【Objective】The analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying yield-related traits of perennial Chinese rice laid a good foundation for fine mapping, cloning, and functional research of yield-related traits genes. Meanwhile, it also provided technical support for revealing the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits in perennial Chinese rice and breeding perennial rice variety.【Method】Two perennial Chinese japonica rice, namely, Huangnuo2^# (HN2^#) and Changbai7^# (CB7^#), and two half-sib (Huangnuo2^#/XieqingzaoB and Changbai7^# /XieqingzaoB) F₂ populations and their bi-parents were selected as experimental materials. Sixteen yield-related traits, including heading date, plant height, and thousand-grain weight of HN2^# and CB7^# in major crop (MC) and ratooning crop (RC) of 2024, were investigated for phenotypic analysis. Fifteen yield-related traits, including plant height, panicle plant^-1, and thousand-grain weight, in HN2^# and CB7^#-populations and their bi-parents were investigated for phenotypic analysis and QTL mapping.【Result】Between MC and RC of 2024, seven yield-related traits of HN2^#, including heading date, plant height, and thousand-grain weight, exhibited significant phenotypic differences (P<0.05). Three yield-related traits of CB7^#, including plant height, grain setting density, and grain weight panicle^-1, displayed significant phenotypic differences. Among 15 yield-related traits, 34 pairs of significantly positive correlations were calculated in the HN2^#-population. A total of 39 pairs of significantly positive correlations were calculated in the CB7^#-population. Exactly 29 QTLs were detected in the HN2^# -population, accounting for 2.61% to 29.41% of the phenotypic variation. Thirteen novel QTLs were detected in the HN2^#-population. Of these, seven QTLs with additive effects were derived from HN2^#, and the other six with additive effects were derived from XQZB. Five pleiotropic QTL were detected in the HN2^# HN2^#-population. A total of 22 QTLs were detected in the CB7^#-population, accounting for 2.77% to 27.94% of the phenotypic variation. Ten novel QTLs were detected in the CB7^#-population. Of those, six QTLs with additive effects were derived from CB7^#, and the other four with additive effects as well were derived from XQZB. Five pleiotropic QTL were detected in the CB7^#-population. 【Conclusion】These novel and pleiotropic QTL are unique to HN2^# and CB7^#, which should be the primary focus of future research.

This paper elaborated on the inherent mechanism of the modernization development of cold chain logistics from 3 dimensions: technological iteration, factor reallocation, and systemic coordination. It analyzed the key links that need to be focused on in its development and proposed implementation pathways. The inherent mechanism of the modernization development of agricultural product cold chain logistics includes the integration of digital and intelligent technologies driving industrial upgrading, the optimal allocation of production factors enhancing service efficiency, and the construction of an integrated supply chain supporting the sustainable development of the industry. The current industry is facing several practical challenges, including insufficient cold chain infrastructure, unbalanced allocation among regions and across various supply chain links, slow progress in agricultural digital transformation, and an incomplete cold chain standard system. Based on this, implementation pathways are proposed from 3 aspects: technological innovation, platform upgrading, and institutional improvement. These include promoting cold chain technology innovation and iteration through the introduction of intelligent facilities and equipment such as IoT sensors and blockchain traceability systems; advancing full-chain digital transformation to strengthen cross-entity network collaboration efficiency and build an urban-rural integrated cold chain data platform; and improving the policy support system, including strengthening cold chain infrastructure network construction, optimizing tax subsidy mechanisms, and perfecting industry standards and specifications. This paper provides a reference for the modernization development of agricultural product cold chain logistics.

To investigate the application effects of three types of fuel-roasting houses in the Hanzhong tobacco region, this study compared and analyzed the baking costs, baking characteristics, economic traits, and ecological effects of firewood, coal, and biomass fuel. The results indicated that, without considering equipment costs, the baking cost of biomass fuel was the lowest, with a single kang smoke baking cost of 1 755.80 yuan; the baking performance was good, with precise temperature control, less loss of tobacco leaves after baking, and a high proportion of orange smoke. In terms of economic traits, biomass fuel with a proportion of 56.20% for high quality tobacco and 96.52% for medium to high quality tobacco; the average price is relatively high, and the net output value was significantly higher than that of firewood and coal fuel ovens, with an increase of 1 677.28 yuan and 4 405.53 yuan/kang, respectively. The emission of pollutant gases and particulate matter from biomass fuel was relatively small, and it has good ecological benefits. In summary, the promotion of biomass fuel in Hanzhong tobacco producing areas has achieved good economic and ecological benefits. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of biomass fuel.

