Using the multi-product dual revenue function framework, this paper examines the nature and extent of technical and economic interactions among five demersal species of Al-Batinah demersal fishery, Oman during the 2010–2016 period. The parameters of the system of output supply functions are estimated using Zellner's seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) technique. The likelihood ratio test in relation to the structure of the multi-output production technology rejects the null-hypothesis of input-output separability and non-jointness in inputs. These results suggest that the underlying production technology is non-separable between the outputs and the quasi-fixed input, and the harvesting level of one species is likely to have spill-over economic effects on the harvesting levels of others. The own-price elasticities of output supply are found to be positive, inelastic, and statistically significant in four out of five cases suggesting that, other things being equal, fishers' supply decisions are influenced by the prevailing market prices of outputs. The estimated values of the cross-price elasticity of supply are negative, inelastic and statistically significant at the 5% level for eight output pairs. The calculated values of the Morishima elasticity of substitution (MES) indicate the presence of substitutability between ten output pairs. The cross-price elasticity estimates are in the range of −0.001 (between Emperor and Catfish) to −0.275 (between Seabream and Grouper) which is lower (in absolute value) than that of the MES estimates. The magnitudes of the cross-price elasticity and the MES estimates indicate the extent of spill-over effects of one species on the other and signal the extent of species targeting by fishers. A statistically significant spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual variability is observed in all species cases. Finally, the implications of the findings are discussed from the perspective of developing effective management approaches, achieving sustainability of fisheries resources and improving fishers' socio-economic conditions stipulated in the Five-Year development plans for the sector.

The blood clam (Tegillarca granosa) is an economically important marine shellfish in the southeast coastal area of China. In T. granosa breeding practice, growth-related traits are most important phenotypic selection index. In order to increase the breeding efficiency, we used a previously published genetic linkage map of T. granosa to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth-related traits in a single full sibling F1 family. Eight growth-related traits including shell length (SL), shell height (SH), shell width (SW), shell weight (Swi), shell umbo width (SUW), as well as outer ligament length (OLL), meat weight (MW) and total weight (TW) of T. granosa were measured for QTL mapping. The estimated phenotypic correlations between any 2 of the 8 growth-related traits were significant (P 

Melanization of shrimp gills is a general symptom in shrimp black bill diseases (sBG); therefore, the cause is not immediately apparent. This study aimed to determine the primary and secondary agents associated with a black gill outbreak in the Delvar complex in the Bushehr Province of Iran. During July and August of 2020, 450 healthy and affected shrimps were collected based on brown to black gill color from three farms of the Bushehr Province in Iran. Characterization of pathogens was performed by gross signs, wet mounts, microbiological tests, histopathology methods, and sequencing of molecular markers. The mean weight and length of infected shrimps was significantly (P 

The razor clam Sinonovacula constricta is an economically important bivalve species in China, which inhabits the mudflat of intertidal and estuaries areas and frequently suffers the low salinity stress due to heavy rain events. The present study investigated the effects of hyposalinity stress (salinity 10, 5, 3, and 1) on osmoregulation and haemolymph microbiota in S. constricta after 7 days of exposure. The results showed that the survival rate of razor clams was only significantly reduced in the 1 ppt group compared to the control group (salinity 20) (P 

Seawater (SW)-acclimated Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, reared under a salinity 30 environment had lower growth and survival than the freshwater (FW)-acclimated fish. It was hypothesized that cells of the SW-acclimated fish had not been able to synthesize an adequate level of a compatible osmolyte, myo-inositol (MI), in adjusting to the salinity 30 environment. In this study, MI supplements, at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg pellets, were provided to the fish through top-dressing. After the 30-day feeding trial, the following parameters were determined: final body weights; survival; biomass increase; feed conversion ratio (FCR); plasma osmolality and ions; and two transcripts in the gills mips250 and mipa1 encoding enzymes responsible for MI biosynthesis. The SW-acclimated O. niloticus receiving 500-mg MI supplement had significantly higher survival, biomass increase, and lower FCR than those of the SW-acclimated fish receiving no supplement. At 500-mg MI supplemental level, the increasing values of plasma osmolality and Na+ observed in SW-acclimated fish were significantly attenuated. The transcript mipa1, but not mips250, was markedly up-regulated in the SW-acclimated O. niloticus, compared with that of the FW-acclimated fish. Again, MI at 500-mg supplement attenuated the up-regulation significantly. This study suggests that MI supplement at the optimum level enhanced the performance of SW-acclimated O. niloticus, and through yet unknown mechanisms, attenuated some of their physiological responses to the osmotic stress.

