【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different light quality combinations on the growth and development, photosynthetic physiological characteristics, expression of key flowering genes, and single-plant grain formation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), to optimize the light quality ratio, and to achieve a breeding configuration enabling multiple generations per year, so as to promote the application of rapid breeding technology in barley. 【Method】 Under controlled environmental conditions, two spring-type two-rowed beer barley cultivars, including Hua 22 and Yanmai 3, were cultivated under six LED spectral combinations: white light (W), red light (R, λ_max≈660 nm), blue light (B, λ_max≈450 nm), and red-blue composite lights (1R﹕1B, 1R﹕3B, and 3R﹕1B). The "accelerating effect" of different light quality combinations was comprehensively evaluated using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. This evaluation was based on monitoring key developmental stages throughout the entire growth cycle, measuring photosynthetic physiological parameters, analyzing the transcript levels of key flowering genes via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and assessing yield components (number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight). 【Result】Under the white light (W) treatment, although Hua 22 and Yanmai 3 completed a generation cycle within 50 and 44 days, respectively, they exhibited a lower number of grains per plant and a reduced germination rate. In contrast, 3R﹕1B light combination ensured rapid barley growth (Hua 22, 56 days per generation; Yanmai 3, 49 days per generation), which also significantly improved the number of grains per spike and seed germination rates. No significant differences were observed in the SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters, or chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the 3R﹕1B treatment and white light treatment. With the increase in blue light proportion, the whole growth period of barley was prolonged, and the SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters all decreased. qRT-PCR results indicated that light qualities with a high red light ratio accelerated the reproductive process by upregulating flowering-promoting factors, such as HvFT1, HvBM3, and HvAP1, as well as downregulating the flowering repressor HvRAV2-like.【Conclusion】The 3R﹕1B light spectrum not only ensured the rapid growth and development of barley but also significantly increased grain yield, achieving optimal multi-generation cycles per year. This study laid a technical foundation for rapid breeding in barley.

【Objective】In order to analyze the genetic diversity of tropical sorghum germplasm resources, screen for superior sorghum germplasms, and to provide a critical support for the innovation of sorghum germplasm and the breeding of the new cultivar that with high-quality and high-yield in the temperate regions of northern China.【Method】Taking 70 tropical sorghum germplasm resources as test materials, and 10 phenotypic traits of the test germplasm resources were observed in the field. Multiple statistical methods such as Shannon-Weaver diversity index, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, stepwise regression analysis were comprehensively applied for the analysis and comprehensively evalution the genetic diversity of tropical sorghum germplasm resources in the temperate region of China. Molecular marker-assisted selection combined with conventional hybridization was used to carry out target trait design breeding, and a new high-quality and high-yield forage sorghum variety with both bmr and PS genes and safe seed production in the northern temperate regions was bred.【Result】The phenotypic variations of the germplasm resources were abundant, and the diversity indices of the 10 traits ranged from 1.44 to 2.00. Correlation analysis showed that the plant height was extremely significantly positively correlated with stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and biological yield. The growth stage was extremely significantly positively correlated with Brix, but extremely significantly negatively correlated with plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and biological yield respectively. Cluster analysis divided 70 resources into 3 groups with significant differences in phenotypic characteristics. Principal component analysis reduced 10 trait indicators to 5 independent principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 85.921%. 10 elite resources including IS 18542 were selected based on the comprehensive evaluation scores (F value). The stepwise regression analysis showed that all of the 10 phenotypic traits could be used as key indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of forage sorghum. 3 photoperiod sensitive resources of Ma5/Ma6 genotype were identified, excellent parents lines 74A, 1390R and 107R and the new silage sorghum variety Long mu No.1 that with high-quality and high-yield was bred by molecular design breeding.【Conclusion】Based on the genetic diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits, the extensive phenotypic variations and rich genetic diversity of tropical sorghum germplasm resources in temperate regions were clarified, and the 10 key indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of forage sorghum germplasm resources were determined. The genes pyramiding breeding had discovered and created excellent parents with both bmr gene and PS genes, and the new forage sorghum variety with high-quality and high-yield was bred, indicated that the forage quality and yield were improved at the same time.

【Objective】Drought is one of the key factors causing wheat yield reduction, and developing wheat germplasm with strong drought resistance is a major challenge in current wheat breeding. Spring wheat plays a crucial role in safeguarding national food security. Clarifying the drought resistance of spring wheat germplasm will provide a basis for the exploration of drought resistant genes and drought germplasm innovation in spring wheat.【Method】In this study, a total of 396 spring wheat varieties (lines) treated with drought stress were used to determine the relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll content and leaf area index et al during the grain filling stage, and also measure plant height, spike length, and effective tillers et al in the maturity stage, the drought resistance coefficient of each index was calculated. A comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance for each spring wheat variety (line) was conducted based on descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, membership function method, cluster analysis and correlation analysis. 【Result】Compared with the normal irrigation conditions, all indices of each spring wheat variety in the grain filling stage and maturity stage decreased under drought stress. Among them, plot yield, leaf area index, and biomass showed higher decreases, while chlorophyll content, spike length, and relative water content of leaves exhibited the lower decreases. Significant differences were observed in drought resistance among the different varieties (lines). Under drought stress, the variation coefficient of each relevant index ranged from 6% to 34%, while the variation coefficient of each index ranged from 5% to 34% under normal irrigation condition. Principal component analysis was performed on the drought resistance coefficients of 4 indices at the grain filling stage and 8 indices at the maturity stage, 6 principal components were extracted with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 78.07%. The comprehensive drought resistance coefficient (D value) was calculated using the membership function value, and cluster analysis was conducted based on the D value to classify the 396 spring wheat varieties (lines) into 5 categories, followed by inter-group variance analysis, we found that the spring wheat varieties (lines) with strong drought resistance showed the highest plot yield, and it had the lowest decrease. Meanwhile, correlation analysis between the D value and the drought resistance coefficients of 12 indices revealed that the number of spikelets, biomass, flag leaf area, and effective tillers were considered as the effective comprehensive evaluation indices for spring wheat drought resistance identification. In addition, there were highly significant positive correlations between the relative water content of leaves and plant height, effective tillers, number of spikelets, biomass, the internode length below spike and plot yield, the chlorophyll content exhibited a highly significant correlations with 1000-grain weight, and flag leaf area had a remarkable positive correlations with spike length and 1000-grain weight under normal irrigation conditions. However, under drought stress, there were highly significant positive correlations between the relative water content of leaves and biomass, plot yield and 1000-grain weight, the flag leaf area had a remarkable positive correlations with spike length and biomass. Which indicated a close relationship between drought resistance indices in the grain filling stage and key agronomic indices in the maturity stage for spring wheat. 【Conclusion】There were 20 spring wheat germplasm resources with strong drought resistance that were selected in this study, which showed the highest yield and the lowest yield reduction under drought stress, and the number of spikes, biomass, flag leaf area, and effective tillers could be considered as the effective comprehensive evaluation indices for spring wheat drought resistance identification.

