To understand the characteristics of pesticide application and reduction potential in Zongyang County, Anhui Province, an analysis was conducted based on field surveys and statistical data, employing descriptive statistics, structural decomposition, and trend analysis. The study examined the planting structure of major crops, the occurrence and management status of diseases, pests, weeds, and rodents, as well as the composition of pesticide application and its toxicity characteristics. The results showed that in 2024, the total planting area of major crops in the research area was 98 979.07 hm⊃2;, with rice and rapeseed being the primary crops. The annual occurrence area of diseases, pests, weeds, and rodents reached 184 833.33 hm⊃2;·times, with a control area of 447 413.33 hm⊃2;·times, recovering 56 996.49 tons of crop losses. Pesticide application continued to decline, totaling 150.06 t in 2024, a reduction of 7.57% compared to 2020. The pesticide structure was continuously optimized, with a decrease in the proportion of insecticides, an increase in fungicides, and herbicides remaining stable at approximately 51%-67%. Slightly toxic and low-toxicity pesticides accounted for 90.52% of the total, indicating an overall trend toward reduced toxicity in pesticide application. Correlation analysis revealed that changes in planting structure and the occurrence patterns of diseases and pests jointly influenced the pesticide application structure, while the promotion of green prevention and control technologies and specialized unified control were key drivers of pesticide reduction. Based on these findings, it is recommended to continue advancing efforts in “optimizing planting structures to reduce cross-risks of diseases and pests, strengthening disease and pest monitoring and early warning for precise control, and continuously improving the coverage of green prevention and control and specialized unified control.” These measures aim to further amplify the reduction effects of technology promotion and achieve coordinated optimization of planting structures, disease and pest management, and pesticide application.

Based on typical cases of smart agriculture in Anhui Province, this article systematically analyzed the current status of digital applications, the areas that need improvement, and provided targeted recommendations. In the study area, certain achievements have been made in the digital transformation of field planting, facility cultivation, livestock and poultry breeding, and aquaculture through measures such as the construction of high-standard farmland demonstration areas with integrated water and fertilizer management, and the establishment of a “six-in-one” (industrial layout, IoT monitoring, pest and disease identification, fertilizer and water control, safety traceability, and online sales) digital system. However, in the process of practical application, there is room for improvement in data sharing, depth of technology application, investment mechanism and return, and talent development. Based on this, the following development suggestions are proposed: establish a unified agricultural production service platform to integrate agricultural-related data and improve the accuracy and utilization of data resources; create an innovation ecosystem of “demand-oriented-collaborative research-service penetration”to promote the transformation of technological achievements; establish diversified financing channels to reduce costs for agricultural producers and increase their enthusiasm for applying information technologies; and build a coordinated talent training system of “introduce-cultivate-utilize” to cultivate compound talents who understand both agricultural knowledge and information technology. This article provides a reference for the development of smart agriculture in relevant regions.

This article analyzed the current situation of the forest-based economic development in Tongling City, Anhui Province and the aspects that need improvement, and proposed targeted countermeasures. The forest-based economic development of this region is in a good state and has formed a diversified pattern mainly consisting of forest-based planting, breeding, forest health care and ecological tourism. However, its development still requires key attention in terms of industrial scale, production methods, technological support, brand building and industrial integration. Based on this, the following measures are proposed: actively introduce and cultivate new types of business entities, promote the “enterprise + base + cooperative + farmer” development model; increase support for technological research and development, build a big data management platform for the forest-based economy; improve infrastructure for industrial development; strengthen the construction of grassroots forestry stations and the training of staff; enhance brand cultivation and market promotion, and expand product sales channels. Through these measures, the forest-based economy in the study area will be pushed towards a direction of scale, standardization and branding, with the aim of providing a reference for the high quality development of forest-based economy in relevant regions.

To improve the quality of course teaching and students’ core competencies, this study proposed and implemented 4 teaching reform measures targeting weaknesses in the Medicinal Botanycourse, including fragmented knowledge modules, insufficient practical teaching, low classroom participation, and inadequate integration of professional education and ideological-political education. A four-level knowledge system was constructed: cell–organ–individual-population. Based on plant developmental biology and secondary metabolism theories, the reform systematically integrated knowledge through dimensional teaching and typical case demonstrations. A three-dimensional practical training platform of “VR simulation–field practice–enterprise internship” was established, which strengthened students’ practical application abilities via virtual simulation experiments, field collection and investigation, and full-process enterprise internships. A mixed teaching model of case-driven, problem-oriented, multimedia-assisted was innovatively adopted to enhance classroom interaction and student engagement by combining case teaching, heuristic inquiry, and intuitive multimedia presentation. The concept of a community of shared future for Chinese medicinal materials resources was integrated, and an ideological-political integration path of “cultural identity–scientific spirit–social responsibility” was constructed to realize the organic integration of professional education and value guidance. Practice showed that students’ scientific research literacy, practical ability, and employment competitiveness were greatly improved. The number of approved college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship projects, as well as the employment rate and further education rate of graduates, increased significantly. This study provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant traditional Chinese medicine courses.

