lamina under northern climate conditions, which affects the suitability of raw materials for cigarette production, this study aimed to explore its optimal aging duration. Using redried lamina of middle leaves (C3F) and upper leaves (B2F) of ‘CB-1’ from Longyan, Fujian, natural aging was conducted for 24 months in the aging warehouse of Shandong Tobacco Industry. Regular measurements were taken for appearance quality, main chemical components, and sensory evaluation quality, with comprehensive assessment performed using cluster analysis. The findings showed: (1) As aging progressed, the color of leaves from both positions deepened, oil content decreased, and color intensity increased. For middle leaves, total sugar and reducing sugar contents peaked at 12 months of aging, increasing by 0.74 and 0.81 percentage points respectively compared to before aging, while total nitrogen and nicotine contents consistently declined throughout the aging period. For upper leaves, reducing sugar, nicotine, and total nitrogen showed a decreasing trend during aging. (2) The sensory scores for middle leaves in terms of concentration, aroma quality, aroma quantity, sweetness, and overall sensory quality reached their highest values at 12 months of aging, increasing by 0.2, 0.8, 0.5, 0.9, and 6.25 points respectively compared to pre-aging. The overall sensory quality score for upper leaves peaked at 18 months of aging, with an increase of 5.50 points. (3) Cluster analysis indicated that middle leaves aged for 12 and 18 months were grouped into one category, while upper leaves aged for 18 months clustered with those aged for 12 and 24 months. In conclusion, the optimal aging period for ‘CB-1’ middle leaves is 12 months (with 18 months as an alternative), and for upper leaves it is 18 months (with 12 and 24 months as alternatives). Future research could integrate temperature and humidity control, microbial community dynamics, and metabolic patterns of aroma substances to further elucidate the aging mechanisms of tobacco under northern climate conditions, thereby providing support for precise raw material management.

The paper aims to investigate the effects of sealed hypoxia versus natural oxygen supply, with or without summer temperature control, on the chemical components of tobacco leaves. Using tobacco lamina from Shaoguan (Guangdong) and Qujing (Yunnan) as the materials, four maintenance modes were applied: air-conditioned warehouse with sealed hypoxia, air-conditioned warehouse with natural aging, conventional warehouse with sealed hypoxia, and conventional warehouse with natural aging. The impact of storage conditions on chemical components during aging was analyzed. Compared to non-temperature-controlled conventional warehouses, temperature-controlled air-conditioned warehouses significantly slowed the rate of chemical changes in tobacco leaves, evidenced by gentler variation amplitudes in total alkaloids, polyphenols, pigments, and pH. Conventional warehouses notably accelerated pH decline and polyphenol oxidation. Under identical temperature control, sealed hypoxia more effectively retarded chemical changes than natural aging. Regional differences revealed that Qujing tobacco had higher initial polyphenol content (59.35 mg/g) and greater chemical variation than Shaoguan tobacco (29.06 mg/g), with rapid early-stage degradation stabilizing later. Temperature control is effective in delaying aging deterioration and stabilizing chemical components, particularly when combined with sealed hypoxia. For Guangdong-origin tobacco, the air-conditioned sealed hypoxia mode is recommended; for Yunnan tobacco, extended aging in temperature-controlled environments facilitates retention and conversion of aroma precursors. A differentiated storage strategy is proposed: ‘priority on temperature-controlled hypoxia for Guangdong, gradual aging dominance for Yunnan’.

In response to the lack of a systematic assessment system for the risk of foodborne pathogen transmission in large scale broiler farm, in order to accurately identify key risk factors, a risk index system for foodborne pathogen transmission in large scale broiler farm was constructed, including 4 levels I, 13 levels II, and 78 levels III, based on literature research and field investigations of 100 large scale broiler farm in 11 provinces across the country. The Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to determine the weights of the indicators and the order. The results indicate that: (1) The indicator system has passed the consistency test and is scientifically reliable. (2) Ranking of the proportion of core risk factors: disease prevention and control>biosafety> site facilities> management. (3) The primary risk factor is the detection of exogenous microorganisms (live vaccines, feed, and water) in disease prevention and control, with weights of 4.205%, 4.126%, and 3.999%, respectively. The second is the harmless treatment of dead chickens (2.847%) and disinfection facilities and equipment in the field (2.828%). This survey fills the research gap in the risk factors of foodborne pathogen transmission in large-scale broiler farms, clarifies the core risk points of foodborne pathogen transmission in large scale broiler farm, and constructs a scientific risk assessment system. In the future, the effectiveness of indicators can be verified through on-site monitoring data, and the indicator system can be optimized for different regions and scales of broiler farms to provide more targeted technical support for precise prevention and control.