Gramineous crops are the core crops for China's food security and stable agricultural production. However, the problem of lodging has long seriously restricted their high and stable yields as well as quality improvement. This article systematically reviews the main types, influencing factors, evaluation methods, genetic basis and improvement strategies of lodging in gramineous crops, and looks forward to the future research directions. Research shows that crop lodging is mainly divided into stem lodging and root lodging. Its occurrence is regulated in a coordinated manner by internal factors such as plant morphology and structure, stem mechanical properties and cell wall components, as well as external conditions such as natural environment and cultivation management. In terms of lodging assessment, methods such as field observation, model evaluation, and high-throughput remote sensing each have their own advantages and are suitable for different research and application scenarios. Important genes related to plant height, stem strength and plant type have been identified in several gramineous crops, providing a theoretical basis for genetic analysis and molecular improvement. Lodging-resistant breeding is shifting from traditional hybrid breeding and marker-assisted selection toward molecular design and gene-editing breeding, as well as genomic selection-assisted breeding.This paper further summarizes the current challenges of lodging resistance breeding and potential strategies for the improvement in gramineous crops: 1) Construct a field anti-lodging capacity prediction model based on small samples; 2) Analyze the common basis of lodging resistance traits in grasses and explore differentiated improvement strategies; 3) Construct precise molecular design breeding targeting key genes and cis-regulatory elements; 4) Establish a cultivation model that matches “variety-region-technology”, with the aim of providing theoretical basis and practical reference for the basic research and production practice of lodging resistance.

【Objective】The analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying yield-related traits of perennial Chinese rice laid a good foundation for fine mapping, cloning, and functional research of yield-related traits genes. Meanwhile, it also provided technical support for revealing the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits in perennial Chinese rice and breeding perennial rice variety.【Method】Two perennial Chinese japonica rice, namely, Huangnuo2^# (HN2^#) and Changbai7^# (CB7^#), and two half-sib (Huangnuo2^#/XieqingzaoB and Changbai7^# /XieqingzaoB) F₂ populations and their bi-parents were selected as experimental materials. Sixteen yield-related traits, including heading date, plant height, and thousand-grain weight of HN2^# and CB7^# in major crop (MC) and ratooning crop (RC) of 2024, were investigated for phenotypic analysis. Fifteen yield-related traits, including plant height, panicle plant^-1, and thousand-grain weight, in HN2^# and CB7^#-populations and their bi-parents were investigated for phenotypic analysis and QTL mapping.【Result】Between MC and RC of 2024, seven yield-related traits of HN2^#, including heading date, plant height, and thousand-grain weight, exhibited significant phenotypic differences (P<0.05). Three yield-related traits of CB7^#, including plant height, grain setting density, and grain weight panicle^-1, displayed significant phenotypic differences. Among 15 yield-related traits, 34 pairs of significantly positive correlations were calculated in the HN2^#-population. A total of 39 pairs of significantly positive correlations were calculated in the CB7^#-population. Exactly 29 QTLs were detected in the HN2^# -population, accounting for 2.61% to 29.41% of the phenotypic variation. Thirteen novel QTLs were detected in the HN2^#-population. Of these, seven QTLs with additive effects were derived from HN2^#, and the other six with additive effects were derived from XQZB. Five pleiotropic QTL were detected in the HN2^# HN2^#-population. A total of 22 QTLs were detected in the CB7^#-population, accounting for 2.77% to 27.94% of the phenotypic variation. Ten novel QTLs were detected in the CB7^#-population. Of those, six QTLs with additive effects were derived from CB7^#, and the other four with additive effects as well were derived from XQZB. Five pleiotropic QTL were detected in the CB7^#-population. 【Conclusion】These novel and pleiotropic QTL are unique to HN2^# and CB7^#, which should be the primary focus of future research.