Hypoxia, a common environmental condition, can affect cell survival and physiological function by triggering oxidative stress. Akt/FoxO pathway has been proven to play a non-negligible role in the regulation of autophagy. However, the role of Akt/FoxO pathway in hypoxia-induced autophagy is unclear in fish. Therefore, in this study, grass carp hepatocyte cells (L8824) were treated by CoCl2 to simulate hypoxia, and the results showed that CoCl2 can increase the expression of Hif-1α protein at different concentrations or different treatment time. Further study found that hypoxia increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and the expression of autophagy-related genes (LC3-II, pink1, beclin-1 and p62) and foxO1a/1b. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was also depolarized, and autophagosomes were intriguingly detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM) after the treatment of hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia inhibited Akt phosphorylation, while PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, LY294002 significantly up-regulated the expression of foxO1a/1b and autophagy-related genes. Additionally, silencing foxo1b also resulted in down-regulation of autophagy-related genes. It was demonstrated that hypoxia induced autophagy via Akt/FoxO1 pathway. These results will provide a new light on further understanding the role of Akt/FoxO pathway in the response to hypoxia in fish.

Spawning performance -relative fecundity and fertilization success- was studied in two hatchery-reared broodstocks of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) held under relatively constant well-water temperature (18–20 °C) and simulated natural photoperiod, for five consecutive spawning seasons, between 3 and 7 years of age. The spawning season lasted between 4 and 6 months each year, and the total number of eggs produced annually ranged between 1 480 000 and 3 100 000 eggs/kg female body weight, being the highest during the first and second spawning season. No difference was observed in monthly relative fecundity between years -although high variation existed within years, whereas fertilization success was the highest during the second and third reproductive season, and dropped significantly during the last year of the study. The male percentage of the broodstocks was 35% during the first spawning season of the females, and thereafter it decreased further and remained stable at around 15%–20% for the second and third spawning season. Substitution of older females with smaller males to readjust male percentage to 50% in the fourth spawning season, was followed by sex change of larger males to females and a drop of the male percentage to 18% in the following spawning season. The present study demonstrated the long spawning season of gilthead seabream -especially under constant water temperature, the high fecundity and fertilization success, and the stabilization of male percentage to ∼20% after the first spawning season or when a broodstock is modified to increase male percentage. These results are useful to the aquaculture industry, demonstrating that there is no need to add males to gilthead seabream broodstocks over the years, as the sex ratio is stabilized and egg production and fertilization success remain high with a relatively low male:female sex ratio.

The growth of aquaculture demands intense consumption of formulated foods, scarce natural resources such as water and land. The increase in aquaculture production needs to be sustainable in several aspects of the activity, including the use of more sustainable farming systems that provide reduced water demand, less space dependence for increased production, and availability of complementary natural food. In this perspective, the biofloc system (BFT), presents itself as a more friendly cultivation technology as a way to mitigate some impacts of aquaculture production. Much research has been carried out, addressing different aspects important to the production of fish in BFT. In this review, we address how stocking density, carbon sources and carbon nitrogen ration (C/N) affect animal performance and the nutritional value of bioflocs; the use of microbial aggregates as “in situ” and “ex situ” food and the benefits in feed conversion, and their influence on the immune system and disease resistance.