To address the areas for improvement in the teaching mode, experimental content, pre-class preparation, and assessment methods of the current Cell Biology Experiment course, this study analyzed the present teaching situation and carried out teaching reform practices based on actual teaching conditions. The reform focused on 4 aspects: enriching teaching modes, optimizing experiment content, strengthening pre-class preparation, and improving assessment standards. Specifically, laboratory hardware facilities were upgraded and network resources were used to expand learning dimensions. The teaching plan was revised according to the key and difficult points of the theoretical course, and 9 experiment items, including mitochondrial supravital staining and observation, were optimized, covering confirmative, comprehensive and research-oriented experiments. The procedures of reagent preparation, material preparation and instrument debugging were standardized, students were guided to participate in pre-class preparation, and safety specifications were strengthened. A diversified assessment system combining process evaluation and outcome evaluation was constructed with clear quantitative scoring standards. Teaching practice showed that the reform achieved phased results. A total of 23 college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs were approved. The experiment teaching and assessment system was gradually improved, which effectively enhanced students’ experimental operation ability, innovative practice ability and course satisfaction. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of Cell Biology and related experiment courses in similar agricultural universities.

Based on the conventional experimental teaching status of the course Introduction to Biotechnology and Experiment, and targeting the needs for improvement in the curriculum system, teaching model, evaluation criteria, and integration of ideological and political education, this study discussed the restructuring of the curriculum system, innovation of teaching model, optimization of evaluation methods, and integration of ideological and political elements. It established a new online-offline blended experimental teaching system and proposed targeted reform strategies. In the reform practice, the research team constructed a modular online learning platform and integrated diversified resources such as standardized operation videos and 3D dynamic demonstration animations to form a complete online learning system. It developed a progressive offline experimental teaching mode, adopted a teacher-student dual-subject strategy and diversified teaching methods, and strengthened students’ dominant position and inquiry ability. A dynamic evaluation system covering the whole experimental process was set up, and a comprehensive assessment with 30% online and 70% offline components was adopted to achieve objective and comprehensive evaluation. Ideological and political elements were organically integrated with professional knowledge to enhance the educational effect. Teaching practice showed that the reform was widely recognized by students, with 96.6% of them agreeing that the model contributes to knowledge construction. The course was successively awarded university-level first-class undergraduate course in 2023 and provincial and ministerial-level first-class undergraduate course in 2024, which effectively improved students’ comprehensive literacy. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of related experimental courses.

To address problems existing in parts of the course Soil Resource Survey and Cartography, such as the untimely update of teaching content and the need for optimization of practical teaching, this paper took the course as the research object, constructed an online-offline blended teaching mode, and proposed targeted teaching reform strategies from the aspects of updating course content, strengthening practical teaching, and establishing a three-dimensional evaluation system of “Cognition-Ability-Affection”. The study optimized and restructured the teaching content by constructing a course knowledge graph, adding theoretical review sessions, and integrating geographic information system and remote sensing technologies. It adopted a teaching mode of “brief theoretical instruction plus practice-oriented learning”, highlighted the dominant position of students, and designed exploratory practical tasks. A diversified comprehensive evaluation mechanism was established, which combined teacher evaluation, team mutual evaluation and self-evaluation. The practical results showed that the highest comprehensive score of the course reached 99 in the 2022-2023 academic year, and the average score was 91 in the 2023-2024 academic year. A complete online teaching resource system had been built for the course, and students’ classroom participation and independent learning ability had been significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

This article summarizes the efficient strawberry plastic greenhouse substrate bare-root seedling cultivation technology from aspects such as facilities and equipment, variety selection and mother seedling transplantation, seedling management, disease and pest control, planting out, etc. The production facilities should be selected as those with excellent conditions, such as asymmetrical double-layer plastic greenhouses. The outer layer should be covered with shading nets, and the inner layer should be laid with plastic films. Reasonable seedbeds and mother seedling cultivation troughs should be set up, and drip irrigation belts should be properly laid. Optimal seedling substrates with good physical and chemical properties should be selected. It is preferable to select varieties with high yield, excellent quality, and strong resistance to diseases and environmental stresses, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, Tianxianzui, etc. Thoroughly disinfect the seedlings, and the mother seedlings should be transplanted during the rainy days or sunny evenings in the early March to early April. Precisely control temperature, light, and water and fertilizer supply, appropriately apply bixin or gibberellin to promote the emergence of prostrate stems. The control of pests and diseases follows the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive control”. Agricultural control measures (such as removing diseased plants and weeds in the field) and physical control measures (such as using yellow or blue boards for trapping) are given priority. Chemical control measures (proper application of chemical agents and attention to the safe interval period) are supplemented. When transplanting, ensure that the seedlings have sufficient flower bud differentiation. During storage and transportation, pre-cooling treatment should be carried out and cold chain transportation should be adopted to guarantee the quality of the seedlings. This article provides a reference for the efficient cultivation of strawberry seedlings in bare-root form using plastic greenhouse substrates.