To address the problems of ash deposition and high operational difficulty associated with the traditional one-time stem-attached harvesting and curing of upper tobacco leaves, a study was conducted to optimize stem-attached curing technology and improve the curing quality of upper leaves. Using the upper leaves of ‘Zhongchuan 208’ as the experimental material, four treatments were designed: conventional leaf by leaf harvesting and curing (CK), one-time stem-attached harvesting and curing (T1), segmented stem-attached harvesting and curing with the upper three leaves and lower three leaves (T2), and segmented stem-attached harvesting and curing with the upper two leaves and lower four leaves (T3). Economic traits, appearance quality, neutral aroma substances, Amadori compounds, and sensory quality were determined, and a comprehensive evaluation was performed using correlation analysis and Mantel tests. The results showed: (1) The stem-attached curing treatments all exhibited higher proportions of top grade tobacco, average price, yield value, and neutral aroma substance content than CK. Among them, T2 achieved the best performance, with a top grade tobacco proportion of 80.70%, an average price of 30.17 yuan/kg, and a yield value of 20576.25 yuan/hm². (2) T2 also had the highest content of Amadori compounds (27189 μg/g) and demonstrated superior sensory quality with well-coordinated aroma. (3) Mantel test analysis indicated that 2,6-nonadienal, oxidized isophorone, and solanone were the key aroma indicators affecting the quality of cured tobacco. (4) Correlation analysis between aroma substances and sensory quality showed that increasing the contents of five compounds of 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-furandione, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, β-damascenone, geranylacetone, and megastigmatrienone，and decreasing the contents of three compounds of β-cyclocitral, megastigmatrienone 1, and phenylethanol, could improve the aroma quality and overall quality of cured tobacco. In conclusion, the segmented stem-attached harvesting and curing method of upper three leaves plus lower three leaves simultaneously improved both the appearance and internal quality of upper tobacco leaves, making it the optimal harvesting and curing strategy. Future research should conduct multi location trials across different varieties and ecological regions to explore the synergistic effects of stem attached curing with agronomic measures and further improve the technical parameter system.

To clarify the quality characteristics of flue-cured tobacco middle leaves (C3F) in southern Anhui tobacco-growing areas, 95 representative samples were collected in 2024. By determining routine chemical components and evaluating sensory quality, this study analyzed the relationship between chemical composition and sensory attributes, identified key chemical components affecting sensory quality using correlation analysis and random forest model, and provided guidance for targeted quality improvement. Results showed that the tobacco leaves exhibited the characteristics of high sugar (total sugar 38.33%, reducing sugar 29.72%), medium alkalinity (nicotine 1.08%), and low chloride (chloride ion 0.13%). Nicotine and chloride contents varied significantly (CV>20%). The mean sensory evaluation score was 73.00, indicating overall high and stable quality (CV=4.83%), with outstanding aroma quality, smoothness, and aftertaste, but relatively weak concentration and impact. Correlation analysis revealed that nicotine was significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen, and negatively correlated with total sugar and reducing sugar. Nicotine (contribution: 21.15%) and total nitrogen (contribution: 18.46%) were the primary chemical components influencing the total sensory score, both showing significant positive correlations with dry sensation, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 39.61%. In conclusion, the quality of middle tobacco leaves in southern Anhui is generally good, but the nicotine is low and the chloride ion is insufficient. Optimizing nitrogen management and nicotine regulation, and moderate chlorine supplementation are crucial for enhancing sensory quality. This study provides data support for precision cultivation, scientific fertilization and curing process optimization in southern Anhui tobacco area. In the future, the research on the regulation mechanism of carbon and nitrogen metabolism can be deepened in combination with multi-year positioning and metabolomics.

This study aims to investigate the effects of different aging temperatures and durations on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves under sealed low-oxygen conditions. Using mid and upper-position tobacco lamina from Changde of Hunan, Huili of Sichuan, and Yunnan producing regions as test materials, four temperature-controlled treatments were designed: (1) constant air-conditioning (28℃) for 5 months; (2) natural temperature (30-32℃) for 1 month followed by air-conditioning for 4 months; (3) natural temperature for 2 months followed by air-conditioning for 3 months; (4) natural temperature for 3 months followed by air-conditioning for 2 months. The influence of these temperature control modes on the chemical composition during aging was systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that the contents of amino acids, polyphenols, alkaloids, reducing sugars, and total sugars, as well as pH, exhibited a declining trend with prolonged aging time, while absorbance values gradually increased. No significant change was observed in total nitrogen content. The extent of chemical changes varied among tobacco leaves from different geographical origins under identical treatment conditions. Sensory evaluation revealed that tobacco subjected to 2 months of natural temperature followed by 3 months of air-conditioning achieved the highest smoking quality, consistent with the trends in chemical composition changes. Temperature-controlled aging significantly enhances the quality of tobacco lamina and effectively shortens the aging cycle, thereby supporting rapid turnover under high inventory pressure. The responsiveness of chemical transformation rates to temperature control modes displayed distinct region-specific characteristics. This study has optimized a rapid aging process for tobacco lamina in the production areas of Changde of Hunan, Huili of Sichuan, and Yunnan producing regions. The optimized process consists of a two-month initial stage in a conventional warehouse (30-32℃, 43%-54%RH), followed by a one-month stage in a temperature-controlled (28℃) air-conditioned warehouse. Subsequent temperature-controlled aging is recommended to synergistically inhibit undesirable reactions.

To investigate the feasibility of 0.005% flocoumafen for controlling rodent pests in farmlands, field trials were conducted from 2022 to 2023 in agricultural areas across nine provinces (regions) in China. The study evaluated the control efficacy in blank control areas, control agent areas (0.005% bromadiolone/brodifacoumat 10 g/hm²), and test agent areas (0.005% flocoumafen at 10 g/hm²) at 7, 15 and 21-30 days after bait application. A systematic assessment was performed on the control efficacy, palatability, and safety of 0.005% flocoumafen bait against farmland rodents. Results demonstrated that flocoumafen bait exhibited significant lethal effects on dominant rodent species such as Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius (control efficacy ranging from 60.9% to 100%). The average bait consumption rate of flocoumafen was 69.61%, indicating superior palatability compared to the control agents. Safety assessments indicated sporadic occurrences of secondary poisoning in non-target animals and accidental ingestion by poultry in certain areas during the trial; it is necessary to enhance warning signage and implement appropriate protective measures during baiting periods. The findings confirm that flocoumafen effectively controls rodent pest populations with favorable palatability. However, precise evaluation of its safety must be strengthened to support large-scale promotion and application of flocoumafen.

