Epigenetic regulation refers to the heritable control of gene expression without alterations in the DNA sequence, achieved through mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA modification, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics provides an additional and flexible source of trait variation for horticultural crop improvement, opening innovative avenues for breeding new varieties capable of addressing challenges like climate change adaptation, disease and pest resistance, and quality enhancement. This review systematically synthesizes current research progress on the epigenetic regulation of key agronomic traits in horticultural crops and summarizes relevant breeding tools and methods developed for their use in horticultural crop breeding. It aims to provide a theoretical reference for further understanding the epigenetic basis of the formation of horticultural crop traits, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion and application of epigenetic breeding in horticultural crops.

To establish an efficient and sustainable RNAi breeding control system, this paper summarizes the application potential of RNAi technology in crop disease and pest resistance, reviews the current research and development status of transgenic RNAi crops, and analyzes the design strategies and synergistic resistance mechanisms of multi-target tandem RNAi. The key points of elaboration include the "dsRNA/microRNA stable expression system", the "combined control model of complex pests and diseases (wheat scab - aphids, cotton wilt - cotton aphids)", and the "precise gene intervention approach for delaying resistance evolution", etc. It is pointed out that low delivery efficiency, poor environmental stability of dsRNA and high production cost remain the bottlenecks for large-scale application. This paper proposes that through the precise release technology of nano-carrier-plant symbiotic delivery, tandem expression of multi-gene silencers, and combined with ecological balance monitoring, the coordinated management of multiple pests and diseases can be achieved within 5 to 10 years. It is believed that this system will promote the transformation of agriculture towards a sustainable model of "precise genetic intervention + ecological balance maintenance", providing key support for global food security.

To explore the effects of different amendments on the soil bacterial community structure and oat growth in soda saline-alkali land, and provide a basis for efficient improvement of saline-alkali land and the high-yield cultivation of oats, a field experiment was carried out in Dongfeng Farm, Daqing City. Five treatments were set up, namely, without amendment (CK), aluminum sulfate (AS), desulfurized gypsum (DG), vinegar residue (VR) and biochar (BC). High-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities, and the agronomic traits of oats were measured. The results showed that the four improvers significantly increased the soil bacterial community diversity (P<0.05). Among them, the number of OTUs, Chao1 index, and Ace index were the highest in the DG treatment, the Shannon index was the highest in the VR treatment, and the Simpson index was the lowest in the BC treatment. At the phylum level, Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota and Actinomycetota were the main phyla. The relative abundance of Pseudomonadota was the highest (29.47%) in the BC treatment, the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota was the lowest (17.12%) in the AS treatment, and the relative abundance of Actinomycetota was the lowest (11.00%) in the DG treatment. At the genus level, norank_Pyrinomonadaceae, norank_Gemmatimonadaceae and norank_Vicinamibacterales were the main genera. After the application of amendments, the plant height, spike length, 1000-grain weight, fresh weight and dry weight of oats all increased. The BC treatment effect was the most prominent. The plant height of oats was 130.37 cm, the spike length was 21.80 cm, the 1000-grain weight was 27.00 g, and the fresh weight and dry weight reached 8337.35 kg/hm² and 7141.30 kg/hm², respectively. The DG and AS treatments also promoted the growth of oats. In terms of fresh weight and dry weight, they were not as good as the BC treatment. The promoting effect of the VR treatment was relatively weak. The traits of oat plants were closely related to the α-diversity index of the soil bacterial community. In conclusion, the four amendments, aluminum sulfate, desulfurized gypsum, vinegar residue and biochar, could all improve the soil bacterial community structure and promote the growth of oats. Biochar had the best effect, followed by desulfurized gypsum and aluminum sulfate, and vinegar residue had a relatively weak effect.

This study investigates the effects of brackish water irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer types on the growth and yield of rice, providing a theoretical basis and practical guidance for integrated management of water and fertilizer as well as the improvement of crop yield in coastal saline farmlands. Taking moderately coastal saline soil (salt content=2.2 g/kg) as the test soil, a four-month field column experiment was conducted using ‘Y-Liangyou-911’ rice variety as material. The experiment was designed with two factors: the salinity of irrigation water [freshwater (W₁), mixed irrigation of freshwater and brackish water (W₂), and brackish water (W₃) alone] and nitrogen fertilizer types [urea (N₁), polyurethane-coated urea (N₂), and urea formaldehyde (N₃)]. The tillering number, plant height, leaf area as well as yield and its components of rice were analyzed. The results showed that, under the same nitrogen fertilizer type treatment, compared with fresh water irrigation (W₁), brackish water irrigation (W₂ and W₃) significantly promoted the tillering of rice, but reduced the plant height and leaf area. The nitrogen fertilizer type only significantly affected tillering number under fresh water irrigation. Specifically, the tillering number under W₁N₃ treatment was significantly higher than that under W₁N₂ and W₁N₁ treatments. However, nitrogen fertilizer type had no significant effect on plant height and leaf area. Regarding rice yield and its components, brackish water irrigation had no significant effect on the panicle number and grains per panicle, but significantly reduced the thousand-grain weight, consequently resulting in a decrease in yield. Compared with W₁ treatment, the yield under W₂ and W₃ treatments decreased by 17%-28% and 22%-35%, respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer type had no significant effect on panicle number and thousand-grain weight, but significantly increased grains per panicle and yield. Notably, compared with three treatments under fresh water irrigation, the rice yield under W₂N₂ treatment showed no significant decrease. In coastal saline areas, appropriate brackish water irrigation can promote rice tillering but inhibits plant height and leaf growth, thereby significantly reducing thousand-grain weight and causing yield reduction. Polyurethane-coated urea can effectively mitigate the negative impact of brackish water irrigation on rice yield. Overall, the practice combining the mixed irrigation with freshwater and brackish water (<1.50 g/L) and the application of polyurethane-coated urea as a basal fertilizer is an effective management strategy of water and fertilizer. This approach efficiently facilitates the utilization of brackish water resources and the stabilization of crop yield in coastal saline areas.