To explore an effective rodent control model, 2 technical training sessions on rodent control were held in 2024 (Wangjiaba Village, Sunjiaba Town, trial site 1) and 2025 (Zhaxi Village, Sunjiaba Town, trial Site 2) respectively, with a total of 60 trainees; training was carried out through participatory and interactive methods, and the pre-training and post-training test results, satisfaction, implementation of quality control indicators, and the use of bait stations for rodent control of the trainees were investigated to further analyze the training effect of rodent control technology, the results of which showed that after the training in 2024 and 2025, the correct rates of the trainees were 83.67% and 84.33% respectively, which were higher than those before the training; the satisfaction rate of the trainees in the 2 technical training sessions on rodent control was 100%, all of whom were very satisfied, and many trainees suggested that “more such trainings should be held”; among the 42 quality control indicators of the 2 training sessions, the total number of indicators marked as “Yes” was 76, accounting for 90.48%, indicating that the quality control indicators were generally well controlled; compared with before the training, the number of trainees using bait stations increased significantly, among which, in trial site 1, the usage rates of bait station rodent control methods in residential areas and agricultural areas increased by 60.00 and 40.00 percentage points respectively, while in trial site 2, the usage rates in residential areas and agricultural areas increased by 66.67 and 43.33 percentage points respectively. In conclusion, rodent control training achieved remarkable effects in the study area, improved the level of rodent control. This paper provides a practical reference for the integrated rodent control in relevant areas.

This article analyzed the current teaching situation in Pharmaceutical Botany course, and proposed targeted reform paths and safeguard measures. In the conventional teaching model, there is still considerable room for optimization in the integration of theory and practice, the diversification of teaching methods, the application of digital technology, and the balance of assessment methods for this course. Based on this, carrying out teaching reform of Pharmaceutical Botany is practically necessary. Accordingly, specific reform paths are proposed: in terms of teaching content, expanding basic content and integrating cutting-edge content; in teaching methods, forming a teaching system of “case-driven, project-based inquiry, and flipped interaction”; in practical teaching, relying on virtual simulation platforms to enrich practical resources and implementing a phased and normalized practice model; in assessment methods, constructing a diversified evaluation system of “process assessment + practical skill assessment + comprehensive project assessment”. Meanwhile, implementation safeguard strategies for teaching reform are put forward from the aspects of improving teachers’ digital capabilities, dynamically updating teaching resources, hardware support and establishing a diversified evaluation and continuous improvement mechanism for teaching quality. The practical results showed that after the reform, the average score of students’ curriculum practical skills assessment increased by 9 points compared with that before the reform, and 3 student teams were approved for the Provincial College Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program; all 10 teachers in the curriculum team completed the special training on digital teaching ability and applied it to teaching practice. This paper provides a reference for improving the teaching quality of Pharmaceutical Botany and innovating the training model of traditional Chinese medicine talents.

To improve the teaching effectiveness of the course Horticultural Facility Engineering, this study constructed a teaching reform strategy for the course from four dimensions: teaching objectives, teaching content, teaching model, and assessment methods. In terms of teaching objectives, it clarified three-dimensional training requirements for knowledge, ability, and quality, focusing on students’ mastery of interdisciplinary knowledge, improvement of equipment selection capabilities, and cultivation of comprehensive literacy. In terms of teaching content, it added knowledge points on horticultural facilities in representative regions, introduced interdisciplinary knowledge, launched in-class experiments, and integrated ideological and political elements, so as to realize the coordinated development of knowledge imparting, ability training, and value guidance. In terms of teaching model, it implemented online-offline blended teaching and established a complete teaching process of “pre-class guidance, in-class support, after-class consolidation, and mutual learning in flipped classrooms”. In terms of assessment methods, it reconstructed a process-oriented evaluation system and adopted an online-offline combined assessment model to comprehensively examine students’ knowledge mastery and practical application abilities. The reform practice showed that the course had been successively awarded as a university-level first-class course and funded by a provincial education reform project in the past three years. More than 85% of students recognized the course, the relationship between “teaching and learning” had been effectively transformed, and students’ professional literacy, practical ability and innovative thinking had all been significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant courses.

To optimize the teaching model of the Plant Physiology course, this paper constructed an online-offline hybrid teaching scheme for the course. The scheme was divided into 3 stages: pre-class preparation, in-class learning, and post-class expansion. Before class, a localized learning database was built based on chaoxing learning platform, high quality MOOC resources were integrated, and micro-lectures and a layered question bank were developed. An AI teaching assistant was used to realize precise preview guidance, forming a resource closed loop of “resource screening – customized development – feedback optimization”. During the in-class stage, a two-way interactive model between teachers and students was adopted. Combined with case elicitation, group discussion and interactive functions of the chaoxing learning platform, it strengthened the in-depth internalization of knowledge. Taking the chapter of photosynthesis as an example, the teaching process was optimized with a focus on ability cultivation. After class, frontier newsletters and layered exercises were delivered. Accurate assessment was realized through the AI teaching assistant and the learning platform, forming a complete post-class teaching closed loop. Meanwhile, a three-level resource matrix of “textbook – extension – frontier” was established, and a diversified evaluation system was set up in which process assessment and final examination each accounted for 50%. Teaching practice showed that after the implementation of the scheme, the average score of the final examination for students enrolled in 2022–2023 increased from 75.10 to 81.94, the excellence rate rose by 20.81%, and the frequency of in-class interaction increased by 53%. Students’ ability to understand and apply professional knowledge, autonomous learning ability and scientific research thinking were significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the hybrid teaching reform of relevant courses for agriculture-related majors.

