Feed efficiency (FE) is a crucial economic trait that significantly impacts profitability in intensive sheep production, and can be evaluated by the residual feed intake (RFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, the underlying genetic mechanisms that underlie FE-related traits in sheep are not fully understood. Herein, we measured the FE-related traits of 1280 Hu sheep and conducted the phenotype statistics and correlation analysis, the result showcase that there was a large variation for FE-related traits, and RFI was significant positive correlation with average daily feed intake (ADFI) and FCR. Moreover, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using whole-genome resequencing data to investigate the genetic associations of ADFI, FCR and RFI. For ADFI and FCR traits, two and one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exceeded the genome-wide significance threshold, whereas ten and five SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. For RFI traits, only four SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. Finally, a total of eight genes (LOC101121953, LOC101110202, CTNNA3, IZUMO3, PPM1E, YIPF7, ZSCAN12 and LOC105603808) were identified as potential candidate genes for FE-related traits. Simultaneously, we further analyzed the effects of two candidate SNPs associated with RFI on growth and FE traits in enlarged experimental population, the results demonstrated that these two SNPs was not significantly associated with growth traits (P > 0.05), but significantly related to RFI traits (P < 0.05). These findings will provide valuable reference data and key genetic variants that can be used to effectively select feed-efficient individual in sheep breeding programs.

Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes. Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine, thus preventing the rapid rise of the glycemic index. Starch synthase 2a (SS2a), a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis, has significant effects on starch structure and properties. In this study, we identified an ss2a null mutant (M3-1413) with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of barley. The mutation was located at the 3´ end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor (AG) site, resulting in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a, which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene. The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant, with M3-1413 containing decreased total starch and increased amylose and resistant starch levels. This study sheds light the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and helps to guide new applications of barley starch to develop nutritious food products.

Further understanding the genetic regularity of rice harvest index in different segregating generations is beneficial to provide theoretical references for rice breeding based on the rice harvest index. In this research, isolated descendants from four distinct rice hybrid combinations were selected based on their harvest index. And then the coefficient of variation for main agronomic traits and the selection efficiency regarding the harvest index were subsequently compared and analyzed across different generations. The characteristics such as SPAD value at booting stage, plant height, and panicle length exhibited stability among different rice materials. In contrast, there was considerable variability in sword leaf length, thousand-grain weight, seed setting rate, and harvest index among hybrid rice progeny; however, these four traits remained stable in their parental lines. Notably, aboveground biological yield and panicle number per plant displayed significant variation both in hybrid parents and their offspring. The generalized heritability of the harvest index for F₃, F₃ lines and F₄ lines across all tested hybrid combinations exceeded 97%. Furthermore, selection efficiency for the harvest index in F₄ lines derived from ‘Hongxin-1S/Yuxiangyouzhan’, ‘Hongxin-1S/FL478’, and ‘Hongxin-1S/HD-YX’ surpassed that observed in their respective F₃ and F₃ lines; thus indicating a pronounced effect of single-plant selection based on harvest index within these three hybrids. Conversely, single-plant selection among offspring of ‘Hongxin-1S/Guanghong 3’ with high harvest indices did not enhance selection efficiency. It was effective to select individual plant with elevated harvest index for most of the tested rice materials from F₂ generation, which could significantly improve the selection efficiency of harvest index.

【Objective】The GRAS family constitutes a unique class of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in plant development and stress response. To elucidate the function of GRAS family genes in wheat heat tolerance，which can provide genetic resources and theoretical foundation for wheat heat-resistant breeding.【Method】A potential heat stress-responsive transcription factor gene, TaGRAS34-5A, was identified through transcriptome analysis of TAM107 and Chinese spring wheat seedlings under high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, a bioinformatics analysis was performed on TaGRAS34-5A, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate its molecular characteristics. The expression pattern of TaGRAS34-5A under various stresses, including high temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The subcellular localization of the TaGRAS34-5A protein was determined using wheat protoplast transient expression technique. Furthermore, the heat tolerance function of TaGRAS34-5A was validated using the heterologous expression system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the BSMV:VIGS (Barley stripe mosaic virus: Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) silencing technique. potential interacting proteins of TaGRAS34-5A were screened using yeast two-hybrid technology, and the heat tolerance function was verified, providing preliminary insights into its heat tolerance mechanism.【Result】TaGRAS34-5A, equipped with a characteristic GRAS domain and belongs to the GRAS transcription factor family, is localized to both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the TaGRAS34-5A promoter contains a large number of hormone response elements and light response elements, and it is most closely related to TaSCL14, OsGRAS23, and AtSCL14 in terms of phylogenetic relationships, suggesting its potential function in responding to oxidative stress. Its expression is upregulated under high-temperature, ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, peaking at 4, 6, 0.5, and 12 hours post-treatment, respectively, with the most significant induction observed under heat stress and SA. Functional assays in yeast demonstrated that heterologous expression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of the yeast. The results of BSMV:VIGS transient silencing experiment showed that after the 42 ℃ high-temperature treatment, TaGRAS34-5A silenced plants exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, reduced POD enzyme activity, increased cellular peroxidation, and decreased heat tolerance compared to the control. Preliminary studies on the heat tolerance mechanism suggest that TaGRAS34-5A exhibits strong transcriptional self-activation activity.it may modulate wheat heat tolerance by interacting with proteins such as the bZIP family transcription factor HBP-1b and the E3 ubiquitin ligase hel2, thereby regulating cellular redox homeostasis and detoxification processes, positively influencing the heat tolerance of wheat.【Conclusion】TaGRAS34-5A is induced by heat, ABA, ETH, and SA, and its encoded protein is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous overexpression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Silencing TaGRAS34-5A in wheat plants increases cellular peroxidation, decreases chlorophyll content, and reduces heat tolerance. TaGRAS34-5A may regulate the heat tolerance of wheat by modulating cellular redox state and detoxification processes.