Saline and acid combined stress represents a major constraint for agricultural production and coastal saline soil utilization in South China. This study investigated the synergistic effects of combined organic and inorganic amendments on the physicochemical properties of coastal saline soils and the growth of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., aiming to provide theoretical insights for the efficient remediation of coastal saline soils and cultivation of salt-tolerant crops. Using coastal saline soil and M. crystallinum, a pot experiment was conducted to compare three treatments: control, 0.1% soil conditioner, and combined 0.05% calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer + 0.05% organic fertilizer. Amendments were evaluated for impacts on soil salinization, acidification, plant growth and stress resistance. The results showed that the 0.1% soil conditioner treatment increased soil pH by 2.68 units but showed no significant effects on soil electrical conductivity, total salt content, Na⁺ concentration, M. crystallinum biomass or stress resistance. In contrast, the combined application of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer increased soil pH by 2.15 units, reduced exchangeable Al³⁺, exchangeable H⁺, total exchangeable acidity and hydrolytic acidity by 85.3%, 87.9%, 86.0% and 59.5%, respectively, decreased soil electrical conductivity, salt content, and Na⁺ by 21.0%, 20.9%, and 31.0%, and increased soil available P concentration by 116%. Additionally, it enhanced the shoot fresh weight of M. crystallinum by 174%, reduced leaf malondialdehyde content by 37.0%, and increased root tip number by 42.8% compared to CK. Redundancy analysis identified soil available P, available K, and Na⁺ as key drivers of M. crystallinum growth in coastal saline soils. While soil conditioner alone alleviated acidification, its efficacy against saline-acid stress was limited. The combination of calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer synergistically improved soil physicochemical properties (elevating pH, reducing salinity, mitigating Na⁺ toxicity, elevating available P) and optimized root morphology, significantly enhancing M. crystallinum stress resistance and yield. This integrated approach outperforms single amendments in suppressing soil acidification and salinization, offering an effective strategy for the sustainable coastal saline soil utilization.

This study employed a single-factor randomized block design with six treatments: control (CK), microalgal nutrient solution (WZ), desulfurization gypsum (SG), fulvic acid (HFS), organic fertilizer (YJF) and biochar (SWT). Combining field plot experiments with laboratory analysis, the research aimed to investigate the effects of different amendments on soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and aggregate stability in saline-alkali soil of the Qaidam Basin. The improvement efficacy of the amendments was evaluated based on SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SOC fraction contents. The SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) and easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) contents under the SWT treatment were significantly higher than those under other treatments, reaching to 8.25, 2.00, 3.11 and 2.85 g/kg. Compared with the CK treatment, these values were increased by 112.53%, 282.19%, 70.13% and 203.19%, respectively. Fulvic acid application effectively increased the proportion of water-stable aggregates in the 0.053-0.25 mm and >0.25 mm size classes, showing increases of 17.89% and 7.14 % compared to CK. Furthermore, the HFS treatment yielded the highest mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) values among all treatments, at 7.131 mm and 0.089 mm. These values were 5.69% and 18.67% higher than those of the CK treatment. Correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between SOC fractions and either the composition or stability of water-stable aggregates. SOC and EOC showed a positive correlation with the content of aggregates <0.053 mm, but a negative correlation with the contents of 0.053-0.25 mm aggregates, >0.25 mm aggregates, MWD and GMD. In conclusion, biochar application facilitated SOC accumulation, while fulvic acid application promoted soil structural improvement.

This study systematically reviews the scientific and technological advancements in wheat breeding for saline-alkali farmland in China, analyzes current technical bottlenecks, and provides theoretical support for enhancing wheat productivity in saline-alkali soils. Through literature review and empirical analysis, we integrated research achievements in salt-alkali-tolerant germplasm development, gene discovery, variety breeding, and demonstration promotion, while considering regional saline-alkali soil characteristics and policy orientations. The results demonstrate significant progress in salt-alkali-tolerant wheat breeding innovations in China. A series of novel salt-alkali-tolerant germplasms have been developed, with key functional genes such as TaSRO1 and TaHKT1;5-D being identified. Ten nationally certified salt-alkali-tolerant wheat varieties, including 'Jingmai 189', have been bred, achieving an average yield of 7410 kg/hm² in regional trials with a 7.3% yield increase. Two major saline-alkali tolerance testing systems have been established in the Bohai Rim and Southern Xinjiang, with demonstration and promotion areas exceeding 18700 hm². However, the study also reveals existing challenges, including suboptimal breeding efficiency, incomplete technical systems, and inadequate promotion efforts. Therefore, future efforts should focus on enhancing gene discovery and molecular design breeding, establishing an efficient technical system, and promoting large-scale application of salt-alkali-tolerant varieties to provide scientific and technological support for China's food security strategy in saline-alkali regions.

This study investigated the synergistic ameliorative effects of Trichoderma harzianum in combination with different soil amendments on saline-alkali soils, and their impact on cotton growth. A pot experiment was conducted with six treatments: control (CK), T. harzianum alone (T), T. harzianum combined with biochar (BT), humic acid (HT), organic fertilizer (AT), and microbial inoculant (MT). The effects on soil physicochemical properties and the physiological performance of cotton were comprehensively assessed. Results showed that the AT treatment (combination with organic fertilizer) reduced soil pH by 2.58%, significantly outperforming other treatments. It also markedly increased the contents of soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, indicating that the amendments significantly improved soil physicochemical conditions. Regarding plant growth parameters, the AT treatment significantly enhanced plant height (+36.40%), stem diameter (+49.50%), aboveground biomass (+68.67%), and belowground biomass (+89.29%), representing the highest increases among all treatments. Physiological and biochemical analyses revealed that T, AT, and MT treatments significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in cotton leaves, while reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein, and proline, indicating enhanced stress resistance. Correlation analysis further demonstrated significant relationships between soil properties and cotton growth indicators, providing a scientific basis for optimizing soil amendment strategies. In conclusion, the combination of T. harzianum and organic fertilizer (AT treatment) was most effective in improving soil quality and promoting cotton growth. These findings offer scientific support and practical guidance for the efficient utilization of saline-alkali soils and the sustainable production of high-quality cotton in Xinjiang.

This paper delineated the integrated technological work process (encompassing cultivar selection, soil amelioration and cultivation management) developed for drought-alkali wheat expansion on saline soils in Cangzhou. It reviewed the consecutive growth trajectory in which the cropped area rose from 5.9×10⁴ hm² in 2020 to 1.2×10⁵ hm² in 2024, and the grain yield increased from 3.1×10³ to 4.3×10³ kg/hm². The inhibitory effects exerted by drought, high salinity-alkalinity and low temperature-low light stresses during the growing season on seed germination, tiller formation and grain filling were summarized. The latest mechanisms of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), silicon formulations and cerium oxide nanoparticles in enhancing root Na⁺ exclusion, maintaining foliar K⁺ homeostasis and scavenging reactive oxygen species were analyzed. A full-cycle, targeted green-regulation technical system centered on a framework of ‘seed treatment for stress-resilient germination and tillering stem-strengthening chemical regulation at jointing; culm-strengthening chemical regulation at jointing to improve lodging resistance and stress resilience; flag-leaf-sustaining and grain-filling-promoting regulation during the grain-filling stage’ was proposed, offering a replicable technological route for yield enhancement and green, efficient production of drought-alkali wheat.