To investigate the control effects of different types of traps on Grapholitha molesta in the field, this study compared the control effects of four types of traps on G. molesta in cherry orchards. A field experiment was conducted in a cherry orchard in Baoding using sex pheromones as attractants. The results showed that the triangular trap had the best trapping efficacy, capturing 394 moths in two weeks with 10 traps. The boat-shaped trap ranked second, capturing 207 moths, while the two general bucket-shaped traps captured 90 moths (with yellow lids) and 56 moths (with green lids), respectively. Through an investigation of shoot-breaking rates, it was found that all four traps effectively mitigated the shoot-breaking phenomenon caused by G. molesta. The CK group (control group) experienced a 12.46% increase in shoot-breaking rate within one week, whereas the triangular trap showed the slowest increase at only 2.38%, followed by the bucket-shaped (green) trap at 2.99%, the boat-shaped trap at 4.01%, and the bucket-shaped (yellow) trap had the worst effect at 4.92%. Additionally, by comparing the trapping of other insects by the four traps, it was found that the triangular trap and the bucket-shaped (green) trap captured 100% harmful insects, and the bucket-shaped (yellow) trap and boat-shaped trap had a certain degree of false capture of beneficial insects. The research results indicate that the triangular trap has the best trapping efficacy against G. molesta and can be promoted for application in production.

Based on the agricultural statistical data of Ziyang City from 2015 to 2023, this study analyzed the variation characteristics of the total amount of chemical fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer applied per unit area, the variety of chemical fertilizer and the proportion of nutrient input in Ziyang City, so as to provide reference for the green and high-quality development of agriculture in Ziyang City. Based on the analysis of the current situation of fertilizer application and the actual situation of local agricultural production, this paper put forward some countermeasures and suggestions for fertilizer management with the core of optimizing nutrient structure. The results showed that: (1) From 2015 to 2023, the total amount of fertilizer application showed an overall downward trend and went through three stages, including a rapid decline period, a steady decline period, and a gradual stabilization period. In 2023, it dropped to 44000 t, a decrease of 28140 t compared with 2015, with a decrease of 32.13%. (2) The amount of fertilizer applied per unit area in Ziyang City in 2023 was 111.6 kg/hm², a decrease of 6.15% compared with 118.9 kg/hm² in 2015. This was not only lower than the national (292.6 kg/hm²) and Sichuan (315.7 kg/hm²) levels of fertilizer application per unit area, but also far lower than the fertilizer application intensity standard of 250 kg/hm² proposed by the former Ministry of Ecology and Environment. (3) During the period of 2015 to 2023, the main fertilizer types applied in Ziyang City were nitrogen fertilizers (N) and compound fertilizer, which collectively accounted for over 80% every year. The proportion of phosphate fertilizers (P) ranged between 6% and 22%, and potash fertilizers (K) accounted for only 1% to 4%. Overall, the phosphate (P) and potash (K) fertilizers accounted for a relatively small proportion. (4) The N:P:K application ratio changed from 1:0.40:0.11 (2015) to 1:0.67:0.61 (2023). Notably, the ratio in 2021 (1:0.58:0.54) was the closest to the national average. Overall, the N:P:K application ratio remained imbalanced, especially the potassium fertilizers (K) consistently showing the lowest proportion. In summary, from 2015 to 2023, total fertilizer consumption and fertilizer application rate per unit area in Ziyang City showed overall declining trend, basically achieving the goal of “zero growth in fertilizer application”. However, structural imbalances in fertilizer product composition and nutrient input imbalances were persisted. Therefore, it was recommended that the optimization management of chemical fertilizer nutrients should follow the general principles of controlling nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus and increasing potassium. Scientifically implement measures such as organic fertilizer replacement for chemical fertilizers, water and fertilizer integration, and agricultural mechanization should be extended to ensure the green and high-quality development of agriculture in Ziyang City.

The purpose of this study is to solve the contradiction between the application intensity and utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural development of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, and to help the green transformation of agriculture. By analyzing the current situation of chemical fertilizer application in Xishuangbanna tropical region (including Jinghong City, Mengla County and Menghai County), the problems of blind fertilization and weak supervision were revealed. The article proposed countermeasures such as promoting soil testing and formula-based fertilization, constructing a low-carbon ecological tropical region, establishing a standardized fertilizer application evaluation system, and strengthening technical training and promotion of fertilizer application. The study emphasized the construction of a three-in-one precise regulation system of “environmental carrying- crop demand- nutrient cycle”, which provides a reference for the region to achieve fertilizer reduction and efficiency, promote sustainable agricultural development and rural revitalization strategies, and provide reference for agricultural green transformation in other tropical regions.