To explore the effect of biodegradable film on maize growth, this experiment was conducted from June to October 2024 at a farm in Yangqu County, Shanxi Province. The maize variety Nongkeyu 368 was used as the material, and 3 treatments were set up: no film covering (NM), ordinary film covering (OM), and biodegradable film covering (BM). The growth, photosynthesis, and yield performance of maize under different film covering were compared and analyzed. The results showed that compared with OM, BM treatment increased maize plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, and single plant dry matter mass by 0.95%, 2.60%, 3.12%, and 6.77%, respectively. In terms of photosynthesis, compared with OM,BM treatment significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of maize ear position leaves during the silk emergence stage (P<0.05), while reducing the intercellular CO₂ concentration (P<0.05). In terms of yield, compared with OM treatment, BM treatment reduced maize bald tip length by 34.74%, and increased grain number per row, hundred grain weight, and yield by 2.77%, 0.63%, and 6.95%, respectively. In summary, biodegradable film has a good promoting effect on corn growth and can replace ordinary plastic film in production practice.

This study reviewed the technical architecture, irrigation methods of intelligent irrigation systems and their applications during the entire growth period of rice. Intelligent irrigation technology is collaboratively composed of a perception layer, a transmission layer, a decision-making layer, and an execution layer. It realizes intelligent management of rice irrigation by integrating irrigation big data and relying on a cloud platform to jointly implement precise irrigation operations. Common irrigation methods include sprinkler irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation, etc., and the efficient utilization of water and fertilizer resources is realized through the integration of water and fertilizer technology. The technology can improve soil aeration during the rice transplanting stage, promote water absorption by seedling roots and facilitate seedling growth; realize shallow flooding irrigation and precisely control the irrigation frequency during the seedling regreening stage; real-timely collect parameters such as paddy water level and soil moisture during the tillering stage, and intelligently determine the timing of supplementary irrigation and the initiation time of field drying by combining the growth monitoring data of rice tillering process; accurately analyze the water demand threshold during the jointing and booting stage to match the water demand for rice panicle development, thereby improving the irrigation water use efficiency; precisely control the irrigation depth during the heading, flowering and maturity stages, remotely monitor the water consumption of electromechanical wells and field conditions in the project area, and stop irrigation timely. This study provides a reference for the efficient utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture in agricultural production.

This research summarized and analyzed the impacts of heavy precipitation weather on maize production，including its effects on maize growth and development，yield and quality，as well as the occurrence and prevalence of pests and diseases，and proposed corresponding countermeasures. Heavy precipitation weather can delay the growth and development process of maize，increase the risk of plant lodging and leaf damage，and reduce grain yield and quality by decreasing the number of grains per ear and the thousand-kernel weight. It also affects the content of starch and crude protein in the grains，increases the impurity content in the grains，and raises the risk of pest and disease occurrence and transmission. Based on these findings，the following countermeasures are proposed：selecting stress-resistant varieties;implementing scientific layout measures such as replacing crops with waterlogging-tolerant varieties in low-lying areas, adopting ridge planting or wide-narrow row planting, adjusting the sowing date to avoid sensitive growth stages, and optimizing population structure to improve ventilation and reduce humidity；strengthening field management，including timely drainage，scientific fertilization，and integrated pest management；and enhancing support and safeguard measures. This paper provides a reference for enhancing the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of maize production and ensuring the safety of maize production.

Based on wind speed data from 185 stations in Nanchong, Sichuan Province from March 2023 to February 2024, and maximum wind speed data from 7 national basic meteorological stations from 2004 to 2024, this study analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of maximum wind speeds in this area and estimates the maximum wind speeds using two methods: the extreme value type Ⅰ distribution and the P-Ⅲ distribution. The results showed that (1) wind speed distribution in the study area is uneven, and strong wind events mostly occur in spring and summer; (2) the mean maximum wind speeds at the 7 stations range from 13.826 to 19.737 m/s, with significant differences; the northwest region experiences higher wind speeds due to topography; (3) estimates using the extreme value type I distribution indicated that the 15-year, 30-year, and 50-year maximum wind speeds at the 7 stations were 18.574–25.411, 20.182–27.909, and 21.352–29.727 m/s, respectively; (4) estimates using the P-Ⅲdistribution showed that the 15-year, 30-year, and 50-year maximum wind speeds at the 7 stations are 18.907–25.934, 19.563–28.522, and 20.388–29.673 m/s, respectively; (5) comparative analysis indicates that the difference between the estimated results of the 2 methods is approximately 1 m/s, indicating a small discrepancy. This study provides a reference for the early warning and prevention of strong wind meteorological disasters in relevant regions.

