The whole-process mechanization is an inevitable trend in rape production, but the current level of mechanization in rape production in China is still low. This study analyzed the situation of the mechanized production of direct-seeding rape, and elaborated the high-yield and high-efficiency agronomic measures suitable for the whole-process mechanized production of direct-seeding rape in China from six aspects: variety selection, farmland preparation, sowing, fertilization, pest control and harvesting. In view of the problems in the promotion of direct-seeding rape, this study put forward corresponding improvement measures and possible research priorities in the future, in order to enhance the mechanized production level of direct-seeding rape, accelerate the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomic measures, and promote the high-quality development of the rape industry.

To explore the effects of tobacco-rape rotation and balanced fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) content, a two-factor split plot design, which included tobacco rotation with three rape varieties (‘Chongrongyou 1’, ‘Deyouzao 1’ and ‘GSX-1’) and balanced fertilization (nitrogen reduction and phosphorus increase), was adopted to analyze the content of soil total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rape season and tobacco season. The results showed that from the initial stage of rape transplanting to harvest, the SOC content increased to varying degrees, ranging from 7.7% to 166.49%. The content of TOC and DOC of the rotation increased compared with those of the control, and the content of TOC and DOC of ‘Chongrongyou 1’during the harvest period (180 d) were the highest, which were 1.26 and 4.78 times that of the control, respectively. In the whole growth period of tobacco, except some individual treatments, the DOC content in soil showed a downward trend, while the TOC content increased. In addition, in terms of fertilization mode, nitrogen reduction treatment had the best effect. In the harvest period of tobacco, except ‘Deyouzao 1’, the TOC content of soil in nitrogen reduction treatments was the highest, which was 1.20, 1.44 and 1.02 times that of the control, respectively. In conclusion, the SOC content is relatively high under ‘Chongrongyou 1’ -tobacco rotation and nitrogen reduction, which is a good local planting system.

The paper aims to study the effects of different kinds of tobacco-rape rotation and balanced fertilization on soil potassium supply capacity. A two-factor split plot experiment was designed, including main factors (winter fallow, ‘Chongrongyou 1’, ‘Deyouzao 1’and ‘GSX-1’) and by-factors (conventional fertilization, nitrogen reduction and phosphorus increase), to analyze the content of soil available potassium and potassium in tobacco leaves. The results showed that tobacco-rape rotation could improve soil available potassium content to different degrees, and the effect was the most significant in the early stage of rape transplanting (30 days), which was 1.43-2.05 times that of winter fallow treatment. With the advance of rape growth period, the effect of rotation on soil available potassium content decreased sharply, and the effect of different rape varieties on soil available potassium was as follows: ‘Chongrongyou 1’> ‘GSX-1’> ‘Deyouzao 1’> winter fallow. From the early stage of transplanting to harvest of tobacco, the content of soil available potassium decreased by 15.71%-117.80%. Except individual treatments, the content of soil available potassium and tobacco leaf potassium in tobacco-rape rotation were higher than those in winter fallow treatment, and the effect of phosphorus increase on potassium increase was the best. In conclusion, the content of soil available potassium and tobacco leaf potassium are relatively high under ‘Chongrongyou 1’- tobacco rotation and phosphorus increase, which is a good local cropping system.

To explore the adaptability and wind erosion resistance of different varieties of winter rapeseed in semi-arid agricultural areas of central Gansu, six winter rapeseed varieties (winter Brassica rapa ‘HN12PZ16-2’,‘HN12PZ16-65’ and ‘Pingshi 8’, winter Brassica napus ‘QL-GAU-201’, ‘QL-GAU-196’ and ‘Low(1)-19’) were selected as the research objects, and their overwintering rate, wind erosion resistance, yield and oil content were analyzed in detail. The results showed that, the root-shoot ratio of winter Brassica rapa was significantly higher than that of winter Brassica napus before winter, and the overwintering survival rate was also significantly higher than that of winter Brassica napus. The overwintering rate of ‘HN12PZ16-65’ was the highest, reaching 88.33%. The yield and oil content of winter Brassica rapa were significantly higher than those of winter Brassica napus due to high plant height and 1000-grain weight, and the yield (2937.00 kg/hm²) and oil content (43.67%) of ‘HN12PZ16-65’ were the highest. The dry matter accumulation of winter rapeseed was high before winter, which increased the starting wind speed of farmland and significantly reduced the wind erosion of farmland. The wind erosion of farmland soil of the six winter rapeseed varieties decreased by 88.77%-92.79% compared with that of the open field. Therefore, ‘HN12PZ16-65’ has strong drought resistance, high overwintering rate, high yield and oil content, good adaptability and good wind erosion resistance in central Gansu, which is suitable for wind erosion wintering cultivation in semi-arid agricultural areas.