The increasing significance of urban green spaces has drawn attention to soil microbial diversity within park green spaces as a crucial indicator of ecosystem health. In this study, the lawn area of Fenghuangshan Talent Forest Park in Shenzhen City was taken as the research object, and the ecological impact of human trampling on soil microbial community was systematically evaluated for the first time. By integrating high-throughput sequencing technology, a systematic analysis was conducted on the alterations in soil microbial diversity, species composition, and community functions before and after trampling disturbance. This methodology effectively uncovers the negative impact mechanisms of trampling on soil microbes. The results showed that there were significant decreases in the species richness index of soil fungi (23%) and the Shannon species diversity index of bacteria (5%) after trampling. PcoA and NMDS analyses indicated that there were significant differences in the Beta diversity of soil microorganisms after trampling, suggesting that trampling substantially altered the soil microbial community structure of the lawn. In terms of microbial species composition, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) sequence numbers for both fungi and bacteria decreased after trampling, with a notable increase in the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota. The FUNGuild fungal functional classification indicated that the relative abundance of plant pathogenic fungi significantly increased after trampling. This study quantified the negative effects of trampling on soil microbial communities in urban green space, and provided a scientific basis for sustainable management and soil remediation of park green space.

Against the backdrop of prominent soil management issues in traditional vineyards, organic mulching is a crucial measure for achieving sustainable soil management. This practice enhances soil fertility, improves soil structure, and regulates the microclimate within vineyards. However, there are relatively few studies on soil microorganisms and soil metabolism under organic mulching in vineyards at present. Research has found that organic mulching significantly enhances soil bacterial diversity and enriches key fungal functional groups such as lignin degradation by driving multi-stage decomposition processes. More importantly, organic coverage increases the accumulation of metabolites such as carbohydrates, organic acids, and lipids, activating core metabolic pathways and optimizing nutrient cycling efficiency The synergistic interaction network formed between microorganisms and metabolites further strengthens the functional stability of soil ecosystems in vineyards. This study provides a theoretical support for soil management and sustainable agriculture in vineyards, while also outlining future research directions in this field.

To promote the high quality development of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system, this paper combined the actual situation of grassroots agricultural technology extension work, sorted out the development status and the aspects to be improved of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system, and put forward targeted reform and construction strategies for the “1+N” grassroots agricultural technology extension system (where “1” referred to county-level experts and “N” referred to township technical backbones). At present, the grassroots agricultural technology extension work had achieved remarkable results: county-level institutions were fully equipped, extension methods had been upgraded towards diversification and informatization, and the “1+N” model had been gradually promoted, which effectively improved the grain quality and supply guarantee capacity. Meanwhile, there was still room for improvement in grassroots agricultural technology extension in terms of the adaptation of agricultural technology updating, the connection with farmers' diversified demands, and the optimization of the “1+N” coordination mechanism. Based on this, strategies such as optimizing the structure of the extension team, improving the coordinated linkage mechanism, building a diversified technical service platform, and promoting the targeted connection with differentiated demands were proposed from three dimensions: the construction of the “1+N” coordination mechanism, the updating of agricultural technology based on this model, and the connection with farmers' demands. This paper provided a reference for the reform of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system.

Regarding the insufficient utilization of vegetable waste biogas slurry and the unclear effects of vegetable residues biogas slurry irrigation on the yield, quality and soil quality of edible dock, using edible dock as the material, a pot planting experiment was conducted with four biogas slurry irrigation gradient treatments (T1: 8 L/m², T2: 10 L/m², T3: 12 L/m², T4: 14 L/m²) and a control treatment (CK) of clean water. The yield, quality, soil physical and chemical properties, and enzyme activities of edible dock were measured. The results showed: (1) Appropriate biogas slurry application significantly increased the yield and quality of edible dock. Compared with CK, the fresh weight of edible dock in each treatment increased by 134% to 233%, and the contents of chlorophyll, vitamin C, total sugar, reducing sugar and protein increased by 13.7% to 30.8%, 28.27% to 148.9%, 14.18% to 36.28%, 44.70% to 97.42% and 34.86% to 44.53%, respectively. The yield and quality improvement effect of T₃ treatment was the most significant. (2) Biogas slurry application improved soil physical and chemical properties. The contents of soil organic matter, available potassium and total nitrogen increased by 17.09%, 170.7% and 40%, respectively, and the pH increased by 15.56% to 21.3%. This effectively alleviated the problem of acidic soil. (3) Soil urease and β-glucosidase activities increased with the increase in biogas slurry application amount, and the peak activity of T3 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments. (4) Excessive biogas slurry (T4) led to a decrease in reducing sugar content and a decrease in nutrient utilization efficiency. The study showed that the optimal biogas slurry application amount for edible dock irrigation with vegetable residues biogas slurry was 12 L/m², which could synergistically improve crop yield, quality and soil fertility. Future field experiments can be conducted to verify, detect the risk of heavy metal accumulation in biogas slurry and soil, optimize the application period and frequency, and provide technical support for the large-scale agricultural use of vegetable residues biogas slurry.