To effectively control the pests and diseases of leek and pesticide residues, this study conducted experiments on different plant protection schemes, including treatment 1 (chemical control), treatment 2 (agricultural control), treatment 3 (biological control), treatment 4 (agricultural control + biological control), and treatment 5 (agricultural control + biological control + chemical control), and the control (CK) was treated with clean water. The control effectiveness of diseases and pests such as gray mold disease, phytophthora blight, disease, dry tip, and thrips were evaluated, and the pesticide residues of each treatment and control were also tested. The results of the control effect test showed that treatment 1, treatment 3, treatment 4, and treatment 5 had a control effect of over 65% on gray mold disease and phytophthora blight, which was significantly higher than treatment 2 (with a control effect of less than 40%). For the prevention effect of dry tips, treatment 2, treatment 4, and treatment 5 were all greater than 15%, significantly higher than treatment 1 and treatment 3 (prevention effect less than 3%). The control effects of treatments 1, 3, 4, and 5 on thrips were all greater than 66%, significantly higher than treatment 2 (1.20%). The pesticide residue detection results showed that six chemical pesticides, including thiamethoxam, highly efficient cyhalothrin, benzofenapyr, pyraclostrobin, pyrimethanil, and fludioxonil, were not detected in each treatment and CK (content less than 0.01 mg/kg). In treatment 1, propiconazole and bifenthrin were detected with concentrations of 0.46 and 0.24 mg/kg, respectively. There are currently no maximum residue limits for propiconazole and bifenthrin on leeks. Referring to the GB 2763—2021, both propiconazole and bifenthrin have lower pesticide residues on leeks than the reference limits. Based on the comprehensive results of disease and pest control and pesticide residue, the scheme of treatment 5 is most suitable for green production of leeks and can be widely applied.

Based on meteorological data and rice blast records from 16 counties (cities) in Qiandongnan Prefecture from 2015 to 2021, the paper calculated a meteorological disease-promoting index Z, and established a predictive model for the meteorological grade of rice blast occurrence using regression analysis: Z=0.17x+0.90, with a correlation coefficient of 0.73. Based on the Z value, the meteorological risk of the disease was classified into 4 grades: Grade 1 (0≤Z<4), Grade 2 (4≤Z<10), Grade 3 (10≤Z<15), and Grade 4 (Z≥15). Higher grades indicated that meteorological conditions were more conducive to disease occurrence. The model was applied to predict rice blast grades across the region, achieving an accuracy rate of 69.2%. The results demonstrated that the disease-promoting index method could be effectively used for meteorological grade prediction of rice blast in Qiandongnan Prefecture, providing a scientific basis for disease prevention and control in the region.

This study aims to systematically summarize the major achievements and experiences of Guangdong Province’s fertilizer industry from 2004 to 2024 in technological innovation, industrial transformation, and green development. It further analyzes its contribution to the technological advancement and structural upgrading of China’s fertilizer sector, and proposes key directions and pathways for achieving sustainable and high-quality development of Guangdong’s fertilizer industry. By integrating literature review, industry statistical data, and typical case analyses, this paper provides a systematic review and evaluation of core technological breakthroughs, industrial applications, and business model innovations in fields of compound fertilizer granulation technology, slow/controlled-release fertilizers, water-soluble fertilizers and fertigation, organic fertilizers, soil conditioners, straw decomposition agents, and microbial fertilizers. Among these achievements, the “high-tower granulation technology” represents a major breakthrough in China’s compound fertilizer production processes; low-cost slow/controlled-release fertilizers utilizing green, natural coating materials have achieved large-scale applications in field crops; water-soluble fertilizers and fertigation technologies developed through introduction, absorption, and re-innovation have secured a significant position nationwide, and the pioneering “factory-distribution station-farmer” fertilizer supply service model has been widely adopted. Soil conditioners and straw decomposition agents have achieved industrialized and large-scale application; organic fertilizer enterprises are widely distributed across the province, with notable progress in aerobic composting technology, production processes, equipment automation, and environmental control. The microbial fertilizer sector has experienced rapid growth, with a wide variety of registered products and multiple technical breakthroughs in core strain screening and functional applications, gradually forming a development pattern that balances industrialization and independent innovation. Over the past 20 years, Guangdong’s fertilizer industry has significantly advanced China’s fertilizer technological system and green transformation through technological innovation, model innovation, and industrial chain upgrading. Looking ahead, the industry should further strengthen the leading role of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, deepen industry-academia-research collaboration, promote fertilizer development toward greater greenness, efficiency, intelligence, precision, and multifunctionality, and accelerate the establishment of a modern fertilizer industry system aligned with the emerging new-quality productive forces in agriculture.

This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms and application prospects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in enhancing plant stress tolerance and improving soil quality. Through literature review and case studies, we focus on the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which different types of ENMs enhance plant salinity tolerance, drought resistance, and resistance to biotic stress. We also analyze the regulatory effects of ENMs on soil structure, nutrient availability, microbial communities, and pollutant remediation. Research indicates that ENMs can enhance plant stress resistance by modulating the antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, and gene expression, while also promoting soil health through improvements in soil physicochemical properties and microbial function. However, it is noted that the transport, transformation, and potential ecological risks of ENMs in the soil-plant system require further evaluation. Ultimately, promoting the sustainable application of ENMs in agriculture must balance their efficacy with environmental safety.

