Current Issue http://journals.caass.org.cn/nxxb EN-US http://journals.caass.org.cn/nxxb/EN/current.shtml http://journals.caass.org.cn/nxxb 5 Alfalfa, as the forage with high protein content, is known as the ‘king of forage’. Xinjiang is one of the five major pastoral areas in China, but its construction of artificial forage land lags behind. For a long time, the problems of poor irrigation management level, low utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer, and high input and low output are common in forage production, which have become the bottleneck to restrict the development of modern animal husbandry in Xinjiang. In recent years, based on the large-sized moving sprinkler irrigation machines, leading enterprises in agricultural and animal husbandry in Xinjiang have developed water-saving forage industry vigorously. Consequently, the production technology of alfalfa with sprinkler irrigation to save water and get high yield and quality is urgently needed. This study combined the water and fertilizer integration technology with the practice of sprinkler irrigation in alfalfa production, expounded the application technical points of the integration technology from the aspects of variety selection, physical and chemical properties of soil, land leveling, system management, planting pattern, population index, and water and fertilizer management and supporting cultivation measures in each growth period of alfalfa, and proposed a general guiding technical specification for the water and fertilizer integration. This technical specification reflects the advantages of water and fertilizer integration technology, and can provide technical guidance for alfalfa production with sprinkler irrigation and reference for agricultural technology extension personnel, agricultural technology extension service and scientific researchers in agricultural field in northern Xinjiang.

]]> The changes of supplementary irrigation volume and straw mulching have great impact on leaf growth in no-tillage mulching. Based on the historical meteorological data of Anding District of Dingxi City in Gansu Province from 1979 to 2019, the leaf area index of dryland spring wheat under the coupling change of supplementary irrigation volume and mulching was simulated by APSIM model, and the influencing mechanism of supplementary irrigation volume and mulching on dryland spring wheat leaf area was studied by means of variance analysis, quadratic polynomial regression and single factor analysis. The results showed that within the scope of the experimental design, the leaf area index of spring wheat in dryland increased first and then decreased in a quadratic parabola with the opening downward from tillering to jointing stage with the change of supplementary irrigation volume. When the supplementary irrigation volume was 252.09 mm, the value of spring wheat leaf area index was the maximum of 1.83, and the leaf area index increased in a quadratic parabola with the opening upward in other stages. With the change of straw mulching, the leaf area index increased first and then decreased in a quadratic parabola with opening downward in the seedling emergence to tillering stage, and when the straw mulching was 2397.09 kg/hm² in the experimental design range, the leaf area index of spring wheat was the maximum of 0.59, and the leaf area index had a quadratic parabola increase from the tillering to the jointing stage with the opening downward; the leaf area index of all other stages showed an increase with upward quadratic parabola. At the same stage, the leaf area index of spring wheat increased by 13.95% for every 50 mm of supplementary irrigation; the leaf area index of spring wheat increased by 3.7% for every 1000 kg/hm² increase of straw mulching. The effect of supplementary irrigation volume on leaf area index of spring wheat was much greater than that of straw mulching. In no-tillage mulching, reasonable straw mulching and supplementary irrigation volume could maintain the water in the soil, which was conducive to the leaf growth of spring wheat in dryland.

]]> ‘Wanximai 0638’ is a new weak gluten wheat variety bred by Lu’an Academy of Agricultural Sciences. To explore the high-yield cultivation techniques in the suitable sowing area and guide the cultivation of the variety for large-scale promotion, the authors set up 8 kinds of nitrogen fertilizer management methods and carried out experiments in 24 plots. The results showed that under the nitrogen application rate of 234 kg/hm², and basal/topdressing ratio of 7:3:3 for base fertilizer + striking root fertilizer + jointing fertilizer, the plant height of ‘Wanximai 0638’ was too high and the lodging area reached 50.00%. Under the nitrogen application rate of 288 kg/hm², and the basal/topdressing ratio of 7:3:3:3 for base fertilizer + seedling fertilizer + striking root fertilizer + jointing fertilizer, the lodging rate of ‘Wanximai 0638’ was 81.67%, and the grain quality of ‘Wanximai 0638’ could not meet the standard of weak gluten wheat. Using the nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm², and basal/topdressing ratio of 7:3 for basal fertilizer + striking root fertilizer, the large area lodging could be avoided, higher yield could be obtained, and the quality of weak gluten in ‘Wanximai 0638’ grains could be guaranteed.