【Objective】 The study aimed to explore effects of different fertilization on paddy soil aggregate characteristics and potassium distribution under rapeseed-rice rotation and winter fallow by the located experiment test. It was hoped that the study would provide a basis for the sustainable utilization of potassium resources in paddy-upland rotation areas of Southern China. 【Method】 Based on the location experiment of potassium fertilizer in different rotation patterns started in 2016, five treatments were selected, including CK(F) (no fertilization and winter fallow), NPK(F) (NPK fertilizer and winter fallow), NPK(R) (NPK fertilizer and winter rapeseed), NPK (SR+R) (NPK fertilizer with rice straw returning and winter rapeseed), and NP50%K (SR+R) (50% reduction of K fertilizer with rice straw returning and winter rapeseed). The soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm soil layer of each treatment after rape harvest of the third year for analysis of physical and chemical properties, such as soil aggregates distribution, and exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium content variation in soil aggregates. The stability of soil aggregates and the distribution of potassium in aggregates were further investigated..【Result】 The soil aggregate fractions of all treatments was the highest in <0.053 mm. Compared with NPK(F), NPK(R) increased the proportion of aggregates of 1-2 mm, 0.5-1 mm and 0.25-0.5 mm by 26.2%-82.6% under the same fertilization treatment. Also the stability of soil aggregates was increased, the proportion of aggregates of >0.25 mm, mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD) were significantly increased by 30.6%, 31.2% and 82.0%, respectively. Under rapeseed-rice rotation, the proportion of aggregates of >2 mm was increased under NPK(SR+R), which was 69.7% higher than that under NPK(R). The exchangeable potassium content in soil aggregates decreased with decreasing particle size under all treatments. NPK(SR+R) significantly increased exchangeable potassium content in all aggregate fractions by 22.2%-46.0% compared with NPK(R) under rapeseed-rice rotation. NP50%K(SR+R) significantly reduced the exchangeable potassium content in aggregates of >0.5 mm by 19.4%-20.6% than NPK(SR+R). Compared with NPK(F), three fertilization treatments under rapeseed-rice rotation all reduced the non-exchangeable potassium content in aggregate fractions. Under all treatments, the contribution rate of different fractions of soil aggregates to the bulk soil in potassium was the highest in <0.053 mm. Compared with NPK(F), NPK(R) significantly increased the contribution rates of 1-2 mm and 0.5-1 mm aggregates to bulk soil in potassium by 82.6%, 52.1% (exchangeable potassium ) and 105.5%, 36.9% (non-exchangeable potassium), respectively.【Conclusion】 The rapeseed-rice rotation could increase MWD, GMD, macroaggregate proportion and the contribution rate of macroaggregate to the bulk soil in potassium and improve soil structure. Under this rotation pattern, the chemical fertilizer combined with rice straw returning could increase the exchangeable potassium content in all aggregate fractions, which improved the potassium supply in paddy soil. However, the rapeseed-rice rotation reduced the content of non-exchangeable potassium in soil aggregates due to high potassium demand, and the input of potassium fertilizer should be appropriately increased.

The conventional Brassica napus cultivar ‘Ningyou 20’ was planted to study the effects of phosphorus fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of rapeseed in saline soil. Leaf area indexes, leaf net photosynthetic rate and dry matter weight at different growth stages were tested. The results showed that, in the range of 0-120 kg/hm² phosphate fertilizer application, with the increase of phosphorus fertilizer rate, the leaf area index and dry matter weight at seedling stage and early flowering stage increased, and the yield and dry matter weight at maturing stage also increased. Oil content was low in the treatments of zero and 30 kg/hm² phosphorus fertilizer rate. When the phosphorus fertilizer rate reached 60 kg/hm², there was no significant change in oil content with the further increase of the rate. The variation trend of leaf net photosynthetic rate with the change of the phosphorus fertilizer rate at seedling stage was consistent with that of the dry matter weight. With the phosphorus fertilizer rate reaching 60 kg/hm², there was no significant increase in leaf net photosynthetic rate with the further increase of phosphorus fertilizer rate at early flowering stage.

The aims are to determine the effect of Coniothyrium minitans on soil microbial community structure, and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of this biocontrol fungus in production. The occurrence of Sclerotinia stem rot was investigated by spraying C. minitans as treatment group (CM) and spraying clean water as control group (CK), and the changes of soil microbial community were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the incidence rate and disease index of Sclerotinia stem rot in control group were up to 74.64% and 46.13, respectively. While, the incidence rate and disease index were reduced to 23.33% and 9.37, respectively, in treatment group, and the control effect was 79.70%. In addition, the soil microbial community structure was changed and the abundance and diversity of soil fungi were significantly increased after spraying C. minitans. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota were increased, but the relative abundance of Actinobacteria was decreased after spraying with C. minitans. At the genus level, the abundance of Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Dokdonella, Trichocladium, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Plectosphaerella were increased, while, the relative abundance of unidentified_Chitinophagaceae, Stenotrophomonas, Geobacter, Thielavia and Cutaneotrichosporon were decreased after spraying with C. minitans. The application of C. minitans could effectively control Sclerotinia stem rot, increase the abundance and diversity of soil fungi, and improve soil microbial community structure. The results of this study can provide a basis for the large-scale promotion of C. minitans in the field.

The aims are to explore the new biological control model of rape clubroot in Anning, and to study the effect of biocontrol strains on rape clubroot. The research is carried out through a plot test with direct application of the biocontrol functional strains, and adding the biocontrol functional strains to organic fertilizer or substrate application. The results showed that: the biocontrol functional strains could effectively reduce the occurrence and damage of rape clubroot. The control effect was 74.03% on rape clubroot when biocontrol functional strains were directly applied, 83.12% when the strains were added to organic fertilizer, 68.83% when the strains were added to substrate, and 89.61% when the chemical control was used. Adding biocontrol strains to organic fertilizer which was decomposed and fermented from rape straw could achieve the best control effect on rape clubroot, and promote the growth and development and the yield of rape. Compared with conventional fertilization, the plant height, the effective branch number and the yield were increased by 7.63%, 26.08% and 16.81%, respectively.

The paper aims to select new forage rape varieties suitable for planting in northeast Sichuan. Six new double-low rape lines were used as experimental materials. The biological yield, botanical characteristics, nutritional components, dynamic changes of agronomic characters and nutritional quality during cutting were recorded, and their feeding value was evaluated. The results are as follows. (1) The lines regenerated during cutting at the early flowering stage, and they could be cut twice in the whole growing season, with a cutting interval of 35-37 days. The fresh grass yield was 43.24-50.89 and 13.94-20.03 t/hm² respectively for the two cutting, the annual fresh grass yield was 57.40-70.46 t/hm², and the annual hay yield was 6.11-7.28 t/hm². Among the rape lines, the fresh grass yield of ‘Zhongmianyou 783’ was the highest, which was 70.46 t/hm² and significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of other test lines. (2) Different rape lines showed significantly different agronomic characters at the first cutting. The plant height of ‘Nanyou 714’ was the highest, up to 162.11 cm; ‘Zhongmianyou 783’ had the largest number of leaves (19.11), and the stem leaf ratio of ‘Nanyou 658 ‘was the lowest, which was 0.91. (3) The crude protein content of ‘Nanyou 12’ was 15.64% at the first cutting, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of other test lines, neutral detergent fiber of ‘Zhongmianyou 783’ was the lowest (25.65%), and acid detergent fiber of ‘13Za768’ was the lowest (20.80%). (4) With the advance of the growth period, the plant height of each line increased gradually, and the plant height did not change in the late pod setting stage. The number of leaves increased first and then decreased, and the number of leaves was the most at the initial flowering stage. The dry matter content and stem leaf ratio increased continuously with the advance of the growth period. (5) The crude protein content of each line decreased with the advance of the growth period, and was the highest at initial flowering stage, which was 12.87%-15.64%. The change trend of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were the same, and most of them increased with the advance of the growth period. The content of crude ash decreased with the advance of the growth period. Most of the crude fat increased first and then decreased, and reached the highest at full flowering stage. The feeding value of the first cutting of each rape line was 231.20-262.47, and there was no significant difference (P<0.05) between ‘Zhongmianyou 783’ and ‘13Za768’, but the feeding value of the two lines was significantly higher than (P<0.05) that of other lines. ‘Zhongmianyou 783’ has the best comprehensive performance in the test site and can be popularized and utilized in similar ecological areas.