Management of fed-fish culture practices, at present, stands on two broad feed categories, (i) formulated proteinaceous aquafeeds and (ii) the natural resources. Judicious use of the later is gaining popularity since it offers sustainability to fish culture. Polyculture often targets phyto- and zooplanktonic resources, but mostly ignores periphyton. This review discusses the works on feed diversification performed independently at different times. Fishes, viz. Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita and Amblypharyngodon mola were projected as potential candidates for resource - nutrient management with feed diversification in rice fish culture. With C. carpio the rice fish culture called Aji Gnui Assonii in terrace water-logged rice field of Apatani Plateau, Arunachal Pradesh (India) is referred as self-substrating aquaculture practice. This monoculture practice experiences high carp productivity since there remains surplus of resources below the threshold level in these rice fields. Similarly, L. rohita, explores periphytic resources in ponds when substrates are installed. As a result, filter feeders get more foraging aquatic phase intensifying the resources for exploration in pond. This concept is suggested for rice fields with water depth above 50 cm where rice stems act as substrate. With trenches or refuge canals, resource intensification may be managed for more cultivable fishes in rice fields with

The peritoneum is mainly composed of mesothelial cells, fiber cells, and fibers, with many free cells that come from tissue capillaries. Siniperca chuatsi is a valuable fish commodity and important freshwater aquaculture species in China. With the increase in the scale of its breeding, bacterial and viral disease of the S. chuatsi has become increasingly rampant in recent years. This study analyzed the peritoneal gene expression profile using transcriptome technology for the first time. The results showed that 95,711 unigenes were expressed in the peritoneum with an average length of 920.72 bp. In addition to the housekeeping genes, the genes of extracellular matrix protein 1a (ecm1), Angiopoietin-related protein 4-like (angptl4) and cysteine-rich protein 1 (crip1) were highly expressed genes in the peritoneum, and they are key factors in peritoneal development and the maintenance of morphology. Meanwhile, many immune genes were also expressed in the peritoneum, including beta-2-microglobulin (b2m), MHC II invariant chain (cd74), prostate stem cell antigen-like protein (psca), claudin (cldn), heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), complement component 4 (c4), radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2 (rsad2), and cathepsin S (ctss). The RT-PCR results showed that different genes exhibited different expression profiles. The transcriptome data indicated that b2m, cldn, hsp90, c4, and rsad2 were highly expressed in the peritoneum. b2m, cd74, psca, c4, and ctss were highly expressed after embryonic hatching, whereas cldn, hsp90, and rsad2 were expressed at early embryonic stages. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that b2m, cd74, cldn, hsp90, c4, and ctss genes were highly expressed after immunostimulation. This study provides significant data for studying the morphological and functional diversity of fish peritoneum and lays a foundation for research on mandarin fish immunity.

International soft law is not legally binding, but nevertheless it embodies mainstream values and influences the formation of hard law in global governance. Marine fisheries have become important arenas of global governance, in which developing states are crucial participants. The interactions between soft law and hard law in global marine fisheries can be mainly summarized as follows: soft law can be the precursor for hard law and be implicitly introduced into hard law to enhance normativity; hard law can also be incorporated into soft law. This paper explores the IUU fishing case to illustrate the significant role of soft law on international fisheries law and identify gaps in global marine fisheries governance. The development of international instruments to combat IUU fishing within FAO undergoes a process from voluntary to legally binding with the engagement and promotion of some developed states for their benefits. But IUU fishing concept is defective in its drafting as well as in practical application and indicates the value of emphasizing conservation over economic and social development, which is contrary to the principle of sustainable development and fails to meet the requirements of the developing states. The paper suggests to fill this gap by converting existing values in soft law to foster fishing rules that benefit all states and provide some insights towards this direction.

Paphia textile is an economically important bivalve cultured in southeastern China. The feet, as the main edible part of P. textile, vary in color from white to orange. Previous studies have suggested that the orange feet of P. textile contain higher levels of carotenoids than the white feet, but the kinds of carotenoids are not known. The pigments identified in this study can facilitate further analysis of their underlying molecular mechanism and enable the breeding of P. textile with high carotenoid content. The pigments were extracted from the orange feet of P. textile by an acetone extraction method, and then, the extracted pigments were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Moreover, the MS analysis was carried out with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) ion modes. A total of 47 substances were detected, including 9 terpenoids, 7 amino acids and peptides, 13 lipids, 9 organic acids, 2 types of vitamin A and 7 other substances. Furthermore, Î⊃2;-doradecin (3'-hydroxy-3,4-diketo-Î⊃2;-carotene) was identified as the main pigment in the feet. This is the first report of the presence of Î⊃2;-doradecin, a type of carotenoid, in bivalves.

