微喷带灌溉模式下冬小麦产量及穗部性状研究
Study on Yield and Spike Characters of Winter Wheat under Micro-Sprinkler Irrigation
为探索适宜环渤海低平原地区的微灌水肥一体化技术灌溉模式,于2014-2015年和2015-2016年,在同一试验地重点分析了微灌方式下冬小麦研究对小麦植株成穗比例、穗部变异、产量及耗水特征影响,设置了5个微灌处理试验,“限水稳产”模式设2个灌水处理(分别为T1、T2处理);“节水高产”模式设2个灌水处理(分别为T3、T4处理)。T5处理为微灌模式下足水处理和1个畦灌对照处理T6。结果表明:微灌模式处理小麦成1穗组比例、2穗组比例高于传统畦灌,成3穗组、4穗组比例显著低于传统畦灌;微灌模式增加了小麦植株成1、2穗能力,单穗质量整齐度明显高于畦灌模式;2014-2015年,T3处理小麦产量最高,其次为T4处理,二者产量略高于畦灌对照和T5处理,T3处理水分利用效率最高,略高于T2 处理,显著高于其他处理,较畦灌模式增加23.0%。2015-2016年,小麦产量T6>T5>T3>T4>T2>T1,其中T6显著高于T1、T2处理,较其他处理无显著差异,水分利用效率以T3处理最高,较畦灌增加40.3%,综合考虑节本增效、节水生态方面,微喷带灌溉模式下春灌2水的灌水模式(拔节水、开花水)为最佳灌水处理。
The purpose of this study was to explore the irrigation mode of micro-irrigation,water-fertilizer integration technology suitable for the low plain area around Bohai Sea,a two-yield experient was carried out in the same experiment site,in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 wheat growing seasons to compare the effects of winter wheat research on the spike percentage,spike variation,yield and water consumption of wheat.There were five micro-irrigation treatments;the model of "limited water and stable yield" was set up with two irrigation treatments(T1 and T2 respectively);the "water-saving and high-yield" model was set up with two irrigation treatments(T3 and T4 respectively);T5 treatment was foot water treatment under micro-irrigation mode and 1 flood irrigation control treatment T6.The results showed that:the ratio of 1 spike group and 2 spike group in micro-irrigation was higher than that in traditional border irrigation,the proportion of 3-panicle and 4-panicle was significantly lower than that of traditional border irrigation.The micro-irrigation pattern increased the ability of forming 1 and 2 ears of wheat,the uniformity of single spike weight was significantly higher than that of border irrigation.In 2014-2015,T3 treatment had the highest grain yield,followed by T4 treatment,the yields of the two treatments were slightly higher than those of border irrigation control and T5 treatment,the water use efficiency of T3 treatment was the highest,slightly higher than that of T2 treatment and significantly higher than that of other treatment,it increased by 23.0% compared with border irrigation.In 2015-2016,wheat yield T6>T5>T3>T4>T2>T1,T6 was significantly higher than T1 and T2,and had no significant difference compared with other treatments,the water use efficiency(WUE)of border irrigation was 40.3% higher than that of border irrigation.Comprehensive consideration of cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing,water-saving ecological aspects,under the micro-sprinkler irrigation mode,the best irrigation mode was spring irrigation 2 water(pull-off water,flowering water).
冬小麦 / 灌溉模式 / 穗部性状 / 产量 {{custom_keyword}} /
Winter wheat / Irrigation pattern / Panicle character / Yield {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 两季小麦生长季节不同处理的灌溉量Tab.1 Irrigation quantities of different treatments during two wheat growing seasons mm |