This paper summarized that rapeseed production has large potential in planting area, yield, benefits and market via investigating the current state of rapeseed production in Ningbo. Rapeseed production is mainly restricted by low benefits, low policy support, high risk in planting and low level of industrialized operation. Therefore, countermeasures were put forward, such as promoting the application of new varieties and technologies, increasing policy support, promoting the brand building of local rapeseed oil and developing the diversity of rapeseed planting. These countermeasures will provide technical support for the development of rapeseed industry in Ningbo.

This study aims to screen out oilseed-vegetable dual-purpose Brassica napus varieties, which are of highly comprehensive production efficiency and suitable for cultivation in the Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province. To develop the corresponding high-yield cultivation techniques, four B. napus varieties, i.e., ‘Caitai-1' (CT-1), ‘Caitai-2' (CT-2), ‘Songlanyoucai-1' (SLYC-1), and ‘Songlanyoucai-2' (SLYC-2) were compared with ‘Rongyou-18' (RY-18). The effects of varieties and picking times on the yield and quality of young stem and rapeseed, and comprehensive economic benefits were evaluated. Results showed that the appearance quality, and the contents of cellulose and lignin of the young stem were significantly decreased in the picking twice treatment compared with those in the picking once treatment, while the soluble sugar content was considerably increased. The plant height was notably decreased in the picking treatments compared with none picking treatment. The number of effective siliqua per plant and the yield of rapeseed were considerably increased in the picking once treatment compared with those in none picking treatment, while significantly decreased in the picking twice treatment. The influence of picking times on the seed quality of oil-vegetable dual-purpose rapeseed was not significant. The young stem yield, soluble sugar content and comprehensive economic benefit of SLYC-2 were notably higher than those of other varieties. In conclusion, SLYC-2 has the highest young stem quality and comprehensive economic benefit, which is suitable to be cultivated in the Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province. The picking once treatment is the best cultivation method to ensure the yield and comprehensive production benefit of oilseed-vegetable dual-purpose rapeseed.

Film mulching is an effective technology for yield increase of dry cultivation, which can significantly improve the ecological condition of soil moisture and temperature, and promote plant growth and development. In order to understand the effects of film mulching cultivation on the growth, yield and quality of spring rapeseed in Tibet, based on field cultivation with ‘Shanyou No.4’ as the material, the effects of film mulching cultivation on the growth period, dry matter accumulation, agronomic characters, yield and quality of spring rapeseed were analyzed. The results show that compared with open field cultivation, the film mulching cultivation could shorten the growth period by 5 days, increase the plant height, branching position, effective branch number, effective pod number per plant, seed number per pod, and decrease 1000-grain weight. The yield of film mulching cultivation was 2601.67 kg/hm², increased by 508.34 kg/hm² compared with that of open field cultivation, and the yield increase rate was 24.28%. The oil content was increased by 2.4%, while the content of erucic acid and glucosinolates did not change much. The study indicates that the film mulching cultivation can improve the yield and quality of spring rapeseed in Tibet, and can be used as an important cultivation measure in the production.

In order to provide technical support to light simplified production of rapeseed in delayed harvest rice fields of eastern Hubei Province, this study made a comparison on the yield and benefits of rapeseed under two aerial sowing modes based on the same crops for rotation condition. Field experiment of two years was conducted with winter rapeseed as material, and the data of yield and benefits of rapeseed under the two aerial sowing modes was obtained. Compared with rotary-tillage aerial sowing mode, the yield of rapeseed under no-tillage aerial sowing mode was increased by 561.5 kg/hm² on average, and the rate of yield increase was 25.7% on average in the two years. The main reason of yield increase was that the number of siliques per plant increased significantly, and the average increase was 28.6%. The production value of rapeseed under no-tillage aerial sowing mode was increased by 3023 yuan/hm², and the gross income was increased by 4523 yuan/hm² on average in the two years. The main reason was that the no-tillage aerial sowing mode reduced the investment on removing straw from the field, seed and pesticide, preparing soil by rotary tillage, and weeding and disease preventing. The total investment decreased by 1500 yuan/hm² on average in the two years. The no-tillage aerial sowing mode can not only reduce the investment, but also increase the yield and benefits of rapeseed. It has the advantages of cost saving and benefit increasing, and is suitable for popularizing and applying in delayed harvest rice fields in eastern Hubei Province.

Through questionnaire survey on rape production in Yuxi City, we can master the development of the local rape industry. According to the study, the development of rape industry in Yuxi City is faced with some problems, such as insufficient investment in scientific research, low degree of mechanization, low degree of planting scale, high planting risk, and the market has not been form by high price for high quality. It is proposed to increase financial input and strengthen scientific and technological support; improve the level of agricultural mechanization to effectively reduce production cost; promote the integrated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries of rape; perfect rape planting insurance system to reduce planting risk; and support leading enterprises to establish high quality raw material production base to form a purchase system of high price for high quality, so as to provide reference for the sustainable and healthy development of rape industry in Yuxi City.