数字经济时代，食品安全法律监管呈现监管工具智能化、监管路径多元化、监管效能全程化趋势。受“数字监管”理念共识缺位与“技术应用”行为认知偏差的双重影响，食品安全监管仍存在规则缺漏、模式异化和队伍薄弱等实践困境，阻碍了监管数字化与法治化双向赋能与耦合式发展。文章探究了数字赋能食品安全监管的新路径：在法律供给层面完善数字监管规范体系，在机制运作层面修正赋能过程中的模式偏移，在队伍建设层面培育数字法治监管人才，并对其发展趋势进行了展望。

[目的]实现枸杞产地的快速检测。[方法]提出了一种基于电子鼻和电子舌的长短期记忆网络—注意力机制—多尺度一维卷积神经网络（LSTM-AM-M1DCNN）模型的枸杞产地快速判别方法。采用电子鼻和电子舌分别对5种不同产地的枸杞进行检测，将采集回来的信息进行融合，并采用LSTM-AM-M1DCNN对融合后的数据进行分类判别。[结果]相比于传统的LSTM、CNN方法，LSTM-AM-M1DCNN能够有效提取到电子鼻和电子舌数据中深层特征信息，其测试集准确率、精确率、召回率、F1-Score分别为97.4%,97.6%,97.4%,0.974。[结论]采用LSTM-AM-M1DCNN解决了传统卷积神经网络无法充分提取时序、时空特征的缺陷，适合对电子鼻和电子舌采集到的数据进行处理，可有效判别枸杞产地。

[目的]实现对新鲜葡萄关键品质指标的准确、无损检测，提出一种基于双通道改进卷积神经网络的新鲜葡萄品质检测分析方法。[方法]采用光纤光谱仪和CCD相机采集葡萄样本可见-近红外光谱和表征图像信息。建立双通道改进卷积神经网络模型，运用GAF变换将一维光谱数据转换为二维图像，以利于卷积神经网络模型从光谱中提出有效特征。设计具有不同尺寸大小卷积核的卷积层对转换后的光谱二维图像和葡萄表征图像进行特征提取，以提升卷积神经网络模型对两类图像特征的综合感知能力。在此基础上，全连接层采用dropout方法对双通道卷积神经网络提取到的光谱数据特征和表征图像特征进行降维与融合，最终实现对葡萄品质指标的准确预测分析。[结果]与其他3种葡萄品质检测方法相比，试验方法的均方根误差分别降低了50.48%,57.44%,49.56%，相关系数分别提高了4.89%,3.13%,2.17%。[结论]试验设计的双通道改进卷积神经网络品质检测分析方法能够实现对葡萄品质关键指标的无损检测。

【Objective】Analyzing the yield and yield related traits of Sichuan wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020, providing reference for genetic improvement of yield in Sichuan wheat varieties. 【Method】From 2019 to 2022, a community trial design was used to measure the yield and related traits of 145 wheat varieties in Sichuan Province since 2001 to 2016, as well as 60 high-yield wheat varieties (Varieties with top yields in regional trials in Sichuan Province over the years) since 2000 to 2020. This data was used to analyze the trend of yield and yield related trait changes in Sichuan wheat cultivars cultivated from 2000 to 2020. 【Result】145 Sichuan wheat varieties from 2001 to 2016 have an average annual genetic gain of 37.20 kg·hm^-2 or 0.66% in yield. Grain number per spike and effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, while thousand grain weight and plant height showed a decreasing trend. Correlation analysis showed that effective spike number per unit area was positively correlated with yield. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase of effective spike number per unit area (annual increase 0.42×10⁴/hm² or 0.13%) was the main factor for the increase of yield potential of high-yielding varieties. The average annual yield genetic gain of 60 high-yield wheat varieties from 2000 to 2020 was 61.10 kg·hm^-2 or 0.89%, the effective spike number per unit area showed an increasing trend, the plant height showed a decreasing trend, and the grain number per spike and thousand grain weight had almost no change. Correlation analysis shows that there was a significant positive correlation between yield and the number of effective ears per unit area. Path analysis showed that the continuous increase in effective spike number per unit area (with an average annual increase of 1.80×10⁴/hm² or 0.51%) was also a major factor in improving the yield potential of 60 high-yield wheat varieties in Sichuan from 2000 to 2020. 【Conclusion】The improvement and breeding of wheat yield heritage in Sichuan Province has made some progress, especially the improvement effect of high yield breeding is remarkable, and the yield level of wheat varieties in Sichuan Province is gradually increasing. The continuous increase in effective ears per unit area was the main factor for improving the yield potential of Sichuan wheat varieties. High grain number per spike and thousand grain weight are important foundations for high yield in Sichuan wheat, but their genetic improvement is in a bottleneck period. Increasing the effective spike number per unit area is the key to furtherly improve the yield of wheat in Sichuan.