Questionnaire surveys and field interviews were adopted to analyze the current situation and deficiencies in the dissemination of lightning disaster early warning information in rural areas of Xing’an League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and targeted paths for improving dissemination efficiency were proposed. At present, the dissemination channels of lightning disaster early warning information in the study area include traditional media such as radio and television, modern technologies including mobile phone short messages and WeChat, as well as manual communication. Among them, manual communication (81.4%), mobile phone short messages (70.4%) and radio (43.6%) show relatively high information reception rates. In terms of understanding level, 35% of residents can fully understand the lightning disaster early warning information, 50% can basically understand it, and 15% have poor understanding. The above situation is closely related to the coordination of dissemination methods, the professionalism of dissemination content, and the improvement of dissemination guarantee mechanisms. Accordingly, suggestions are put forward from the dimensions of integrating dissemination channels, optimizing dissemination content and strengthening guarantee mechanisms. Specifically, the timeliness and accuracy of early warning information dissemination can be improved by strengthening the integration of professional meteorological websites, WeChat and other channels, and standardizing information supervision. The comprehensibility and pertinence of early warning information can be enhanced by adopting popular language, visualized information presentation and targeted content. Improve the guarantee mechanism for early warning information can be promoted by improving infrastructure construction, expanding funding sources, upgrading professional quality of personnel, and strengthening inter-departmental collaboration. This paper provides a reference for improving the dissemination efficiency of lightning disaster early warning information and enhancing the capability of lightning disaster prevention in relevant areas.

Based on the data from the high-density observation network and ERA5 reanalysis data in Zhongwei, Ningxia, from 2009 to 2023, this study systematically analyzed the upper-level circulation patterns and surface meteorological element characteristics of spring frost weather in this region, and established a frost forecasting indicators system. The results were as follows, (1) a total of 30 spring frost events occurred in the study area during 2009–2023. The upper-level circulation patterns can be divided into three types: transverse-trough turning vertical (50%), zonal circulation (30%), and trough-ridge eastward movement (20%). (2) Frost days exhibit typical radiation-advection mixed characteristics: controlled by high pressure, low humidity, scarce cloud cover, weak winds and prevailing northerly winds. (3) When high pressure (≥881.5 hPa), low humidity (≤33%), strong wind (≥4 m/s) with persistent northerly wind appear at 14:00 on the day before frost, combined with a low-temperature background (daily minimum temperature ≤5.3 ℃), the probability of frost on the next day increases. (4) The typical model for spring frost in the study area is upper-level cold advection + strong surface high pressure + dry and cold northerly wind, which is applicable to the short-term forecast and early warning of spring radiation-advection mixed frost. The frost forecast index system established in this paper has important application value for agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation.

This article took the Anhui Yingzhou West Lake Provincial Nature Reserve as the research object, analyzing the aspects that need improvement in the resource protection and management of this area, and proposing specific countermeasures. The study area has a profound cultural heritage, a rich variety of flora and fauna, and outstanding scientific research and protection value. In the practice of resource protection and management, it still faces many challenges in three aspects: human activities interference, biological resource utilization, and the guarantee of management strength. Based on this, the research proposed measures such as optimizing functional zoning, adhering to the principle of mainly relying on natural restoration while combining with artificial restoration, strengthening wetland protection and restoration; implementing an ecological compensation mechanism to guide farmers to develop main agricultural models such as intercropping of forests, grains, fruits, and medicines; selecting plant resources with value for development and utilization, and supporting environmentally friendly business activities; scientifically designing tourism routes, and constructing ecological tourism methods; strengthening cooperation in management, optimizing management models, and exploring diversified financing channels, etc. The aim is to provide a reference for the sustainable development of relevant protected areas.

A survey of wild woody plant resources in the Taihang Mountain area of Western Xingtai was conducted using line transect and quadrat methods. A systematic analysis was conducted on the basic composition of families and genera of wild woody plants, the floristic geographical components and the types of resource utilization. The results showed that there were 193 species of wild woody plants in 97 genera and 50 families in this area. Among them, there were 11 species of gymnosperms in 3 families, 7 genera, and 182 species of angiosperms in 47 families, 90 genera, with angiosperms being the dominant group. From the species composition perspective, at the family level, medium and small families as well as single-species families occupy the dominant position in the regional flora, accounting for 73.19% of the total number of families and 58.55% of the total number of species. They have a significant quantitative advantage. At the genus level, small genera and single-species genera constitute the main body of the woody plant flora in the study area, accounting for 94.85% of the total number of families and 78.75% of the total number of species, playing a leading role in the construction of the regional flora. From the wild woody plant flora in the area, there are 9 distribution types at the family level, with temperate components (19 families) and tropical components (15 families) accounting for 38% and 30% respectively; at the genus level, there are 13 distribution types, with tropical components (25 genera) and temperate components (62 genera) accounting for 25.77% and 63.92% of the distribution types, respectively. It showed obvious temperate properties, mainly composed of northern temperate components, but also with the presence of pantropical components. The geographical composition of the flora was complex. Based on the use of plant resources, the wild woody resource plants in the research area were divided into 6 types: medicinal, timber, chemical, edible, feed, and ornamental plants. Among them, ornamental plants (124 species from 72 genera in 41 families) and medicinal plants (114 species from 78 genera in 40 families) were the most important components of resource plants in the region, with high development potential. Wild woody plant resources should be appropriately developed and utilized on the basis of protection. This paper provides a reference for the protection and sustainable utilization of wild woody plant resources in this area.