Based on the observation data of rape fixed-point experiment from 2011 to 2018, the effects of low temperature on rape podding rate and seed number per pod were analyzed in different flowering periods. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship between meteorological factors and seed loss rate was established. The results showed that: the effects of low temperature on seed setting were mainly moderate and severe before February 25, mainly mild in the middle and last ten days of March, and mainly mild and moderate from February 26 to March 10. The relationship between rape seed loss rate with the average daily minimum temperature and daily average rainfall during the flowering stage was not significant, but the relationship between seed loss rate with average temperature, average daily maximum temperature, average sunshine hours, and average daily relative humidity at flowering were significant. With the decrease of average flowering temperature, the average maximum temperature decreased and the relative humidity increased. When the relative humidity of air was 70% and the daily average temperature was ≤6.9℃, or the relative humidity of air was 80% and the daily average temperature was ≤8.0℃, rape would suffer from moderate damage. When the relative humidity of air in flowering time was 80% and the daily average temperature was ≤4.3℃, or the relative humidity of air was 85% and the daily average temperature was ≤4.8℃, the rape would suffer from severe damage. The cold accumulated temperature indexes of rape flowering and seed setting under different weather types were determined. When the cold accumulated temperature index of sunshine and low temperature weather was ≥16.5℃, or the index of cold accumulated temperature of no sunshine and low temperature rainy weather was ≥5.0℃, it was moderate damage. When the cold accumulated temperature index of sunshine and low temperature weather was ≥37.5℃, or the cold accumulated temperature index of no sunshine and low temperature rainy weather was ≥26.0℃, it was severe damage. The results could provide technical support for early warning evaluation and agrometeorological service of disaster reduction and prevention in rape production.

The aims are to alleviate the negative effects of rice-residue returning to field on direct-seeding rapeseed, and achieve the full and strong seedling. ‘Fengyou 737’ was used as material, and the effects of different seed soaking reagents on the germination and seedling of direct-seeding rapeseed were studied under rice-residue returning to field. Results showed that under rice-residue returning to field, treated with C₁ (40 mg/L gibberellin + 200 mg/L ammonium molybdate + 2000 mg/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 400 mg/L boric acid) and C₂ (100 μmol/L melatonin + 200 mg/L ammonium molybdate + 2000 mg/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 400 mg/L boric acid), the number of seedlings per square were increased by 23.28% and 3.97% compared with that of CK. The root length and hypocotyl length of seedlings treated with C₁ reagent were increased. The toot length was increased and the hypocotyl length was decreased compared with those of CK in the C₂ reagent treatment. The dry matter accumulation of seedlings treated with C₁ and C₂ reagents were all increased compared with that of CK. We also found that C₁ and C₂ reagents relieved the harmful effect of rice-residue returning to field on the seedling of direct-seeding rapeseed. C₂ reagent treatment was better than C₁ reagent treatment by promoting the root development and strong seedling under rice-residue returning to field.

To explore the role and economic value of honeybee pollination in oilseed rape production, the annual value of the rape production attributable to honeybee pollination and the pollination requirements of bee colonies were evaluated based on honeybee pollination dependency model. The results indicated that the total value of honeybee pollination service to oilseed rape production in China in 2018 was 10.419 billion Yuan, accounting for 15.75% of the annual domestic oilseed rape production value (almost 66.141 billion Yuan). In Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan, the value of honeybee pollination service to rape production was all over 1 billion Yuan. It is estimated that over 16.3765 million bee colonies are needed each year to pollinate oilseed rape in China, more than the present 9.0884 million bee colonies. Hunan and Sichuan have the largest demand for honeybee pollination in rape production, accounting for more than 1/3 of the total domestic bee colonies. Therefore, bee pollination is an important input in rape production, the public awareness of the economic value of bee pollination should be gradually raised, and bee pollination technology in rape production should be vigorously promoted.

The paper aims to analyze the main factors affecting the yield of Brassica napus with different maturity stages under climatic conditions in Chengdu, and provide a theoretical basis for resistance breeding of B. napus. Correlation analysis, path analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the relationship between the agronomic traits, the stem breaking resistance, the incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the yield of B. napus. The yield of early-maturing rape varieties was significantly and positively correlated with the number of effective siliquae per plant, the number of seeds per siliquae, and the breaking resistance of the middle and upper part of the stem. The yield of mid-maturing rape varieties was significantly and positively correlated with the plant height, the first branch height, the number of effective siliquae per plant, the breaking resistance of the lower part of the stem, and the breaking resistance of the lower and middle part of the stem. The greatest direct path coefficient of yield was the number of effective siliquae per plant in both early-maturing rape varieties and mid-maturing rape varieties. The greatest indirect comprehensive effect on yield were the number of seeds per siliquae in early-maturing rape varieties and the breaking resistance of the lower part of the stem in mid-maturing rape varieties, respectively. The principal component analysis showed that the 15 agronomic traits were divided into four major categories in early-maturing rape varieties and three major categories in mid-maturing rape varieties. For early-maturing rape varieties, they were lodging resistance traits, plant type traits, yield components traits and disease resistance traits. For mid-maturing rape varieties, they were yield components traits, plant type traits and lodging resistance traits. Under the natural climatic conditions of Sichuan Province, in the breeding of early-maturing and mid-maturing rape varieties, the selection of plant type, lodging resistance traits and disease resistance should be strengthened while ensuring the yield components traits.

To screen pod shattering resistant varieties and to promote the mechanized production process of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in areas of early-maturing varieties, pod shattering resistance index (SRI) of 98 early-maturing Brassica napus L. materials was assessed with random impact test method. The testing results were analyzed by cluster analysis and correlation analysis in combining with related agronomic traits. The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) of SRI was 41.38%, and the materials with SRI≥0.4 accounted for 68.4%. The cluster analysis demonstrated that the 98 early-maturing Brassica napus L. materials were clustered into three groups: A, B, and C. The average SRI of group A was 0.35, presenting easy shattering. The average SRI of group B was 0.93, presenting high resistance to shattering. The average SRI of group C was 0.65, presenting moderate resistance. The correlation analysis with main agronomic traits showed that SRI had an extremely and significantly positive correlation with pod length and a significantly positive correlation with 1000-seed weight, indicating that pod length and 1000-seed weight significantly affected pod shattering resistance, and both the two indexes could be used in shattering resistance screening of Brassica napus L.. Finally, the test materials with SRI>0.4 were screened in terms of yield and oil content, and 10 materials which had higher SRI and 5% more yield increase compared with that of CK (‘HY8’) were screened out. The study could provide theoretical guidance for phenotypic identification, genetic analysis and molecular marker-assisted selection of pod shattering resistance in early-maturing Brassica napus L..

