【目的】筛选具有抗旱或耐盐潜力的陆地棉-异常棉异附加系，并明确体现其抗旱耐盐性的关键生理生化指标，旨在为棉花抗旱耐盐育种提供理论与材料基础。【方法】利用异常棉每条染色体特异的简单重复序列（simple sequence repeat, SSR）标记鉴定陆地棉-异常棉异附加系的基因型；通过表型观察和相关指标测定，筛选出具有抗旱或耐盐潜力的异附加系，并测定其生理生化指标，包括过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）、脯氨酸（proline, PRO）的含量、SPAD（soil and plant analyzer development）值及过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）的活性。【结果】陆地棉-异常棉异附加系的传递率为34.66%~51.50%；MAAL_1B、MAAL_5B、MAAL_7B、MAAL_8B、MAAL_11B和MAAL_12B具有抗旱潜力，MAAL_4B、MAAL_6B、MAAL_8B、MAAL_9B和MAAL_10B具有耐盐潜力。干旱或盐胁迫下轮回亲本陆地棉苏棉8289和具有抗旱或耐盐潜力的异附加系叶片中的MDA、H₂O₂和PRO的含量与干旱前或清水对照相比均有不同程度地增加，且轮回亲本的MDA和H₂O₂含量更高。干旱处理后10 d，与轮回亲本相比，MAAL_1B中CAT和SOD的活性、MAAL_5B中CAT和SOD的活性及PRO含量、MAAL_7B中SOD的活性、MAAL_8B中POD、CAT和SOD的活性及SPAD值、MAAL_11B中POD和CAT的活性以及MAAL_12B中CAT活性及SPAD值显著或极显著提高；350 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理后3 d，与轮回亲本相比，MAAL_6B中POD和SOD的活性及SPAD值、MAAL_8B中CAT活性、MAAL_9B中POD和SOD的活性以及MAAL_10B中SOD活性和SPAD值均显著或极显著提高。【结论】部分陆地棉-异常棉异附加系具有抗旱或耐盐潜力，且可能通过不同的生理生化过程应答干旱或高盐胁迫。

[Objective] Screening the drought- or salt-resistant lines and measurement of key physiological and biochemical indexes for a set of monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) derived from Gossypium anomalum in G. hirsutum background would provide the theory and material basis for drought and salt resistance breeding in cotton. [Method] The genotypes of all the MAALs were confirmed by chromosome-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of G. anomalum. The MAALs with drought or salt resistance potential was screened based on the phenotypic observation and related indexes measurement, and physiological and biochemical indexes were determined, including the content of hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline(PRO) and chlorophyll(SPAD value) and the activity of peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD). [Result] The transmission rate of MAALs ranged from 34.66% to 51.50%. MAAL_1B, MAAL_5B, MAAL_7B, MAAL_8B, MAAL_11B, and MAAL_12B had drought resistance potential, while MAAL_4B, MAAL_6B, MAAL_8B, MAAL_9B, and MAAL_10B showed salt resistance potential. Under drought or salt stress, the content of MDA, H₂O₂ and PRO of all the tested plants increased compared with the control conditions, and the content of MDA and H₂O₂ of the recurrent parent G. hirsutum Su8289 was higher than that of MAALs with drought or salt resistance potential. The CAT and SOD activity in MAAL_1B, the CAT, SOD activity and PRO content in MAAL_5B, the SOD activity in MAAL_7B, the POD, CAT, SOD activity and SPAD value in MAAL_8B, the POD and CAT activity in MAAL_11B, and the CAT activity and SPAD value in MAAL_12B were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that in Su8289 at 10 days after drought treatment. Three days after 350 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment, the POD, SOD activity and SPAD value in MAAL_6B, the CAT activity in MAAL_8B, the POD and SOD activity in MAAL_9B, and the SOD activity and SPAD value in MAAL_10B were significantly or extremely significantly higher than that in Su8289. [Conclusion] Some MAALs had drought or salt resistance potential, and may respond to drought or salt stress through different physiological and biochemical process.