]]> In order to study the effect of defoliation & ripping agent (Xinsaili) on cotton yield and its application, two cotton planting densities and two dosages were set up, and the yield, defoliating rate, boll opening rate and fiber quality were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the total yield of lint and seed cotton before frost was the highest when the density was 112500 plants/hm² and the dosage was 2700 mL/hm². The lint percentage was the highest when the density was 82500 plants/hm² and the dosage was 1800 mL/hm². Xinsaili had no obvious effect on the seed index, plant height, the height of the first fruit branch and the number of fruit branches in each treatment. For defoliation rate, the effect was better at the density of 82500 plants/hm², the defoliation rate could reach 100% at the upper and middle positions of the plant, while the defoliation rate was over 92% at the density of 112500 plants/hm². In terms of ripening, boll opening rate at the density of 82500 plants/hm² was higher than that of 112500 plants/hm². Xinsaili had a certain influence on the fiber quality, which was mainly shown as slight decrease of upper half length and breaking tenacity. Taken together, the application effect of Xinsaili is good, and it can be applied with suitable dosage in time before mechanical harvesting or when cotton flourishes in autumn but does not mature properly.

]]> At present, heterosis utilization is an important way to breed new varieties of rapeseed with high yield and superior quality. Zigong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has continuously selected new varieties of rapeseed by improving rapeseed germplasm and using heterosis to help the development of rapeseed industry in Sichuan in recent years. ‘Gongyou 5005’ is the first hybrid Brassica napus variety with cytoplasmic male sterility accompanied by high yield and superior quality, which was selected by crossing cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) line ‘7149A’ with double low restorer line ‘7(50) R’. Its average yield in comparative experiment of new rapeseed varieties harvested by machine in Sichuan Province (2017-2019) was 2654.1 kg/hm², increased by 10.68% compared with that of the control variety ‘Deyou 6’; the average content of erucic acid, rapeseed glucosinolates, and oil of ‘Gongyou 5005’ was 0.261%, 24.81μmol/g cake, and 43.32%, respectively, and the seeds were black. The variety was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2021 with the registration number GPD rape (2021) 510021. ‘Gongyou 5005’ is a hybrid Brassica napus variety of cytoplasmic male sterility with high yield and superior quality and is suitable for planting in winter rapeseed producing area in hilly and plain regions of Sichuan, and has a high value of popularization and application.

]]> Cultivated Brassica oleracea is an important component of Chinese vegetables, and conventional breeding is the bottleneck for genetic improvement of Brassica oleracea in terms of yield and quality. Molecular breeding strategy can improve plant breeding efficiently. To improve molecular breeding of Brassica oleracea, the domestic and foreign research on the application of molecular breeding of Brassica oleracea vegetables are summarized from the aspects of high-quality genome and database, localization and cloning of genes related to target traits, breeding assisted by molecular markers, and gene editing. The core and key of large-scale germplasm innovation are identified as the genetic networks which can dissect and control important agronomic traits. The study points out that gene editing can accelerate the process of molecular breeding in Brassica oleracea vegetables, and discusses the strategy to strengthen the molecular breeding of Brassica oleracea, aiming to provide theoretical reference for further research.

]]> On the premise of saving cost and reducing farmland deterioration and pollution caused by excessive use of fertilizer, this study aims at investigating the effects of different fertilization modes on physiological characteristics, agronomic traits and yield of peanut, and providing a basis for optimizing peanut cultivation techniques for high yield and high quality. Peanut variety ‘Quanhua 557’ was used with randomized block design to study the effect of different depth of fertilization (0, 10 and 15 cm) and different fertilization rates (150, 300 and 450 kg/hm²) on physiological characteristics, agronomic traits and yield of peanuts. The results showed that the appropriate depth of fertilization could improve the factors in plant morphogenesis, such as the development of leaf and stem, plant height and dry matter accumulation of the aboveground part, and the factors of yield, such as the number of fruits per plant, the weight of 100 kernels, the number of full kernel and the kernel-fruit ratio. And it could also improve the chlorophyll content, leaf area index and root activity of peanut after flowering stage. Peanut with 15 cm depth of strip fertilization showed the most significant increase in pod yield, followed by that with 10 cm depth of strip fertilization. Considering yield, fertilizer application rate and other factors, it is concluded that the strip application of potassium chloride compound fertilizer (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=15%:15%:15%) of 150 kg/hm² to 15 cm depth will have the best effect.

]]> Phytoplasmas are important prokaryotic pathogenic bacteria of many plant diseases, and can cause serious diseases in important food crops, vegetables, fruit trees, ornamental plants and trees, resulting in huge economic losses. In order to deeply understand the status, distribution and diversity of phytoplasma diseases in China and scientifically control phytoplasma diseases, this paper summarizes the research history, economic importance, symptom characteristics, epidemic and transmission, identification methods, geographical distribution and diversity of phytoplasma diseases in China. It is suggested that the research on phytoplasma diseases should be carried out from the aspects of screening resistant resources, identifying resistant genes, genome characteristics, pathogenic mechanism, disease epidemiology, control methods and mechanism of insect vector transmission.