To explore the growth differences among different green manure varieties and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over, the winter fallow field (CK) was used as the control, three common green manures (Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.) were selected to conduct field experiments to analyze the differences in the characteristics of green manures during the growth period and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over. The results showed that the performance of plant height and biomass in the three types of green manure was as followed: Vicia villosa var. > Vicia sativa L. > Astragalus sinicus L., with Vicia villosa var. being the best and suitable for planting in the region. After turning over green manures, the rice yield significantly increased compared to CK, with the yield under Vicia villosa var. reached 10.47 t/hm², which was 58.88% higher than that of CK. Green manure turning over could improve the taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Compared with CK, the taste value of rice treated with Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. increased by 5.58%, 9.46% and 11.16%, respectively, and total potassium accumulation in rice straw increased by 50.88%, 42.87% and 67.70%, respectively, the total nitrogen accumulation in rice grains increased by 17.25%, 45.62% and 47.74%, respectively and the total potassium accumulation in rice seeds increased by 17.96%, 54.28%, and 48.88%, respectively, the total phosphorus accumulation in rice shoots increased by 11.32%, 62.16% and 27.41%, respectively, the total accumulation of total potassium increased by 45.53%, 44.73% and 64.64%, respectively, with the best comprehensive effect being the Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.. Green manure could improve soil properties and had the potential to improve soil fertility. Among them, the treatment of Vicia sativa L. had a pH increase of 2.96%, organic matter increased by 10.05%, and total nitrogen content increased by 4.41% compared to CK. The treatment of Astragalus sinicus L. had an organic matter increase of 1.43%, total nitrogen content increase of 24.25%, total phosphorus content increase of 9.20%, and available phosphorus content increase of 10.95% compared to CK. In summary, the biomass and nutrient accumulation of Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. were both high, and their flipping could improve the yield, taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Therefore, they were recommended as green manure varieties for planting in this region; Astragalus sinicus L. and Vicia sativa L. had the potential to increase soil fertility through tillage, while Vicia sativa L. had a better effect. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of green manure and sustainable agricultural production in the northern Jiangsu region.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the second most widely grown premium oilseed crop globally, mainly for its vegetable oil and protein meal.  One of the main goals of breeders is producing high-yield rapeseed cultivars with sustainable production to meet the requirements of the fast-growing population.  Besides the pod number, seeds per silique (SS), and thousand-seed weight (TSW), the ovule number (ON) is a decisive yield determining factor of individual plants and the final seed yield.  In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to dissect the genetic and molecular basis of these complex traits, but relatively few genes or loci controlling these traits have been reported thus far.  This review highlights the updated information on the hormonal and molecular basis of ON and development in model plants (Arabidopsis thaliana).  It also presents what is known about the hormonal, molecular, and genetic mechanism of ovule development and number, and bridges our understanding between the model plant species (A. thaliana) and cultivated species (B. napus).  This report will open new pathways for primary and applied research in plant biology and benefit rapeseed breeding programs.  This synopsis will stimulate research interest to further understand ovule number determination, its role in yield improvement, and its possible utilization in breeding programs. 