This paper systematically reviewed the recent research progress of geometric morphometrics (GM) in botany, and summarized its application fields and research trends. At the technical level, GM, centered on landmarks and semi-landmarks combined with Procrustes analysis and multivariate statistics, achieves standardized description and reproducible comparison of plant morphology. At the application level, GM is widely used in plant classification and identification (e.g., distinguishing closely related Quercus species, identifying Photinia hybrids, discriminating Castanea mollissima cultivars and Cuscuta seeds), morphological modeling and mathematical analysis (e.g., fitting bamboo leaf shapes with the Gielis equation, topological analysis of Sagittaria leaf venation), as well as agricultural, ecological, and genetic research (e.g., assessing tea plant pest damage, analyzing leaf shape plasticity along altitudinal gradients, exploring soil nutrient-morphology correlations, and QTL mapping). At the research trend level, GM is advancing towards multi-omics integration and interdisciplinary applications, demonstrating significant potential in paleobotany, biomechanics, and bionics. This paper indicated that GM, with its high precision, reproducibility, and multi-scale integration capabilities, is propelling plant morphological research from empirical description towards a synergistic “morphology-gene-environment” analysis, providing scientific support for plant taxonomy, ecological adaptation studies, and precision agricultural management.

This paper reviewed the current status of agricultural plant quarantine work in Wujin District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, analyzed the difficulties and challenges it faced, and proposed corresponding optimization strategies. The study area has a suitable climate, high demand for the transport of agricultural and forestry seeds and plant products, which may pose a certain risk of invasion by agricultural quarantine pests. The plant quarantine work in this region requires further improvement in areas such as personnel team development, transportation supervision models, and the capacity and quality of pest monitoring. At the same time, plant quarantine work faces objective challenges, including pest introduction, and the need to enhance the capacity for joint prevention and control. Based on these findings, strategies are proposed, including strengthening quarantine institutions and optimizing team development; enhancing collaboration with seed departments to reasonably utilize seed registration data; increasing the intensity of plant quarantine publicity and enhance the awareness of the significance of plant quarantine work; improving support capabilities to enhance monitoring and control levels; strengthening supervision of e-commerce and logistics industries to regulate the transportation of goods subject to inspection; and establishing joint prevention and control mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of pest management. This paper provides a reference for the implementation of grassroots agricultural plant quarantine work.

This paper systematically reviewed the effects of continuous flue-cured tobacco cultivation on the soil, flue-cured tobacco growth, and leaf yield and quality, and the improvement measures for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles were summarized. It was found that continuous flue-cured tobacco cultivation led to an imbalance of soil nutrient elements, soil compaction, a decline in microbial community diversity, aggravated pests and diseases, and delayed nitrogen conversion and organic matter decomposition. Consequently, the growth and development of tobacco plants were affected, and both the yield and intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves were reduced. In response to the above impacts, corresponding improvement measures were proposed. First, rotation and intercropping were implemented. By rotating with crops such as rice and maize, or intercropping with Isatis indigotica, soil structure was improved, pests and diseases were reduced, and an integrated “tobacco + N” industrial development model was established. Second, soil testing and formulated fertilization were adopted. Based on soil tests, fertilizers were scientifically proportioned to enhance fertilizer use efficiency and tobacco leaf quality. Third, winter ploughing and sun-drying were conducted. Through deep ploughing in winter and subsequent freeze-thaw action, soil clods were broken, permeability was increased, pests were killed, and organic matter decomposition was promoted. Fourth, organic fertilizers such as green manure and oilseed cake were applied. These amendments improved soil physicochemical properties, increased organic matter and nutrient content, and enhanced enzyme activity and microbial activity. Fifth, soil conditioners were used to regulate soil pH, increase nutrients, and improve soil structure. This review provides a reference for the sustainable production of flue-cured tobacco.