The study aims to explore the effects of biological coating on the growth of rape under the application of photosynthetic bacteria. The main rape cultivar ‘Chuanyou36’ in Sichuan Province was used as test material. Based on the field tests, this paper studied the effects of biological coating (endophytic bacillus for seed coating, and application of photosynthetic bacteria liquid before sowing), chemical coating (10% cyazofamid suspension for seed coating) and uncoated treatment on the incidence rate of clubroot, soil enzyme activities and yield traits of rape. The results showed that the incidence rate of clubroot of rape decreased significantly after the coating treatment, and was the lowest under biological coating treatment. The biological coating treatment could significantly improve the activities of catalase, sucrase, urease and acid phosphatase in soil. However, the chemical coating treatment had a certain inhibitory effect on the activities of catalase, urease and acid phosphatase. In addition, the effective branch height, plant height, rhizome thickness, number of primary effective branches, 1000-grain weight and yield of rape significantly increased under the biological coating treatment. Compared with chemical coating treatment and uncoated treatment, the yield of rape with biological coating was increased by 16.97% and 22.26%, respectively. The above results show that biological coating and the application of photosynthetic bacteria could not only improve the soil environment of rape and effectively reduce the harm of clubroot to rape, but also increase the rape yield and reduce the input of chemical agents.

To accurately predict the blooming period of rape and carry out the meteorological service more effectively, the authors selected the temperature, precipitation, sunshine and other observation data of rape from 1990 to 2019 in Xuancheng of Anhui Province, and used SPSS and Excel software based on the Mann-Kendall method, to analyze the relationship between common flowering characteristics and period with meteorological factors. The results showed that the average blooming period of rape in the past 30 years was March 20 in Xuancheng, the interannual variation changed significantly, the difference between the earliest and the latest date was more than one month, and the overall trend was ahead of time with a rate of 2.7 d/10 a. The start of the mutation was around 2013. The blooming period of rape in Xuancheng was significantly and negatively correlated with the average temperature in January, February and the whole winter, as well as the active accumulated temperature ≥3℃, but it had little correlation with precipitation and sunshine. Based on the study, the prediction model of rape blooming period was established by stepwise regression. After a retrospective test, the minimum error of prediction value was 0 d, and the maximum error was 11 d, so the effect was generally good.

The paper aims to investigate the colonization of GFP-labelled Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bam22 in Brassica napus and lay a solid foundation for the application of this biocontrol agent. In this study, plasmid pGFP4412 containing green fluorescent protein gene was introduced into Bam22 cells by natural transformation method to construct GFP fluorescent labelled strain. The growth curve and inhibition activity to pathogenic microorganism of wild type strain Bam22 and Bam22-GFP were compared. The number of colonized strains in different tissue parts of B. napus was observed, and the colonization rule and ability were analyzed. The results showed that the labelled strain Bam22-GFP emitted strong green fluorescence under the excitation light wavelength of 488 nm, and the GFP fluorescent protein labelling and its gene expression did not affect the growth curve and inhibition activity to pathogenic microorganism of Bam22. The labelled strain could colonize in the B. napus plant through the root irrigation, and was transmitted from the root to the stem and leaf of B. napus. The colonization rules of Bam22-GFP in the root, stem and leaf all showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. On the 45 ^th day after inoculation, the labelled strains could still be detected in the roots, stems and leaves of B. napus. The results show that Bam22 could colonize and transfer in B. napus by root irrigation and display good colonization ability, and it has a good application prospect in agricultural production.

In order to explore the effects of paclobutrazol and uniconazole on the cold resistance of a new rapeseed cultivar ‘Qinyou 1618’, seedlings at 6-7 leaf stage were sprayed with 150 mg/L (C1) and 300 mg/L (C2) paclobutrazol, and 80 mg/L(C3) and 160 mg/L(C4) uniconazole, respectively. The effects of paclobutrazol and uniconazole on the growth regulation, physiological characteristics and cold resistance of seedlings were studied. The results showed that the treatment of 150 mg/L paclobutrazol (C1) or 80 mg/L uniconazole (C3) on the rapeseed seedlings at 6-7 leaf stage could effectively reduce the stem height, the stem and leaf dry matter amount, and the maximum leaf length and width, but had no significant effect on the number of green leaves. The treatments could effectively increase the root diameter, root length, lateral root number, root dry matter amount, and root-shoot ratio, thus forming strong seedlings. Under the treatments, the content of chlorophyll and soluble sugar and the net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased, while the relative electrical conductivity, the percentage of dead plants over winter and the freezing injury index decreased. Therefore, the cold resistance of the cultivar was improved.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of nylon net density on seed production of Brassica napus L. Polima cytoplasmic male sterile (Polima CMS) line and a radish cytoplasmic male sterile (Ogu CMS) line of Brassica napus L. were used as materials. The effects of nets on the light, temperature, humidity, the incidence of Scleritinia sclerotiorum and seed-production yield were investigated. The results were as following. (1) Light intensities in the nets decreased significantly along with the increase of net densities. (2) The temperature in all nets raised, but some of the temperature increase did not reach a significant level. (3) Humidity in most nets increased with the increase of net density, but there were some exceptions. (4) The incidence of Scleritinia sclerotiorum increased with the increase of net density. (5) Even the densest net (160 net mesh number per square inch (NMNPSI)) could not prevent outside pollens entering into the nets. (6) Of the same density nets, the decrease rate of hybrid yield of Polima CMS lines was similar to that of Ogu CMS lines. Consequently, the effects of net density on both Polima CMS and Ogu CMS are similar, the present popular densities of nets are not enough to prevent outside pollens entering into nets.

Three Brassica napus L. varieties, ‘Dadi 95’, ‘Jinghua 165’, and ‘Shanyou 2’, were used as materials to analyze the effects of different altitudes on agronomic and quality traits of rapeseed. The results showed that: with the increase of altitude, the whole growth period of rapeseed was prolonged, the plant height, branch height, number of branches, number of siliques per plant and number of seeds per silique decreased, so did the yield per plant and yield, while the thousand-grain weight increased; the protein content decreased and oil content increased, and the content of glucosinolate and erucic acid showed inconsistence among different varieties. Correlation analysis showed that the altitude was significantly and positively correlated with the growth period, and significantly and negatively correlated with the plant height and yield per plant, the correlation coefficient was 0.519, -0.548, and -0.528 respectively; the altitude was significantly and negatively correlated with the protein content, and positively correlated with the content of oil, glucosinolates and erucic acid, the correlation coefficient was -0.590, 0.262, 0.161, and 0.138, respectively.