In triangle sail mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii), shell biomineralization is a complicated process that involves multiple gene products. Shell matrix proteins are involved in the formation of the organic framework and play an important role in the regulation of calcium carbonate deposition. In this study, A new shell matrix protein gene Hc-transgelin was identified in H. cumingii. The full-length cDNA of Hc-transgelin was 1200 bp, including a 501 bp open reading frame, which encoded 166 amino acids. Hc-transgelin is rich in lysine, it accounts for 11.40% of the protein. The predicted transgelin protein contained a conserved calmodulin homologous domain. A tissue-specific expression assay indicated that Hc-transgelin exhibited significantly highest expression in the mantle. Furthermore, Hc-transgelin in situ hybridization detected positive signals at the edge of the mantle outer fold, where nacre and prismatic layer biomineralization occur. An RNA interference assay showed that the shape of aragonite flakes in nacre changed and their growth was inhibited, and cracks appeared in the prismatic layer organic sheath when the expression of Hc-transgelin was suppressed. In a shell repair assay, a higher expression of Hc-transgelin appeared from day 12 to day 25 when the nacre accumulated quickly. These findings indicate that Hc-transgelin may be involved in the formation of aragonite flakes in the nacre and play a role in the formation of the organic sheath in the prismatic layer of the shell. This study provides new insights into the role of the Hc-transgelin gene and also contributes to the molecular understanding of mollusk shell formation.

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus, was initially isolated from goldfish (Carassius auratus) and has been recently emerging as a virulent pathogen for cultured prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) world-wide. In this study, a novel and effective method for concentration and quantification of live CyHV-2 virions from water was successfully established through coupling the iron flocculation with real time qPCR assay. Then, the shedding intensity of CyHV-2 in fish-tank water from artificially-challenged goldfish (25 fish/20 L) was monitored continuously for 7 days on a daily basis through quantitating viral genomic copy numbers by qPCR, and the maximum shedding level was determined to be 105 copies/L. Horizontal transmission research system was established by inoculating healthy goldfish in water spiked with serial dilution of CyHV-2 virions ranging from 107 to 103 copies/L. Our results indicated that water-borne CyHV-2 efficiently caused the infection of tested goldfish even in a concentration of 103 copies/L, and the overall transmission efficacy was not linearly correlated with the level of input virus in the fish tank. Commercial disinfectant Composite Sodium Chlorite Powder (CSCP) has been widely applied in aquaculture to control microbial infection through direct spill in the water, and its effect in inactivating the CyHV-2 infectivity remains unknown. We further determined that the EC50 of CSCP against 3.89 TCID50/mL CyHV-2 was close to 15.625 μg/mL in vitro, and application of CSCP in a level as high as 60 μg/mL (the safety concentration of CSCP for goldfish) couldn't protect goldfish from CyHV-2 challenge through immersion. Thus, the disinfectant CSCP was regarded as none-effective for blocking CyHV-2 transmission in water during epidemic. Overall, our data provided quantitative data to demonstrate the shedding intensity of CyHV-2 in water, and CSCP was shown to be not effective in blocking water-borne horizontal transmission of CyHV-2 in goldfish. The virus-concentration protocol and virus-inhibition assay established here also paved the way for evaluating more commercial disinfectants in their effects in blocking water-borne horizontal transmission of CyHV-2.

Adult male and female golden mahseer (n = 10–12) were collected during summer, monsoon, pre-winter and winter for evaluating gonadal seasonality, condition factor (CF), viscera-hepatosomatic index (VHSI), hepatocyte density (HD) and muscle fatty acid (FA) profile. In summer and monsoon, all males, but only 67% and 71% of females, were spawning capable in respective seasons. In pre-winter, males were mostly in regressing, but females were in regenerating phases. In winter, 50% of males and 14% of females were in the early spawning capable phase. VHSI and HD, in males only, were respectively highest and lowest in winter, indicating their nutrient recovery starting in pre-winter and completing in winter. Seasonal muscle FA profile of females only was linked to gonadal status, where C20:1, C22:1, C18:3n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:4n-3, C22:6n-3, total n-3 and n-6 FAs were depleted in peak spawning seasons. Overall, it was found that their spawning peak falls in summer and monsoon, but few early and late spawners were detected in winter and pre-winter, respectively. Males and females exhibited a different reproduction-linked nutrient allocation pattern; hepatic nutrient dynamic was prominent in males, but muscle FA dynamic was pronounced in females. CF dynamic was similar in both sexes.