To explore efficient and sustainable strategies for preventing and controlling apple pest mites, a field trial was conducted in an apple plantation with cinnamon soil in Changzhi, Shanxi Province. 4 treatments were established: release of predatory mites alone (Neoseiulus californicus 30 000 heads/hm²), application of pesticides alone (43% bifenazate 5 mL+1.8% abamectin 15 mL, 3 000 fold dilution solution), integrated control combining predatory mites and pesticides, and a blank control. The number of pest mites, pest reduction rate, leaf damage, and prevention and control costs of each treatment were analyzed. The results showed that the integrated control group had the lowest number of pest mites, at 0.9 heads per leaf, which was 76.3% and 65.4% lower than the predatory mites alone group and the pesticides alone group, respectively. The pest population reduction rate reached 95.2%. The leaf damage rate was only 5.6%, 5.8 and 12.6 percentage points lower than that of the pesticides alone group and the predatory mites alone group, respectively. Cost analysis indicated that the total cost of integrated control was 1 574 yuan/hm², higher than that of the predatory mites alone group (1 262 yuan/hm²) and the pesticides alone group (841 yuan/hm²), but its overall pest control effectiveness was optimal. The study demonstrated that the synergistic effect of predatory mites and pesticides could achieve short-term rapid pest control and long-term ecological balance maintenance, providing a reference for green pest control of apple mites.

This paper systematically analyzed the basic conditions and utilization characteristics of agricultural land resources in Wuhu City, Anhui Province, and put forward countermeasures for improving agricultural land quality. The agricultural land in this region mainly includes paddy soil, yellow-brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil, purple soil and part of sandy soil, with obvious differences between the north and the south. The overall distribution of agricultural land resources is characterized by “more in the north and less in the south, concentrated in plains and scattered in hills”. Through a series of measures such as promoting the integrated development of agricultural mechanization and modern agricultural technology, developing leisure agriculture and protected agriculture, adjusting the cropping system and optimizing the rotation layout, the study area has improved the utilization efficiency of agricultural land resources, diversified the planting structure, raised the multiple cropping index, and enhanced the comprehensive output value and additional benefits of agricultural land. However, the regulation of quality differences, the evolution of soil physical and chemical properties, the improvement of protection mechanisms, and the training of professional talents still need to be further strengthened. On this basis, this paper proposed a series of countermeasures for agricultural land quality improvement, including: strengthening the classification and dynamic monitoring of agricultural land quality by improving the evaluation index system and accelerating the construction of an integrated mechanism of “field investigation - system calculation - dynamic evaluation”; promoting agricultural land fertility improvement and green restoration by popularizing green agricultural technologies and implementing the agricultural land rotation and fallow system; innovating the agricultural land protection mechanism by establishing a long-term mechanism and strengthening land use control and dynamic monitoring; and guiding scientific and technological support and talent participation by strengthening agricultural scientific and technological innovation and introducing & cultivating agricultural talents. This paper provides a reference for improving agricultural land quality and realizing the sustainable development of agriculture.

Soil quality is a key factor influencing the yield and quality of crops. Organic matter declines, and microbial communities are imbalanced, compost, as a soil amendment rich in organic matter and beneficial microorganisms, has attracted much attention in its application research. This review summarized and analyzed the effects of compost on soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and enzyme activities. The application of compost can significantly increase soil organic matter content, improve soil aggregate structure and pH, enhance cation exchange capacity, and boost the supply of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Furthermore, by providing nutrients and improving the soil micro-environment, compost promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria) and fungi (e.g., Ascomycota, Basidiomycota), increases soil microbial diversity, and inhibits pathogenic microorganisms. It also enhances the activities of key soil enzymes such as β-glucosidase, urease, and acid phosphatase, thereby driving nutrient cycling and improving soil biological fertility and ecological function. Additionally, compost also helps achieve the resource utilization of agricultural waste. This review provides a reference for the promotion and application of compost in agricultural soil improvement and sustainable agricultural development.

To analyze the application of flower border plants in municipal roads in Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, this paper selected 103 municipal road border plants in this area as the research objects. Through on-site investigation, the composition of plant life forms, application frequency and ornamental characteristics of the flower border plants were systematically analyzed. The results showed that there were a total of 221plant species in the municipal road landscape gardens in the study area, belonging to 68 families and 144 genera. The perennial type landscape was the main type, with shrubs (38.01%) and herbaceous plants (57.01%) accounting for a large proportion. Among the shrubs, the main types were ornamental flower type (30 species, 13.57%), ornamental leaf type (41 species, 18.55%) and flower-leaf combined appreciation type (13 species, 5.88%). Among the herbs, the main types were ornamental leaf type (71 species, 32.17%), ornamental flower type (51 species, 23.08%) and flower-leaf combined appreciation type (4 species, 1.81%). A total of 31 plant species had an application frequency of ≥ 10% in the municipal road landscape gardens in the study area. The fox-tailed agave had the highest application frequency of 45.63%. The plants with warm tones (red, yellow, and orange) accounted for the largest proportion, at 51.42%; plants with cool tones (blue and purple) accounted for 16.19%; and plants with harmonious colors (pink and white) accounted for 27.62%. This flower bed has shortcomings such as a low proportion of native plants, monotonous seasonal changes, and reconstruction and light maintenance. Based on these issues, suggestions were made to strengthen the development of native germplasm resources, establish a dynamic rotation system, and implement a full-cycle management strategy to promote the coordinated development of ecology and landscape.