To promote the high quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture, this study took the white tea industry in Zongyang County of Anhui Province as the research object, systematically analyzed its development status and the aspects to be improved, and put forward targeted optimization paths. Relying on superior natural conditions, the white tea industry in the research area had become one of the local pillar industries, with an existing planting area of 2 600 hm². The comprehensive output value had stabilized at around 250 million yuan in the past three years, and the foundation for the large-scale and standardized development of the industry had been gradually consolidated. At that time, there was room for optimization in the industrial development in terms of industrial foundation, infrastructure, brand recognition and industrial chain. Based on this, targeted countermeasures were proposed from 4 dimensions: optimizing the industrial foundation by building regional industrial clusters, constructing a professional tea trading market, and strengthening financial support and enterprise integration; consolidating infrastructure by promoting the transformation of ecological tea gardens and the application of mechanization, and building an IoT-enabled smart tea garden and a “peace of mind code” traceability system; advancing in-depth brand construction by forging the national geographical indication public brand of “Zongyang White Tea” and expanding promotion channels through an online-offline integrated model; improving the industrial chain by deepening the intensive processing of white tea (extending to the fields of tea polyphenol extraction and tea food research and development) and promoting the integrated development of tea and tourism featuring “tea garden sightseeing + cultural experience + homestay economy”. This study provides a reference for the high quality development of the white tea industry in similar counties.

Based on investigations, this paper analyzes the advantages and current status of brand development in Liancheng's sweet potato dried product industry, identifies areas for improvement in the current brand-building process, and proposes corresponding brand-building strategies. The sweet potato dried product industry in the study area possesses foundational strengths in standardized planting and production, clustered processing operations, and diversified product categories. A brand system comprising 142 trademarks has been established, and the regional public brand “Liancheng Red-heart Sweet Potato Dried” has gradually gained influence. The investigation reveals that there is still considerable room for improvement in areas such as corporate brand awareness, the effectiveness of regional public branding, brand marketing strategies, and market supervision mechanisms. In response, the following brand-building strategies are proposed: conduct specialized training in brand building to enhance corporate understanding and planning capabilities for brand strategy and encourage companies to define clear brand positioning; establish a synergistic mechanism integrating “regional public brand + enterprise-owned brand”, set up a unified operating entity, build a standardized production system and a product quality traceability platform, introduce anti-counterfeiting labels, and strengthen standardized brand use and whole-process supervision; integrate online and offline channels to enhance brand exposure and recognition through industry exhibitions, local festivals, search engine optimization, live streaming on new media platforms, short video contests, and other methods, highlighting product characteristics and cultural value; simultaneously, improve market mechanisms that combine brand protection regulations and product quality supervision to ensure product quality and safeguard brand reputation. This study provides practical insights for brand building in the agricultural industries in Liancheng and similar regions.

To explore the impact mechanisms of direct straw returning and carbonization returning on soil carbon sequestration, nutrient availability and structural stability in paddy soils, this study conducted a long-term field experiment with four treatments, including control (CK), direct straw returning, low amount of straw carbonization, and high amount of straw carbonization. The impact mechanism of straw carbonization on the stability of soil organic carbon in paddy field was systematically analyzed. The results showed that both direct straw returning and carbonization returning could effectively increase soil pH, organic carbon, available phosphorus, available potassium, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon. The organic carbon of the three treatments increased by 1.9%-12.8%, and the treatment of high amount of straw carbonization was the most significant. The increase of microbial biomass carbon was between 18.0%-27.3%, and the treatment of direct straw returning showed the most significant. The proportions of low active organic carbon and inert organic carbon increased by 2.02%-7.46% after straw carbonization. In particular, compared with CK, the proportion of highly active organic carbon decreased by 5.8 percentage points, while the proportion of inert organic carbon increased by 4.3 percentage points. After three treatments, the content of >0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and >2 mm water-stable aggregates in soil respectively increased by 6.21%-9.25% and 14.53%-18.32%. In conclusion, straw carbonization returning could significantly improve soil acidification, increase the contents of soil organic carbon and available nutrient, increase the proportion of water-stable aggregates, and enhance soil carbon sequestration capacity. Among all treatments, the effect of high amount of straw carbonization returning was the best.

Taking the sericulture farmers in Dajie Town, Jingdong County, Yunnan Province as the research object, this paper conducts an empirical study based on the data of 312 survey questionnaires, using reliability and validity tests, descriptive statistics, and cross-analysis methods, and explores the constraints and optimization paths for the high quality development of sericulture industry. The reliability and validity tests indicate good internal consistency and reliability of the survey data, and the analysis factors have statistical validity. At present, the development of the sericulture industry in this region needs to focus on several key aspects, including the standardization of production technology, the expansion of market channels, the effectiveness of policy implementation, and the vertical extension of the industrial chain. In response, the following strategies are proposed: construct an “online + offline” dual-track training system to cultivate new professional sericulture farmers, introduce and promote high-quality varieties and green production technologies, and improve production efficiency and quality. Establish an information feedback mechanism, introduce supporting policies, and train young e-commerce talents. At the same time, tap into regional cultural resources to build characteristic brands and enhance influence. Improve industrial support policies, broaden funding channels, set up special funds, and establish a performance evaluation mechanism for fund use to ensure standardized and efficient use. Extend the industrial chain, support the construction of cocoon drying stations to solve the problem of fresh cocoon preservation, promote by-product development to increase added value, and realize benefit sharing through the “cooperative + farmer” model. The research results have important reference for the high-quality development of agricultural industries in similar regions.