Facility agriculture is an effective way to efficiently utilize saline-alkali land. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the conditions and current situation of developing facility agriculture in the coastal heavy saline-alkali land around Bohai Sea, which clarifies three favorable factors ("not competing with grain for land and water", "safe production environment and good light and heat conditions", and "collaborative development assistance and mature technical models") and three disadvantageous factors ("small research and development platform", "weak demonstration and promotion effect", and "limited policy and financial support"). The main modes of developing facility agriculture in heavy saline-alkali land around Bohai Sea are summarized as follows: the production mode of fruits and vegetables in heavy saline-alkali area, the matrix cultivation mode of saline soil, the safe utilization mode of salt water in facility vegetables in fresh water-deficient saline-alkali area, and the high-quality production and cultivation mode of water and salt regulation of fruits and vegetables in saline soil. It proposes suggestions such as strengthening scientific and technological support, strengthening dry-alkali agriculture, and enhancing policy support, with the aim of providing references for the high-quality development of facility agriculture in the saline-alkali areas around Bohai Sea.

Soil salinization poses a severe threat to global food security and ecological environments. Cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties and enhancing crop salt tolerance can effectively address salinization stress and utilize saline-alkali lands. We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance and focus on the cutting-edge technologies in crop salt tolerance breeding, systematically elaborating on the principles and application achievements of technologies such as multi-omics integrated analysis, gene editing, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and epigenetic modifications in crop salt tolerance breeding. These advanced technologies provide guidance for crop salt tolerance breeding. Through technological integration and innovation, it may be hold the potential to rapidly and precisely develop new salt-tolerant crop varieties, thereby promoting efficient and sustainable agricultural development in saline-alkali lands.

This study analyzed the relevant information information breeding and trait big data (http://202.127.42.145/bigdataNew) of 489 pea varieties registered through non major crop varieties from 2017 to 2024. The purpose is to provide reference for pea breeding and production. The results indicate that the sources include 25 provinces, with Yunnan, Sichuan, and Gansu ranking in the top three, accounting for a total of 63.19%. Independent registration of enterprises accounts for 60.12%, while scientific and technological cooperation accounts for only 0.82%. Breeding techniques are dominated by hybrid breeding (57.46%) and systematic selection (38.04%). The average plant height of peas is 108.3 cm, the growth period is 106.1 days, the pod length is 8.59 cm, the pod width is 1.57 cm, the number of seeds per pod is 7.12, the weight of 100 seeds is 25.60 g, and the proportion of large grain varieties is 56.27%. The quality traits showed significant differentiation, with a dry crude protein content of 20.27% and a dry crude starch content of 35.29%, but the proportion of high protein and high starch varieties was only 34.91% and 19.68%, respectively. The disease resistance is mainly moderate resistance to rust disease (55.51%) and moderate resistance to powdery mildew (52.31%). The cold tolerance is moderate, accounting for 74.60%. In the future, policy guidance is needed to optimize the allocation of breeding resources, accelerate the integration of modern biotechnology and traditional breeding, build a collaborative innovation system between industry, academia, and research, strengthen the exploration and utilization of local germplasm resources, cultivate high-yield, high-quality, and multi resistant specialized varieties, and promote the transformation and upgrading of the pea industry towards green, efficient, and diversified directions.

In this study, we focus on the genetic mechanisms underlying culm strength in rice, aiming to provide a robust theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of lodging-resistant varieties. By systematically reviewing and conducting in-depth analyses of academic literature and research reports, we explore the regulatory mechanisms of genes associated with culm strength, culm chemical composition, hormonal regulation, and plant architecture, as well as their molecular mechanisms in conferring lodging resistance. Consequently, rice culm strength is influenced by both morphological traits (e.g., basal internode diameter and culm wall thickness) and chemical components (including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents). Notably, the mechanical properties of lower internodes are key determinants of rice lodging resistance. In terms of genetics, SCM3 (an allele of OsTB1) enhances culm strength via the strigolactone signaling pathway. WAK10 regulates cellulose synthesis in secondary cell walls. OsTCP19 facilitates the balance between lignin and cellulose. IPA1 achieves synergistic improvements in lodging resistance and yield by optimizing plant architecture—specifically, by reducing ineffective tillers, increasing culm diameter, and balancing lodging resistance with an increased number of grains per panicle. In terms of breeding applications, molecular marker-assisted selection has been employed to screen for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with culm strength, such as prl5 and lrt5. Additionally, gene-editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) have been utilized to modify key genes governing culm strength in rice lodging resistance breeding. Through backcrossing to develop near-isogenic lines (NILs), multiple strong culm genes (including SCM1-4) have been pyramided—resulting in NIL-SCM1, NIL-SCM2, NIL-SCM3, NIL-SCM4, as well as double and triple NIL combinations. This approach has enabled the successful development of lodging-resistant varieties, namely 'Sakura Prince' and 'Monster Rice 1'. This study proposes that future work should be carried out in the following aspects: mining novel lodging resistance genes (e.g., the STRONG2 module) and analyzing multi-gene synergistic effects, establishing a genetic balance model involving stem strength, panicle weight, and panicle number, optimizing gene pyramiding strategies in combination with genome-wide association analysis, and exploring the impacts of environmental factors (such as typhoons and dense planting) on culm strength. These efforts aim to achieve enhancement of rice lodging resistance and yield simultaneously.

Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF) transcription factors belong to the plant AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily and are key regulatory factors in plants responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They bind to the cis-acting element GCC-box through the conserved AP2/ERF domain, thereby regulating the spatiotemporal expression of target genes. This article reviews the structural characteristics, classification system, distribution patterns, and biological functions of plant ERF transcription factors. Structurally, they contain functional regions such as the DNA-binding domain and transcriptional regulatory domain, among which the amino acids at positions 14 and 19 of the AP2/ERF domain are key markers for classification. In terms of classification, both the ERF and DREB subfamilies can be further divided into 6 subgroups. In terms of distribution, the number of members of this family varies significantly among different plants, and the number of ERF subfamily members in dicotyledonous plants is usually more than that in monocotyledonous plants. The functional mechanism of ERF in biotic stress response is emphatically elaborated as follows. On the one hand, it enhances plant resistance to pathogens by activating disease-resistant genes such as PR and PDF1.2; on the other hand, ERFs containing the EAR motif can act as negative regulators to inhibit the expression of target genes. At the same time, this article summarizes the research status of peanut ERF, including family identification (our research group identified 76 ERF family members in cultivated peanuts in 2022), verification of stress resistance functions (such as AhERF008 and AhERF019 can enhance abiotic stress tolerance), and current limitations (such as insufficient systematic analysis and unclear regulatory mechanisms). Finally, the future research directions are prospected, proposing that multi-omics and gene editing technologies should be combined to analyze the ERF-mediated stress resistance network, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical targets for peanut stress resistance molecular breeding and facilitate research on peanut stress resistance engineering.