To explore the field efficacy of 310 g/L pretilachlor·florpyrauxifen-benzyl EC alone and its mixed formulations against weeds in water direct-seeded rice fields, as well as their safety to rice, the experiment consisted of 8 treatments including single agents, compound agents, and a clear water control: 310 g/L pretilachlor·florpyrauxifen-benzyl EC at 150 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 1), Baloric at 120 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 2), Baloric at 120 mL/667 m⊃2; + 40% cyhalofop-butyl EC at 150 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 3), 310 g/L pretilachlor·florpyrauxifen-benzyl EC at 150 mL/667 m⊃2; + 40% cyhalofop-butyl EC at 150 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 4), 310 g/L pretilachlor·florpyrauxifen-benzyl EC at 150 mL/667 m⊃2; + 15% metamifop EC at 70 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 5), 15% metamifop EC at 70 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 6), 10% metamifop EC at 100 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 7). The safety, plant control efficacy and fresh weight control efficacy of each herbicide treatment on rice were determined. The results showed that no phytotoxicity symptoms such as drug spots, chlorosis, malformation, seedling stunting, inhibition, wilting or death were observed on rice in all treatments during the experiment, and the crop safety grade was all grade Ⅰ; at 8, 30, and 45 days after foliar application, treatments 3, 4, and 5 exhibited good control effects (all above 90%) on gramineous weeds Echinochloa crus-galli and Leptochloa chinensis, broad-leaved weed Monochoria vaginalis, and cyperaceous weed Cyperus difformis; among all treatments, treatment 5 showed the best overall control effect on Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, Monochoria vaginalis, and Cyperus difformis during the observation period of this experiment; in conclusion, it is recommended to give priority to the application of 310 g/L pretilachlor·florpyrauxifen-benzyl EC at 150 mL/667 m⊃2; + 15% metamifop EC at 70 mL/667 m⊃2; (treatment 5) for weed control in direct-seeded rice fields.

To systematically promote multi-gene pyramiding breeding, this study reviewed the mapping methods, mapping achievements, challenges, and prospects of leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes in wheat. In the identification of disease resistance genes, numerous wheat leaf rust resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance have been mapped using gene mapping strategies, including the construction of genetic linkage maps, genome-wide association study (GWAS), mutant library screening, and transcriptome sequencing. Some Lr genes were derived from wheat relatives, and most of the named Lr genes were seedling resistance genes. Several of these genes have been applied in breeding practice via marker-assisted selection. However, the large and complex wheat genome, the breakdown of most identified Lr genes by the pathogen, and the insufficient development of molecular markers have limited the efficient utilization of disease resistance genes. In the future, the combined application of multi-gene pyramiding, gene editing technology, regional germplasm resource sharing, and intelligent cultivation techniques is expected to breed high-quality wheat varieties with high and stable yield as well as broad-spectrum resistance. This paper provides a reference for the mining and breeding utilization of wheat leaf rust resistance genes.

To investigate the occurrence of termites in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, the data on termite infestations reported by residents to termite control agencies in this area from 2015 to 2024 were retrieved. The spatial and temporal patterns of termite infestation, as well as the types of locations where infestations occurred, were analyzed. Collected specimens were identified morphologically and molecularly. The results showed that termite infestations occurred in all eight administrative regions studied, with the highest number of control reports in LX District, averaging 593 per year, which was significantly higher than in the other seven districts. Termite activity was observed every month, with the highest frequency occurring from March to May. In March, the number of outbreak events was generally high, and termite swarms showed a clear biennial pattern of two major flight periods per year. Termite infestations mainly occurred in brick-wood structures and factories. The dominant pest species was identified as Reticulitermes (Rhinotermitidae). In conclusion, termite infestations are widespread in the study area, with distinct regional and temporal patterns. To address this, integrated management should be strengthened to improve termite control efficiency.

To assess the salt tolerance of Populus yunnanensis, the current year shoot cuttings were used as the experimental material. Combined with photosynthetic characteristics, physiological characteristics and changes in redox substances, different salt stress (NaCl) gradients were set up. Comparative analysis was conducted on the chlorophyll, soluble sugar, soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline content of Populus yunnanensis leaves under soil culture treatments (0、50、100 and 150 mmol/L) of 0, 5, 10 and 20 days, and water culture treatments (0、25、50 and 75 mmol/L) of 0, 7 and 14 days. The results showed that the salt tolerance thresholds of Populus yunnanensis varied under soil culture and water culture conditions, being 100 and 75 mmol/L NaCl respectively; under salt stress, the chlorophyll content in the water culture group was generally lower than that in the soil culture group; the accumulation patterns of soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline in the two cultivation methods were different, among which the proline content in the water culture group was significantly higher than that in the soil culture group. The MDA content in the water culture leaves of Populus yunnanensis at each treatment concentration was lower than that in the soil culture group; the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the water culture group was significantly higher than that in the soil culture group; the Peroxidase (POD) activity of Populus yunnanensis in the soil culture group was higher after 20 days of 50 mmol/L NaCl treatment, while that of Populus yunnanensis in the water culture group was higher after 14 days of 25 mmol/L NaCl treatment. Under water culture conditions, the plants responded more rapidly to salt stress and had stronger physiological regulatory capabilities, making them more suitable for scientific research; while in soil culture conditions, they could buffer the external stress to mitigate the impact of salt damage, and were more suitable for practical cultivation applications. This study provides a reference for the analysis of Populus yunnanensis’ salt tolerance mechanism and the selection of salt tolerant varieties.