Albinism is a genetic disorder caused by a series of genetic abnormalities that result in a decrease in melanin. Golden yellow snakehead fish (GCAS) has been discovered while the Channa argus (CAS) breeding, but the genetic mechanism that causes its albinism is not known. Transcriptome sequencing and comparison of CAS and GCAS skin using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) technology to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of snakehead albinism.27.1 G clean reads and 26,198 full-length non-redundant sequences were generated via ONT sequencing. Overall, 8079 new transcripts and 7231 genes were identified by comparing and analyzing redundant removed transcripts and known reference genome annotations. The results of DEGs analysis showed that a total of 59 transcripts were differentially expressed in the two groups, including 22 up-regulated transcripts and 37 down-regulated transcripts. Five causative genes associated with albinism have been identified, including TYR (Tyrosinase) and SOX10 (SRY-box transcription factor 10) (tyrosinase synthesis and metabolism), S-100 (S100 calcium binding protein A1) (melanin production), NLRC3 (NLR family CARD domain containing 3) (disease immunity) are significantly down-regulated in GCAS, while RhoGEFs expression (melanin synthesis) is up-regulated. Protein interaction analysis revealed that GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is the top hub gene in the regulation of skin color in C. argus. In addition, the skin of snakehead fish is regulated by metabolic (GAPDH), immune [(Tumor protein p53 (TP53), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (SRC), CD274] and neural [(Notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)] related genes to achieve differences in skin color. These findings in understanding the process by which albinism in fish develops.

Crassostrea (Magallana) saidii has been commercially ranched in Malaysia and consumed for more than 160 years, but it was only recently identified as a new species to science. This study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive phenology of C. (M.) saidii. Samples of 30 individual oysters were taken monthly for 15 months from the sole population at Sungai Muar estuary in Johor, Malaysia. The sex ratio was 1:1.64 (male:female) for all examined specimens, with female numbers significantly higher. Hermaphrodism was detected in 1.56% of all samples. Spawning peaks in April (2019) and November (2018 and 2019), and were positively associated with the increased rainfall upstream. Gametogenesis occurred throughout the research period with temporal variations. The highest values of maturity index (MI) were recorded in March, August and October 2019, when most oysters were in matured and maturing stages. Condition index (CI) ranged from 31.90 ± 1.25 (April 2019) to 70.03 ± 3.23 (October 2019), exhibiting two peaks (March and October 2019) and subsequently reduced in CI indicating spawning consistency with histological observations. Anthropogenic stressors such as heavy sedimentation and inland development are threatening the survival of this species. The understanding of their reproductive biology is essential to ensure the survival and sustainability of C. (M.) saidii fishery.

The complete quantitative essential amino acid (EAA) requirements of aquacultured animals are largely unknown except for a handful of species. This is problematic because formulation of least-cost diets for target animals demands precise knowledge of EAA requirements. One way of approximating EAA requirements is to use correlations between whole-body and/or muscle EAA profiles using essential to total EAA ratios (A/E ratios). This method requires a reference, quantified EAA requirement, usually lysine (Lys). To systematically evaluate the A/E ratio method, muscle AA profiles were measured in 10 species of teleost and whiteleg shrimp. In fish, Lys represented the dominant muscle EAA measured, ranging between 7.06 and 9.58 g/100 g protein, whereas, in shrimp, arginine (Arg) was quantified as the principal EAA. For non-EAA, glutamate (Glu) and glutamine were consistently the NEAA recorded at highest levels whereas, in shrimp, Glu + Gln was highest followed by aspartate (Asp) plus asparagine (Asn). Except for Arg, which was twice that of fish (P 