【Objective】 Starch is the main component of wheat kernel and plays an important role in processing. The gelatinization characteristic of starch is an important index to evaluate its quality. The genetic variation of starch gelatinization was studied to provide basis for improving wheat quality. 【Method】 Seven starch gelatinization traits, including gelatinization temperature, peak time, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, decay value and recovery value, were phenotypically determined in 205 winter wheat varieties. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 90K chip, and haplotype analysis was performed on the stable and significant sites found. 【Result】 The seven characteristics, such as pasting temperature, showed abundant variation in different environments, and the coefficient of variation of attenuation value was the largest (29.31%-31.14%). There were significant differences among genotype, environment and genotype × environment, and the generalized heritability was 0.69-0.86. Through genome-wide association analysis, we found 198 loci that showed significant associations with seven traits. It was distributed in 20 other linked groups except 6D chromosome. There were 58 sites that were stable in 2 or more environments, involving all 7 traits, such as pasting temperature (10), peak time (5), peak viscosity (12), trough viscosity (10), final viscosity (7), break down (4) and set back (10), which could explain 5.54%-22.21% of genetic variation, twenty-one new sites were identified. By haplotype analysis of multiple effector sites that exist in multiple environments and have high phenotypic contribution, Four haplotypes, Hap1 (66.84%), Hap2 (16.84%), Hap3 (9.70%) and Hap4 (6.63%), were found at Kukri_c17417_407 on chromosome 4A, which were significantly related to peak viscosity and break down. Where Hap2 is the peak viscosity and high break down. (P<0.0001). The distribution frequency of varieties (lines) containing haplotype Hap2 in different ecological regions was from high to low as Huanghuai winter wheat region>foreign varieties>Southwest winter wheat region>Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River winter wheat region>Northern winter wheat region. There were 11 single cause multieffect sites, among which there were 3 multiple effect sites associated with final viscosity, set back, peak time and trough viscosity. Jagger_c4026_328 and other 11 stable genetic loci located on 1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B and 6B were mined, and 11 candidate genes that might be related to wheat starch gelatinization traits were screened. 【Conclusion】 In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. 58 stable loci were detected that were significantly associated with starch gelatinization traits, and 4 different haplotypes were identified on chromosome 4A that were significantly associated with peak viscosity and break down, and 11 candidate genes related to starch gelatinization were screened, which could provide help for marker-assisted high-quality wheat breeding.

In order to mitigate the adverse effects of drought on the development of summer maize seedlings caused by climate change, using ‘Zhengdan 958’ as experimental material, the effects of different treatment combinations on soil moisture and growth of maize seedling were studied. The results showed that the soil moisture content increased with the depth of the soil layer, and the pattern was moist soil, wheat straw returning to the field>normal moisture content, wheat straw returning to the field>moist soil, wheat straw not returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw returning to the field>normal moisture content, wheat straw not returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw not returning to the field. SPAD value, photosynthetic rate and yield showed the same trend, normal moisture content, wheat straw returning to the field>moist soil, wheat straw returning to the field>moist soil, wheat straw not returning to the field>normal moisture content, wheat straw not returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw returning to the field>dry soil, wheat straw not returning to the field. Therefore, compared with the removal of stubble, plain stubble can better improve the soil water environment, increase the emergence rate and photosynthetic rate of maize, and increase the yield, which can be widely applied in production.

Leaves are the main places for photosynthesis and organic synthesis of cotton.  Leaf shape has important effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and canopy formation, thereby affecting cotton yield.  Previous studies have shown that LMI1 is the main gene regulating leaf shape. In this study, the LMI1 gene (LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1) was inserted into the 35S promoter expression vector, and cotton plants overexpressing LMI1(OE) were obtained through genetical transformation.  Statistical analysis of the biological traits of T₁ and T₂ populations showed that compared to wild type (WT), OE plants had significant larger leaves, thicker stems and significantly increased dry weight.  Furthermore, plant sections of the main vein and petiole showed that the number of cell in those tissues of OE plants increased significantly.  In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to gibberellin synthesis and NAC gene family (genes containing the NAC domain) in OE and WT plants, suggesting that LMI1 is involved in secondary wall formation and cell proliferation, and promotes stem thickening.  Moreover, GO (Gene Ontology) analysis enriched the terms of calcium ion binding, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis enriched the terms of fatty acid degradation, phosphatidylinositol signal transduction system, and cAMP signal pathway.  These results suggested that LMI1 OE plants were responsive to gibberellin hormone signals, and altered messenger signal (cAMP, Ca²⁺) which amplified this function, to promote the stronger above ground vegetative growth.  This study found the LMI1 soared the nutrient growth in cotton, which is the basic for higher yield.

Banana is a significant crop, and three banana leaf diseases, including Sigatoka, Cordana and Pestalotiopsis, have the potential to have a serious impact on banana production. Existing studies are insufficient to provide a reliable method for accurately identifying banana leaf diseases. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method to identify banana leaf diseases. First, a new algorithm called K-scale VisuShrink algorithm (KVA) is proposed to denoise banana leaf images. The proposed algorithm introduces a new decomposition scale k based on the semi-soft and middle course thresholds, the ideal threshold solution is obtained and substituted with the newly established threshold function to obtain a less noisy banana leaf image. Then, this paper proposes a novel network for image identification called Ghost ResNeSt-Attention RReLU-Swish Net (GR-ARNet) based on Resnet50. In this, the Ghost Module is implemented to improve the network's effectiveness in extracting deep feature information on banana leaf diseases and the identification speed; the ResNeSt Module adjusts the weight of each channel, increasing the ability of banana disease feature extraction and effectively reducing the error rate of similar disease identification; the model's computational speed is increased using the hybrid activation function of RReLU and Swish. Our model achieves an average accuracy of 96.98% and a precision of 89.31% applied to 13021 images, demonstrating that the proposed method can effectively identify banana leaf diseases.