To explore the growth and development patterns as well as economic characteristics of the fruits of the Carya illinoinensis, this paper used 5 varieties of Carya illinoinensis, namely Jinhua (JH), Mahan (MH), Stuart (ST), Pawnee (BN), and Yalin 21 (YL21), as the research materials. Changes in fruit length and width were analyzed, and indicators such as fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight, and kernel weight for different varieties were measured. The results showed that the fruit length and width of the 5 types of Carya illinoinensis reached their maximum in September. The fruit lengths were 42.2, 72.4, 42.4, 59.9 and 54.9 mm respectively, and the fruit widths were 29.1, 35.1, 30.9, 37.7 and 31.1 mm respectively. The fruits rapidly expanded in late June and early August, and then basically stopped growing after mid-September. The kernel weight of BN was the largest, at 6.95 g, and the kernel extraction rate was good with a low shrunken rate. Overall, the single fruit weight of BN is excellent, with a high kernel yield and a low rate of empty or shriveled fruits. It is an ideal choice for orchard cultivation.

In August–September 2024, an outbreak occurred in a broiler farm. This study selected 80 diseased chickens as research subjects, and conducted clinical diagnosis and adjunctive treatment with 3 traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） prescriptions:Longdan Xiegan decoction (containing Gentiana scabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, Gardenia jasminoides, etc.), Qingwen Baidu powder (containing Lophatherum gracile, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Platycodon grandiflorus, etc.), and Chigui Wuwen powder (containing Radix Lsatidis, Lonicera japonica, Forsythiae fructus, etc.). In terms of clinical manifestations，athe diseased chickens showed severe emaciation and limb paralysis. At necropsy, diffuse tumors were observed in the liver and spleen, with unilateral enlargement of the ischiadic nerve. Marek’s disease（MD） was confirmed by diagnostic methods including PCR detection and kit re-verification. Adjunctive TCM therapy has demonstrated that all 3 TCM formulae exhibited potential therapeutic effects against MD in broilers. The clinical symptoms of the affected chickens were significantly ameliorated, and the mortality rate was markedly reduced（P<0.05）. The serum levels of total protein and globulin were significantly increased, while the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. In conclusion, these TCM formulae show promising potential in the prevention and treatment of MD in broilers, and can also promote the growth performance of broilers, thus possessing certain popularization and application value in practical production.

This study selected 300 swine from a herd with chronic cumulative poisoning caused by continuous ingestion of corn coated seeds containing carbofuran and thiram, including 8 deaths and 16 severely affected swine. The clinical manifestations and pathological changes of the affected swine were analyzed. All 16 severely affected swine received conventional Western medicine treatment (atropine sulfate, compound glycyrrhizin, glucose, etc.), among which 8 were additionally treated with the Gancao Jiedu decoction (Lonicera japonica, Forsythia suspensa, Bupleuri radix, Saposhnikovia divaricata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Talcum) as an adjuvant therapy. The entire herd (276 swine) was provided with mung bean milk and glucose via drinking water. Affected swine in the case showed severe depression, rough hair coat, muscle tremors, mydriasis and other symptoms. Necropsy revealed gastrointestinal hemorrhage, enlargement and hemorrhage of multiple organs, and inflammatory foam in the lungs. After 3 days of treatment with conventional Western medicine (atropine sulfate, etc.) alone, the effective rates for resolution of salivation, standing recovery, appetite recovery and diarrhea cessation were 87.50%, 50.00%, 12.50% and 75.00%, respectively. After 3 days of combined treatment with conventional Western medicine plus Gancao Jiedu Decoction, the effective rates for the above indicators were 100%, 87.50%, 75.00% and 100%, respectively. From day 4 onward, all severely affected swine received conventional Western medicine combined with Gancao Jiedu decoction adjuvant therapy, and all indicators returned to normal by day 7. After 10 days of adjuvant detoxification with mung bean milk for the entire swine herd, feed intake gradually returned to normal. In summary, conventional Western medicine combined with Gancao Jiedu decoction adjuvant therapy shows certain application potential in promoting functional recovery of poisoned swine, and adjuvant detoxification with mung bean milk has practical value for population prevention and control.