This study reviews the application of molecular breeding technologies for genetically improving Brassica crops. It focuses on three hybrid seed production systems: Genic Male Sterility (GMS), Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS), and Self-Incompatibility (SI). The work details how CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enables targeted development of GMS systems—such as creating double mutants of genes like DAD1, BnaMS1, BnaMS2, and OPR3 or thermosensitive two-line systems. For CMS systems, fertility restoration is achieved by knocking out genes like orf138. Novel SI parental lines are created by editing genes such as BnS6-Smi2, BoSP11, and Exo84c. Molecular markers based on sterility genes (orf224/atp6, orf222, orf138) allow precise identification of three cytoplasmic types (Pol, Nap, Ogu, etc.) in Brassica napus. These technologies significantly enhance heterosis utilization efficiency by enabling precise creation of sterile lines and efficient selection of elite germplasm. This facilitates breeding of new cultivars with high yield, superior quality, and stress resistance. Future research directions include: (1) In-depth exploration of the functions of mitochondrial genes associated with CMS; (2) Optimization of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated strategies for coordinated multi-gene editing; (3) Integration of multi-omics data with artificial intelligence algorithms for hybrid combination prediction; (4) Development of novel techniques for creating transgene-free self-compatible lines. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for overcoming bottlenecks in traditional breeding and advancing precision breeding in Brassica crops.

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive fungal disease that significantly reduces wheat yield and grain quality worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate powdery mildew resistance in Sichuan wheat varieties (lines) and characterize their resistance genes, which will provide an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for disease-resistant wheat breeding. A total of 168 Sichuan wheat varieties (lines) were screened for seedling powdery mildew resistance under artificial climate chamber, which were inoculated with Bgt isolate E09, and the resistance gene was analyzed by molecular marker detection and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The result showed that 35 wheat materials (20.8%) were resistant. Molecular marker analysis showed that 34 materials carries the Pm21 gene, and ‘Shumai 2352’ carries Pm56. GISH analysis further confirmed that wheat cultivar ‘Mianmai 367’ carries a whole-arm chromosomal translocation of V chromosome (6VS·6AL) harboring Pm21, and ‘Shumai 2352’ possesses a whole-arm translocation of R chromosome (6RS·6AL) containing Pm56. The study highlights the limited genetic diversity of powdery mildew resistance in Sichuan wheat germplasm which are mainly relying on the Pm21 resistance gene, and emphasizes the urgent need to diversify resistance sources by introducing more Pm genes to broaden the genetic basis of disease resistance sources.

The study aims to explore differentially expressed genes related to reproductive traits in Xinjiang goats and screen out key genes associated with goat reproduction. In this study, transcriptome sequencing analysis was used to compare the transcriptomes of hypothalamic tissues between Xinjiang goats with different fecundity during the follicular phase and luteal phase, aiming to screen key reproduction-related genes in the hypothalamus of Xinjiang goats with high and low fecundity during these two phases. In the differential expression analysis of the hypothalamus during the follicular phase, a total of 680 differentially expressed genes were identified in the XJLSX vs XJLDX group (high-fecundity ewes vs low-fecundity ewes in the follicular phase), among which 210 were up-regulated and 470 were down-regulated. GO and KEGG functional analyses of these differentially expressed genes revealed 9 GO Terms containing 16 differentially expressed genes and 8 KEGG pathways containing 23 differentially expressed genes that were related to goat reproductive traits. Combined with protein-protein interaction network analysis of differentially expressed genes and relevant literature, 6 differentially expressed genes, namely NPR1, KITLG, GABRAI, CRHR2, ADCYAP1, IGF2BP3, were screened out as potential key genes affecting the reproductive traits of Xinjiang goats. In the differential expression analysis of the hypothalamus during the luteal phase, a total of 656 differentially expressed genes were found in the XJHSX vs XJHDX group (high-fecundity ewes vs low-fecundity ewes in the luteal phase), with 178 up-regulated and 478 down-regulated. GO and KEGG functional analyses showed that 7 GO Terms, involving 9 differentially expressed genes, were associated with oocyte growth and differentiation, follicular development, and reproductive hormones; 6 KEGG signaling pathways, containing 10 differentially expressed genes, were related to goat reproductive traits. Through integration with protein-protein interaction network analysis and literature review, 5 differentially expressed genes (WT1, IGF1, ESR1, NR5A1, MET) were identified as potential key genes influencing the reproductive traits of Xinjiang goats. This study screened out key genes related to goat reproduction, which provided a theoretical basis and molecular markers for breeding new high-fecundity and multi-fetal strains of Xinjiang goats.

The purpose of this study is to screen candidate genes associated with muscle growth in Dexin mutton type fine-wool sheep at different developmental stages using RNA-Seq technology, preliminarily elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying differential development of the longissimus dorsi muscle, and provide a theoretical foundation for muscle growth research in this breed. Male Dexin mutton type fine-wool sheep at 3, 6, and 12 months of age, raised under identical conditions, were utilized as research subjects. Carcass traits of the longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed and compared. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on the longissimus dorsi muscle using the Illumina NovaSeq platform for mRNA sequencing and analysis to identify candidate genes influencing muscle growth. RNA-Seq analysis identified 2468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across the three age groups. Among these, 30 DEGs were commonly expressed in all three groups, while 468, 458, and 544 DEGs were specifically expressed in the 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month groups, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation revealed significant enrichment of DEGs in 2997 GO terms (P<0.05). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis demonstrated DEG involvement in 93 pathways, including growth-related pathways such as: JAK-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and FoxO signaling pathway. Subsequent screening prioritized two key candidate genes (IGF2 and MYL4). The candidate genes IGF2 and MYL4 provide critical molecular insights into muscle growth and development, establishing a theoretical basis for subsequent research on muscle regulation in Dexin mutton type fine-wool sheep.