]]> Constrained by various conditions, the unified purification program for removing soil cadmium (Cd) can not achieve the best effect. A novel soil Cd pollution removal and purification technology based on magnetic solid chelator (MSC-IDA) was proposed. We collected three Cd-polluted soil samples (0.925, 0.642 and 0.61 mg/kg), set MSC-IDA concentrations (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.20 mol/L), purification time (0-120 min) and different soil particle size conditions (50, 100 and 200 mesh), and designed 4 programs to study the removal and purification efficiency of MSC-IDA on soil Cd. The results showed that under program 1, by adding MSC-IDA, the Cd content in the three Cd polluted soil samples decreased significantly, and the Cd removal rate of the first soil sample was the highest of 5.22%. The results of program 2 showed that when the addition amount of MSC-IDA was less than 0.1 mol/L, the removal rate of Cd in soil increased with the increase of MSC-IDA concentration, but when the concentration exceeded 0.1 mol/L, the increase gradually tended to be flat. The Cd removal rate of the first soil sample (Cd: 0.925 mg/kg) was higher than that of the second soil sample (Cd: 0.642 mg/kg) and the third soil sample (Cd: 0.61 mg/kg). The results of program 3 indicated that the shaking time was positively proportional to the removal rate of Cd, but after 90min, the enhancement of Cd removal rate tended to be flat and declining. Program 4 found that the larger the soil particle size, the better the purification effect of MSC-IDA was. To the three Cd-polluted soil samples, MSC-IDA had the best purification effect on the second one (Cd: 0.642mg/kg).

]]> Two asparagus varieties, ‘Champion’and ‘Jingzi’, were chosen to test the difficulty of planting asparagus in arid and semiarid areas. Three irrigation conditions were set with field moisture capacity of 60% (T₁), 45% (T₂) and 30% (T₃), respectively. The growth characteristics of asparagus including stem height and canopy size were compared among the three irrigation conditions so as to optimize the irrigation condition for asparagus growth. The photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature, air humidity, vapor pressure and soil temperature were synchronously monitored using a CR-3000 small automatic meteorological station. Then the effects of these environmental factors on asparagus growth were analyzed. Results showed that the dynamic growing characteristics of stem height and canopy size were both basically consistent between the two varieties under the three irrigation conditions. Under irrigation condition T₃, the two indices of ‘Champion’ were both the optimal and increased more compared with those under irrigation conditions T₁ and T₂. Under irrigation condition T₂, the two indices of ‘Jingzi’ were both the optimal and increased more than those under irrigation conditions T₁ and T₃. The dynamic growing characteristics of asparagus stem height and canopy size were correlated very significantly negatively with photosynthetically active radiation, very significantly positively with air humidity, and significantly positively with vapor pressure. Air humidity and vapor pressure were the dominant factors that promoted the growth and development of asparagus. In conclusion, ‘Champion’ grows stronger than ‘Jingzi’, and the irrigation condition T₃ promotes the growth of asparagus. Asparagus shall be planted in a cool and wet environment without strong light.

]]> This paper summarizes the research status of Pennietum sp. from the biological and nutritional characteristics, feeding value, and ecological management and restoration effect, sums up the value advantages of Pennietum sp. in animal husbandry as well as its application potential in Horqin sandy land treatment, and analyzes the existing problems in the current research of Pennietum sp. According to the results, the degradation of Horqin sandy land is serious and the ecology is fragile. Pennietum sp. has not only a good restoration effect on sandy soil, degraded soil and barren soil, but also a good utilization value for the ecological improvement of Horqin sandy land. According to the characteristics of high yield, excellent quality, strong stress resistance, developed roots and wide application of Pennietum sp., it is necessary to accelerate the integration of fungus grass industry and modern agricultural economy, so as to improve the ecological environment and contribute to the rural revitalization.

]]> In order to further promote the in-depth development of fish habitat protection and restoration, and the application of protection technologies, the paper reviews the development status of fish habitat assessment methods and protection and restoration technologies at home and abroad, summarizes common assessment methods of fish habitats as well as technologies used in fish habitat protection and restoration projects, and analyzes the problems of existing protection measures. Based on the review, the paper puts forward comprehensive fish habitat assessment methods and restoration technologies, with a view to provide technical reference for technicians engaged in fish habitat protection and restoration.