[目的]农田环境的复杂性对履带式收割机的路径跟踪精度提出了严峻挑战。为了提升收割机在农田作业中的路径跟踪性能，减少跟踪偏差，本研究提出了一种基于改进鱼群算法的履带式收割机全田块路径跟踪方法。[方法]根据履带式收割机的结构特性，将其作业过程简化为二维平面上的运动形式。通过结合全局与局部坐标系的转换，构建了收割机运动轨迹的数学模型，并进一步建立了相邻时刻履带式收割机全田块作业的运动模型。随后，根据不同作业状态，以收割机的前视距离作为关键参数，确定增益系数，从而获取其实时控制变量。为优化路径跟踪效果，引入了粒子滤波算法对鱼群算法进行改进，并以此构建了目标函数。在目标求解过程中，通过算法的不断迭代和优化，实现了收割机路径的精准跟踪。[结果]经过多次试验验证，在设定不同起始偏差点的情况下，本文提出的方法表现出了良好的跟踪性能。应用本文方法后，作业路径跟踪平均响应时间为0.52 s，最小转弯半径为5.0 m，平均偏差0.8 m，最小偏差0.5 m，与设定路线基本一致。这一结果充分证明了本文设计方法的有效性。[结论]综上所述，本文提出的基于改进鱼群算法的履带式收割机全田块路径跟踪方法，能够准确实现收割机在复杂农田环境中的精准跟踪，跟踪效果好，具有广泛的应用价值。

<正>设计说明:山西地区吃梨的历史来源已久,梨文化在人们长期种梨、赏梨、吃梨、艺梨、颂梨的过程中逐步形成,“惊蛰吃梨“”吃梨不分“的传统习俗是山西人民日常生活的一部分。作品以“玉露农旅'为主题，围绕玉露香梨进行规划设计,旨在打造—处集采摘、研学、文化普及于一体的休闲农旅胜地,推动玉露香梨产业发展。

<正>作品《枣梦清境》在推进乡村振兴战略实施的过程中深度挖掘枣文化,针对太谷区沙子地枣种质资源休闲农业园区进行综合评价与规划设计。以种植优良品种推动枣业发展、促进科技研发实现科技兴农、宣传红枣文化增加游客体验为振兴目标,通过“四题”+“五园”+“六区”的总体布局、“集散+多样+体验”的功能分区、“丰富+层次+变化”的种植规划、“连接+多元+灵活”的道路设计、“系统+布局+艺术”的建筑布局、“保障+便利+互动”的基础服务设施规划,凸显“枣园雅境,文韵流芳”的人文色彩和地域特色。

<正>根据美国农业部2024年7月《世界农产品供需预测报告》,2024/2025年度世界主要农产品供需预测结果简述如下。1 谷物2024/2025年度世界谷物供应量将达36.13亿吨(表1),较2023/2024年度估算值增加1 885万吨，比6月预测值上调782万吨。2024/2025年度世界谷物产量将达28.37亿吨，较2023/2024年度估算值增加2 672万吨，比6月预测值上调718万吨。

<正>当地时间2024年6月27日,联合国粮农组织(FAO)、联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)和世界粮食计划署(WFP)新发布了令人震惊的苏丹粮食安全预测数据.上述三家联合国机构领导人警告称,该数据显示苏丹面临着一场毁灭性的饥饿灾难,自21世纪初达尔富尔危机以来,当地形势从未如此严峻.

<正>当地时间2024年7月8日,联合国粮农组织(FAO)渔业委员会(以下简称渔委)第三十六届会议在罗马FAO总部开幕.渔委汇聚了全球渔业和水产养殖部门的政策制定者、专家和合作伙伴.本周(7月8—12日)召开的联合国粮农组织渔业委员会第三十六届会议将重点讨论渔业和水产养殖业在应对粮食不安全、营养不良和贫困挑战方面发挥的重要作用,强调渔业和水产养殖业有能力促进减少饥饿、推动可持续增长和扭转环境退化趋势.

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食用菌“双改”是大气污染攻坚战的需要，集中制棒不但使生态环境得到改善，提高食用菌质量和产量，而且有利于标准化生产，减轻菇农劳动强度；同时促进生产技术、销售模式的改变，经济效益明显。总结集中制棒过程中存在的一些问题，如一次性投资过大、设备闲置率高、技术管理跟不上、菇农意愿不强等，并提出相应的对策建议。

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食用菌富含蛋白质、多糖、膳食纤维、维生素、矿物质和其他生物活性成分，是药食同源的重要食材。大量研究证实，食用菌多糖具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降血糖、抗炎等多种生物活性，在功能性食品、生物医药及化妆品等领域广受关注。综述多种常见食用菌多糖的生物活性及其应用，展望其未来的发展及研究。

中国作为食用菌生产大国，每年产菌渣约1亿多t，这些菌渣营养丰富且用途广泛，但菌渣规范化、资源化利用程度较低。如何科学、合理地将废弃菌渣变废为宝越来越被关注。综述食用菌废弃菌渣综合利用研究现状，为食用菌菌渣的综合利用提供一定理论依据。