The mechanisms underlying rhizosphere environment differences between substrate culture and soil culture remain unclear in the major cut rose production areas of Yunnan, and precise water and fertilizer management lacks scientific support. This study investigated the effects of different cultivation systems on rhizosphere nutrient status and microbial community structures. Using the cut rose cultivar ‘Fenhong Xueshan’ as the experimental material, a systematic comparison was conducted under identical greenhouse conditions. High-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze rhizosphere microbial diversity, and the concentrations of 14 available nutrients were simultaneously determined. The results showed significant divergence in rhizosphere microbial diversity, species distribution, and nutrient contents between the two cultivation modes. Compared with soil cultivation, substrate cultivation increased the numbers of fungal and bacterial OTUs by 27.03% and 28.88%, respectively, with a 9.75% increase in total species count. Analysis of the Feature, Ace, Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, and PD whole tree indices for fungi and bacteria revealed that substrate cultivation increased these values by 27.03% and 27.03%, 30.74% and 28.37%, 30.65% and 26.52%, 13.58% and 0%, 24.12% and 3.38%, and 20.11% and 35.49%, respectively, compared to soil cultivation. Substrate cultivation significantly enhanced rhizosphere microbial populations and promoted the proliferation of functional growth-promoting microbes, including Burkholderiaceae, Rozellomycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, while effectively suppressing pathogenic fungi. Analysis of 14 primary available nutrients revealed that soil cultivation favored the accumulation of available phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), and boron (B), whereas substrate cultivation promoted the accumulation of exchangeable sodium (Na), available magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). Regarding production performance, substrate cultivation significantly increased the number of effective flower shoots per plant (each season 4-6 flower shoots vs. 2-4 shoots in soil), shortened the flowering cycle by 8 days, and exhibited stronger plant growth vigor. In conclusion, substrate cultivation optimizes the rhizosphere microbial structure, increases the abundance of beneficial microbes, and facilitates precise nutrient supply, making it more suitable for the high and stable yield of cut roses. These findings provide a scientific basis for cultivation mode selection, rhizosphere regulation, and precise fertigation management. Future research may focus on multi-cultivar validation and the application of functional microbial communities.

This paper elaborated on the inherent mechanism of the modernization development of cold chain logistics from 3 dimensions: technological iteration, factor reallocation, and systemic coordination. It analyzed the key links that need to be focused on in its development and proposed implementation pathways. The inherent mechanism of the modernization development of agricultural product cold chain logistics includes the integration of digital and intelligent technologies driving industrial upgrading, the optimal allocation of production factors enhancing service efficiency, and the construction of an integrated supply chain supporting the sustainable development of the industry. The current industry is facing several practical challenges, including insufficient cold chain infrastructure, unbalanced allocation among regions and across various supply chain links, slow progress in agricultural digital transformation, and an incomplete cold chain standard system. Based on this, implementation pathways are proposed from 3 aspects: technological innovation, platform upgrading, and institutional improvement. These include promoting cold chain technology innovation and iteration through the introduction of intelligent facilities and equipment such as IoT sensors and blockchain traceability systems; advancing full-chain digital transformation to strengthen cross-entity network collaboration efficiency and build an urban-rural integrated cold chain data platform; and improving the policy support system, including strengthening cold chain infrastructure network construction, optimizing tax subsidy mechanisms, and perfecting industry standards and specifications. This paper provides a reference for the modernization development of agricultural product cold chain logistics.

To investigate the application effects of three types of fuel-roasting houses in the Hanzhong tobacco region, this study compared and analyzed the baking costs, baking characteristics, economic traits, and ecological effects of firewood, coal, and biomass fuel. The results indicated that, without considering equipment costs, the baking cost of biomass fuel was the lowest, with a single kang smoke baking cost of 1 755.80 yuan; the baking performance was good, with precise temperature control, less loss of tobacco leaves after baking, and a high proportion of orange smoke. In terms of economic traits, biomass fuel with a proportion of 56.20% for high quality tobacco and 96.52% for medium to high quality tobacco; the average price is relatively high, and the net output value was significantly higher than that of firewood and coal fuel ovens, with an increase of 1 677.28 yuan and 4 405.53 yuan/kang, respectively. The emission of pollutant gases and particulate matter from biomass fuel was relatively small, and it has good ecological benefits. In summary, the promotion of biomass fuel in Hanzhong tobacco producing areas has achieved good economic and ecological benefits. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of biomass fuel.

To explore an effective rodent control model, 2 technical training sessions on rodent control were held in 2024 (Wangjiaba Village, Sunjiaba Town, trial site 1) and 2025 (Zhaxi Village, Sunjiaba Town, trial Site 2) respectively, with a total of 60 trainees; training was carried out through participatory and interactive methods, and the pre-training and post-training test results, satisfaction, implementation of quality control indicators, and the use of bait stations for rodent control of the trainees were investigated to further analyze the training effect of rodent control technology, the results of which showed that after the training in 2024 and 2025, the correct rates of the trainees were 83.67% and 84.33% respectively, which were higher than those before the training; the satisfaction rate of the trainees in the 2 technical training sessions on rodent control was 100%, all of whom were very satisfied, and many trainees suggested that “more such trainings should be held”; among the 42 quality control indicators of the 2 training sessions, the total number of indicators marked as “Yes” was 76, accounting for 90.48%, indicating that the quality control indicators were generally well controlled; compared with before the training, the number of trainees using bait stations increased significantly, among which, in trial site 1, the usage rates of bait station rodent control methods in residential areas and agricultural areas increased by 60.00 and 40.00 percentage points respectively, while in trial site 2, the usage rates in residential areas and agricultural areas increased by 66.67 and 43.33 percentage points respectively. In conclusion, rodent control training achieved remarkable effects in the study area, improved the level of rodent control. This paper provides a practical reference for the integrated rodent control in relevant areas.

The paper aims to address the current issues of growth age and rhizosphere soil community structure of wild Dendrobium denneanum. To explore the microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil of D. denneanum with different growth years, and the correlation between microbial community and effective components of medicinal materials and soil nutrients, four soil samples were set up, including the control group of untreated soil without D. denneanum (XCK), and the rhizosphere soil of D. denneanum grown for 2 years (A2), 3 years (A3), and 4 years (A4). High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community structure, while the contents of polysaccharides, phenols, extracts of D. denneanum and soil nutrients were determined. The results showed that with the extension of D. denneanum growth years, the richness and diversity of rhizosphere soil bacteria first decreased and then increased, whereas those of fungi first increased and then decreased. At the phylum level of bacteria, Proteobacteria had the highest relative abundance, with the proportion in A3 reaching 59.3%, which was the highest among all groups; followed by Bacteroidota which was most abundant in A4 (42.6%), and Acidobacteriota which was most abundant in XCK (11.9%). For fungi, Mortierellomycota was the dominant phylum, with the highest proportion in A2 (58.1%); Ascomycota was most abundant in XCK (52.9%); and Basidiomycota had the highest relative abundance in A3 (17.3%). Correlation analysis indicated that soil organic matter, humus, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and calcium were significantly correlated with the rhizosphere soil microbial community of D. denneanum. Meanwhile, fungal genera such as Mortierella, Trichoderma, Ilyonectria were significantly positively correlated with some effective components of D. denneanum. In conclusion, the growth years of D. denneanum had a significant impact on the species composition and diversity of its rhizosphere soil microbial community.