To improve the quality of talent cultivation in the Forestry Technology major, this paper sorted out the current situation of fostering the craftsman spirit among the major's talents and put forward targeted practical paths in light of the actual development of the major. From 4 dimensions, namely curriculum system design, the cultivation and integrated management of teachers' craftsman spirit, school-enterprise collaborative education, and the guarantee system for cultivation, the paper identified the aspects with room for optimization and improvement in fostering the craftsman spirit for the major. On this basis, specific practical paths were constructed: first, promoting the reconstruction of the curriculum system, integrating the connotation of the craftsman spirit and industry standards, and innovating teaching and practical training models; second, building a teaching team with both the craftsman spirit and professional literacy, and strengthening the educational capacity through diversified learning, practical training and project-driven approaches; third, deepening the integration of industry and education, co-constructing “innovation and entrepreneurship + craftsman” bases, and improving the education model; fourth, improving the guarantee system, optimizing the evaluation, assessment and incentive mechanisms, and enhancing the integrated effect of teaching management and cultivation work. In terms of practical results, a total of 9 provincial, municipal and university-level teaching and research projects and 3 college students' innovation and entrepreneurship training programs were approved, 12 academic papers were published, and more than 300 students were guided in total, which improved the professional skills and vocational literacy of professional talents. This paper provided a reference for the talent cultivation of related majors.

This study reviewed the research on the drought resistance of Leymus secalinus and its application in ecological restoration, aiming to provide a scientific reference for the practical application and new variety breeding of L. secalinus. A combination of literature review and case analysis of ecological restoration practices was used in this study to elucidate the drought resistance mechanisms of L. secalinus from two aspects: physiological adaptive changes and morphological adjustments in tissue structure. It also comprehensively analyzed the unique advantages of L. secalinus in the field of ecological restoration by integrating its application techniques and patent achievements in vegetation recovery in sandy lands, slopes, degraded black soil meadows, and alpine grasslands. The results showed that L. secalinus had a high adaptability to ecological environments and could significantly increase vegetation cover under extreme conditions, thereby improving the ecological environment. Its rhizomes also played an important role in ecological restoration. However, the low seed-setting rate of L. secalinus currently severely restricts its large-scale application in ecological governance. Future efforts should focus on breeding L. secalinus to develop new varieties with high seed-setting rates, consistent traits, and stable yields. At the same time, new varieties with strong sexual reproduction capabilities should be cultivated to promote the large-scale application of L. secalinus in ecological restoration. This will provide a physical seed supply and technological support for desert control, saline-alkali land restoration, degraded ecosystem repair, and vegetation recovery in extreme environments.

To improve the quality of field practice teaching in Botany, this paper proposed a teaching strategy integrating plant identification APP with pre-designed taxonomic keys by teachers. Based on the pre-designed taxonomic keys compiled by teachers in combination with the characteristics of plants in the practice area, this strategy covered representative groups such as pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, and clarified key diagnostic features as well as differences between easily confused species. During the practice, through the integrated model of “preliminary identification by APP + accurate verification by taxonomic key”, students were guided to cross-compare species characteristics. Meanwhile, practical activities such as self-made taxonomic keys, specimen preparation, and plant photography were supplemented to construct a multi-dimensional teaching system. The results of the pilot application in 2024 showed that the accuracy of students' plant identification was significantly improved, and their abilities in knowledge application and problem-solving were effectively transformed. The achievement degree of the course objectives of Biological Field Practice for the 2023 grade reached 0.84, an increase of 0.04 compared with the 2022 grade; the average score of field practice report (botany section) was 87.3 points, 4.46 points higher than that of the 2022 grade, indicating that the teaching effect of field practice was significantly optimized. This paper provided a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

To cultivate high quality talents, this paper based on the concept of OBE and centered on the development of students' abilities, explored the teaching practice of plant-related courses, and constructed a teaching model of “plant-classroom-farm” and a teaching framework of “theory-practice-innovation”. Taking plant pot culture as the practical carrier, the reform realized the transformation of teaching from knowledge-oriented to ability-oriented by reconstructing textbook contents, innovating teaching methods through multi-sensory interaction and collaboration, integrating solar term culture and ideological and political elements, building an open practical platform with school-enterprise linkage, and establishing a multi-dimensional process evaluation system covering classroom observation, performance assessment, interactive learning design and precise teaching intervention. Specifically, classroom observation focused on students' participation and practical operation records; performance assessment quantified students' abilities through specimen production, ecological journal writing and other activities; interactive learning design promoted the cultivation of higher-order thinking by virtue of collaborative discussion; and precise teaching intervention optimized teaching strategies through graded assessment and other means. Practice showed that students' participation in classroom interaction was greatly improved, the passing rate of theoretical examinations was increased by 10-15 percentage points, and their practical abilities, scientific research and teaching abilities as well as comprehensive qualities were enhanced simultaneously. In the past three years, students have won more than 10 awards in various competitions, and the employment rate of graduates has remained stable at over 85%. The two-way transformation of teaching and research capabilities and scientific research achievements was achieved, more than 10 educational reform and scientific research projects at all levels were approved, and the number of published papers increased significantly. This paper provided a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