The study was conducted to estimate the post-harvest loss (PHL) of inland capture fisheries in Bangladesh based on the fishing venture i.e., sole proprietorship, partnership and cooperatives using Questionnaire Loss Assessment Method (QLAM). A total of 1339 fishermen were selected using stratified random sampling where 792, 485, and 62 were involved in the sole proprietorship, partnership, and cooperatives types of fishing venture respectively. The data were collected from thirty-nine districts across six divisions through the direct interview method covering 92 fish species. The results indicated that Ashar (June–July) to Agrahayon (November–December) was the peak fishing period for every fishing venture. The study revealed that the high volumes of fishes were caught from haor for partnership and cooperatives while river was for sole proprietorship. The study accounted lower PHL for cooperatives than that of sole proprietorship and partnership and found significance differences among them from Tukey's pairwise test. The estimated PHL was higher for Puti (Puntius chola) in sole proprietorship and partnership whereas Tengra (Gagata cenia) in cooperatives venture. The study suggests to expand the cooperatives fishing ventures widely in Bangladesh where the predominant factors (i.e., longer harvesting duration, delaying in marketing the fishes and temperature, excess supply, and etc.) of causing PHL in this venture should be taken under consideration.

The recent fisheries management approach by Mauritania recommends that Total Allowable Catch (TAC) quotas, identified as essential for maintaining fish stocks, be shared (allocated) among fishing fleets operating in Mauritanian waters. However, the efficiency of such management regulations is debated. This issue can be identified as the typical dilemma between distant-fishing countries and coastal countries. We developed a theoretical model to determine how to allocate TAC quotas between the fishing fleets of Mauritania (RIM) and the European Union (EU). We discuss the various procedures and conditions for optimizing the allocation of fishing quotas (by country) in context of the Nash equilibrium. We found that both equilibria are characterized by strategic interactions of the exploitation that influence both the supply of TAC quotas available on the market and the cost of externalities due to RIM's dependence on financial compensation by the EU and available TAC quotas.

This study reports radiological deformities in the vertebral column of six fishes viz, Scomberomorus commerson, Chanos chanos, Sillago sihama, Pampus chinensis, Rastrelliger kanagurta and Netuma thalassina that were collected from the Coromandel coast, Bay of Bengal. Four main different types of vertebral column deformities were found: (i) whole body kypho-lordo-kyphosis (Sillago sihama, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Netuma thalassina); (ii) tail region kypho-lordosis (Scomberomorus commerson); (iii) tail region lordo-kyphosis (Chanos chanos); (iv) platyspondyly (Pampus chinensis). Seven types of vertebra body deformities, describing the pathology of single vertebrae, were present; reduced intervertebral space, compression, fusion, compresion & fusion, fusion center, dorsal wedge-shaped and compressed & dorsal wed-shaped. The present documentation of deformities in six different species that are also very different with regard to habitat, diet and swimming activity may suggest that fish deformities are widespread in the study area.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the causative agent of White spot disease (WSD), not only caused huge economic losses, but also greatly limited the development of crustacean breeding industry. Chinese herbs are widely used and have great application potential in antiviral research. In thist study, the antiviral effects of 11 Chinese herb extracts were evaluated in Procambarus clarkii (crayfish) model of WSSV infection, among which Cimicifuga foetida L. extract showed the highest inhibition rate (88.22%) against WSSV replication. On this basis, the anti-WSSV effect of Isoferulic acid (IFA), a major bioactive component of Cimicifuga foetida L., was further investigated. The results showed that IFA significantly inhibited WSSV replication (96.57%, 50 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner and significantly improved the survival of WSSV-challenged crayfish. IFA had the potential preventive and therapeutic effect against WSSV infection, and the preventive effect was better than the therapeutic effect. Mechanistically, IFA suppressed the expression of the immediate early gene ie1, the DNA polymerase gene DNApol and envelope protein gene Vp28 to inhibit WSSV replication, activated TLR, CTL and ProPo genes expression to block ie1 transcription, and suppressed BAF, STAT, NF-κb and Crustin 1 genes expression to elevate innate immunity against WSSV infection. Besides, IFA upregulated the cMnSOD, mMnSOD, CAT and GST genes expression, and downregulated the COX-1 and COX-2 genes expression to balance the oxidative stress and inflammatory damage caused by WSSV infection. This study provides a theoretical basis and meaningful reference for the development of IFA as a highly effective and practical anti-WSSV drug.