The paper aims to decipher the role of volatile odorants of flowers in attracting foraging of pollinators. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to detect the components of volatile odorants in the whole flower, anther and nectar of pear and oilseed rape flowers, principal component analysis and correlation analysis of insects foraging were also conducted. 9 and 23 volatile odorants of pear and oilseed rape flowers were identified respectively, alkanes, accounting for 44.44%, was the main volatile odorant of pear flowers, odor contributions of pear flowers mainly were from dimethyl sulfide, tetradecycloheptachiloxane, phenylpropionitrile, benzaldehyde and other compounds studied by principal component analysis. Esters and alkanes accounted for 8.7% and 16.09% respectively, which were the main volatile odorants of oilseed rape flowers, odor contributions of oilseed rape flowers mainly were from compounds such as reverse 2-hexenal, isothiocyanate-2-phenyl ethyl ester, 4-isothiocyanate root-1-butene, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide and other compounds studied by principal component analysis. Anthers had more volatile odorants than nectar. There were 4 orders, 10 families and 11 species of pollinators in the test site, and the number of pollinators between pear and oilseed rape also had a significant difference (P<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between each component and the number of pollinators (P>0.05). Significant differences are identified between the constituents of volatile odorants of pear and rapeseed flowers, laying a foundation for further studies on the role of major contributors of odorants in attracting pollinators.

Soil cadmium pollution is serious in southern China, and has a great deal of adverse effects on agriculture development and safety of agricultural products. Phytoremediation is a promising way to restore cadmium contaminated farmland, but suitable phytoremediation plants are insufficient. In this study, an economic crop of Brassica napus, which is widely planted in the middle and lower reaches the Yangtze River, is taken as raw material to study the effects of excessive cadmium content on Brassica napus growth and the quality of rapeseed oil. Four different cadmium concentrations of 0, 5, 15 and 25 mg/kg are adopted in pot cultivation. The results show that excessive cadmium content could have adverse effects on the growth of Brassica napus, but the cadmium content in rapeseed oil is far lower than that in the international standard, indicating that the rapeseed oil produced on cadmium pollution soil would not affect its consumption value. At the same time, Brassica napus used as remediation plant could increase the income of local farmers and the supply of vegetable oil in China, to alleviate the increasing shortage of edible oil supply. Therefore, Brassica napus is an ideal remediation plant for cadmium contaminated soil.

To study the relationship among agronomic traits of Brassica napus and improve the breeding efficiency of new varieties, the correlation analysis and principal component analysis of agronomic traits were carried out for 229 DH materials, those traits included plant height, height of branch, number of first effective branches, height of main inflorescence, number of main inflorescence pods, economic yield per plant and biological yield per plant. The results showed that: plant height, height of branch, height of main inflorescence, economic yield per plant and biological yield per plant were partial to male parent, but the number of first effective branches and the number of main inflorescence pods were partial to female parent. The correlation analysis indicated that plant height, height of branch, number of main inflorescence pods, economic yield per plant and biological yield per plant were significantly and positively correlated, and the number of first effective branches was negatively correlated with plant height and branch height. Through the principal component analysis, the rapeseed quality traits could be integrated into plant height, number of first effective branches, and number of main inflorescence pods and branch height, with the total cumulative contribution rate of 90.0%, which basically covered the full information of the agronomic traits of Brassica napus.

To study the response characteristics of the growth period of highland spring rape to climate change under global warming, we used linear regression method to analyze the change of spring rape growth period in central and southern Tibet based on the rape development stage data in the Zedang agro-meteorological observation station of 2010-2019 and the corresponding daily meteorological data of 1981-2019. The results showed that: (1) both sunshine duration and mean wind speed exhibited a decreasing trend during 1981-2019, with the rate of -22.37 h/10 a and -0.32 (m/s)/10 a, respectively, the other meteorological factors presented an increasing trend simultaneously, with an obvious characteristic of warm and wet climate; however, both heat (T_m, T_max, T_min and ∑T₀) and sunshine hours (S) during vegetative growth period (VGP), reproductive growth period (RGP) and whole growth period (WGP) exhibited a deceasing trend from 1981 to 2019, and water resources (precipitation and relative humidity) and mean wind speed increased; (2) the main growth stages, including squaring, peduncle, flowering and green ripening stage, did not have significant change during 2010-2019, but the sowing and emergence stage were delayed, while the five-leave and mature stage exhibited earlier trend; all growth periods of VGP, RGP and WGP were shortened, which was particularly significant for the WGP with a rate of -2.23 days per year; (3) most of the spring rape growth periods had a significantly positive correlation with S &∑T₀, but no significant correlation could be identified between the spring rape growth periods and the other meteorological factors, the WGP days had a significantly positive correlation with S and ∑T₀, but negative correlation with RH. With the increasing RH and decreasing S & ∑T₀, the WGP days of spring rape exhibits a decreasing trend during 2010-2019.

To meet the needs of fresh-cut rape packaging, this paper adopted the combination of the packaging bags with the modified atmosphere (MA) windows of different permeability and different areas to conduct the tests, and through the analysis of the sensory quality and gas composition in the packaging bags of fresh-cut rape, developed the optimum modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fresh-cut rape. The results showed that the suitable MA window for fresh-cut rape was: the transmittance rates of O₂ and CO₂ were 4×10⁵ and 1.6×10⁶ cm³/(m²·d·atm), respectively; the area of rape needed was 2~6 cm²/kg. Comparing the permeability of modified atmosphere window and film, the permeability amount of O₂ and CO₂ in packaging bags suitable for fresh-cut rape should be 2.08×10³-2.99×10³ and 0.96×10⁴-1.32×10⁴cm³/(kg·d·atm) respectively, which could solve the problem of odor and maintain shelf quality for more than 5 days. When the appropriate gas concentration of fresh-cut rape was reached, O₂ was 6.50%-9.69% and CO₂ was 6.46%-7.10%. The MAP bag can not only improve the storage quality of fresh-cut rape and make fresh-cut rape in the appropriate gas state, but also solve the odor problem caused by anaerobic breathing, and retain the original smell of fresh-cut rape and prolong the shelf life.