To improve the scientific research and innovation capabilities of postgraduates majoring in Food Science and Engineering, this paper analyzed the current cultivation status of postgraduates in this major. Combined with the actual operation of the large-scale instrument sharing platform, a teaching reform system for large-scale instruments and equipment was systematically constructed and innovated from 3 dimensions: the design of teaching content, the innovation of teaching process and the construction of communication platform. Adhering to the principles of comprehensiveness, practicality and forward-looking, the teaching content included the offering of the optional course “Food Instrumental Analysis”, which covered the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of high-utilization large-scale instruments in modules according to scientific research needs. A diversified teaching model of “independent preview – theoretical teaching – on-machine experiment – assessment and authorization – scientific research application” was constructed for the teaching process, with the implementation of a hierarchical training strategy and the improvement of the assessment and authorization mechanism. An online “instrument communication and discussion” platform was built to gather the resources of teachers, students and technical experts, forming a positive cycle of scientific research mutual assistance. The practical results showed that this reform system effectively improved postgraduates' operational skills of large-scale instruments and their abilities in data interpretation and analysis. In the past year, 23 postgraduates obtained the approval of provincial-level scientific research and practical innovation projects, 43 scientific research papers were published and 26 invention patents were applied for (13 authorized) relying on the instrument platform, and the scientific research and innovation capabilities of postgraduates were significantly enhanced. This paper could provide a reference for similar universities to carry out the reform of postgraduate practical teaching.

To improve the efficiency of water quality monitoring and management, this paper systematically analyzed the application status of digital technologies in the field of water quality monitoring and the key links that needed special attention, explored the implementation paths of digital empowerment for water quality monitoring, and elaborated on the effectiveness of practical applications in combination with actual cases. At present, there was still room for optimization in conventional monitoring processes, data sharing, technology integration and other aspects. Based on this, this paper proposed digital empowerment paths from 3 dimensions: the data acquisition layer, the data processing layer and the data analysis layer. The data acquisition layer guaranteed the quality of data sources by optimizing sensor selection, layout strategies, communication technologies and data preprocessing. The data processing layer improved the efficiency of data processing and the accuracy of water quality anomaly monitoring through algorithm optimization and the construction of machine learning and deep learning models. Relying on intelligent identification, trend prediction and data visualization technologies, the data analysis layer provided data support for water quality management. The application practices of the “digital mulan river” model and the “electronic river chief” system showed that the digital water quality monitoring system could realize real-time whole-process monitoring, intelligent judgment and efficient regulation of water quality, effectively improve the level of water quality management and reduce the cost of pollution control. This paper provided a reference for digital empowerment of water quality monitoring in similar regions.

This article analyzes the characteristics of forest pest and disease occurrences, the methods for identifying pests and diseases, as well as the key image detection technologies commonly used in machine learning and deep learning methods. It also elaborates on the combined application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and image detection technology. Forest pests and diseases have diverse types and are difficult to control, posing certain threats to the stability of the forest ecosystem. Currently, the identification technologies for forestry pests and diseases can be classified into three categories. There are significant differences in the technical characteristics and application efficiency among these methods: the identification approach based on professional experience relies on on-site investigation and judgment by experts, which has the drawbacks of being time-consuming, labor-intensive, and having a high degree of subjectivity. The recognition method based on machine learning achieves disease discrimination by training the model algorithm. It significantly improves the detection efficiency compared to manual recognition, but is limited by the subjective limitations of the features extracted by humans. The identification method based on deep learning relies on deep neural networks to autonomously extract image features, possessing higher detection accuracy and scene adaptability. By integrating machine learning models and image recognition technologies, it is possible to efficiently analyze the characteristic information of pests and diseases, achieving automatic identification of pests and diseases. The key technical system for forestry pest and disease image recognition mainly covers 3 methods image preprocessing, image segmentation, and network model selection. The integrated application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photography and pest and disease image detection technology can precisely extract key features such as color changes of tree crowns in forest coverage images. It also has the advantage of high resolution and can accurately determine the invasion process of pests and diseases. This technology has been widely adopted in the dynamic monitoring of forestry pests and diseases. This article provides a reference for improving the accuracy of forest pest and disease image detection.