To address the weak alignment between talent cultivation in Land Resource Management and industry demands, this study took the major as a case and adopted questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews for empirical research. Results revealed that the cultivation of professional talents should focus on four key aspects: the adaptability of curriculum content to industry needs, the coordination mechanism between practical teaching and industrial resources, the connection channels between teaching staff and industrial practice, as well as the supporting system for scientific research and innovation and entrepreneurship.Accordingly, this study constructed a four-dimensional collaborative training framework of “integration of industry, university, research and innovation”, and put forward optimization strategies from four aspects: restructuring the curriculum system, innovating the school-enterprise cooperation mechanism, building an ecosystem for teachers’ professional development, and reconstructing innovation and entrepreneurship education. Specifically, the strategies included establishing a curriculum optimization model of “demand identification–module design–dynamic update”, constructing a school-enterprise double-helix collaboration model of “resource coupling–benefit sharing–risk sharing”, creating a teacher improvement system of “individual empowerment–organizational support–environmental incentive”, and designing an innovation and entrepreneurship training path of “empathy mapping–prototype iteration–value verification”. The reform practice showed that the matching rate between courses and industrial technical standards was increased by 37%, school-enterprise resources were deeply integrated, and the proportion of graduates preferentially recruited by enterprises reached 34.5%. The proportion of dual-qualified teachers rose from 50% to 80%, and industry-funded projects increased by 2.4 times. Students’ participation in competitions and scientific research was significantly improved, the employment rate was raised by 3%, and the relevance of graduates to professional positions increased from 85% to 90%. This paper provided a reference for the optimization of talent training models for the Land Resource Management major.

This paper analyzed the impacts of lightning disasters on maize cultivation in Xing’an League, Inner Mongolia, and proposed targeted lightning protection measures. The results showed that direct lightning strikes on maize plants cause direct physical injuries (leaf burn, stem breakage, etc.) and physiological damage (cell membrane damage, hormone imbalance). In addition, Lightning and heavy precipitation accompanied by lightning may destroy soil structure, indirectly change soil conditions in the field, provide access for pests and diseases, and damage agricultural facilities such as water pumps, pipelines and transformers. On this basis, specific lightning protection measures were proposed: establishing an advanced monitoring system and improving the early warning and release mechanism to enhance lightning monitoring and early warning capability; carrying out publicity and education activities and professional training to strengthen the popularization of lightning protection knowledge; scientifically selecting planting areas and reasonably adjusting planting density to optimize maize planting distribution; providing plant support and fixation, strengthening pest control and field management; installing lightning arresters and grounding systems to improve farmland lightning protection facilities. This paper provides a reference for lightning disaster reduction in maize cultivation.

Lightning is one of the major meteorological disasters in the Xing’an League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and it has a severe impact on protected agriculture. This paper analyzed the characteristics of lightning activities in the study area from the perspective of temporal distribution, and summarized the hazards of lightning activities to facility agriculture, the deficiencies in the protection process, and the countermeasures for the construction of a protection system. From 2015 to 2024, the occurrence proportions of lightning activities in the study area in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 16.4%, 63.4%, 19.6% and 0.6% respectively, mainly concentrated in summer. Among them, lightning in spring mainly affects the timely sowing of crops; that in summer mainly influences crop photosynthesis and normal growth; that in autumn mainly impacts crop picking, transportation, storage and other links; and that in winter mainly affects off-season planting plans. Based on seasonal characteristics, the practice of lightning protection for protected agriculture in the study area needs to be further improved in terms of protection awareness, protection measures and systematicness of the protection system. Accordingly, the following measures for constructing a lightning protection system are proposed: establish a multi-dimensional publicity and education system and carry out precise skill training to eliminate misconceptions such as “natural lightning protection of metal structures” and “no need for protection due to low occurrence frequency”, and enhance protection awareness; apply intelligent lightning receptors and diversion devices, as well as high-performance shielding and surge protection equipment; establish an equipment linkage protection mechanism, strengthen remote monitoring and emergency response, and formulate comprehensive emergency plans to enhance the automatic system linkage. This paper provides a reference for the safe production of facility agriculture.

Based on the monitoring results data of the comprehensive forest and grassland ecological monitoring map blocks, this article classified the forest resources in the Yulong River Scenic Area of Yangshuo, Guangxi, and analyzed the value of the forest ecosystem services. This provides data support for the protection and management of the forest resources in this scenic area. The results showed that the origin of the tree-covered areas in this scenic area was mainly natural forests, and the area of public forests was larger than that of commercial forests; the tree species mainly consisted of other soft broad-leaved trees, accounting for 58.52% of the area of the tree-covered land. The tree forests were mainly distributed as young forests, middle-aged forests and mature forests, and the forest stands with a canopy density of 0.50 to 0.69 account for a relatively high proportion. The forest land is mainly composed of shrubland, accounting for 74.07% of the total forest area; among the tree species, the main type was stone mountain shrub forest, accounting for 92.86% of the shrubland area. The total value of the ecosystem services provided by the scenic area was 378.016 1 million yuan. The top three tree species that contribute the most to the value of the ecosystem services in the scenic area were stone mountain shrub forest, broad-leaved forest and pine forest, accounting for 53.17%, 22.94% and 9.87% of the total value respectively. The forest land resources in this scenic area are well protected. By focusing on forest ecological restoration and strengthening the publicity of forest land protection laws, regulations and policies, the awareness of forest land resource protection among the public has been further enhanced, and the ecosystem service functions of forest ecosystems have been continuously maintained and improved.