To explore the response mechanism of soil microecology to rice-rapeseed system annual tillage patterns, a rice-rapeseed rotation experiment was conducted on the long-term no-tillage direct seeding soil of Dongting Lake area of north Hunan. The differences of soil enzyme activity, microorganism quantity, diversity and microbial community function between the double no-tillage direct seeding (DNT) and double rotary-tillage transplantation (DT) were compared to illustrate the effects of different tillage patterns on soil microecology. The metagenomic sequencing showed that there were similar bacterial types under the two patterns, the bacterial diversity was higher under DNT, but the fungal diversity under DT was higher. Function analysis illustrated that the relative abundance of aerobic and facultative anaerobic prokaryotes was higher in DNT; the relative abundance of prokaryotes related to nitrogen metabolism was higher in DNT, while the relative abundance of prokaryotes related to carbon metabolism was higher in DT. The number of culturable bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and nitrifying bacteria in DNT soil was significantly lower than that in DT, while the number of ammonifying bacteria was significantly increased. Enzyme activity analysis showed that urease activity of DNT was 58.12% higher than that of DT, while the activities of invertase, phosphatase and cellulase decreased by 28.57%, 11.00% and 57.73%, respectively. The results indicated that the DNT rice-rapeseed rotation system was beneficial to improve the bacteria diversity, and the relative abundance of aerobic and facultative anaerobic prokaryotes, and was conductive to the transformation and utilization of nitrogen in the soil. The study provides a basis for the selection of reasonable tillage patterns of rice-rapeseed system in Dongting Lake area.

To study the effects of different salt concentrations on the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), three rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L.) were cultivated under low salt concentration and high salt concentration, respectively. Dry matter was weighed and N, P and K contents were tested at maturity. Results show that with the increase of soil salt concentration, the dry matter accumulation of whole plant and different organs decrease significantly. The range of total N and P accumulation is 141.39-193.14 kg/hm2 and 21.95-36.24 kg/hm2, respectively. Among different organs, the average decreasing range of N and P accumulation in root are the largest, and the average decreasing range of K accumulation in grains is the largest. At maturity, nitrogen and phosphorus are mainly distributed in seeds, and the range of distribution proportion of N and P vary from 63.15% to 67.73% and 75.23% to 81.56% respectively. Potassium is mainly distributed in stems, and its variation is from 45.59% to 49.67%. Studying the agronomic characters and physiological indexes of rapeseed in different saline soil at maturity could clarify the influence mechanism of salt on rapeseed growth and nutrients absorption characteristics.

The aims are to monitor and evaluate the resistance of rapeseed varieties to Sclerotinia stem rot in Sichuan Basin, and provide reference for rational application of rapeseed varieties. In 2018 and 2019, 31 rapeseed varieties were inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by artificial mycelium inoculation method in field, the incidence of stem and branch pod of rape was investigated, and the resistance of each variety to Sclerotinia stem rot was evaluated. The results showed that, 21 varieties had stable resistance, in other words, they showed the same resistance in the two years. Among them, ‘Dehongyou 1’ was highly resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot, ‘Demingyou 100’ and ‘Keleyou 998’ were moderately resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot, and 10 varieties such as ‘Keyuanyou 2’ and ‘Yiyou 17’ were low resistant to Sclerotinia stem rot. Eight varieties such as ‘Youyan 11’ and ‘Deyou No. 5’ were low susceptible to Sclerotinia stem rot. The resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot of 10 varieties such as ‘Deyou 9’ and ‘Yiyou 19’ was unstable or lost. In conclusion, ‘Dehongyou 1’, ‘Demingyou 100’ and ‘Keleyou 998’ can be used as parents for disease resistance breeding or for disease prevention and control.

To explore the influences of N, P, K fertilizer treatment and N, P, K effects on yield characters of rapeseed in high yield field, the rapeseed varieties ‘Qinyou 2’ and ‘Zhongyou 821’ were used as materials. Pure nitrogen was applied at 0 and 180 kg/hm², while phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O) was 0 and 90 kg/hm² respectively to analyze the effects of N, P, K and their interaction on economic characters of rapeseed by split plot design. The results showed that the combined application of N and P increased the yield by 25.7% compared with control (blank) and increased the yield by 21.6%, 18.0% and 37.9% respectively compared with the single application of N, P and K. The best yield of the two varieties was achieved by N 180 kg/hm² + P 90 kg/hm², 3850.70 kg/hm² of ‘Qinyou 2’ and 3096.26 kg/hm² of ‘Zhongyou 821’. The yield of ‘Qinyou 2’ increased significantly compared with that of ‘Zhongyou 821’ in all the nine treatments, with an average increase of 22.2%, which was due to the difference of nutritional genotypes. Comprehensive effect analysis showed that the interaction effect of N and P was positive on yield, but it did not reach a significant level, while the individual effect of N and P was significant respectively. Further analysis of the yield increase showed that the interaction effect of N and P had a great influence on the silique number per plant of ‘Qinyou 2’, and significantly increased the plant height and 1000-grain weight of ‘Zhongyou 821’. The single effect of P was the most significant on 1000-grain weight of ‘Qinyou 2’ and the silique number per plant of ‘Zhongyou 821’. The study indicates that the yield under the combined application of N and P is significantly higher than that under their single application, and the accumulation of individual effect contributes the most to the yield increase, N application rate of 180 kg/hm² with P application rate of 90 kg/hm² is suitable in Guanzhong high yield field of rapeseed.