Aiming at the problems of soil structure degradation and crop growth limitation in saline-alkali farmland in Tumochuan irrigation area of Inner Mongolia, this study explored the mechanism of new compound modifier to improve the yield of silage maize, and provided theoretical basis for ecological improvement of saline-alkali land in semi-arid area. A field experiment was conducted with three treatments: control (CK), single granular amendment (T1), and compound amendment (granular + drip-irrigation amendment, T2). We measured the soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and other physical and chemical properties in 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers. Combined with X-ray CT scanning technology, the key pore structure parameters such as soil porosity were quantified, and the yield dynamics of silage maize were monitored simultaneously. The results showed that the compound amendment (T2) treatment significantly improved the cultivated layer structure. Compared with CK, the average weight diameter of 0-20 cm aggregates increased by 75.6%, Ks increased by 99.7%, porosity, pore equivalent volume and Euler number increased by 16.7%, 17.4% and 28.6%, respectively. T2 treatment effectively alleviated saline-alkali stress while enhancing soil nutrient content. During the maize growth period, the average pH across the 0-60 cm soil profile decreased by 6.5%, EC decreased by 67.19%, and soil organic carbon content increased by 4.97%. Ultimately, maize yield under T2 increased significantly, with the fresh weight of silage maize at maturity reaching 57585.82 kg/hm², representing a 120.99% increase over CK and a significant improvement compared to T1. The new compound amendment effectively improves saline-alkali farmland and significantly enhances silage maize yield by synergistically optimizing soil pore structure, reducing soil alkalinity and salinity, which verified its good applicability in the ecological restoration of saline-alkali land in Tumochuan irrigation area.

In order to address soil quality degradation and fruit quality decline in continuous cropping vineyards, this research investigated the effects of a soil conditioner (BGA), conventional fertilizer (NPK), and their reduced-rate combined application (H-BGA+NPK) on soil physicochemical properties, active organic carbon fractions, aggregate structure, and grape quality, while exploring the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that fertilization treatments exhibited significant temporal specificity in influencing soil parameters. During the fruit expansion stage, the H-BGA+NPK treatment synergistically enhanced soil organic matter (21.67% higher than NPK), total nitrogen (3.61% higher than NPK), and microbial biomass carbon (20.53% higher than NPK), optimizing early-stage nutrient supply through the combined effect of rapid nitrogen release from fertilizer and slow carbon input from the conditioner. In the maturity stage, sole BGA application promoted sustained mineralization of organic components, leading to substantial increases in soil organic matter (59.89% higher than NPK) and nitrate nitrogen (169.27% higher than NPK), significantly improving the soil carbon-nitrogen pool. Soil aggregate analysis revealed that H-BGA+NPK significantly promoted the formation of macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm), increasing their proportion by 45.90% compared to NPK, while sole NPK application increased the proportion of micro-aggregates (<0.053 mm), highlighting the structural optimization effect of conditioner-fertilizer combination. Regarding fruit quality, the H-BGA+NPK treatment achieved the highest soluble sugar content (12.46%), which was 5.68% and 1.71% higher than NPK and BGA alone, respectively, demonstrating optimal balance of the sugar-acid ratio. Sole BGA application significantly increased titratable acid (9.49% higher than NPK) and soluble solids (1.03%-4.08% higher than NPK), making it suitable for high-acid grape cultivation. Correlation analysis indicated that soluble sugar was negatively correlated with soil bulk density and dissolved organic carbon (P<0.05), while titratable acid showed strong negative correlations with soil pH, total nitrogen, and other nutrient indices (P<0.001), and positive correlations with bulk density and dissolved organic carbon (P<0.05), confirming that soil structure and carbon fractions are key regulators of fruit quality. This research confirms that precise integration of soil conditioner and fertilizer based on crop growth stages can balance short-term nutrient supply and long-term soil health, providing a theoretical and practical framework in sustainable high-yield and high-quality vineyard management.

Cold stress directly affects plant growth and development, and under extreme conditions, it may result in infertility or even lead to plant mortality. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to cold stress, this review synthesizes the diverse effects of cold stress on plants. It discusses the impact of cold stress on plant plasma membranes, the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway, plant hormones, and cellular metabolism. Additionally, recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying plant cold tolerance are examined and discussed. This review aims to provide a foundation for the practical application of these findings in the genetic improvement of crops. Based on the above, the paper suggests that a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating genetic engineering, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics should be employed to further explore the molecular mechanisms behind plant cold tolerance. Furthermore, potential future research directions in this field are proposed.

Spartina alterniflora, as an alien invasive plant, has spread rapidly in the Yellow River Delta region, threatened native species, and damaged ecosystem health. This paper analyzes the invasion footprint of Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta by using remote sensing satellite image analysis techniques. It was found that after Spartina alterniflora completed colonization (before 2004), it quickly occupied the invaded habitat and rapidly spread (2004—2014). Although human intervention had suppressed the invasion speed of Spartina alterniflora and reduced the invasion area in the past decade (2014—2024), it still had the potential to make a comeback and reinvade. Therefore, we further classify and summarize the hypotheses of different stages of Spartina alterniflora invasion, compare various control measures, the prospect of scientific exploration of microbiological control of Spartina alterniflora in the future is proposed. The aim of this study is to provide a new way to prevent and control Spartina alterniflora invasion in the future.

Feed efficiency (FE) is a crucial economic trait that significantly impacts profitability in intensive sheep production, and can be evaluated by the residual feed intake (RFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, the underlying genetic mechanisms that underlie FE-related traits in sheep are not fully understood. Herein, we measured the FE-related traits of 1280 Hu sheep and conducted the phenotype statistics and correlation analysis, the result showcase that there was a large variation for FE-related traits, and RFI was significant positive correlation with average daily feed intake (ADFI) and FCR. Moreover, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using whole-genome resequencing data to investigate the genetic associations of ADFI, FCR and RFI. For ADFI and FCR traits, two and one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold, whereas ten and five SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. For RFI traits, only four SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. Finally, a total of eight genes (LOC101121953, LOC101110202, CTNNA3, IZUMO3, PPM1E, YIPF7, ZSCAN12 and LOC105603808) were identified as potential candidate genes for FE-related traits. Simultaneously, we further analyzed the effects of two candidate SNPs associated with RFI on growth and FE traits in enlarged experimental population, the results demonstrated that these two SNPs was not significantly associated with growth traits (P > 0.05), but significantly related to RFI traits (P < 0.05). These findings will provide valuable reference data and key genetic variants that can be used to effectively select feed-efficient individual in sheep breeding programs.

Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes. Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine, thus preventing the rapid rise of the glycemic index. Starch synthase 2a (SS2a), a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis, has significant effects on starch structure and properties. In this study, we identified an ss2a null mutant (M3-1413) with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of barley. The mutation was located at the 3´ end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor (AG) site, resulting in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a, which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene. The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant, with M3-1413 containing decreased total starch and increased amylose and resistant starch levels. This study sheds light the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and helps to guide new applications of barley starch to develop nutritious food products.