This article reviewed the structural characteristics, skin care effects, and strategies for molecular agricultural expression of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). The functional domains of aFGF can be divided into the heparin-binding region, receptor-binding region and nuclear translocation region. In the field of skin care, aFGF has multiple biological functions such as promoting angiogenesis, accelerating skin injury repair, inhibiting scar formation and delaying skin aging. Currently, aFGF has been expressed in various expression systems including Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris, insect cells, mammalian cells and plants, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of molecular agriculture to express cytokines such as aFGF has significant advantages such as being free of endotoxins, no pathogen contamination, and low production costs. Peptides that can penetrate cells, such as transdermal peptide 1 (TD1), can assist in the penetration of biological macromolecules through the skin barrier. By fusing aFGF with cell-penetrating peptides and constructing a recombinant protein, the transdermal efficiency of aFGF can be significantly enhanced. Arabidopsis thaliana has a high genetic transformation efficiency and a short growth cycle, making it an effective expression system for preparing fusion proteins. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as the expression system to prepare the fusion protein can provide an effective way to develop plant-based skin care ingredients containing aFGF. This article explores the feasibility of the strategy of using the TDP1-aFGF fusion protein, which combines the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana with the cell-penetrating peptide TDP1 of the TD1 mutant type. This provides a reference for enhancing the transdermal ability of aFGF and expanding the application of molecular agriculture.

To establish an efficient method for the determination of aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, and G₂ (AFB₁, AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂) in wheat flour, this study systematically optimized sample pretreatment and chromatographic conditions based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The results showed that acetonitrile–water (80∶20, v/v) combined with sodium chloride salting-out as the extraction solvent significantly improved the recovery of target analytes. After purification with immunoaffinity columns and derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid, matrix interferences were effectively removed. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the four aflatoxins exhibited good linearity in the concentration range of 0.1–20.0 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients (r²) all greater than 0.999 9. Method validation results indicated that the limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.008 to 0.017 ng/g, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.026–0.055 ng/g. At spiked levels of 0.5–5.0 ng/mL, the average recoveries were 80.2%–89.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) all less than 2.0%. The RSD of the six-replicate stability test was below 1.5%, and the RSD for quality control sample analysis was less than 0.12%, demonstrating good method stability. In conclusion, the developed method featured simple pretreatment, high sensitivity, and satisfactory accuracy, and was suitable for the trace determination of multiple aflatoxins in wheat flour.

To clarify the effect of broken stem screening on the comprehensive processing quality of cut stems, this study used special tobacco stems as samples, and compared the influences of 2 processing techniques (with and without broken stem screening) on the quality of cut stems, the structure of finished cut stems, and material consumption. The quality of cut stems was evaluated by a combination of direct measurement and indirect judgment. The structure of cut stems was tested according to national standard methods, and the cut stem yield and the consumption ratio of broken stem screening were calculated by dry-base material balance and other methods. The results showed that the proportion of winnowing rejects for the non-screened batches was 3.76%, which was 1.32 percentage points higher than that in the screened batch (2.44%), with pricking sensation and stem leakage observed in sensory evaluation. The whole stem ratio of the non-screened batches was 81.40%, which decreased by 2.72 percentage points compared with the screened batches (84.12%). The long stem ratio dropped most significantly by 6.34 percentage points, while the broken stem ratio increased by 1.18 percentage points to 1.85%. The cut stem yield of the non-screened batches was 88.91%, 0.96 percentage points higher than that of the screened batches (87.95%). This study provides a reference for optimizing the processing parameters of cut stem production.

To achieve effective prevention and control of Buzura suppressaria on eucalyptus, this paper analyzed the occurrence characteristics and current situation of Buzura suppressaria on eucalyptus in Guangxi State-owned Sanmenjiang Forest Farm in 2024, and put forward corresponding control strategies. The analysis showed that Buzura suppressaria had 3 generations per year in the study area, overwintering as pupae in the surface soil. The larvae were highly voracious, and the adults were active at night with strong flying ability and phototaxis. Buzura suppressaria caused damage over a large area in the study area, May and July were the outbreak periods with severe damage; the damaged tree ages were concentrated in middle-aged forests and near-mature forests, and the damage to eucalyptus sprout forests was more serious than that to seedling-planted forests. In view of this, the following control measures were proposed: improving the monitoring system by setting up fixed monitoring points, constructing a “general farm + branch farm + base” monitoring network and implementing classified monitoring; implementing prevention and control by manually digging pupae, spraying Bacillus thuringiensis for prevention, and setting up insect traps and insecticidal lamps; optimizing forest land management by extending the tending period and cultivating large-diameter eucalyptus timber; and constructing a joint prevention mechanism by carrying out popular science publicity and technical training on insect pests. This paper provides a reference for the comprehensive prevention and control of Buzura suppressaria on eucalyptus.