采用样线法采样，利用形态学和分子生物学相结合鉴定方法，共鉴定出巴东县域内大型真菌57种，隶属于担子菌门伞菌纲7目25科40属，含多种食药用菌，大多经济价值较高；大型真菌属区系成分以世界广布属为主；大型真菌生长基质以地质为主，也有部分生长于腐木和球果。调查结果为保护、开发当地真菌资源及评价提供了依据。

In order to clarify the relationship between different precipitation patterns and nitrogen uptake and transport in wheat plants, and to explore efficient production technology paths for different crop types, this experiment investigated the effects of different precipitation patterns and crop types on nitrogen uptake and utilization, transport characteristics, and nitrogen efficiency in wheat plants at the experimental demonstration base of the Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Henan Province for two consecutive years. The results showed that the high water year was more conducive to the absorption of nitrogen by wheat plants after soybean cropping compared to the low water year, improving the accumulation of nitrogen in wheat plants and promoting the transport of nitrogen accumulated after flowering to the grains. Both soybean and peanut stubble could increase the nitrogen content of wheat plants compared to corn stubble, which was beneficial for nitrogen accumulation in wheat plants, promoting the transfer of nitrogen from leaves, stems and sheaths to grains, improving the pre flowering nitrogen transport and nitrogen transfer rate of wheat plants, and ultimately increasing the nitrogen efficiency and yield of wheat grains. The nitrogen absorption efficiency and nitrogen production efficiency of wheat plants with different crop types could be significantly improved in the year of abundant water compared to the year of insufficient water. Under different precipitation year types, both soybean and peanut stubbles can promote nitrogen absorption in wheat plants, which is beneficial for nitrogen accumulation and transportation to the grains after flowering, thereby increasing grain yield and ultimately improving nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat plants. In low water years, soybean stubble has a better effect, while peanut stubble has a better effect in high water years.

Huixiangjing 977 is a japonica rice variety selected from Zhendao 14 as the female parent and Wuxiangjing 14 as the male parent. It was approved for variety review in 2022. This article analyzed the breeding process,agronomic characteristics, production performance,and main cultivation techniques of Huixiangjing 977. Huixiangjing 977 has the advantages of high-quality taste, high yield,large panicle,excellent comprehensive traits, and wide adaptability, making it suitable for planting in single season and double season late japonica rice regions in Anhui Province. The principles of high-yield cultivation techniques are to stabilize the foundation, compete for sufficient panicles, attack large panicles, improve grain weight and seed setting rate, in order to obtain higher quality and yield. The results provide a reference for the promotion and application of this variety.

In order to screen hybrid rice varieties with strong drought adaptability suitable for the Xinping area of Yunnan Province, this research selected 14 hybrid rice varieties, including Dianheyou 34, Dianheyou 55, and Dianheyou 56, for field display comparative experiments. The results showed that varieties Dianheyou 56, Yunjing 39, Dianheyou 615, Dianheyou 55, Dianheyou 34, and Dianza 31 could mature normally, while the other 8 hybrid rice varieties did not tassel. Among the six normally mature varieties, Dianheyou 56, Yunjing 39, and Dianheyou 615 had a moderate growth period, good resistance, coordinated yield composition, and high yield. They had good adaptability to drought and could be promoted and planted as drought hybrid rice varieties in the research region.

哈维氏弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)是引起豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomusleopardus)患“烂身病”的主要致病菌，每年6―8月发病率极高，严重影响了该品种养殖业的可持续发展。因此，培育抗病良种是豹纹鳃棘鲈养殖业的迫切需求。为评估豹纹鳃棘鲈抗哈维氏弧菌遗传参数，本研究基于高密度单核苷酸多态性位点构建的基因组亲缘关系矩阵，使用4种模型(BLM、BTM、LLM和LTM)拟合了2种抗病表型(测试日性状，TDS；二元死亡存活性状，TS)，并用约束最大似然法(REML)估算方差组分。经分析，豹纹鳃棘鲈抗哈维氏弧菌遗传力为0.182～0.486，属中高遗传力性状，加性遗传方差为0.071～0.262。其中，利用线性模型(BLM和LLM)估算的遗传力分别为0.382和0.476，利用阈值模型(BTM和LTM)估算的遗传力分别为0.182和0.207。表明可以通过遗传选育提高豹纹鳃棘鲈抗弧菌能力。对不同模型估算的基因组估算育种值(GEBV)进行相关性分析，不同模型拟合同种抗病表型时，GEBV之间相关系数> 0.9，属于高强度正相关关系，表明使用同种表型定义时，阈值或线性模型对GEBV排名影响很小。对不同模型估算的GEBV与不同表型进行相关性分析的结果显示，纵向模型(LLM和LTM)估算的GEBV与表型TS之间的相关系数高于横截面模型(BLM和BTM)，说明表型TDS可能比表型TS更适合作为抗病表型。此外，在线性模型中，使用表型TDS和表型TS估算的GEBV之间的相关系数<0.85，说明采用2种表型定义下估计的豹纹鳃棘鲈抗哈维弧菌GEBV排名不一致。但基于表型TDS估算的GEBV与表型TS之间的相关系数较强(0.824)，表明使用表型TDS和纵向模型(LLM)估算豹纹鳃棘鲈抗哈维氏弧菌遗传参数更有优势。本研究补充了豹纹鳃棘鲈抗哈维氏弧菌遗传参数研究，为豹纹鳃棘鲈抗哈维氏弧菌良种选育提供了参考。