To address the insufficient comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality in mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm and the lack of criteria for selecting superior accessions, 42 mulberry accessions conserved at the Mulberry Germplasm Repository of the Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Wanzhou, Chongqing) were evaluated. Eighteen qualitative phenotypic traits, nine quantitative phenotypic traits, and six leaf nutritional quality traits were measured, and genetic diversity analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation analysis were conducted. The results showed that: (1) among phenotypic traits, qualitative traits such as leaf surface, leaf base, and winter bud color exhibited high diversity, while quantitative traits including leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, and mesophyll thickness showed significant variation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.68% to 37.61%; (2) leaf nutritional quality differed markedly among accessions, with the highest crude protein content reaching 256.91 mg/g and crude fiber content reaching 14.81%; (3) cluster analysis classified the 42 mulberry accessions into seven clusters, with clusters B, C, and E containing the largest numbers of accessions; (4) PCA extracted six principal components, of which the first five had eigenvalues greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 81.96%, with leaf length, leaf size, crude protein, and crude fat identified as the main contributing traits; (5) significant correlations were observed among phenotypic traits, whereas correlations between phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality traits were relatively weak. Overall, the mulberry germplasm exhibits abundant variation in phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality, providing a scientific basis for germplasm evaluation, breeding, and utilization.

Adenylate kinase (AK) plays a crucial role in nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism. To explore the molecular characteristics and tissue distribution of the ak1 gene in Larimichthys crocea, the complete coding sequence (CDS) of the ak1 gene was cloned from Larimichthys crocea in this study. Bioinformatics software was employed to analyze its sequence features and evolutionary characteristics, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the distribution of the ak1 gene in various tissues of Larimichthys crocea, such as muscle and heart. The results showed that the CDS of the ak1 gene in large yellow croaker was 582 bp in length, encoding 193 amino acids with a relative molecular weight of 21.24 kDa. It contained 1 O-glycosylation site and 15 phosphorylation sites. The AK1 protein had a typical ADK domain, existed as a monomer, and consisted of 9 α-helices and 5 β-sheets. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Ak1 of Larimichthys crocea had the closest genetic relationship with that of Dicentrarchus labrax. The expression level of the ak1 gene in muscle tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P<0.05), followed by heart and skin tissues. This study provides a reference for elucidating the role of the ak1 gene in energy metabolism of Larimichthys crocea.

This article analyzed the current situation of resource utilization of landscaping waste in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, as well as the aspects that need improvement in the processing of landscaping waste, and proposed targeted strategies. The landscaping waste disposal in the study area mainly adopts 2 treatment methods: crushing and fermentation, which have derived 3 application directions: fuel, organic substrate, and organic covering material. The treatment of landscaping waste faces certain challenges in terms of safeguard measures, the capacity for absorbing derivative products. Based on this, it was proposed to actively promote technologies such as the production of biochar, increase investment in the power stations, and implement incentive measures such as price subsidies; leveraging the technical research advantages of universities and research institutions to strengthen technological innovation, and establishing a comprehensive platform and information management platform integrating technology transfer and technological research; strengthening publicity and guidance to enhance public environmental awareness. This article provides a reference for promoting the resource utilization and sustainable development of landscaping waste in the study area.

Plants of the genus Hedychium possess ecological, ornamental, and medicinal values. However, their preference for warm and humid conditions restricts their application in relatively arid environments. To address the above issues, screening of water-saving and drought-tolerant Hedychium germplasm is important. This study aimed to clarify the photosynthetic physiological adaptation mechanism of water-saving and drought-tolerant Hedychium germplasm, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the breeding of high-quality Hedychium varieties, optimization of drought-resistant cultivation modes, and configuration of landscape applications. 10 Hedychium varieties were used as materials, and 12 indicators including leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using the membership function method of fuzzy mathematics to construct a comprehensive evaluation system for photosynthetic capacity. The results showed significant differences in photosynthetic physiological characteristics among different Hedychium varieties. ‘Milan’ had the largest leaf area (319.65 cm²); ‘Hongtian’e’ had the highest total chlorophyll content (3.11 mg/g); ‘Ya Cheng’ exhibited the highest net photosynthetic rate [4.02 μmol/(m²·s)] and transpiration rate [4.14 mmol/(m²·s)], and maintained stable and high levels of light energy conversion efficiency (0.76-0.80) and PSⅡ potential photochemical activity (Fv/Fo) (3.16-3.93) throughout the day; ‘Qiaoqiao’ had the highest water use efficiency (2.63 μmol/mmol). Correlation analysis revealed that the net photosynthetic rate was extremely significantly positively correlated with stomatal conductance (r=0.78^**) and negatively correlated with intercellular CO₂ concentration (r=-0.49), while there was no significant positive correlation between total chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate. Comprehensive evaluation using the membership function method showed that the photosynthetic capacity of the 10 varieties, from strongest to weakest, was in the order: ‘Ai Datou’> ‘Qiaoqiao’> ‘Kuoban’> ‘Yacheng’> ‘Milan’> Hedychium coronarium> ‘Zhuyue’> ‘Xiahong’> ‘Fenyun’> ‘Hongtian’e’. Photosynthetic efficiency was regulated by multiple factors synergistically; ‘Ai Datou’ and ‘Qiaoqiao’ exhibited the optimal photosynthetic capacity and comprehensive adaptability, and could be prioritized as Hedychium germplasm with outstanding water-saving and drought-tolerant potential for application in resource-saving landscape construction. ‘Yacheng’ is suitable for high-yield cultivation in water-sufficient areas, while ‘Fenyun’ and ‘Kuoban’ can be used in the configuration of high-light environments. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for the precise screening of Hedychium germplasm and their landscape application.