To investigate the effects of different herbicides on soil nitrification and the responses of different types of soil to herbicides, this study selected 2 types of soil (calcareous loam and dry red soil), 3 different herbicides (acetochlor, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and 2，4-D butyl ester)， and conducted an indoor cultivation experiment. A control group (applying urea alone) and three additional treatment groups (applying 10 mg/kg of each herbicide on the basis of the control) were set up. The results showed that there were significant differences in the inhibitory effects of three herbicides on the nitrification of two soils under the same application amount. For the calcareous fluvo-aquic soil, 2，4-D butyl ester and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl slightly inhibited soil nitrification activity, while acetochlor showed no obvious effect. In the upland red soil, 2，4-D butyl ester significantly inhibits nitrification (P<0.05), followed by fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, and acetochlor still had no obvious effect. In summary, 2，4-D butyl ester inhibits the nitrification of these two soil types to varying degrees, but the inhibitory effect weakens with the prolongation of the incubation time. Its inhibitory effect on the nitrification of upland red soil can last for about 38 days, while that on the calcareous fluvo-aquic soil lasts for 3-9 days. The application of 2，4-D butyl ester herbicide has the dual effects of weed control and reducing soil nitrification rate, which can effectively inhibit the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen in the soil, thereby reducing nitrogen loss and environmental pollution caused by processes such as nitrate nitrogen leaching and denitrification. The research provides a reference for regulating soil nitrification and improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency.

To screen high efficiency fungicides suitable for controlling cucumber target spot in greenhouse cucumber in Tongzhou District, Beijing, using cucumber variety Zhongnong 16 as the test material, 6 treatments were established, including 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin suspension concentrate (SC) at 25 mL/667 m² (treatment A), 43% fluopicolide·trifloxystrobin SC at 15 mL/667 m² (treatment B), 200 g/L fluxapyroxad·trifloxystrobin SC at 30 mL/667 m² (treatment C), 35% tebuconazole·prochloraz emulsion in water (EW) at 60 mL/667 m² (treatment D), 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole SC at 15 mL/667 m² (treatment E), and water control (CK). The control efficacy against cucumber target spot, cucumber yield and safety of each fungicide treatment were determined. The results showed that all 5 fungicides had certain inhibitory effects on cucumber target spot, among which treatment E provided the better control efficacy ranging from 83.12% to 89.11% at 7 days after the first application and at 7 and 14 days after the second application, the control efficacy of treatment A and C at 14 days after the second application ranged from 76.34% to 77.96%, the cucumber plot yield under each fungicide treatment was 185.16–231.23 kg, and treatment E showed the highest yield increase compared with CK, followed by treatment A and C. All fungicide treatments were safe for cucumber growth without phytotoxicity symptoms. In conclusion, 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole SC at 15 mL/667 m² could be preferentially used for field control of cucumber target spot in greenhouse in the study area, and 400 g/L mefentrifluconazole·pyraclostrobin SC at 25 mL/667 m² and 200 g/L fluxapyroxad·trifloxystrobin SC at 30 mL/667 m² could be applied as rotational fungicides.

The Songnen Plain was selected as the study area. Ecological sources were extracted using morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA). Habitat quality was assessed using the Habitat Quality module in InVEST 3.14.0. A comprehensive resistance surface was constructed based on habitat quality and other factors in the Songnen Plain. Ecological corridors, ecological pinch points, barrier points, and breaking points were systematically identified using circuit theory, and an optimized ecological security pattern was established by integrating multiple elements. The results showed that a total of 65 ecological sources with a total area of 21 369.43 km² and 133 ecological corridors with a total length of 6 788.23 km were identified in the study area. In addition, 28 ecological pinch points, 31 ecological barrier points, and 90 breaking points were identified. Based on the identification results, an optimized ecological spatial structure of “three zones, four corridors, multiple nodes” was constructed. The study provides a reference for the construction and optimization of regional ecological spatial structure.

Treated municipal wastewater that meets relevant standards can be reused for landscape irrigation. However, low strength influent results in insufficient nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the effluent and water quality fluctuations, thereby affecting landscape irrigation efficiency. Accordingly, a wastewater treatment plant in Ma’ anshan City was taken as the research object. Based on the statistical analysis of its water quality and quantity monitoring data from 2021 to 2023, combined with the general survey of drainage units and investigation of pipe network structure, the key factors leading to the low strength influent were identified, and targeted regulation countermeasures were proposed. The analysis showed that the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration had a significant negative correlation with monthly precipitation (r = –0.91, P < 0.001). The low influent strength on sunny days was mainly caused by the leakage of the sewage pipe network and the backflow of pollution interception facilities. Structural defects of the pipe network led to a large amount of groundwater infiltration, with a daily average infiltration volume of 4 500 m⊃3;/d on sunny days and increasing to 7 200 m⊃3;/d on rainy days; 5 intercepting wells had river water backflow, which further diluted the influent strength. The mixed connection of rainwater and sewage pipe networks was the dominant factor leading to low influent strength during rainy days, and 162 mixed connection points caused a large amount of rainwater to invade the sewage system. In addition, the investigation of 96 residential communities showed that about 47% of the drainage units had severe internal sewage-stormwater mixed connection (the ammonia nitrogen strength in the stormwater pipes of 39 communities was > 10 mg/L). Therefore, the main causes of low influent strength in the wastewater treatment plant in the study area were the functional and structural deficiencies of facilities such as the sewage and stormwater pipe network, the need for improvement in the source sewage-stormwater mixed connection and supervision of drainage units, the functional defects of interception facilities, and the low level of system intelligence. In response to this, targeted regulation strategies are proposed to ensure nutrient stability and water quality reliability when effluent is used for landscape irrigation, which including comprehensively carrying out drainage pipe network detection and non-excavation repair, promoting the source rectification of drainage units and the supervision of drainage permits, and implementing the intelligent transformation of interception facilities and pumping stations, so as to systematically improve the sewage collection efficiency and influent strength.