Further understanding the genetic regularity of rice harvest index in different segregating generations is beneficial to provide theoretical references for rice breeding based on the rice harvest index. In this research, isolated descendants from four distinct rice hybrid combinations were selected based on their harvest index. And then the coefficient of variation for main agronomic traits and the selection efficiency regarding the harvest index were subsequently compared and analyzed across different generations. The characteristics such as SPAD value at booting stage, plant height, and panicle length exhibited stability among different rice materials. In contrast, there was considerable variability in sword leaf length, thousand-grain weight, seed setting rate, and harvest index among hybrid rice progeny; however, these four traits remained stable in their parental lines. Notably, aboveground biological yield and panicle number per plant displayed significant variation both in hybrid parents and their offspring. The generalized heritability of the harvest index for F₃, F₃ lines and F₄ lines across all tested hybrid combinations exceeded 97%. Furthermore, selection efficiency for the harvest index in F₄ lines derived from ‘Hongxin-1S/Yuxiangyouzhan’, ‘Hongxin-1S/FL478’, and ‘Hongxin-1S/HD-YX’ surpassed that observed in their respective F₃ and F₃ lines; thus indicating a pronounced effect of single-plant selection based on harvest index within these three hybrids. Conversely, single-plant selection among offspring of ‘Hongxin-1S/Guanghong 3’ with high harvest indices did not enhance selection efficiency. It was effective to select individual plant with elevated harvest index for most of the tested rice materials from F₂ generation, which could significantly improve the selection efficiency of harvest index.

【Objective】The GRAS family constitutes a unique class of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in plant development and stress response. To elucidate the function of GRAS family genes in wheat heat tolerance，which can provide genetic resources and theoretical foundation for wheat heat-resistant breeding.【Method】A potential heat stress-responsive transcription factor gene, TaGRAS34-5A, was identified through transcriptome analysis of TAM107 and Chinese spring wheat seedlings under high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, a bioinformatics analysis was performed on TaGRAS34-5A, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate its molecular characteristics. The expression pattern of TaGRAS34-5A under various stresses, including high temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The subcellular localization of the TaGRAS34-5A protein was determined using wheat protoplast transient expression technique. Furthermore, the heat tolerance function of TaGRAS34-5A was validated using the heterologous expression system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the BSMV:VIGS (Barley stripe mosaic virus: Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) silencing technique. potential interacting proteins of TaGRAS34-5A were screened using yeast two-hybrid technology, and the heat tolerance function was verified, providing preliminary insights into its heat tolerance mechanism.【Result】TaGRAS34-5A, equipped with a characteristic GRAS domain and belongs to the GRAS transcription factor family, is localized to both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the TaGRAS34-5A promoter contains a large number of hormone response elements and light response elements, and it is most closely related to TaSCL14, OsGRAS23, and AtSCL14 in terms of phylogenetic relationships, suggesting its potential function in responding to oxidative stress. Its expression is upregulated under high-temperature, ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, peaking at 4, 6, 0.5, and 12 hours post-treatment, respectively, with the most significant induction observed under heat stress and SA. Functional assays in yeast demonstrated that heterologous expression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of the yeast. The results of BSMV:VIGS transient silencing experiment showed that after the 42 ℃ high-temperature treatment, TaGRAS34-5A silenced plants exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, reduced POD enzyme activity, increased cellular peroxidation, and decreased heat tolerance compared to the control. Preliminary studies on the heat tolerance mechanism suggest that TaGRAS34-5A exhibits strong transcriptional self-activation activity.it may modulate wheat heat tolerance by interacting with proteins such as the bZIP family transcription factor HBP-1b and the E3 ubiquitin ligase hel2, thereby regulating cellular redox homeostasis and detoxification processes, positively influencing the heat tolerance of wheat.【Conclusion】TaGRAS34-5A is induced by heat, ABA, ETH, and SA, and its encoded protein is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous overexpression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Silencing TaGRAS34-5A in wheat plants increases cellular peroxidation, decreases chlorophyll content, and reduces heat tolerance. TaGRAS34-5A may regulate the heat tolerance of wheat by modulating cellular redox state and detoxification processes.

数字经济时代，食品安全法律监管呈现监管工具智能化、监管路径多元化、监管效能全程化趋势。受“数字监管”理念共识缺位与“技术应用”行为认知偏差的双重影响，食品安全监管仍存在规则缺漏、模式异化和队伍薄弱等实践困境，阻碍了监管数字化与法治化双向赋能与耦合式发展。文章探究了数字赋能食品安全监管的新路径：在法律供给层面完善数字监管规范体系，在机制运作层面修正赋能过程中的模式偏移，在队伍建设层面培育数字法治监管人才，并对其发展趋势进行了展望。

[目的]实现枸杞产地的快速检测。[方法]提出了一种基于电子鼻和电子舌的长短期记忆网络—注意力机制—多尺度一维卷积神经网络（LSTM-AM-M1DCNN）模型的枸杞产地快速判别方法。采用电子鼻和电子舌分别对5种不同产地的枸杞进行检测，将采集回来的信息进行融合，并采用LSTM-AM-M1DCNN对融合后的数据进行分类判别。[结果]相比于传统的LSTM、CNN方法，LSTM-AM-M1DCNN能够有效提取到电子鼻和电子舌数据中深层特征信息，其测试集准确率、精确率、召回率、F1-Score分别为97.4%,97.6%,97.4%,0.974。[结论]采用LSTM-AM-M1DCNN解决了传统卷积神经网络无法充分提取时序、时空特征的缺陷，适合对电子鼻和电子舌采集到的数据进行处理，可有效判别枸杞产地。

[目的]实现对新鲜葡萄关键品质指标的准确、无损检测，提出一种基于双通道改进卷积神经网络的新鲜葡萄品质检测分析方法。[方法]采用光纤光谱仪和CCD相机采集葡萄样本可见-近红外光谱和表征图像信息。建立双通道改进卷积神经网络模型，运用GAF变换将一维光谱数据转换为二维图像，以利于卷积神经网络模型从光谱中提出有效特征。设计具有不同尺寸大小卷积核的卷积层对转换后的光谱二维图像和葡萄表征图像进行特征提取，以提升卷积神经网络模型对两类图像特征的综合感知能力。在此基础上，全连接层采用dropout方法对双通道卷积神经网络提取到的光谱数据特征和表征图像特征进行降维与融合，最终实现对葡萄品质指标的准确预测分析。[结果]与其他3种葡萄品质检测方法相比，试验方法的均方根误差分别降低了50.48%,57.44%,49.56%，相关系数分别提高了4.89%,3.13%,2.17%。[结论]试验设计的双通道改进卷积神经网络品质检测分析方法能够实现对葡萄品质关键指标的无损检测。