]]> The farming practice base is an important place which provides agricultural labor activity and science popularization education for teenagers, and the reasonable spatial distribution and high-quality activity content are the key factors to its development. Taking the first 100 farming practice bases in Jiangsu Province as the samples, this study explores the spatial distribution, practical activity type characteristics and relevant constraints with the methods of ArcGIS spatial analysis and econometric statistics. The results showed that: (1) the farming practice bases in Jiangsu Province present slightly agglomeration distribution, which is unbalanced in the south and north; (2) the spatial distribution of the bases is closely related to geographical factors such as water system, elevation, road and school, which provide good conditions for practical activities; (3) the distribution of different types of bases has regional preference, and the type combination richness is still insufficient. We offer some suggestions based on the results of our study: (1) to form the aggregation advantage and optimize the spatial pattern of the bases; (2) to expand the number and integration channels of the bases; (3) to enrich the practice types and create the regional characteristics of the bases. This study provides reference for the construction of national farming practice base.

]]> This research analyzed the spatial pattern, crop structure and contributing factors of yield increase in 13 major grain producing provinces in China, so as to provide a decision-making basis for maintaining the growth trend, optimizing grain production layout, adjusting planting structure and realizing steady grain yield increase in China’s major grain producing areas. Using LMDI model and GIS spatial analysis method, the total grain yield in the main producing areas was divided into two factors: sowing area and crop yield per unit area, and the yield increase pattern and contributing factors were analyzed. From the spatial distribution of grain yield increase in the main producing areas: the main producing areas in north China are better than those in the south, and the center of gravity of grain yield increase shows an obvious northward trend. In terms of yield increase structure, maize is the main contributing variety, followed by wheat, and the contribution rate of rice is the lowest. From the contributing factors of grain yield increase in main producing areas, the contribution rate of per unit area yield is higher than that of sowing area, and the spatial difference is obvious. In terms of crops, the sowing area effect of rice and maize is positive, the effect of maize is greater than that of rice, and the sowing area effect of wheat has a negative impact. The per unit area yield effect of the three crops is positive, and that of wheat is the most significant, while the order is wheat > rice >maize. The increase of both the planting area and the per unit area yield contribute positively to the increase of grain yield in the main producing areas. For areas that mainly rely on the increase of sowing area to raise the yield, we should adjust the planting structure, carry out reasonably rotation, excavate advantageous crops, increase the popularization of agricultural technology and improve the land output. For areas with significant contribution from per unit area yield, it is necessary to develop characteristic industrial advantage areas, form cluster development, provide all-round services in production, circulation and sales, and prevent the phenomenon of higher production not accompanied by higher income.

]]> Branding is the core symbol of agricultural modernization. To analyze the status quo and countermeasures of fruit industry brand development is conducive to promoting the high-quality development of regional modern fruit industry. Yunnan Province is the main producing area of plateau characteristic fruits. By analyzing the status quo and the problems of the building of fruit industry brands in Yunnan Province, the countermeasures were proposed such as improving the green production of fruits in the whole chain, enhancing brand building awareness, supporting the main bodies of brands, expanding e-commerce, and strengthening the brand promotion. These countermeasures are beneficial to improving the overall competition capacity of fruit industry of Yunnan Province, and will provide reference for other provinces with similar brand building requirement.

]]> The tourism industry has been developing in a fast pace along with the economic development of China. The proposing of rural ecotourism provides a new model for the tourism development under the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy. The concept of the ecological civilization, the construction of beautiful countryside and their integration in the rural ecotourism continuously promote the development of the rural ecotourism. However, problems still can be found in the rural ecotourism, such as the lax construction management, unscientific planning, lack of professionals, stereotyped tourism products, imperfect infrastructure etc., which hinder the rapid development of the rural ecotourism to a certain extent. To boost the long-term development of the rural ecotourism, based on the status quo of the ecotourism development in Qingguanding village of Pingtan County in Fujian Province, this thesis puts forward three countermeasures as promoting the ecotourism legislation, clarifying governments’ responsibilities and improving the comprehensive quality of employees, aiming to provide effective methods for the development of the rural ecotourism and new ideas for promoting the rural revitalization.

]]> Strengthening the building of agricultural and rural talent team is an important part of the implementation of the Strategy of Making China a Talent-strong Country, and also an inevitable requirement for the solid promotion of rural talent revitalization. This paper systematically analyzes the development status and main actions of the building of agricultural and rural talent team, elaborates its main measures and realization paths, including ‘Shennong Talents’ program, ‘TOUYAN’ project of training rural industry revitalization foregoers, ‘National Agricultural Industry Vocational Skills Competition’, ‘National Farmers Skills Competition’, professional title evaluation and so on, aiming to provide reference for sorting out the working system of agricultural and rural talents. The results of the study shows that, with the initiating and implementation of the Strategy of Making China a Talent-strong Country, and the in-depth implementation of the Strategy of Rural Revitalization, the building of agricultural and rural talent team should highlight the characteristics of talent team building, make clear targets, and be innovative and unremitting, so as to provide basic support for the realization of rural talent revitalization and making China a talent-strong country.

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