Using Landsat series satellite imagery data, this study constructed a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) by integrating remote sensing indicators including greenness, wetness, dryness, and salinity to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and spatial heterogeneity characteristics of the ecological environment in the Zuli River Basin from 2001 to 2021. The results of principal component analysis showed that the variance contribution rates of the first principal component for the four indicators (greenness, wetness, dryness, and salinity) in 2001, 2007, 2014, and 2021 all exceeded 80%, indicating that the first principal component effectively captured most of the characteristic information of these indicators throughout the study period. The results demonstrated that the mean RSEI values in the basin were 0.316, 0.307, 0.468, and 0.662 in 2001, 2007, 2014, and 2021 respectively, exhibiting a trend of initial decline followed by an increase. During the research period, the area with “good” ecological environment quality grade gradually expanded, accounting for 96.75% of the total basin area in 2021, while the “poor” grade area progressively decreased. Spatially, regions with “excellent”ecological quality were primarily distributed in river valleys and upstream mountainous areas in the southwestern part of the basin, whereas areas with inferior ecological conditions were mainly concentrated in northern mountainous regions. In conclusion, the Zuli River Basin has achieved significant improvement in overall ecological environment quality during the study period. This study provides a reference for further optimizing ecological environment protection strategies in the area.

The stable and high yield cultivation techniques of snow peach from 5 aspects were summarized: orchard construction and planting, soil and fertilizer-water management, shaping and pruning, flower and fruit management, as well as disease and pest control. For orchard construction and planting, sandy loam with good air permeability and organic matter content ≥1% are selected; high quality seedlings with good growth and no pests or diseases are adopted, with a planting spacing of 4 m×4 m on flat land and 3 m×4 m on mountainous or hilly land. For soil and fertilizer-water management, the soil is deeply ploughed to 50–60 cm before planting; precise fertilization (combining base fertilizer and topdressing) and irrigation (such as furrow irrigation and hole irrigation) are carried out according to different growth stages. In shaping and pruning, pruning is performed based on tree age, with young tree pruning focusing on main branch training. For flower and fruit management, flower and fruit thinning is conducted in stages, bagging is applied from mid-May to early June, and bags are removed 15 days before planned harvesting. In disease and pest control, an integrated management strategy is adopted, including agricultural measures (e.g., removing diseased fruits and branches), physical methods (e.g., trapping adults with black light lamps), and chemical applications (e.g., using biogenic pesticides). This paper provides a reference for the large-scale production of snow peach.

To optimize the fertilization technique for Eucalyptus robusta and enhance the efficiency of fertilizer nutrient utilization and growth performance, this study conducted a two-factor experiment to investigate the effects of different fertilization positions (30 cm above and 30 cm below the plant, namely E and F treatments) and different application amounts of fertilizer (K, A, B, and C treatments with application amounts of 0, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 kg per plant respectively) on the growth of Eucalyptus robusta. The chest diameter, tree height, single tree volume, and unit area volume of eucalyptus trees in each treatment were observed continuously for 5 years. The results showed that the diameter at breast height, tree height, and single-tree volume of 5-year-old Eucalyptus robusta fertilized below the plant were 6.8%, 6.4%, and 12.7% higher than those fertilized above the plant, respectively. As the application amount of fertilizer increased, the growth of Eucalyptus robusta showed an increasing trend. The 5-year-old single-tree volume in the C treatment was the largest (0.107 m⊃3;), which was 59.7% higher than that of the K treatment. However, the difference in tree growth between the B treatment and the C treatment was only 10.3%, and the former had a higher nutrient utilization efficiency. In summary, it is recommended to use the combination of bottom-row fertilization under the plant and 0.75 kg/plant fertilizer. The 5-year-old single-tree volume reached 0.120 m⊃3;, and the unit area volume was 153.5 m⊃3;/hm². This study provides a reference for precise fertilization of Eucalyptus robusta.

This article summarized the sowing and seedling cultivation techniques for Pseudolarix amabilis through aspects such as mother tree selection, seed treatment, nursery site preparation, and seedling management. In terms of tree selection, it is advisable to choose single plants with a tree age of 20 to 30 years and robust growth; the seed collection period is preferably from early October to early November. After the seed scales naturally split, the seeds are separated through mechanical rubbing. Short-term and long-term storage methods respectively adopt outdoor cellar storage and low-temperature dry storage techniques, and strict quality control of the seeds is carried out. Select a plot that faces the wind from the south and is flat, with convenient drainage and irrigation. The soil should preferably be slightly acidic sandy loam or light loam, and the soil layer thickness should be more than 50 cm. The seeds should be pre-treated using the gradient temperature control method. The sowing should be precisely controlled with the sowing amount and depth to promote uniform emergence of seedlings. During the seedling stage, management focuses on timely water and fertilizer regulation, integrated prevention of diseases and pests, and reasonable shading measures. This article provides a reference for the sowing and seedling cultivation of Pseudolarix amabilis.