试验年份 Test years | 处理 Treatment | 灌水次数 Irrigation frequency | 越冬期 Pre- wintering stage | 起身末期 Erecting stage | 拔节后 (春五叶) After jointing (Spring fifth blade) | 开花期 Anthesis stage | 开花后7 d Seven day after anthesis | 灌浆期 Filling stage | 灌水总量 Total amount |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-2015 | T1 | 3 | 30 | 23 | 23 | 75 | |||
T2 | 3 | 30 | 22 | 22 | 75 | ||||
T3 | 3 | 30 | 45 | 37 | 112 | ||||
T4 | 4 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 22 | 112 | |||
T5 | 4 | 30 | 45 | 53 | 22 | 150 | |||
T6 | 3 | 30 | 101 | 83 | 214 | ||||
2015-2016 | T1 | 3 | 30 | 30 | 22 | 82 | |||
T2 | 3 | 30 | 30 | 22 | 82 | ||||
T3 | 2 | 52 | 52 | 104 | |||||
T4 | 3 | 37 | 45 | 22 | 104 | ||||
T5 | 3 | 45 | 53 | 37 | 135 | ||||
T6 | 2 | 127 | 125 | 250 |
表2 不同灌水处理产量、产量构成和水分利用效率的变化Tab.2 Changes of yield,yield components and water use efficiency in different irrigation treatments |
试验年份 Test years | 处理 Treatment | 收获穗数/ (×104/hm2) Spike number | 穗粒数 Grain number per spike | 千粒质量/g Thousand-grain weight | 产量/ (kg/hm2) Yield | WUE/(kg/m3) Water use efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-2015 | T1 | 754±48.5ab | 24.3±2.2a | 46.2±0.1ab | 8 460.0±54.1c | 1.75±0.02bc |
T2 | 722±69.9b | 26.7±2.6a | 47.8±0.7a | 9 198.0±41.7b | 2.03±0.02a | |
T3 | 792±27.1ab | 26.8±2.1a | 44.8±1.6b | 9 522.0±111.9a | 2.08±0.01a | |
T4 | 779±67.5ab | 25.6±2.2a | 46.9±1.2ab | 9 513.0±55.6a | 1.81±0.01b | |
T5 | 747±37.6ab | 28.6±1.4a | 44.2±0.7b | 9 432.0±62.6a | 1.52±0.01d | |
T6 | 845±42.7a | 25.3±0.9a | 44.5±1.3b | 9 502.5±37.5a | 1.69±0.01c | |
2015-2016 | T1 | 517±70.1d | 32.1±1.9a | 42.0±1.5c | 6 966.0±206.5c | 1.79±0.01b |
T2 | 543±44.7cd | 32.8±1.5a | 45.0±0.6b | 8 029.5±130.7b | 2.38±0.02a | |
T3 | 633±22.5bc | 31.0±2.1ab | 46.3±1.4ab | 9 091.5±53.9a | 2.54±0.05a | |
T4 | 614±27.6bc | 29.2±0.8ab | 47.6±0.4a | 8 973.0±64.3ab | 2.42±0.10a | |
T5 | 648±75.7b | 31.9±2.7ab | 44.9±0.8b | 9 297.0±183.8a | 2.09±0.06a | |
T6 | 785±27.8a | 29.2±1.2ab | 45.8±0.5bc | 9 487.5±161.9a | 1.81±0.09b |
注:不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。 | |
Note:Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences among the treatments at 0.05 level. The same as |
表3 不同灌溉模式小麦穗层整齐度差异Tab.3 Difference of uniformity of spike layer in wheat under different irrigation patterns |
试验年份 Years | 处理 Treatment | 单穗质量/g Single spike weight | 株高/cm Plant height | 穗长/cm Spike Length | 小穗数 Spikelet number (per spike) | 不孕小穗数 Number of sterile spike lets (per spike) | 穗质量变异 系数/% Coefficient of variation of of spike weight | 株高变异 系数/% Coefficient of variation of stem height |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-2015 | T1 | 1.52±0.11a | 69.4±1.4a | 7.4±0.14a | 18.1±0.47a | 3.4±0.27a | 24.2±1.2b | 8.5±0.5a |
T2 | 1.58±0.16a | 71.5±1.2a | 7.6±0.20a | 18.3±0.56a | 3.2±0.25a | 23.6±0.9bc | 7.6±0.9a | |
T3 | 1.58±0.04a | 71.8±2.3a | 7.6±0.45a | 18.4±0.95a | 3.5±0.25a | 24.9±1.2a | 8.0±0.5a | |
T4 | 1.54±0.08a | 72.1±2.2a | 7.4±0.26a | 18.1±0.92a | 3.7±0.24a | 20.3±1.6c | 7.2±0.6a | |
T5 | 1.58±0.01a | 72.6±1.9a | 7.8±0.32a | 18.3±0.21a | 3.4±0.21a | 21.1±0.7bc | 8.0±0.9a | |
T6 | 1.50±0.08a | 74.4±0.8a | 7.8±0.14a | 18.5±0.42a | 3.6±0.42a | 26.9±1.4a | 8.6±0.5a | |