To investigate the effect of adding phosphorus and magnesium to trigger struvite crystallization reaction in the edible mushroom residue composting system on composting efficiency, thereby promoting the resource utilization of mushroom residues, this study established 2 treatments: a control group and an experimental group. The control group was supplemented with edible mushroom residue, EM bacteria, and urea, while the experimental group was supplemented with edible mushroom residue, EM bacteria, urea, magnesium chloride, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. During the fermentation process, parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of the compost were monitored. The results showed that there was little difference in temperature changes between the experimental and control groups. In the early stage of composting, the pH of the control group was higher than that of the experimental group, but it gradually converged in the later stage. The electrical conductivity of the experimental group was consistently higher than that of the control group throughout the composting cycle, though both remained within safe limits. The total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen contents in the experimental group were all higher than those in the control group. At the end of composting, the total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in the experimental group were 2.58, 13.02, and 1.83 times higher than those in the control group, respectively. In conclusion, the struvite crystallization reaction can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss in mushroom residue composting and effectively improve the quality of the compost. This study provides a reference for the resource utilization of mushroom residues.

The study aims to explore the effect of combined application of microbial fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on the yield and quality of mini Chinese cabbage, and to explore the appropriate dosage ratio, so as to provide scientific fertilization basis for the production of mini cabbage in Beijing. ‘Jingchunwa No.4’ mini cabbage was used as the experimental object. T1-T4 different amounts of microbial fertilizer [T1: compound microbial fertilizer (12-0-3) 300 kg/hm²+ compound fertilizer (18-9-18) 315 kg/hm², T2: compound microbial fertilizer (12-0-3) 300 kg/hm²+ compound fertilizer (18-9-18) 157.5 kg/hm², T3: compound microbial fertilizer (12-0-3) 150 kg/hm²+ compound fertilizer (18-9-18) 315 kg/hm² and T4: compound microbial fertilizer (12-0-3) 150 kg/hm²+ compound fertilizer (18-9-18) 157.5 kg/hm²] combined with chemical fertilizer as base fertilizer and conventional fertilization [CK, bio-organic fertilizer 600 kg/hm²+ compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 375 kg/hm²], a total of 5 treatments were compared. The results showed that the appropriate combination of compound microbial fertilizer and chemical fertilizer could increase the yield and soluble protein content of mini cabbage to a certain extent. Compared with conventional fertilization, the biological yield and economic yield of T₁ treatment were significantly increased by 20.50% and 16.63%, respectively, and the soluble protein content was significantly increased by 45.59%. The nutrient accumulation of mini cabbage in the whole growth period was as followed: mature stage> heading stage> rosette stage> seedling stage. It needed 1.39 kg N, 0.85 kg P₂O₅ and 0.62 kg K₂O to produce 1000 kg mini cabbage. Therefore, compound microbial fertilizer (12-0-3) 300 kg/hm²+ compound fertilizer (18-9-18) 315 kg/hm² could be used as one of the recommended fertilization measures in the production of mini Chinese cabbage.

To investigate the differences in metabolic components of cigarettes, type Ⅰcigarettes (100HHL96, 100HTXC, 100HTXX, 100TY, 100ZH) and type Ⅱ cigarettes (10DQM, 10HJY, 10XSD, 35FRW, 35HEH) were used as materials. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were employed to analyze the metabolic components of the two types of cigarette products, and metabolomic methods were used for heterogeneity analysis. The results showed that a total of 785 metabolic substances were identified across the 10 cigarette samples, with ketones (15%), esters and lipid molecules (10%), and terpenes (10%) ranking in the top three categories by structure, and ketones, alkaloids, and indoles ranking in the top three categories by content. In the comparison of two types of cigarette products, 28 metabolites such as dimethyldodecylamine and L-pyroglutamic acid, and dihydrocelastryl diacetate showed significant differentiation. In type Ⅰ cigarettes, 11 metabolites such as dimethyldodecylamine, L-pyroglutamic acid, and 5-hydroxymaltol were upregulated, while 17 metabolites such as dihydroquercetin diacetate, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl octadecanoate were downregulated. The main components affecting aroma, such as mesmin, methyl palmitate, and maltol, showed significant heterogeneity between the two types of cigarettes. This study provides a reference for improving cigarette processing technology and product quality.