【Objective】Analyzing the yield and yield related traits of Sichuan wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020, providing reference for genetic improvement of yield in Sichuan wheat varieties. 【Method】From 2019 to 2022, a community trial design was used to measure the yield and related traits of 145 wheat varieties in Sichuan Province since 2001 to 2016, as well as 60 high-yield wheat varieties (Varieties with top yields in regional trials in Sichuan Province over the years) since 2000 to 2020. This data was used to analyze the trend of yield and yield related trait changes in Sichuan wheat cultivars cultivated from 2000 to 2020. 【Result】145 Sichuan wheat varieties from 2001 to 2016 have an average annual genetic gain of 37.20 kg·hm^-2 or 0.66% in yield. Grain number per spike and effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, while thousand grain weight and plant height showed a decreasing trend. Correlation analysis showed that effective spike number per unit area was positively correlated with yield. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase of effective spike number per unit area (annual increase 0.42×10⁴/hm² or 0.13%) was the main factor for the increase of yield potential of high-yielding varieties. The average annual yield genetic gain of 60 high-yield wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020 was 61.10 kg·hm^-2 or 0.89%, the effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, the plant height showed a decreasing trend, and the grain number per spike and thousand grain weight had almost no change. Correlation analysis shows that there was a significant positive correlation between yield and the number of effective ears per unit area. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase in effective spike number per unit area (with an average annual increase of 1.80×10⁴/hm² or 0.51%) was also a major factor in improving the yield potential of 60 high-yield wheat varieties in Sichuan from 2000 to 2020. 【Conclusion】The improvement and breeding of wheat yield heritage in Sichuan Province has made some progress, especially the improvement effect of high yield breeding is remarkable, and the yield level of wheat varieties in Sichuan Province is gradually increasing. The continuous increase in effective ears per unit area was the main factor for improving the yield potential of Sichuan wheat varieties. High grain number per spike and thousand grain weight are important foundations for high yield in Sichuan wheat, but their genetic improvement is in a bottleneck period. Increasing the effective spike number per unit area is the key to furtherly improve the yield of wheat in Sichuan.

To explore the growth differences among different green manure varieties and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over, the winter fallow field (CK) was used as the control, three common green manures (Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.) were selected to conduct field experiments to analyze the differences in the characteristics of green manures during the growth period and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over. The results showed that the performance of plant height and biomass in the three types of green manure was as followed: Vicia villosa var. > Vicia sativa L. > Astragalus sinicus L., with Vicia villosa var. being the best and suitable for planting in the region. After turning over green manures, the rice yield significantly increased compared to CK, with the yield under Vicia villosa var. reached 10.47 t/hm², which was 58.88% higher than that of CK. Green manure turning over could improve the taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Compared with CK, the taste value of rice treated with Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. increased by 5.58%, 9.46% and 11.16%, respectively, and total potassium accumulation in rice straw increased by 50.88%, 42.87% and 67.70%, respectively, the total nitrogen accumulation in rice grains increased by 17.25%, 45.62% and 47.74%, respectively and the total potassium accumulation in rice seeds increased by 17.96%, 54.28%, and 48.88%, respectively, the total phosphorus accumulation in rice shoots increased by 11.32%, 62.16% and 27.41%, respectively, the total accumulation of total potassium increased by 45.53%, 44.73% and 64.64%, respectively, with the best comprehensive effect being the Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.. Green manure could improve soil properties and had the potential to improve soil fertility. Among them, the treatment of Vicia sativa L. had a pH increase of 2.96%, organic matter increased by 10.05%, and total nitrogen content increased by 4.41% compared to CK. The treatment of Astragalus sinicus L. had an organic matter increase of 1.43%, total nitrogen content increase of 24.25%, total phosphorus content increase of 9.20%, and available phosphorus content increase of 10.95% compared to CK. In summary, the biomass and nutrient accumulation of Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. were both high, and their flipping could improve the yield, taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Therefore, they were recommended as green manure varieties for planting in this region; Astragalus sinicus L. and Vicia sativa L. had the potential to increase soil fertility through tillage, while Vicia sativa L. had a better effect. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of green manure and sustainable agricultural production in the northern Jiangsu region.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the second most widely grown premium oilseed crop globally, mainly for its vegetable oil and protein meal.  One of the main goals of breeders is producing high-yield rapeseed cultivars with sustainable production to meet the requirements of the fast-growing population.  Besides the pod number, seeds per silique (SS), and thousand-seed weight (TSW), the ovule number (ON) is a decisive yield determining factor of individual plants and the final seed yield.  In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to dissect the genetic and molecular basis of these complex traits, but relatively few genes or loci controlling these traits have been reported thus far.  This review highlights the updated information on the hormonal and molecular basis of ON and development in model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana).  It also presents what is known about the hormonal, molecular, and genetic mechanism of ovule development and number, and bridges our understanding between the model plant species (A. thaliana) and cultivated species (B. napus).  This report will open new pathways for primary and applied research in plant biology and benefit rapeseed breeding programs.  This synopsis will stimulate research interest to further understand ovule number determination, its role in yield improvement, and its possible utilization in breeding programs. 

【Objective】 Starch is the main component of wheat kernel and plays an important role in processing. The gelatinization characteristic of starch is an important index to evaluate its quality. The genetic variation of starch gelatinization was studied to provide basis for improving wheat quality. 【Method】 Seven starch gelatinization traits, including gelatinization temperature, peak time, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, decay value and recovery value, were phenotypically determined in 205 winter wheat varieties. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 90K chip, and haplotype analysis was performed on the stable and significant sites found. 【Result】 The seven characteristics, such as pasting temperature, showed abundant variation in different environments, and the coefficient of variation of attenuation value was the largest (29.31%-31.14%). There were significant differences among genotype, environment and genotype × environment, and the generalized heritability was 0.69-0.86. Through genome-wide association analysis, we found 198 loci that showed significant associations with seven traits. It was distributed in 20 other linked groups except 6D chromosome. There were 58 sites that were stable in 2 or more environments, involving all 7 traits, such as pasting temperature (10), peak time (5), peak viscosity (12), trough viscosity (10), final viscosity (7), break down (4) and set back (10), which could explain 5.54%-22.21% of genetic variation, twenty-one new sites were identified. By haplotype analysis of multiple effector sites that exist in multiple environments and have high phenotypic contribution, Four haplotypes, Hap1 (66.84%), Hap2 (16.84%), Hap3 (9.70%) and Hap4 (6.63%), were found at Kukri_c17417_407 on chromosome 4A, which were significantly related to peak viscosity and break down. Where Hap2 is the peak viscosity and high break down. (P<0.0001). The distribution frequency of varieties (lines) containing haplotype Hap2 in different ecological regions was from high to low as Huanghuai winter wheat region>foreign varieties>Southwest winter wheat region>Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River winter wheat region>Northern winter wheat region. There were 11 single cause multieffect sites, among which there were 3 multiple effect sites associated with final viscosity, set back, peak time and trough viscosity. Jagger_c4026_328 and other 11 stable genetic loci located on 1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B and 6B were mined, and 11 candidate genes that might be related to wheat starch gelatinization traits were screened. 【Conclusion】 In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. 58 stable loci were detected that were significantly associated with starch gelatinization traits, and 4 different haplotypes were identified on chromosome 4A that were significantly associated with peak viscosity and break down, and 11 candidate genes related to starch gelatinization were screened, which could provide help for marker-assisted high-quality wheat breeding.