To test the application effect of brassinolide (BR), a field experiment was conducted, and the effects of different concentrations of BR and exogenous calcium on the growth, physiological characteristics, fruit setting and yield of tomato in solar greenhouse were studied. The results showed that: in the experimental concentration range, high concentration of BR treatment inhibited the growth of tomato plant height in the early stage, while the appropriate concentration of BR treatment increased plant height. High concentration of BR increased MDA content and decreased soluble sugar content in tomato leaves. Appropriate concentration of BR treatment could reduce MDA content and relative electrical conductivity of tomato leaves, increase the proline content and soluble sugar content of tomato leaves, and increase the chlorophyll content of tomato. High concentration of BR could inhibit tomato fruit setting and reduce the yield of the first inflorescence, while the appropriate concentration of BR treatment could increase the fruit setting rate of each layer of inflorescence and the yield of tomato. The additive effect of BR combined with exogenous calcium on tomato growth, physiological indexes, fruit setting rate and yield was not obvious. To sum up, the effect of BR combined with exogenous calcium is not significant, and the appropriate concentration of BR could be used alone in the production of overwintering tomato in solar greenhouse to improve the stress resistance and yield of tomato.

By analyzing the temporal and spatial changing of rapeseed production in Sichuan Province in 1988-2017, the paper aims to provide certain references for further stabilizing the planting area and optimizing the regional distribution. Based on the analysis and arrangement of rapeseed production data, the regional distribution and superiority differences were quantitatively calculated by using the method of regional gravity center analysis and the method of comparative advantage index. From 1988 to 2017, there was a positive correlation between the total yield and the planting area of rapeseed in Sichuan Province, and the rapeseed yield increased faster than the planting area, rapeseed production was unevenly distributed among and within regions. The total yield of rapeseed was directly affected by the planting area and the yield per unit area. The production center of rapeseed in Sichuan Province was basically stable from 1988 to 2017, and the main production area of rapeseed migrated from the Chengdu Plain to northeast Sichuan, and expanded to the south of Sichuan. Combining with the analysis results, Sichuan Province should pay attention to rapeseed production layout planning, take full advantage of regional comparative advantages, strengthen the investment of infrastructure construction, promote rapeseed cultivation on a large scale, actively introduce agricultural scientific and technological talents, and popularize the new rapeseed varieties with double-low, high yield, multi-resistance and wide adaptability.

Club root is a major disease that severely hampers the development of oilseed rape industry and can occur at the seedling stage. At present, the main control measures of this disease including using resistance varieties and fungicides, but the problem of pesticide residues is becoming more and more serious, so the biological control strategy is proposed to prevent and control club root of oilseed rape. To study the control effect of Bacillus Bam22 on the club root of oilseed rape, seed mixing and root irrigation at seedling stage were used in the study. The results showed that the seed mixing with Bacillus Bam22 combined with root irrigation at seedling stage could effectively reduce the disease incidence, improve the control effect on the club root, and promote the growth of oilseed rape. At the seedling stage, compared with water treatment (CK), the incidence of Bacillus Bam22 treatment (T1) and Bacillus Bam22 and Kaolin treatment (T2) was decreased by 3.4%-20%, and the control efficiency reached 44%-52%; compared with 10% cyazofamid treatment (T3), the control efficiency of T1 and T2 was improved by 20%-40%. At the flowering stage, compared with CK, the incidence rate of T1 and T2 was decreased by 10%-13%, and the control efficiency reached 44%~52%; compared with T3, the incidence rate was decreased by 6.67%-10%, the control efficiency was improved by 5%-22%, the yield per plant was increased by 23.97% -34.29%. In conclusion, the use of Bam22 in seed mixing and root irrigation at seedling stage can effectively reduce the incidence of club root of oilseed rape during seedling and flowering stage, and significantly bring down the yield loss rate. Bam22 has good control efficiency on club root and the potential to be developed into biological fungicide.

By the means of extensive collection of various information, this paper reviewed the status quo of the development of oilseed rape industry in Chongqing, summarized the constraints in terms of low planting benefits, weak industrialized management, and lagging brand building. Moreover, it analyzed favorable conditions and policies of planting foundation, comparative advantages, and planting space and opportunities for industrial pattern and planting structure. Therefore, we put forward suggestions including establishing high-quality oilseed rape industrial production bases, advancing farming system reform, improving the production mechanization rate, and accelerating the integration of agriculture and tourism development, aiming to provide intellectual support for the sustainable and healthy development of Chongqing’s oilseed rape industry.

This study aims at breeding rapeseed resources with high oil content, dwarf and compact type. The microspore culture of F₁ hybrid offspring from ‘Aiyou A05’ (female parent) and ‘DH09-3048’ (male parent) was carried out, and then DH isolated population were obtained. Plant dwarf, branch characteristics, pod number, grain number, mature period, disease resistance, lodging resistance, oil content and higher harvest index were used as breeding target. The phenotypic determination of DH isolated population was conducted in different ecological zones. Cytoplasmic male sterile restorer line ‘DH16-202’ was bred that had high oil content, dwarf, compact type and high harvest index characteristics. In the hybrid combination preparation, ‘DH16-202’ showed stronger combining ability, plant population semi-dwarf and compact plant type, novel pod character, concentrated mature period, high yield and well stress resistance, it could meet the demand of current mechanized cultivation of rapeseed varieties, and has strong application potential. Taken together, ‘DH16-202’ could be used for mechanized breeding and provide basic resource for breeding peers.

The aims are to breed herbicide-resistant rapeseed varieties suitable for planting in China, improve the efficiency of field chemical weeding and reduce the cost of rapeseed production. ‘Shan 9B’ was treated with 0.5% EMS solution to create germplasm resources with herbicide resistance. By a large quantity of screening, a rape strain ‘Shan 9BK’ with herbicide resistance was obtained, and then it was used as the recurrent parent to breed rape cytoplasmic male sterile line ‘Shan 9AK ’with herbicide resistance; ‘Shan 9AK’ was used as female parent to make hybrid combinations, the combinations of ‘Shan 9AK×R3’ ‘Shan 9AK×R6’ and ‘Shan 9AK×R1’ had stronger growth vigor, uniformity, high yield, yield-increasing potential, disease resistance and lodging resistance. They also had strong resistance to herbicide at the seedling stage, and were suitable for chemical weeding in field. Cytoplasmic male sterile line ‘Shan 9AK’ is beneficial to breed herbicide-resistant hybrid combinations, which can simplify the seed production procedure of rapeseed in hybrid seed production, reduce seed production cost and improve farmers’ planting efficiency.