This article analyzed the current teaching situation in Pharmaceutical Botany course, and proposed targeted reform paths and safeguard measures. In the conventional teaching model, there is still considerable room for optimization in the integration of theory and practice, the diversification of teaching methods, the application of digital technology, and the balance of assessment methods for this course. Based on this, carrying out teaching reform of Pharmaceutical Botany is practically necessary. Accordingly, specific reform paths are proposed: in terms of teaching content, expanding basic content and integrating cutting-edge content; in teaching methods, forming a teaching system of “case-driven, project-based inquiry, and flipped interaction”; in practical teaching, relying on virtual simulation platforms to enrich practical resources and implementing a phased and normalized practice model; in assessment methods, constructing a diversified evaluation system of “process assessment + practical skill assessment + comprehensive project assessment”. Meanwhile, implementation safeguard strategies for teaching reform are put forward from the aspects of improving teachers’ digital capabilities, dynamically updating teaching resources, hardware support and establishing a diversified evaluation and continuous improvement mechanism for teaching quality. The practical results showed that after the reform, the average score of students’ curriculum practical skills assessment increased by 9 points compared with that before the reform, and 3 student teams were approved for the Provincial College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program; all 10 teachers in the curriculum team completed the special training on digital teaching ability and applied it to teaching practice. This paper provides a reference for improving the teaching quality of Pharmaceutical Botany and innovating the training model of traditional Chinese medicine talents.

To improve the teaching effectiveness of the course Horticultural Facility Engineering, this study constructed a teaching reform strategy for the course from four dimensions: teaching objectives, teaching content, teaching model, and assessment methods. In terms of teaching objectives, it clarified three-dimensional training requirements for knowledge, ability, and quality, focusing on students’ mastery of interdisciplinary knowledge, improvement of equipment selection capabilities, and cultivation of comprehensive literacy. In terms of teaching content, it added knowledge points on horticultural facilities in representative regions, introduced interdisciplinary knowledge, launched in-class experiments, and integrated ideological and political elements, so as to realize the coordinated development of knowledge imparting, ability training, and value guidance. In terms of teaching model, it implemented online-offline blended teaching and established a complete teaching process of “pre-class guidance, in-class support, after-class consolidation, and mutual learning in flipped classrooms”. In terms of assessment methods, it reconstructed a process-oriented evaluation system and adopted an online-offline combined assessment model to comprehensively examine students’ knowledge mastery and practical application abilities. The reform practice showed that the course had been successively awarded as a university-level first-class course and funded by a provincial education reform project in the past three years. More than 85% of students recognized the course, the relationship between “teaching and learning” had been effectively transformed, and students’ professional literacy, practical ability and innovative thinking had all been significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant courses.

To optimize the teaching model of the Plant Physiology course, this paper constructed an online-offline hybrid teaching scheme for the course. The scheme was divided into 3 stages: pre-class preparation, in-class learning, and post-class expansion. Before class, a localized learning database was built based on chaoxing learning platform, high quality MOOC resources were integrated, and micro-lectures and a layered question bank were developed. An AI teaching assistant was used to realize precise preview guidance, forming a resource closed loop of “resource screening – customized development – feedback optimization”. During the in-class stage, a two-way interactive model between teachers and students was adopted. Combined with case elicitation, group discussion and interactive functions of the chaoxing learning platform, it strengthened the in-depth internalization of knowledge. Taking the chapter of photosynthesis as an example, the teaching process was optimized with a focus on ability cultivation. After class, frontier newsletters and layered exercises were delivered. Accurate assessment was realized through the AI teaching assistant and the learning platform, forming a complete post-class teaching closed loop. Meanwhile, a three-level resource matrix of “textbook – extension – frontier” was established, and a diversified evaluation system was set up in which process assessment and final examination each accounted for 50%. Teaching practice showed that after the implementation of the scheme, the average score of the final examination for students enrolled in 2022–2023 increased from 75.10 to 81.94, the excellence rate rose by 20.81%, and the frequency of in-class interaction increased by 53%. Students’ ability to understand and apply professional knowledge, autonomous learning ability and scientific research thinking were significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the hybrid teaching reform of relevant courses for agriculture-related majors.

To grasp the evolution characteristics of land use structure within the Henan water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, using remote sensing images from 1990-2021, the fractal theory was adopted to analyze the changes in various land use areas and the stability of spatial structure, to reveal the transformation and evolution laws of land use structure. The results were as following. During 1990-2021, the areas of cultivated land, shrub land, grassland and unused land had generally decreased, while the areas of forest land, water areas and construction land had shown increasing trend; the average area of patches had been increasing overall, from 1990-2021, it increased by 0.052 square kilometers; the average area of patches in cultivated land, forest land, water area, unused land and construction land had increased, while that in shrub land and grassland had decreased; human activities were the main factor triggering change of land use types in the basin and the overall fractal dimensions in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2021 were 1.4038, 1.3805, 1.3660 and 1.3580, respectively, showing gradually decreasing trend, indicating that the land use structure was tending to be orderly; the corresponding stability index gradually increased from 0.0962 to 0.1420, but the stability was not high and it was easily affected by external factors. In the future, land use planning of the basin, artificial controls should be implemented to reduce the fractal dimension of land use structure and enhance its stability.