In order to mitigate the adverse effects of drought on the development of summer maize seedlings caused by climate change, using ‘Zhengdan 958’ as experimental material, the effects of different treatment combinations on soil moisture and growth of maize seedling were studied. The results showed that the soil moisture content increased with the depth of the soil layer, and the pattern was moist soil, wheat straw returning to the field>normal moisture content, wheat straw returning to the field>moist soil, wheat straw not returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw returning to the field>normal moisture content, wheat straw not returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw not returning to the field. SPAD value, photosynthetic rate and yield showed the same trend, normal moisture content, wheat straw returning to the field>moist soil, wheat straw returning to the field>moist soil, wheat straw not returning to the field>normal moisture content, wheat straw not returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw not returning to the field. Therefore, compared with the removal of stubble, plain stubble can better improve the soil water environment, increase the emergence rate and photosynthetic rate of maize, and increase the yield, which can be widely applied in production.

Leaves are the main places for photosynthesis and organic synthesis of cotton.  Leaf shape has important effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and canopy formation, thereby affecting cotton yield.  Previous studies have shown that LMI1 is the main gene regulating leaf shape. In this study, the LMI1 gene (LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1) was inserted into the 35S promoter expression vector, and cotton plants overexpressing LMI1(OE) were obtained through genetical transformation.  Statistical analysis of the biological traits of T₁ and T₂ populations showed that compared to wild type (WT), OE plants had significant larger leaves, thicker stems and significantly increased dry weight.  Furthermore, plant sections of the main vein and petiole showed that the number of cell in those tissues of OE plants increased significantly.  In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to gibberellin synthesis and NAC gene family (genes containing the NAC domain) in OE and WT plants, suggesting that LMI1 is involved in secondary wall formation and cell proliferation, and promotes stem thickening.  Moreover, GO (Gene Ontology) analysis enriched the terms of calcium ion binding, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis enriched the terms of fatty acid degradation, phosphatidylinositol signal transduction system, and cAMP signal pathway.  These results suggested that LMI1 OE plants were responsive to gibberellin hormone signals, and altered messenger signal (cAMP, Ca²⁺) which amplified this function, to promote the stronger above ground vegetative growth.  This study found the LMI1 soared the nutrient growth in cotton, which is the basic for higher yield.

Banana is a significant crop, and three banana leaf diseases, including Sigatoka, Cordana and Pestalotiopsis, have the potential to have a serious impact on banana production. Existing studies are insufficient to provide a reliable method for accurately identifying banana leaf diseases. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method to identify banana leaf diseases. First, a new algorithm called K-scale VisuShrink algorithm (KVA) is proposed to denoise banana leaf images. The proposed algorithm introduces a new decomposition scale k based on the semi-soft and middle course thresholds, the ideal threshold solution is obtained and substituted with the newly established threshold function to obtain a less noisy banana leaf image. Then, this paper proposes a novel network for image identification called Ghost ResNeSt-Attention RReLU-Swish Net (GR-ARNet) based on Resnet50. In this, the Ghost Module is implemented to improve the network's effectiveness in extracting deep feature information on banana leaf diseases and the identification speed; the ResNeSt Module adjusts the weight of each channel, increasing the ability of banana disease feature extraction and effectively reducing the error rate of similar disease identification; the model's computational speed is increased using the hybrid activation function of RReLU and Swish. Our model achieves an average accuracy of 96.98% and a precision of 89.31% applied to 13021 images, demonstrating that the proposed method can effectively identify banana leaf diseases.

[目的]农田环境的复杂性对履带式收割机的路径跟踪精度提出了严峻挑战。为了提升收割机在农田作业中的路径跟踪性能，减少跟踪偏差，本研究提出了一种基于改进鱼群算法的履带式收割机全田块路径跟踪方法。[方法]根据履带式收割机的结构特性，将其作业过程简化为二维平面上的运动形式。通过结合全局与局部坐标系的转换，构建了收割机运动轨迹的数学模型，并进一步建立了相邻时刻履带式收割机全田块作业的运动模型。随后，根据不同作业状态，以收割机的前视距离作为关键参数，确定增益系数，从而获取其实时控制变量。为优化路径跟踪效果，引入了粒子滤波算法对鱼群算法进行改进，并以此构建了目标函数。在目标求解过程中，通过算法的不断迭代和优化，实现了收割机路径的精准跟踪。[结果]经过多次试验验证，在设定不同起始偏差点的情况下，本文提出的方法表现出了良好的跟踪性能。应用本文方法后，作业路径跟踪平均响应时间为0.52 s，最小转弯半径为5.0 m，平均偏差0.8 m，最小偏差0.5 m，与设定路线基本一致。这一结果充分证明了本文设计方法的有效性。[结论]综上所述，本文提出的基于改进鱼群算法的履带式收割机全田块路径跟踪方法，能够准确实现收割机在复杂农田环境中的精准跟踪，跟踪效果好，具有广泛的应用价值。

<正>设计说明:山西地区吃梨的历史来源已久,梨文化在人们长期种梨、赏梨、吃梨、艺梨、颂梨的过程中逐步形成,“惊蛰吃梨“”吃梨不分“的传统习俗是山西人民日常生活的一部分。作品以“玉露农旅'为主题，围绕玉露香梨进行规划设计,旨在打造—处集采摘、研学、文化普及于一体的休闲农旅胜地,推动玉露香梨产业发展。

<正>作品《枣梦清境》在推进乡村振兴战略实施的过程中深度挖掘枣文化,针对太谷区沙子地枣种质资源休闲农业园区进行综合评价与规划设计。以种植优良品种推动枣业发展、促进科技研发实现科技兴农、宣传红枣文化增加游客体验为振兴目标,通过“四题”+“五园”+“六区”的总体布局、“集散+多样+体验”的功能分区、“丰富+层次+变化”的种植规划、“连接+多元+灵活”的道路设计、“系统+布局+艺术”的建筑布局、“保障+便利+互动”的基础服务设施规划,凸显“枣园雅境,文韵流芳”的人文色彩和地域特色。

<正>根据美国农业部2024年7月《世界农产品供需预测报告》,2024/2025年度世界主要农产品供需预测结果简述如下。1 谷物2024/2025年度世界谷物供应量将达36.13亿吨(表1),较2023/2024年度估算值增加1 885万吨，比6月预测值上调782万吨。2024/2025年度世界谷物产量将达28.37亿吨，较2023/2024年度估算值增加2 672万吨，比6月预测值上调718万吨。