为探明绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconusseptentrionalis)性腺发育相关基因表达特征，优化亲本生殖调控技术，本研究对绿鳍马面鲀雌雄亲体的精巢和卵巢进行了转录组测序分析，经de novo拼装，最终获得119 219个单基因(unigene),N50长度为1 255 bp。在NR、NT、KO、Swiss Prot、PFAM、GO及KOG数据库分别注释到24 009、35 057、18 453、26 971、30 294、11 420和21 613个unigene。绿鳍马面鲀精巢和卵巢转录组中存在18 954个差异表达基因(DEG)，相对于精巢，在卵巢中上调表达的基因有11 265个，下调表达的有7 689个。选取bmp2、sox3、figla、hsd17b1、cyp19a、cyp17、foxl2、star和amh 9个DEGs进行实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)验证，结果显示，qRT-PCR结果与RNA-Seq分析相一致。GO和KEGG富集结果分析发现，amh、cyp17和star可能在绿鳍马面鲀雄性精子发生过程中起关键作用；bmp2、foxl2、cyp19a、figla和hsd17b1在雌性卵子发生和卵巢类固醇生成过程中发挥重要作用。本研究通过比较绿鳍马面鲀精巢和卵巢的转录组表达差异，初步阐明了精巢和卵巢的基因表达特征，为进一步研究绿鳍马面鲀的性腺发育机制奠定了基础。

Livestock industry is an important industry related to national economy and people’s livelihood, is the pillar industry of agricultural and rural economy, and is a strategic industry to ensure food security and residents’ life. Inner Mongolia as China’s important natural pastures and animal husbandry base, promoted the construction of national important agricultural and livestock products production base in recent years, has become an important national “granary”,“meat warehouse”,“milk can”, and“cashmere city”. The grain production ranks sixth in the country. 1/2 of cashmere and products, 1/4 of mutton, 1/6 of milk, and 1/10 of beef in the country come from Inner Mongolia. Based on the development practice of modern livestock husbandry both domestically and internationally, this study analyzed the current situation and typical cases of livestock husbandry in Inner Mongolia, clarified the key problems faced by the development of modern livestock husbandry in Inner Mongolia, and proposed key paths for the development of modern livestock husbandry in Inner Mongolia.

The basis of rural revitalization is the revitalization of rural industries. Industrial integration is an important way to realize the revitalization of rural industries. By systematically combing the experience of the “Sixth Industry Promotion” development, it was summarized that: taking “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” as the center, making full use of regional characteristics, promoting the backward integration of the industrial chain, and leave the value of the industrial chain in the countryside. On the basis of analyzing the development reality of Yunnan Plateau characteristic agriculture, based on the development status of Yunnan Plateau characteristic agriculture and the experience of Japanese agricultural development, this study put forward measures to promote the development of Yunnan Plateau characteristic agriculture.

Comprehensively explore the spatial evolution of agricultural production carbon emissions is of significant importance for formulating rational agricultural carbon reduction policies. Using agricultural carbon emission data in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020,this study estimated the emissions and intensities across 16 regions within the province,and investigated the regional disparities, spatial-temporal patterns, and dynamic changes in agricultural carbon emissions and intensities in Shandong Province. The research findings indicated that: （1）Overall, agricultural carbon emissions across various regions exhibited a reversed U shape trend, characterized by “rise-stable fluctuation-decline” evolution trend; （2）Agricultural production carbon emission intensities in different regions showed a trend of “stable fluctuation-continuous decline”,reaching its lowest point by 2020; （3）Over the past 20 years, regions with high and medium-high carbon emission intensities in Shandong Province have continuously evolved towards medium and low intensities, with all regions transitioning to medium intensities or lower by 2020; （4）The Moran’s I index of agricultural production carbon emission intensities across the 16 regions of Shandong Province fluctuated in an N shape, demonstrating a distinct spatial clustering characteristics. In light of these findings, an in-depth analysis of the spatial evolution trends in agricultural carbon emissions in Shandong Province was conducted, along with proposed carbon emission reduction strategies, providing theoretical references for the sustainable development of agriculture in the province.