To address the weak alignment between talent cultivation in Land Resource Management and industry demands, this study took the major as a case and adopted questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews for empirical research. Results revealed that the cultivation of professional talents should focus on four key aspects: the adaptability of curriculum content to industry needs, the coordination mechanism between practical teaching and industrial resources, the connection channels between teaching staff and industrial practice, as well as the supporting system for scientific research and innovation and entrepreneurship.Accordingly, this study constructed a four-dimensional collaborative training framework of “integration of industry, university, research and innovation”, and put forward optimization strategies from four aspects: restructuring the curriculum system, innovating the school-enterprise cooperation mechanism, building an ecosystem for teachers’ professional development, and reconstructing innovation and entrepreneurship education. Specifically, the strategies included establishing a curriculum optimization model of “demand identification–module design–dynamic update”, constructing a school-enterprise double-helix collaboration model of “resource coupling–benefit sharing–risk sharing”, creating a teacher improvement system of “individual empowerment–organizational support–environmental incentive”, and designing an innovation and entrepreneurship training path of “empathy mapping–prototype iteration–value verification”. The reform practice showed that the matching rate between courses and industrial technical standards was increased by 37%, school-enterprise resources were deeply integrated, and the proportion of graduates preferentially recruited by enterprises reached 34.5%. The proportion of dual-qualified teachers rose from 50% to 80%, and industry-funded projects increased by 2.4 times. Students’ participation in competitions and scientific research was significantly improved, the employment rate was raised by 3%, and the relevance of graduates to professional positions increased from 85% to 90%. This paper provided a reference for the optimization of talent training models for the Land Resource Management major.

This paper analyzed the impacts of lightning disasters on maize cultivation in Xing’an League, Inner Mongolia, and proposed targeted lightning protection measures. The results showed that direct lightning strikes on maize plants cause direct physical injuries (leaf burn, stem breakage, etc.) and physiological damage (cell membrane damage, hormone imbalance). In addition, Lightning and heavy precipitation accompanied by lightning may destroy soil structure, indirectly change soil conditions in the field, provide access for pests and diseases, and damage agricultural facilities such as water pumps, pipelines and transformers. On this basis, specific lightning protection measures were proposed: establishing an advanced monitoring system and improving the early warning and release mechanism to enhance lightning monitoring and early warning capability; carrying out publicity and education activities and professional training to strengthen the popularization of lightning protection knowledge; scientifically selecting planting areas and reasonably adjusting planting density to optimize maize planting distribution; providing plant support and fixation, strengthening pest control and field management; installing lightning arresters and grounding systems to improve farmland lightning protection facilities. This paper provides a reference for lightning disaster reduction in maize cultivation.

The lack of elite cultivars is the bottleneck restricting the development of the Dipsacus asperoides cultivation industry. This study aims to screen high-quality provenances by collecting wild and cultivated D. asperoides plants from Yunnan and surrounding regions, and to clarify the distribution ratio and agronomic trait differences between white-anther and purple-anther plants in natural populations, thereby providing a theoretical basis for elite cultivar breeding and quality regulation of D. asperoides. Using 47 D. asperoides germplasm resources of different origins as materials, an experiment was conducted in the D. asperoides germplasm resource nursery of the Baoshan Agricultural Technology Extension Center using a randomized complete block design. By measuring 12 agronomic traits, including plant height, root diameter, and leaf area, combined with the determination of asperosaponin Ⅵ content via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), data were processed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis to systematically evaluate the quality of the germplasm resources and the trait differences associated with anther color. The results showed that the rootstock diameter of D. asperoides exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with root length, number of root branches, root diameter, and leaf area (P<0.01), among which the correlation with leaf area was the strongest (r=0.738). Among the 47 germplasms, Da03 (yield 4466.40 kg/hm², saponin content 8.75%), Da29 (yield 3447.45 kg/hm², saponin content 9.15%), and Da25 (yield 3489.45 kg/hm², saponin content 7.73%) demonstrated high-yield and high-content potential, whereas Da37 (yield 7955.85 kg/hm², saponin content 3.36%) was identified as a key breeding material with high yield but low active ingredient content. In the natural population, plants with purple anthers accounted for 84%, while those with white anthers accounted for 16%. The asperosaponin VI content of the former (5.42%) was significantly higher than that of the latter (3.94%, P<0.05), whereas the inflorescence length (30.70 cm) and width (30.54 cm) of the latter were significantly greater than those of the former (P<0.05). This study clarified the core screening indicators for high-quality D. asperoides germplasm and the trait characteristics associated with anther color. The selected elite germplasms can serve as parental materials for breeding high-yield and high-quality D. asperoides varieties. Furthermore, anther color markers provide an intuitive basis for the rapid evaluation of germplasm quality, which holds significant practical importance for promoting the industrialization of D. asperoides cultivation and the conservation of its wild resources.

Lightning is one of the major meteorological disasters in the Xing’an League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and it has a severe impact on protected agriculture. This paper analyzed the characteristics of lightning activities in the study area from the perspective of temporal distribution, and summarized the hazards of lightning activities to facility agriculture, the deficiencies in the protection process, and the countermeasures for the construction of a protection system. From 2015 to 2024, the occurrence proportions of lightning activities in the study area in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 16.4%, 63.4%, 19.6% and 0.6% respectively, mainly concentrated in summer. Among them, lightning in spring mainly affects the timely sowing of crops; that in summer mainly influences crop photosynthesis and normal growth; that in autumn mainly impacts crop picking, transportation, storage and other links; and that in winter mainly affects off-season planting plans. Based on seasonal characteristics, the practice of lightning protection for protected agriculture in the study area needs to be further improved in terms of protection awareness, protection measures and systematicness of the protection system. Accordingly, the following measures for constructing a lightning protection system are proposed: establish a multi-dimensional publicity and education system and carry out precise skill training to eliminate misconceptions such as “natural lightning protection of metal structures” and “no need for protection due to low occurrence frequency”, and enhance protection awareness; apply intelligent lightning receptors and diversion devices, as well as high-performance shielding and surge protection equipment; establish an equipment linkage protection mechanism, strengthen remote monitoring and emergency response, and formulate comprehensive emergency plans to enhance the automatic system linkage. This paper provides a reference for the safe production of facility agriculture.