2015-2016 | T1 | 1.56±0.06b | 66.0±2.5ab | 6.8±0.43a | 9.3±0.45a | 3.0±0.45a | 23.4±1.1c | 8.4±0.4a |
T2 | 1.72±0.15ab | 65.9±1.8b | 6.7±0.16a | 9.5±0.32a | 2.5±0.32ab | 23.6±0.9c | 8.8±1.0a | |
T3 | 1.66±0.11ab | 70.3±0.9ab | 7.0±0.17a | 9.2±0.17a | 2.9±0.17ab | 25.7±1.6bc | 7.9±1.0a | |
T4 | 1.54±0.05b | 69.3±1.5ab | 6.8±0.19a | 9.2±0.19a | 3.1±0.19a | 29.2±2.2ab | 8.6±0.9a | |
T5 | 1.57±0.03b | 69.5±2.3ab | 6.7±0.03a | 9.2±0.03a | 3.1±0.03a | 24.5±1.9c | 8.1±1.0a | |
T6 | 1.41±0.09b | 73.0±1.8a | 6.8±0.32a | 9.0±0.32a | 2.6±0.32ab | 31.4±1.6a | 8.1±0.9a |
表4 不同灌溉模式小麦成穗比例Tab. 4 Ear-forming percentage of wheat under different irrigation patterns |
试验年份 Years | 处理 Treatment | 单株成穗 Panicle formation per plant | 1穗组比例/% 1 proportion of panicle group | 2穗组比例/% 2 proportion of panicle group | 3穗组比例/% 3 proportion of panicle group | 4穗组比例/% 4 proportion of panicle group | 无穗小蘖率/% Ear-less tiller rate | 中落穗率/% Middle ear rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-2015 | T1 | 1.70±0.16b | 43.5±3.7a | 43.6±1.5a | 10.2±0.9b | 2.7±0b | 34.9±1.9a | 12.5±1.5a |
T2 | 1.90±0.31ab | 38.3±2.5a | 40.1±2.9a | 17.4±2.1ab | 4.2±0b | 29.3±2.6a | 10.2±1.3a | |
T3 | 1.80±0.04b | 39.3±3.0a | 41.5±2.9a | 15.3±1.6ab | 3.9±0b | 27.7±1.8a | 6.8±1.0ab | |
T4 | 1.90±0.09ab | 36.9±1.7a | 39.0±2.6a | 18.6±1.4ab | 5.5±0b | 27.2±2.7a | 7.6±0.8ab | |
T5 | 1.80±0.18b | 42.5±2.9a | 40.4±2.5a | 12.6±1.8ab | 4.5±0b | 23.0±2.2ab | 9.8±0.9a | |
T6 | 2.20±0.05a | 30.6±2.7a | 34.1±2.4a | 22.5±2.1a | 12.8±0a | 29.3±0.7a | 9.1±1.2a | |
2015-2016 | T1 | 1.19±0.11c | 79.7±2.7a | 19.3±2.6c | 1.0±0.1b | 0 | 51.8±2.3a | 3.7±0.2a |
T2 | 1.37±0.16bc | 68.8±3.9ab | 30.7±2.9bc | 0.5±0.0b | 0 | 51.2±1.5a | 3.4±0.2a | |
T3 | 1.38±0.05bc | 65.6±2.5b | 31.7±2.1ab | 2.7±0.4b | 0 | 44.6±1.5ab | 2.9±0.3ab | |
T4 | 1.30±0.12bc | 75.3±2.8ab | 22.0±2.2bc | 2.7±0.5b | 0 | 45.3±2.1ab | 3.9±0.2a | |
T5 | 1.52±0.13b | 64.1±2.7b | 33.0±2.7ab | 3.0±0.7b | 0 | 41.5±2.0ab | 2.5±0.2ab | |
T6 | 2.04±0.17a | 42.9±2.2c | 38.5±1.9a | 15.3±0.8a | 3.2±0.7a | 49.2±2.0a | 1.8±0.2b |
表5 不同灌溉模式各生育期小麦群体的变化Tab.5 Changes of wheat population in different growth stages under different irrigation patterns |
试验年份 Test years | 处理 Treatment | 基本苗/ (×104/hm2) Seedlings | 拔节中期分蘖/ (×104/hm2) Tillers of the middle jointing | 收获穗数/ (×104/hm2) Number of ears harvested | 成穗率/% Spike setting rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-2015 | T1 | 422±35.0a | 1 800±55.0c | 754.5±48.5ab | 41.9±0.3a |
T2 | 411±32.1a | 1 738±21.5c | 721.5±69.9b | 41.5±2.0a | |
T3 | 426±33.0a | 1 984±84.5ab | 792.0±27.1ab | 39.9±1.2a | |
T4 | 417±41.4a | 1 915±16.0b | 778.5±67.5ab | 40.7±2.5a | |
T5 | 420±26.9a | 1 750±10.1c | 747.0±37.6ab | 42.7±0.7a | |
T6 | 428±22.5a | 2 037±36.0a | 844.5±42.7a | 41.5±1.5a | |
2015-2016 | T1 | 416±13.1a | 1 233±112.4b | 501.0±70.1d | 40.6±2.1b |
T2 | 420±15.0a | 1 232±50.5b | 543.6±44.7cd | 44.1±3.4b | |
T3 | 413±11.5a | 1 497±73.7a | 631.9±22.5bc | 48.1±1.6ab | |
T4 | 427±36.3a | 1 474±93.4a | 599.0±27.6bc | 40.6±2.3b | |
T5 | 423±39.8a | 1 493±45.5a | 645.0±75.7b | 42.8±3.5b | |
T6 | 421±17.6a | 1 516±33.0a | 793.7±27.8a | 52.3±2.0a |
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