文章系统综述了2023年茶叶加工技术研究新进展，主要涵盖六大茶类及茉莉花茶的加工技术、工艺、设备等方面的研究成果。同时，基于现有的研究成果，面对加工技术、生产设备和市场等多方面的挑战，对未来茶叶加工技术发展趋势作出了预测，以期为今后茶叶加工技术创新、茶产业转型升级及茶产业高质量发展提供有益参考。

茶叶中的有机酸是影响茶叶香气和滋味的主要成分之一，高效液相色谱法是食品中有机酸检测的常用方法，具有操作简单、灵敏度高、分离效果好等特点。文章综述了有机酸对茶叶风味品质的影响、高效液相色谱法目前能测定出的茶叶中有机酸种类以及采用高效液相色谱法测定茶叶中有机酸的研究进展，总结了测定茶叶中有机酸的高效液相色谱条件，包括检测波长、流动相、柱温和流速等，并对采用高效液相色谱法测定茶叶中有机酸存在的困难及该方法的应用前景进行了展望，以期促进茶叶中有机酸检测技术的发展，为茶叶的品质特征及保健功效研究提供指导，为茶叶中有机酸组分检测方法标准的制定提供参考。

为探究宜宾不同茶树品种所制红茶挥发性组分特征及其主要呈香物质与感官品质之间的关系，研究采用感官审评、生化成分与顶空固相微萃取-气象色谱质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术，结合相对气味活度（ROAV）值对不同茶树品种所制红茶的感官品质、香气挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明，5个茶树品种所制红茶共鉴定出40种挥发性成分，共有的挥发性香气物质有38种，以醇类、醛类、酯类为主，其中香叶醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物、水杨酸甲酯含量在总量中占比均较高；结合ROAV值及感官审评分析，5个茶树品种所制红茶共有的香气贡献物质有6种，其中以芳樟醇及其氧化物、香叶醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、水杨酸甲酯贡献较大；四川群体种、紫娟具有“较清甜”的香气特征，推测主要与二甲硫、正己醛、反-2-已烯醛、反-2-反-4-庚二烯醛等赋香物质有关；名山白毫131的“花香、较鲜甜”，推测主要与茶树品种及茶黄素含量有关；黔湄502“有果香”，推测主要与顺-己酸-3-己烯酯的含量有关；青心乌龙、黔湄502“高甜，微有火工”，推测主要与高温条件下，咖啡碱、茶多酚含量降低，吡嗪、吡咯物质含量增加，甜香高于花香有关。

本研究通过建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定陕产青牛胆中药根碱、盐酸巴马汀和古伦宾的含量，并对陕产青牛胆样品进行初步质量评价。结果表明：所收集的5批青牛胆样品（QND1～QND5）药根碱含量分别为0.33、0.12、0.14、0.53和0.08 mg/g；盐酸巴马汀含量分别为0.81、0.54、0.36、0.62和0.29 mg/g；古伦宾含量分别为10.98、7.39、5.29、4.55和0.69 mg/g。本研究建立的HPLC法可为市售青牛胆中生物碱、二萜类物质的含量检测及陕产青牛胆的质量评价提供参考依据。

为探讨添加不同浓度海藻糖对猪睾丸组织冷冻保存效果的影响，将猪睾丸组织分为7个处理组，分别为未冷冻的新鲜对照组、未添加海藻糖的冷冻Control组以及分别添加50、100、200、400和800 mmol/L不同浓度海藻糖的试验组，对冷冻-解冻后的睾丸组织的细胞活率、组织结构形态、细胞凋亡率及活性氧含量等指标进行检测。结果表明：与新鲜组比较，冷冻过程会造成睾丸细胞活率显著下降（P<0.05），细胞内活性氧含量显著上升（P<0.05），组织形态结构被严重破坏（P<0.05）、细胞凋亡率显著增加（P<0.05）。与未添加海藻糖的冷冻Control组相比，200 mmol/L海藻糖对冷冻-解冻后睾丸组织细胞活率、细胞凋亡及活性氧含量均有显著改善（P<0.05）。100 mmol/L海藻糖组冷冻-解冻后睾丸组织的形态结构、细胞凋亡及活性氧含量与200 mmol/L海藻糖组相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）。此外，800 mmol/L海藻糖组的细胞凋亡率显著高于其他组（P<0.05），细胞活率显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。综上所述，不同浓度海藻糖对猪睾丸组织冻存效果有显著影响，其中200 mmol/L为最适添加量。

为探究热应激对湖羊生理生化指标、繁殖特征和血清生殖激素的影响，本试验选取50只健康、体重和胎次相近的空怀经产母羊，随机分为对照组（非热应激组）和试验组（热应激组），每组25只，测定血清生理生化指标、繁殖特征和血清生殖激素指标。结果表明：与对照组相比，试验组直肠温度和心率显著升高（P<0.05），呼吸频率极显著加快（P<0.01），血清热体克蛋白70(Hsp70)浓度显著升高（P<0.05）；母羊发情周期显著延长（P<0.05），产羔数显著减少（P<0.05）；促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇（E_2）和孕激素（P_4）显著降低（P<0.05）。可见，热应激会对湖羊的繁殖性能造成不良影响。