Based on the monitoring results data of the comprehensive forest and grassland ecological monitoring map blocks, this article classified the forest resources in the Yulong River Scenic Area of Yangshuo, Guangxi, and analyzed the value of the forest ecosystem services. This provides data support for the protection and management of the forest resources in this scenic area. The results showed that the origin of the tree-covered areas in this scenic area was mainly natural forests, and the area of public forests was larger than that of commercial forests; the tree species mainly consisted of other soft broad-leaved trees, accounting for 58.52% of the area of the tree-covered land. The tree forests were mainly distributed as young forests, middle-aged forests and mature forests, and the forest stands with a canopy density of 0.50 to 0.69 account for a relatively high proportion. The forest land is mainly composed of shrubland, accounting for 74.07% of the total forest area; among the tree species, the main type was stone mountain shrub forest, accounting for 92.86% of the shrubland area. The total value of the ecosystem services provided by the scenic area was 378.016 1 million yuan. The top three tree species that contribute the most to the value of the ecosystem services in the scenic area were stone mountain shrub forest, broad-leaved forest and pine forest, accounting for 53.17%, 22.94% and 9.87% of the total value respectively. The forest land resources in this scenic area are well protected. By focusing on forest ecological restoration and strengthening the publicity of forest land protection laws, regulations and policies, the awareness of forest land resource protection among the public has been further enhanced, and the ecosystem service functions of forest ecosystems have been continuously maintained and improved.

The study aimed to solve the ecological problems caused by the low added value of Laminaria japonica processing, the restriction of high-value use of fucoidan due to its structural characteristics and the abuse of chemical fertilizers in China, and to explore the application of L. japonica biodegradation technology and its products in agricultural field, so as to provide reference for the development of marine algal resources. The necessity and advantages of biodegradation were analyzed by summarizing the main components and structural characteristics of L. japonica; the biodegradation technology was elaborated, including the source, classification, structure and mechanism of action of fucoidan laccases, as well as the synergistic degradation methods of microbial fermentation and enzymatic degradation; and the application of the degradation products as biopromoter, antiretroviral inducer, soil conditioner and bacteriostat in agriculture were summarized. The application value of L. japonica biodegradation products in agriculture is remarkable, although there are challenges such as the unclear mechanism of action and the lack of industrial specifications. Through technological innovation and collaboration, it is expected to promote the development of green agriculture and provide an effective path for the high-value utilization of seaweeds.

This article reviewed the structural characteristics, skin care effects, and strategies for molecular agricultural expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). The functional domains of aFGF can be divided into the heparin-binding region, receptor-binding region and nuclear translocation region. In the field of skin care, aFGF has multiple biological functions such as promoting angiogenesis, accelerating skin injury repair, inhibiting scar formation and delaying skin aging. Currently, aFGF has been expressed in various expression systems including Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, insect cells, mammalian cells and plants, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of molecular agriculture to express cytokines such as aFGF has significant advantages such as being free of endotoxins, no pathogen contamination, and low production costs. Peptides that can penetrate cells, such as transdermal peptide 1 (TD1), can assist in the penetration of biological macromolecules through the skin barrier. By fusing aFGF with cell-penetrating peptides and constructing a recombinant protein, the transdermal efficiency of aFGF can be significantly enhanced. Arabidopsis thaliana has a high genetic transformation efficiency and a short growth cycle, making it an effective expression system for preparing fusion proteins. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as the expression system to prepare the fusion protein can provide an effective way to develop plant-based skin care ingredients containing aFGF. This article explores the feasibility of the strategy of using the TDP1-aFGF fusion protein, which combines the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cell-penetrating peptide TDP1 of the TD1 mutant type. This provides a reference for enhancing the transdermal ability of aFGF and expanding the application of molecular agriculture.

This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress on the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and novel fertilizers in tea cultivation, elucidating the practical effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of different fertilizer categories. The results showed: (1) In terms of chemical fertilizers, single-nutrient fertilizers exhibited rapid effects; however, their prolonged misuse could lead to soil acidification, compaction, and related issues. (2) In contrast, compound fertilizers with optimized nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratios enhanced tea yield and quality in a more balanced manner, with notable advances achieved on special compound fertilizer for specific varieties such as ‘Yinghong 9’ and ‘Jinguanyin’. (3) Regarding organic fertilizers, farmyard manure was shown to significantly improve soil structure and stimulate microbial activity. Bio-organic fertilizers optimized the rhizosphere microenvironment and increased soil enzyme activity through the introduction of functional microorganisms, thereby improving tea quality. Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers achieved synergistic benefits by combining rapid nutrient supply with long-term soil improvement. (4) This paper further examined the application mechanisms and potential of novel fertilizers: biological fertilizers utilized beneficial microorganisms to promote nutrient transformation and uptake, alleviating issues related to continuous cropping. Soil amendments (e.g., biochar and humic acid-based materials) targeted soil acidification and improved soil physicochemical properties. Water-soluble fertilizers demonstrated clear advantages in topdressing, especially in fertigation systems, owing to their high nutrient use efficiency and ease of application. Finally, the paper concluded that the synergistic application of different types of fertilizers was the core path of high quality and high yield of tea garden and soil health. Future research should be directed toward establishing a precision fertilization system based on integrated soil-plant diagnosis, developing region- and variety-adapted slow-release compound fertilizers, and functional organic-inorganic fertilizers, along with establishing evaluation standards for green fertilizers in tea gardens to foster high-quality development of the tea industry.