Forestry inventory, planning and design served as an important foundation for coordinating forest resource conservation and economic development, covering 4 major modules: resource investigation, ecological assessment, planning and design, and dynamic monitoring. This paper systematically reviewed the research status of forestry inventory, planning and design, and focused on analyzing its technological system innovation, practical application effects, and existing room for improvement. In terms of the technological system, a complete chain of “data acquisition–processing and analysis–planning and design” had been formed. Data acquisition realized the coordinated application of satellite remote sensing, UAV low-altitude detection, and ground intelligent equipment. Data processing improved efficiency relying on GIS spatial analysis, big data, and machine learning technologies. Planning and design optimized schemes by adopting ecosystem models and multi-objective decision analysis methods. In practical applications, these technologies had been widely used in fields such as forest resource inventory and monitoring, ecological restoration, disaster response, and industrial layout optimization, which effectively supported the sustainable utilization of forest resources. At that time, forestry inventory, planning and design still had room for improvement in the depth of technological integration, the improvement of management mechanisms, and the allocation of human resources. On this basis, this paper put forward optimization strategies from three dimensions: constructing an intelligent investigation and planning system, strengthening the whole-process supervision, and optimizing the allocation of human resources, aiming to improve the system of forestry inventory, planning and design and enhance its scientificity and effectiveness. This paper provides references for the high quality development of forestry.

To investigate the tolerance of Acacia mangium to drought stress, a pot drought experiment was conducted. The growth indicators (plant height), antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD)], malondialdehyde (MDA) content, osmotic regulatory substances [proline (Pro), soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP)], photosynthetic parameters [photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs)], and chlorophyll content of Acacia mangium seedlings under different degrees of water stress (drought stress for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) were measured. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the main influencing factors of its drought resistance. The results showed that as the degree of drought stress increased, the increase in plant height of Acacia mangium gradually decreased, while the activities of SOD, the contents of MDA, SS, Ci and chlorophyll all showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The activities of POD and photosynthetic parameter indicators (except Ci) all showed a decreasing trend, while the contents of Pro, SS and SP all showed an increasing trend. Correlation and principal component analysis indicated that Pro, chlorophyll b (Chlb) and SP could be used as the main indicators for evaluating the drought resistance of Acacia mangium, while SOD and plant height could be used as auxiliary indicators. In conclusion, moderate drought can promote the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances and the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity in Acacia mangium.

To analyze the effect of organic fertilizer application rate on alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of autumn-delayed peppers, this experiment used the conventional fertilizer application method of local farmers as the control (CK1, base application of 300 kg of organic fertilizer per 667 m², compound fertilizer 15 kg/667 m², soil conditioner 100 kg/667 m²; CK2, base application of 300 kg of organic fertilizer per 667 m², compound fertilizer 25 kg/667 m²). The plant height and yield of the pepper were measured under different organic fertilizer application amounts (treatments 1 to 3 were base application of microbial organic fertilizer 300, 500, and 1 000 kg/667 m² respectively). The soil physical and chemical properties before and after the experiment were also measured. The results showed that the peppers treated with 3 had the strongest growth, with a plant height of 63.7 cm and a yield of 1 882.76 kg/667 m². Compared with CK1 and CK2, the yields increased by 12.9% and 10.9% respectively. After uprooting the plants, the pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulfur, available boron, and available iron contents in the soil of each treatment significantly increased compared to those before the experiment. Among them, the organic matter, available boron, and available iron contents in the soil of treatment 3 were higher. In summary, the rational application of organic fertilizers can alleviate the recalcitrance problem and improve the growth and yield of peppers. The effect of base application of 1 000 kg/667 m² microbial organic fertilizer was the best, providing a reference for the sustainable cultivation of autumn-delayed peppers.

This paper summarized the regulatory mechanisms by which biochar improves strawberry fruit quality, focusing on soil enzyme activity, soil microbial community structure, and fruit quality aspects. In terms of soil enzyme activity, biochar enhances nitrogen transformation by increasing soil urease activity; boosts phosphatase activity to effectively improve the conversion of soil organic phosphorus; increases catalase activity, thereby reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in strawberry roots, protecting cell membranes and functional proteins from oxidative damage, and effectively alleviating oxidative stress; and raises invertase activity, accelerating carbon metabolism and promoting the turnover of the soil organic carbon pool, providing a stable carbon source for strawberry roots. Regarding soil microbial community structure, biochar optimizes soil pore structure, improves soil water and nutrient retention capacity, regulates the soil microbial community structure, enriches beneficial microbial groups such as Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and enhances the ecological functions of the soil. Concerning fruit quality, biochar improves soil physicochemical properties and photosynthetic efficiency, promoting the synthesis of photosynthetic products in leaves and the transport and accumulation of sugars to the fruits. Simultaneously, it regulates the activity of key enzymes involved in organic acid metabolism, reducing the content of citric acid and malic acid in the fruit, thereby increasing the soluble sugar content and sugar-acid ratio of strawberries. It also promotes the proliferation of beneficial soil microorganisms, enhances plant secondary metabolism, facilitates the accumulation of flavor compounds, and ultimately achieves the improvement of fruit quality. This paper elucidates the role of biochar in improving strawberry quality through a multi-level linkage effect involving “soil enzyme activity - microbial community - nutrient cycling - plant metabolism”, providing a basis for soil improvement and fruit quality regulation in facility strawberry cultivation.

This paper systematically introduced the breeding process, main characteristics and key propagation and cultivation techniques of the clonal cultivar ‘Longlyu’ of Dendrobium devonianum. In terms of breeding, an excellent individual plant was found in a seedling cultivation field of Dendrobium devonianum in 2015. Clonal seedlings were obtained through cutting propagation from 2016 to 2018. The seedlings were transplanted in July 2018, and field tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability were conducted in Longshan Town, Longling County. Phenological periods, stem traits and other characteristics were compared and analyzed from 2023 to 2024. Finally, the clonal cultivar ‘Longlyu’ with prominent novelty and distinctness as well as favorable uniformity and stability was selected, with the registration number Yunlinyuanzhi Xindeng No. 20250030. In terms of main characteristics, this cultivar was an epiphytic herb. Its botanical traits such as plant type, stem diameter and leaf shape differed significantly from those of ‘Longzi No. 1’ and ‘Liangjie’. It yielded fresh stems at 3.9 kg/m², contained 54.1% polysaccharides and 8.9% crude fiber, and showed excellent economic traits. It grew vigorously with outstanding advantages in vegetative growth, and its main phenological periods were basically consistent with those of ‘Longzi No. 1’. In terms of cultivation techniques, this cultivar was suitable for growing in the cool subtropical regions of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau at an altitude of 1 300–1 700 m. It was mainly propagated by cuttings: robust fresh stems were collected, disinfected and stored from November to December, and budded stem segments were cut for seedling raising in March to April of the following year. A simulated wild bed-cultivation mode with simple facilities was adopted. Transplanting was carried out in March to April at a seedling spacing of 10–15 cm. Water and fertilizer management included applying organic fertilizer before sprouting and topdressing farmyard manure during the growing season. Control measures were implemented against leaf spot, root rot and snails. Harvesting was performed from November to December when leaves fell naturally and leaf sheaths turned silvery gray. This paper provides references for variety optimization and large-scale cultivation in the Dendrobium devonianum industry.

This paper reviewed the high yield cultivation techniques of rapeseed from the aspects of strong seedling cultivation and timely transplanting, and explored the corresponding popularization strategies. Rapeseed production should be adapted to local conditions, selecting varieties with strong stress resistance and high yield based on local climate, soil and management conditions. Strong seedlings with 30–35 days of age, 5–6 green leaves and 5–6 mm root diameter are suitable for transplanting. Supplementary fertilization is applied at 5–6 kg/667 m² of urea at the early seedling stage and 8–10 kg/667 m² of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer (N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O=30∶5∶5) at the late seedling stage, combined with targeted irrigation and drainage. Suitable herbicides are used for soil sealing and weeding before and after transplanting. Following the principle of “prevention first, integrated control”, aphids, sclerotinia stem rot and other diseases and pests are controlled by field cleaning, yellow sticky traps and high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticides. Rapeseed is harvested at the proper time in early to mid-May. The popularization strategies include precise promotion based on regional characteristics to select suitable improved varieties and standardize strong seedling cultivation; establishing a composite communication network integrating traditional media, new media platforms and on-site interaction; and building a three-level demonstration network of core demonstration parks, township demonstration fields and farmer model households. This paper provides a reference for the high quality development of the rapeseed industry.

To clarify the effects of different agronomic treatment measures on the growth, root knot nematode control effectiveness, and yield of ginger. Field experiments were conducted in ginger planting areas in Shanxian, Shandong Province. Conventional fertilization treatment (CK, nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg/667 m², phosphorus fertilizer 18 kg/667 m², potassium fertilizer 60 kg/667 m²), nitrogen fertilizer reduction treatment (R1, nitrogen fertilizer 40 kg/667 m², phosphorus and potassium fertilizers the same as CK), soil fumigant treatment (R2, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers the same as R1, fumigation with 30 kg/667 m² of chloropicrin), organic fertilizer substitution treatment (R3, organic fertilizer 3 000 kg/667 m²) and microbial fertilizer substitution treatment (R4, microbial fertilizer 100 kg/667 m²) were set up to compare and analyze the growth status of ginger, root knot nematode control effect, and yield of each treatment. The results showed that the plant height, root knot nematode control efficiency and yield of ginger treated with R4 were the highest, which were 89.76 cm, 80.23% and 4 516.36 kg/667 m², respectively. The incidence rate and disease index of ginger root knot nematode were the lowest, which were 9.94% and 16.51, respectively. Overall, the results show that using microbial fertilizer instead of conventional fertilization can help control root-knot nematodes and increase the yield of ginger. This study provides a reference for the scientific prevention and control of ginger root knot nematodes and the sustainable development of related industries.